Kuchengetedza zvipfuyo zvemumvura kunogona kuve kiyi yekudyisa vanhu vedu vari kukura. Parizvino, 42% yezvokudya zvegungwa zvatinodya zvakarimwa, asi hapana mitemo inoumba izvo "zvakanaka" zvekurima zvegungwa zvichiri. 

Aquaculture inopa mupiro wakakura kune yedu chikafu, saka inofanirwa kuitwa nenzira inochengetedza. Kunyanya, Iyo OF inotarisa akasiyana-siyana akavharwa-system matekinoroji, anosanganisira kutendererazve matangi, mijaho, kuyerera-kuburikidza nehurongwa, uye mukati memadziva. Aya masisitimu ari kushandiswa kune akawanda marudzi ehove, shellfish, uye zvirimwa zvemumvura. Kunyangwe mabhenefiti akajeka (hutano uye neimwe nzira) yeakavharwa-system aquaculture masisitimu akacherechedzwa, isu tinotsigirawo kuedza kudzivirira kwezvakatipoteredza uye chikafu chekuchengetedza kukanganisa kweakavhurika peni aquaculture. Tinotarisira kushanda kune dzimwe nyika pamwe nekuedza kwemumba kunogona kuita shanduko yakanaka.

Iyo Ocean Foundation yakaunganidza zvinotevera zvinyorwa zvekunze mune yakatsanangurwa bhaibheri kuti ipe rumwe ruzivo nezve Sustainable Aquaculture kune vese vateereri. 

Zviri Mukati

1. Nhanganyaya yeAquaculture
2. Izvo zvakakosha zveAquaculture
3. Kusvibiswa uye Kutyisidzira Kwakatipoteredza
4. Kubudirira Kwezvino uye Maitiro Matsva muAquaculture
5. Aquaculture uye Kusiyana-siyana, Kuenzana, Kubatanidzwa, uye Kururamisa
6. Mitemo neMitemo ine chekuita neAquaculture
7. Zvimwe Zviwanikwa & Mapepa Machena Akagadzirwa neThe Ocean Foundation

1. ziviso

Aquaculture ndiko kurimwa kunodzorwa kana kurima hove, hove, uye zvirimwa zvemumvura. Chinangwa ndechekugadzira chitubu chemvura-chikafu uye zvigadzirwa zvekutengesa nenzira inozowedzera kuwanikwa uku ichideredza kukuvadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuchengetedza mhando dzakasiyana dzemumvura. Kune akatiwandei emhando dzakasiyana dze aquaculture iyo imwe neimwe ine madhigirii akasiyana ekuchengetedza.

Kukwira kwehuwandu hwepasi rose nemari icharamba ichiwedzera kudiwa kwehove. Uye nemazinga ehove dzemusango zvakati sandara, kuwedzera kwese kwehove nekugadzirwa kwechikafu kwegungwa kwakabva kuaquaculture. Kunyange zvazvo aquaculture inotarisana nematambudziko akadai semvura yegungwa uye kusvibiswa nevatambi vakawanda muindasitiri iyi vari kushanda nesimba kugadzirisa matambudziko ayo. 

Aquaculture—Nzira Ina

Kune nzira ina huru dzekurima mumvura dzinoonekwa nhasi: mapeni akazaruka ari pedyo nemahombekombe, mapeni akazaruka ekuedza kunze kwemahombekombe, masisitimu epasi "akavharwa", uye masisitimu akavhurika "akare".

1. Near-shore Open Pens.

Iyo yepedyo-mahombekombe masisitimu emvura anowanzo shandiswa kusimudza makoko, salmon uye dzimwe carnivorous finfish uye, kunze kwehove mariculture, anowanzo onekwa seasina kusimba uye anonyanya kukanganisa nharaunda mhando yemvura. Iwo echisikigo "akavhurika kune ecosystem" dhizaini yeaya masisitimu anoita kuti zviome zvakanyanya kugadzirisa matambudziko emarara, kusangana nezvikara, kuunzwa kweasiri emo / ekunze marudzi, yakawandisa yekupinda (chikafu, mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya), kuparadzwa kwenzvimbo, uye chirwere. transfer. Pamusoro pezvo, mvura yemumhenderekedzo yegungwa haigone kuchengetedza tsika yazvino yekufamba ichidzika pasi pemahombekombe zvichitevera kukanganisa kubuda kwechirwere mukati mezvinyoreso. [NB: Kana tikarima mollusks pedyo nemahombekombe, kana kuti tikamisa zvinyoreso zvakavhurika pedyo nemahombekombe uye tichitarisa kupfuya mhuka dzinodya uswa, pane kuvandudzwa kwekugarisa kwegadziriro yezvekurima kwemvura. Semaonero edu zvakakodzera kuongorora dzimwe nzira idzi dzisina kukwana.]

2. Offshore Open Pens.

Iwo matsva ekuyedza ekunze peni aquaculture masisitimu anongofambisa izvi zvakaipa zvinokonzeresa kuti asaonekwe uye anowedzera zvimwe zvinokanganisa zvakatipoteredza, kusanganisira hombe kabhoni tsoka yekutarisira zvivakwa zviri kure kumahombekombe. 

3. Land-based "Yakavharwa" Systems.

Nyika-yakavharwa "yakavharwa" masisitimu, anowanzo kunzi recirculating aquaculture masisitimu (RAS), ari kugamuchira zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya kutariswa semhinduro inogoneka yenguva refu kune aquaculture, munyika dzakabudirira uye dzichiri kusimukira. Zvidiki, zvisingadhure masisitimu akavharwa ari kuenzanisirwa kuti ashandiswe munyika dzichiri kusimukira ukuwo mahombe, anogona kutengeserana, uye anodhura sarudzo dziri kugadzirwa munyika dzakabudirira. Aya masisitimu anozvimiririra uye anowanzo bvumidza nzira dzinoshanda dze polyculture yekusimudza mhuka nemiriwo pamwechete. Ivo vanonyanya kutariswa seyakasimba kana vachipihwa simba nesimba rinodzokororwa, vanova nechokwadi chekuti 100% yekudzorerazve mvura yavo, uye vanotarisisa kusimudza omnivores uye herbivores.

4. "Yekare" Vhura Systems.

Kupfuya hove hakusi kutsva; yave ichiitwa kwemazana emakore mutsika dzakawanda. Masangano ekare echiChinese aidya tsvina yesilkworm uye nymphs ku carp yakasimudzwa mumadziva pamapurazi e-silkworm, vaIjipita vairima tilapia sechikamu chehunyanzvi hwavo hwekudiridza, uye maHawaii vaikwanisa kurima mhando dzemhando dzakadai sefishfish, mullet, prawns, uye crab (Costa -Pierce, 1987). Vanochera matongo vakawanawo humbowo hwekurima mumvura munharaunda yeMayan uye mutsika dzedzimwe nharaunda dzeNorth America. (www.enaca.org).

Zvinyorwa zveMagariro

Sezvakataurwa pamusoro apa kune akati wandei marudzi eAquaculture imwe neimwe iine yayo nharaunda tsoka inosiyana kubva kune inogoneka kuenda kune yakanyanya kunetsa. Offshore aquaculture (inowanzonzi open ocean kana open water aquaculture) inoonekwa sechinhu chitsva chekusimudzira hupfumi, asi inoregeredza nyaya dzakatevedzana dzezvakatipoteredza uye tsika dzemakambani mashoma anodzora zviwanikwa zvakakura kuburikidza nekushambadzira. Kurimwa kwemvura mugungwa kunogona kukonzera kupararira kwechirwere, kukurudzira tsika dzekudya kwehove dzisina kugadzikana, kukonzera kubuda kwezvinhu zvine ngozi, kupinza mhuka dzesango, uye kupukunyuka kwehove dzemutobvu. Kupunyuka kwehove ndiko kana hove dzakarimwa dzichitiza dzichipinda munzvimbo, izvo zvinokonzeresa kukuvadza kwakakura kuhuwandu hwehove dzemusango uye ecosystem yese. Nhoroondo yanga isiri mubvunzo we if kutiza kunoitika, asi apo zvichaitika. Imwe ongororo ichangoburwa yakawana kuti 92% yehove dzese dzinotiza dzinobva kumapurazi ehove egungwa (Føre & Thorvaldsen, 2021). Offshore aquaculture ine mari yakawanda uye haishande mune zvemari sezvayakamira parizvino.

Kune zvakare nyaya nemarara uye kuraswa kwemvura yetsvina mupedyo nemahombekombe aquaculture. Mune mumwe muenzaniso zvivakwa zviri pedyo nemahombekombe zvakawanikwa zvichiburitsa 66 miriyoni marita emvura yakasviba - kusanganisira mazana emapaunzi enitrate - munzvimbo dzemuno zuva rega rega.

Sei Aquaculture Ichifanira Kukurudzirwa?

Mamirioni avanhu kupota nyika anotsamira pahove nokuda kwezvokudya uye raramo. Chinosvika chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chehove dzepasi rose dzinoredzwa zvisingaite, ukuwo zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvehove dzemugungwa pari zvino zvinoredzwa zvine mutsindo. Aquaculture inopa mupiro wakakura kune yedu chikafu, saka inofanirwa kuitwa nenzira inochengetedza. Kunyanya, TOF iri kutarisa akasiyana akavharika-system matekinoroji, anosanganisira anotenderera matangi, mijaho, kuyerera-kuburikidza nehurongwa, uye mukati memadziva. Aya masisitimu ari kushandiswa kune akawanda marudzi ehove, shellfish, uye zvirimwa zvemumvura. Kunyangwe mabhenefiti akajeka (hutano uye neimwe nzira) yeakavharwa-system aquaculture masisitimu akazivikanwa, isu tinotsigirawo kuedza kudzivirira kwezvakatipoteredza uye chikafu chekuchengetedza kukanganisa kweakavhurika peni aquaculture. Tinotarisira kushandira kune dzimwe nyika pamwe nekuedza kwepamba kunogona kukanganisa shanduko yakanaka.

Kunyangwe zvimhingamipinyi zveAquaculture, The Ocean Foundation inotsigira kuenderera mberi kwekusimudzira makambani ezvemumvura - pakati pemamwe makambani anoenderana nehutano hwegungwa - sezvo nyika ingangoona kudiwa kuri kuwedzera kwekudya kwegungwa. Mune mumwe muenzaniso, The Ocean Foundation inoshanda naRockefeller kutaura nemakambani emumvura nezve kuyedza kwavo kugadzirisa inda dzemugungwa, kusvibiswa, uye kuchengetedza kwekudya kwehove.

Iyo Ocean Foundation iri kushanda zvakare yakabatana nevanoshanda navo ku Environmental Law Institute (ELI) uye Harvard Law School's Emmett Environmental Law uye Policy Clinic kujekesa nekuvandudza kuti aquaculture inotungamirirwa sei muUnited States federal ocean waters.

Tsvaga zviwanikwa izvi pazasi uye zvichienderera ELI webhusaiti:

2. Nheyo dzeAquaculture

Food and Agriculture Organisation yeUnited Nations. (2022). Hove uye Aquaculture. United Nations. https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/aquaculture

Aquaculture chiitiko chemireniyamu icho nhasi chinopa inopfuura hafu yehove dzose dzinodyiwa pasi rose. Nekudaro, kurima kwemumvura kwakakonzera shanduko isingadiwe kwezvakatipoteredza zvinosanganisira: kusawirirana pakati pevashandisi vevhu uye zviwanikwa zvemvura, kuparadzwa kweakakosha masevhisi ecosystem, kuparadzwa kwenzvimbo, kushandiswa kwemakemikari anokuvadza nemishonga yemhuka, kugadzirwa kusingagoneki kwehove nemafuta ehove, uye magariro uye mhedzisiro yetsika kune vashandi ve aquaculture uye nharaunda. Iyi ongororo yakazara yeAquaculture kune vese vari vega uye nyanzvi inovhara tsananguro yeaquaculture, zvidzidzo zvakasarudzwa, mapepa echokwadi, zviratidzo zvekuita, wongororo yedunhu, uye kodhi yemaitiro ekubata hove.

Jones, R., Dewey, B., uye Seaver, B. (2022, Ndira 28). Aquaculture: Nei Nyika Ichida New Wave Yekugadzira Chikafu. World Economic Forum. 

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/01/aquaculture-agriculture-food-systems/

Varimi vemvura vanogona kuve vacherechedzi vakakosha vekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Marine aquaculture inopa akawanda mabhenefiti kubva mukubatsira nyika kusiyanisa masisitimu ayo ezvekudya, kune kuedza kuderedza mamiriro ekunze senge kabhoni sequering uye mipiro kumaindasitiri anogadzira eco-hushamwari zvigadzirwa. Varimi veAquaculture vakatove pachinzvimbo chakakosha kuita sevacherechedzi veecosystem uye vanotaura nezvekuchinja kwezvakatipoteredza. Vanyori vanobvuma kuti aquaculture haina kudzivirirwa kumatambudziko uye kusvibiswa, asi kana kugadziriswa kwemaitiro kunoitwa, aquaculture ndiyo inonyanya kukosha indasitiri yekusimudzira kwenguva refu.

Alice R Jones, Heidi K Alleway, Dominic McAfee, Patrick Reis-Santos, Seth J Theuerkauf, Robert C Jones, Zvokudya Zvokudya Zvomugungwa Zvinoshamwaridzana Nemamiriro ekunze: Zvinogona Kuderedza Kubuda Kwemhepo uye Kutorwa kweCarbon muMarine Aquaculture, BioScience, Vhoriyamu 72, Chinyorwa 2, Kukadzi. 2022, Mapeji 123–143, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biab126

Aquaculture inogadzira 52% yezvigadzirwa zvemhuka zvemumvura zvinodyiwa ne mariculture zvichigadzira 37.5% yechirimwa ichi uye 97% yegoho regungwa repasi rose. Zvakadaro, kuchengetedza kuburitswa kwegasi regreenhouse (GHG) kwakadzikira kuchaenderana nemitemo yakanyatsofungwa sezvo kurimwa kwemvura yemugungwa kuri kuramba kuchikwira. Nekubatanidza kupihwa kwezvigadzirwa zvemugungwa nemikana yekudzikira kweGHG, vanyori vanopokana kuti indasitiri yezvekurima kwemvura inogona kusimudzira maitiro anoenderana nemamiriro ekunze ayo anoburitsa mhedzisiro yezvakatipoteredza, magariro, uye hupfumi kwenguva refu.

FAO. 2021. World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2021. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4477en

Gore rega rega Sangano reFood and Agriculture Organisation rinoburitsa bhuku regore renhamba rine ruzivo pamusoro pemamiriro ezvekudya nekurima pasi rose uye ruzivo rwakakosha mune zveupfumi. Chirevo ichi chinosanganisira zvikamu zvakati kuti zvinokurukura nezvenyaya dzehove nemhuka dzemumvura, masango, mitengo yezvinhu zvepasi rose, uye mvura. Kunyange zvazvo chitubu ichi chisina kunangana semamwe masosi anoratidzwa pano, basa rayo mukuronda kusimudzirwa kweupfumi hwemhuka dzemumvura harigoni kufuratirwa.

FAO. 2019. Basa reFAO pakuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze – Fisheries & aquaculture. Roma. https://www.fao.org/3/ca7166en/ca7166en.pdf

Sangano reChikafu uye Zvekurima rakabatanidza mushumo wakakosha kuti uenderane ne2019 Special Report paOcean uye Cryosphere. Vanoti kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kuchaunza shanduko huru mukuwanikwa uye kutengeswa kwehove nezvigadzirwa zvemugungwa zvine mhedzisiro yakakosha yezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi. Izvi zvichanyanya kuomera nyika dzinovimba negungwa nehove dzemugungwa sechitubu cheprotein (vanhu vanoenderana nehove).

Bindoff, NL, WWL Cheung, JG Kairo, J. Arístegui, VA Guinder, R. Hallberg, N. Hilmi, N. Jiao, MS Karim, L. Levin, S. O'Donoghue, SR Purca Cuicapusa, B. Rinkevich, T. Suga, A. Tagliabue, naP. Williamson, 2019: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, uye Dependent Communities. Mu: IPCC Special Report pamusoro peOcean neCryosphere muKuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze [H.-O. Pörtner, DC Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, NM Weyer ( eds.)]. Mukudhinda. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/09_SROCC_Ch05_FINAL.pdf

Nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, maindasitiri ezvekuchera mugungwa haazogoneki kwenguva refu pasina kutora maitiro akasimba. Iyo 2019 Special Report paOcean neCryosphere inocherekedza kuti hove uye chikamu chezvemumvura chiri panjodzi zvakanyanya kune vatyairi vemamiriro ekunze. Kunyanya, chitsauko chechishanu cheshumo chinopokana nezvekuwedzera kwekudyara mu aquaculture uye inosimbisa nzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzekutsvaga dzinodiwa kusimudzira kugarika kwenguva refu. Muchidimbu, kudiwa kwemaitiro ekuchengetedza aquaculture hakugone kuregererwa.

Heidi K Alleway, Chris L Gillies, Melanie J Bishop, Rebecca R Gentry, Seth J Theuerkauf, Robert Jones, The Ecosystem Services of Marine Aquaculture: Valuing Benefits to People and Nature, BioScience, Volume 69, Issue 1, January 2019, Mapeji 59 -68, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biy137

Sezvo huwandu hwenyika huri kuramba huchikura, Aquaculture ichave yakakosha kune ramangwana rekudya kwegungwa. Zvakadaro, matambudziko ane chekuita neakaipa ezvekurima kwemumvura anogona kukanganisa kuwedzera kugadzirwa. Kukuvadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kunozoderedzwa chete nekuwedzera kuzivikanwa, kunzwisisa, uye accounting yekupihwa kwesevhisi ecosystem nemariculture kuburikidza nehurongwa hutsva, mari, uye zvitupa zvitupa zvinogona kukurudzira kushingaira kuendesa mabhenefiti. Nekudaro, kurima kwemumvura kunofanirwa kutariswa kwete sekuparadzana nenharaunda asi sechikamu chakakosha cheecosystem, chero bedzi maitiro ekutonga akaiswa.

National Oceanic uye Atmospheric Administration (2017). NOAA Aquaculture Research - Nyaya Mepu. Dhipatimendi reCommerce. https://noaa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Shortlist/index.html?appid=7b4af1ef0efb425ba35d6f2c8595600f

Iyo National Oceanic uye Atmospheric Administration yakagadzira inodyidzana nyaya mepu inotaridza yavo yemukati mapurojekiti ekutsvagisa nezve aquaculture. Aya mapurojekiti anosanganisira kuongororwa kwetsika yemhando dzakati, ongororo yehupenyu-kutenderera, mamwe madhiri, yegungwa acidization, uye zvingangoitika pekugara mabhenefiti nemhedzisiro. Mepu yenyaya inosimbisa mapurojekiti eNOAA kubva 2011 kusvika 2016 uye inonyanya kubatsira kuvadzidzi, vaongorori vanofarira mapurojekiti apfuura NOAA, uye vateereri vese.

Engle, C., McNevin, A., Racine, P., Boyd, C., Paungkaew, D., Viriyatum, R., Quoc Tinh, H., uye Ngo Minh, H. (2017, Kubvumbi 3). Economics yeSustainable Intensification yeAquaculture: Humbowo kubva kuFarms muVietnam neThailand. Chinyorwa cheWorld Aquaculture Society, Vol. 48, Nha. 2, p. 227-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12423.

Kukura kwe aquaculture kwakakosha kupa chikafu chekuwedzera huwandu hwevanhu pasi rose. Ichi chidzidzo chakatarisa mapurazi makumi mana emumvura muThailand uye makumi mana nematatu muVietnam kuti aone kuti kukura kweaquaculture munzvimbo idzi kwakamira sei. Ongororo iyi yakaona kuti paive nekukosha kwakasimba apo varimi veshrimp vakashandisa zviwanikwa uye zvimwe zvekushandisa zvine hungwaru uye kuti kurima kwepamahombekombe kwegungwa kunogona kuitwa kuti kuve kwakasimba. Tsvagiridzo yekuwedzera ichiri kudikanwa kuti ipe nhungamiro inoenderera ine chekuita neyakagadzika manejimendi maitiro ezve aquaculture.

3. Kusvibiswa uye Kutyisidzira Kwakatipoteredza

Føre, H. and Thorvaldsen, T. (2021, Kukadzi 15). Causal Analysis of Escape of Atlantic Salmon and Rainbow Trout kubva kuNorwegian Fish Farms Munguva ya2010 - 2018. Aquaculture, Vol. 532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736002

Ongororo ichangoburwa yemapurazi ehove ekuNorway yakawana kuti 92% yehove dzese dzakapukunyuka dzinobva kumapurazi ehove egungwa, nepo isingasviki 7% yaibva kunzvimbo dzinogara pasi uye 1% yaibva kune zvekufambisa. Chidzidzo ichi chakatarisa nguva yemakore mapfumbamwe (2019-2018) uye yakaverenga zvinopfuura mazana matatu neshanu zviitiko zvakapunyuka nehove dzakapukunyuka dzinosvika miriyoni maviri, nhamba iyi yakakosha sezvo ongororo yaingogumira kune Salmon neRainbow Trout chete dzairimwa muNorway. Kuwanda kwekupunyuka uku kwakakonzerwa zvakananga nemaburi mumambure, kunyangwe zvimwe zvinhu zvetekinoroji zvakaita semidziyo yakakuvadzwa uye mamiriro ekunze akaipa akaita basa. Ichi chidzidzo chinoburitsa dambudziko rakakosha rekuvhurika kwemvura yegungwa sechiito chisingagoneke.

Racine, P., Marley, A., Froehlich, H., Gaines, S., Ladner, I., MacAdam-Somer, I., uye Bradley, D. (2021). Mhosva yekubatanidzwa kwemvura yegungwa muUS nutrient kusvibiswa kwekuchengetedza, Marine Policy, Vol. 129, 2021, 104506, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104506.

Seaweed ine mukana wekudzikisa kusvibiswa kwekudya kwemugungwa, kudzivirira kukura kweutrophication (kusanganisira hypoxia), uye kuwedzera kudzora kusvibiswa kwepasi nekubvisa huwandu hukuru hwenitrogen nephosphorus kubva kumahombekombe egungwa. Asi, kusvika pari zvino sora remugungwa harisati rashandiswa mune iyi nzvimbo. Sezvo nyika iri kuramba ichitambura nemhedzisiro yekumhanya kwekudya kunovaka muviri, gungwa regungwa rinopa mhinduro ine hushamwari kwezvakatipoteredza iyo inofanirwa nekudyara kwenguva pfupi yekubhadhara kwenguva refu.

Flegel, T. uye Alday-Sanz, V. (2007, Chikunguru) The Crisis in Asian Shrimp Aquaculture: Current Status and Future Needs. Chinyorwa cheApplied Ichthyology. Wiley Online Library. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1998.tb00654.x

Pakati pemakore ekuma2000, shrimp dzese dzinowanzorimwa muAsia dzakawanikwa dziine chirwere cheWhite-spot chinokonzera kurasikirwa kwemabhiriyoni akati wandei emadhora. Kunyange chirwere ichi chakagadziriswa, iyi nyaya yekuongorora inoratidza kutyisidzira kwechirwere mukati meindasitiri yezvekurima. Kufambira mberi mberi kwekutsvakurudza uye basa rekusimudzira richadiwa, kana mhizha ye shrimp ichave yakagadzikana, kusanganisira: kunzwisisa zviri nani zvekudzivirira shrimp kurwisa zvirwere; tsvakurudzo yekuwedzera mune zvinovaka muviri; uye kubviswa kwekukuvadza kwezvakatipoteredza.

Boyd, C., D'Abramo, L., Glencross,B., David C. Huyben, D., Juarez, L., Lockwood, G., McNevin, A., Tacon, A., Teletchea, F., Tomasso Mudiki, J., Tucker, C., Valenti, W. (2020, Chikumi 24). Kuwana Sustainable Aquaculture: Nhoroondo uye zvazvino maonero uye ramangwana zvinodiwa nematambudziko. Chinyorwa cheWorld Aquaculture Society. Wiley Online Libraryhttps://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12714

Mumakore mashanu apfuura, indasitiri yeAquaculture yakaderedza kabhoni yayo kuburikidza nekuita zvishoma nezvishoma masisitimu matsva ekugadzira ayo akadzikisa kuburitswa kwegasi regreenhouse, akadzikisa kushandiswa kwemvura yakachena pachikamu chimwe chete chakagadzirwa, akavandudza manejimendi ezvekudya, uye kutora maitiro matsva ekurima. Ichi chidzidzo chinoratidza kuti nepo aquaculture ichiramba ichiona kumwe kukuvadza kwezvakatipoteredza, maitiro ese ari kuenda kune imwe indasitiri yakasimba.

Turchini, G., Jesse T. Trushenski, J., uye Glencross, B. (2018, Gunyana 15). Mifungo Yeramangwana reKudya Kwemvura: Kugadzirisa Maonero eKuratidza Matambudziko Emazuvano Anechekuita Neungwaru Kushandiswa Kwezviwanikwa zveMarine muAquafeeds. American Fisheries Society. https://doi.org/10.1002/naaq.10067 https://afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/naaq.10067

Kwemakumi emakore akati wandei apfuura 'vaongorori vakaita kufambira mberi kukuru mukutsvaga kwekudya kwe aquaculture uye mamwe ma feedstocks. Zvakadaro, kuvimba nezviwanikwa zvemugungwa kunoramba kuri chisungo chinodzikisira kugadzikana. Chirongwa chetsvakiridzo chakazara-chakabatana nezvido zveindasitiri uye chakanangana nekuumbwa kwekudya kunovaka muviri uye kuwirirana kwechikafu-chinodiwa kukurudzira kufambira mberi mune ramangwana mukudya kwemvura.

Buck, B., Troell, M., Krause, G., Angel, D., Grote, B., uye Chopin, T. (2018, May 15). State of the Art uye Zvinetso zveOffshore Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA). Miganhu muMarine Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00165

Vanyori vebepa rino vanopokana kuti kufambisa zvivakwa zvemumvura kuenda kugungwa rakashama uye kure nenharaunda yepedyo yegungwa kuchabatsira kuwedzera kukuru kwekugadzirwa kwechikafu chemugungwa. Chidzidzo ichi chinokunda muchidimbu chazvino kuvandudzwa kweruzivo rwekumahombekombe egungwa, kunyanya kushandiswa kwemhando dzakasiyana siyana dzemumvura uko kune marudzi akati wandei (sefinfish, oyster, sea cucumber, nekelp) anorimwa pamwe chete kugadzira nzira yekurima yakabatana. Nekudaro, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti kurima kwemahombekombe egungwa kunogona kuramba kuchikonzera kukuvadza kwezvakatipoteredza uye haisati yabudirira mune zvehupfumi.

Duarte, C., Wu, J., Xiao, X., Bruhn, A., Krause-Jensen, D. (2017). Kurima Kwesora Mugungwa Ko Kunogona Kuita Basa Mukuderedza Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze uye Kuchinja? Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol. 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00100

Seaweed aquaculture haingori chikamu chiri kukurumidza kukura chekugadzirwa kwechikafu pasi rose asi indasitiri inokwanisa kubatsira kudzikisira kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye matanho ekugadzirisa. Seaweed aquaculture inogona kuita senge kabhoni inonyura pakugadzirwa kwebiofuel, kuvandudza ivhu nekuita sechinzvimbo chekuwedzera kusvibisa fetireza yekugadzira, uye kunyorovesa simba remasaisai kuchengetedza mahombekombe. Nekudaro, indasitiri yezvino yegungwa remvura yegungwa inoganhurwa nekuwanikwa kwenzvimbo dzakakodzera uye kukwikwidza kwenzvimbo dzakakodzera nezvimwe zvinoshandiswa, masisitimu einjiniya anokwanisa kurarama nemamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara kumahombekombe, uye kuwedzera kudiwa kwemusika kwezvigadzirwa zvegungwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu.

5. Aquaculture uye Kusiyana-siyana, Kuenzana, Kubatanidzwa, uye Kururamisa

FAO. 2018. Mamiriro eNyika Hove uye Aquaculture 2018 - Kusangana nezvinangwa zvekusimudzira. Roma. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. http://www.fao.org/3/i9540en/i9540en.pdf

Sangano reUnited Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals rinobvumira kuongororwa kwehove nemhuka dzemumvura dzinotarisa kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu, kudya kunovaka muviri, kushandiswa kwakasimba kwezviwanikwa, uye kufunga nezvehupfumi, magariro, uye mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza. Kunyange zvazvo gwaro iri rave nemakore anoda kusvika mashanu, kutarisa kwaro pakutonga kwekodzero kune budiriro yakaenzana uye inosanganisirwa kuchiri kukosha nhasi.

6. Mitemo neMitemo ine chekuita neAquaculture

National Oceanic uye Atmospheric Administration. (2022). Nhungamiro yeKubvumidza Marine Aquaculture muUnited States. Dhipatimendi reCommerce, National Oceanic uye Atmospheric Administration. https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/2022-02/Guide-Permitting-Marine-Aquaculture-United-States-2022.pdf

Iyo National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration yakagadzira gwara kune avo vanofarira matongerwo emvura eUnited States uye mvumo. Gwaro iri rakaitirwa vanhu vanofarira kunyorera mvumo yekurima mumvura uye avo vanoda kudzidza zvakawanda nezve nzira yekubvumidza kusanganisira zvakakosha zvekushandisa. Kunyange zvazvo gwaro racho risina kukwana, rinosanganisira rondedzero yehurumende-ne-nyika inobvumira mitemo yehove, finfish, uye seweed.

Hofisi yeMutungamiriri weNyika. (2020, Chivabvu 7). US Executive Order 13921, Kukurudzira kukwikwidza kweAmerican Seafood uye Economic Growth.

Mukutanga kwa2020, Mutungamiri Biden vakasaina EO 13921 yaMay 7, 2020, kumutsiridza indasitiri yekuredza yeUS. Sezvineiwo, Chikamu 6 chinoburitsa matanho matatu ekubvumidza kweaquaculture: 

  1. iri mukati meEEZ uye kunze kwemvura yechero State kana Territory,
  2. inoda kuongororwa kwezvakatipoteredza kana mvumo nemasangano maviri kana anopfuura (federal), uye
  3. iyo agency ingangove iyo inotungamira agency yakasarudza kuti ichagadzirira chirevo chezvakatipoteredza (EIS). 

Aya maitiro anoitirwa kusimudzira indasitiri inokwikwidza yegungwa mukati meUnited States, kuisa chikafu chakachengeteka uye chine hutano pamatafura eAmerica, uye kubatsira kuhupfumi hweAmerica. Ichi chirevo chekutonga chinogadzirisawo matambudziko nekuredza zvisiri pamutemo, kusingamhan'arwe, uye kusingataurwi, uye kunovandudza kujeka.

FAO. 2017. Climate Smart Agriculture Sourcebook – Climate-Smart Fisheries and Aquaculture. Roma.http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture-sourcebook/production-resources/module-b4-fisheries/b4-overview/en/

Sangano reFood and Agriculture Organisation rakagadzira bhuku rekuti "riwedzere kujekesa pfungwa yekurima-yakangwara" kusanganisira zvese zvazvinogoneka uye zvisingakwanisi kubata nemhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Iri tsime raizonyanya kubatsira kune vanogadzira mitemo kumatunhu ese enyika uye pasi penyika.

NATIONAL AQUACULTURE ACT OF 1980 Act yaGunyana 26, 1980, Public Law 96-362, 94 Stat. 1198, 16 USC 2801, uye seq. https://www.agriculture.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/National%20Aquaculture%20Act%20Of%201980.pdf

Mazhinji emitemo yeUnited States maererano neAquaculture inogona kurondwa kumashure kuNational Aquaculture Act ya1980. Mutemo uyu waida kuti Dhipatimendi rezvekurima, Dhipatimendi reCommerce, Dhipatimendi reInterior, uye Regional Fishery Management Councils kuti rimise National Aquaculture Development. Ronga. Mutemo waida kuti chirongwa chekuziva mhuka dzemumvura dzinenge dzichishandiswa pakutengesa, wakatara matanho anokurudzirwa anofanira kutorwa nevese vari vega neveruzhinji vanoita zvekusimudzira kurima kwemvura uye kutsvagisa zvinokonzeresa kurima kwemvura pane estuarine uye mugungwa. Yakagadzirawo Interagency Working Group paAquaculture sechimiro chesangano kuti chibvumire kuwirirana pakati peUS federal agency pazviitwa zvine chekuita neaquaculture. Iyo nyowani nyowani yechirongwa, iyo National Strategic Plan yeFederal Aquaculture Research (2014-2019), yakagadzirwa neNational Science and Technology Council Committee yeScience Interagency Working Group paAquaculture.

7. Zvimwe Zvishandiso

Iyo National Oceanic uye Atmospheric Administration yakagadzira akati wandei mapepa akatarisana pane akasiyana siyana eAquaculture muUnited States. Mapepa echokwadi anoenderana neiyi Peji Yekutsvagisa anosanganisira: Aquaculture uye Environmental Kudyidzana, Aquaculture Inopa Inobatsira Ecosystem Services, Kugadzikana Kwemamiriro ekunze uye Aquaculture, Kubatsira Njodzi Kuhove, Marine Aquaculture muUS, Njodzi dzinogona kuitika dzeAquaculture Escapes, Regulation yeMarine Aquaculture, uye Sustainable Aquaculture Feeds uye Hove Nutrition.

White Mapepa neThe Ocean Foundation:

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