Ihove pamwoyo weChikafu System

Ichi chinyorwa chakatanga kubuda paLimn uye chakanyorwa pamwe naAlison Fairbrother naDavid Schleifer.

Hausati wamboona menhaden, asi wakaidya. Kunyangwe pasina munhu anogara pandiro yehove idzi dzine sirivheri, dzine maziso etsikidzi, dzakareba tsoka pane imwe resitorendi yezvokudya zvegungwa, menhaden inofamba nepakati pekudya kwevanhu kazhinji isingaonekwe mumiviri yemamwe marudzi, yakavigwa musalmon, nyama yenguruve, hanyanisi, uye zvimwe zvokudya zvakawanda.

Mamirioni emapaunzi emenhaden anoredzwa kubva kuAtlantic Ocean neGulf yeMexico nekambani imwe chete iri muHouston, Texas, ine zita rinonzwika: Omega Protein. Pundutso yekambani iyi inowanwa kubva mukuita kunonzi “kuderedza,” kunosanganisira kubika, kukuya, nekuparadzanisa mafuta emenhaden nemakemikari kubva kumapuroteni ayo nemamicronutrients. Izvi zvikamu zvinova zvemakemikari zvinopinda muaquaculture, zvipfuyo zvemaindasitiri, uye kurima miriwo. Kudya kwemafuta uye mapuroteni kunova chikafu chemhuka. Iyo micronutrients inova fetiraiza yezvirimwa.

Inoshanda sezvizvi: kubva Kubvumbi kusvika Zvita, dhorobha diki remahombekombe reReedville, Virginia, rinotumira vabati vehove vakawanda muChesapeake Bay neAtlantic Ocean pangarava pfumbamwe dzeOmega Protein. Vatyairi veSpotter vari mundege duku vanobhururuka pamusoro, vachitsvaka menhaden kubva kumusoro, iyo inozivikanwa nemumvuri mutsvuku wavanosiya pamvura sezvavanorongedza pamwe chete muzvikoro zvakasimba zvemakumi ezviuru zvehove.

Kana menhaden ichizivikanwa, mucherechedzi anotyaira redhiyo kungarava iri pedyo uye oinangisa kuchikoro. Varedzi veOmega Protein vanotumira zvikepe zvidiki zviviri, izvo zvinoteya chikoro nemambure makuru anonzi purse seine. Hove padzinovharirwa, mambure echikwama anosungwa zvakasimba setambo yokudhonza. Pombi ye hydraulic vacuum inobva yasveta menhaden kubva mumambure kupinda munhare yengarava. Kudzokera kufekitari, kuderedza kunotanga. Maitiro akafanana anoitika muGulf yeMexico, uko Omega Protein ine mafekitori matatu ekuderedza.

Menhaden yakawanda inobatwa kupfuura dzimwe hove dzipi nedzipi dziri mukondinendi yeUnited States nehuwandu. Kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, kushanda kukuru uku uye zvigadzirwa zvaro zvakange zvisina kudzorwa zvachose, kunyangwe nekukanganisa kwakakura kwezvakatipoteredza. Huwandu hwevarume hwakaderera hunosvika makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana kubva panguva apo vanhu vakatanga kukohwa menhaden kubva kuAtlantic kumahombekombe nemvura.

Omega Protein yanga isiri yekutanga kuziva kukosha kwe menhaden. Iyo etymology ye menhaden inoratidza nzvimbo yayo yakareba mukugadzirwa kwechikafu. Iro zita rinobva pashoko reNarragansett munnawhatteaûg, iro rinoreva kuti "izvo zvinopfumisa nyika." Tsvakurudzo yezvokuchera matongo paCape Cod inoratidza kuti maNative America ikoko akaviga hove dzinotendwa kuva menhaden muminda yavo yechibage (Mrozowski 1994: 47-62). Nhoroondo yaWilliam Bradford naEdward Winslow kubva muna 1622 yevaPilgrim paPlymouth, Massachusetts, inotsanangura vapambi vaigadzira minda yavo yepurazi nehove “maererano nemaitiro emaIndia” (Bradford naWinslow 1622).

Vanamuzvinabhizinesi pakutanga kwezana ramakore regumi nemasere vakatanga kuvaka zvivakwa zvidiki zvekudzikisa menhaden kuita oiri uye hupfu hwekushandisa mumaindasitiri uye zvigadzirwa zvekurima. Pakazosvika pakati pezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, zvinopfuura mazana maviri zvezvivakwa izvi zvakapararira kumhenderekedzo yekumabvazuva kweUnited States neGulf of Mexico. Kwemakore akawanda iwayo, vabati vehove vaibata menhaden vachishandisa utava hwavaikweva nemaoko. Asi kutanga muma 1950s, pombi dze hydraulic vacuum dzakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuyamwa mamiriyoni e menhaden kubva mumambure makuru kupinda mungarava huru. Mumakore makumi matanhatu apfuura, 60 bhiriyoni mapaundi e menhaden akakohwewa kubva kuAtlantic.

Sezvo kubatwa kwe<em>menhaden kwakawedzera, mafekitari maduku nengarava dzokuredza zvakatanga bhizimisi. Pakazosvika 2006, kambani imwe chete yakanga yasara yakamira. Omega Protein, ine dzimbahwe kuTexas, inobata pakati pechina nehafu-bhiriyoni mapaundi e menhaden gore rega rega kubva kuAtlantic, uye inopeta kaviri huwandu ihwohwo kubva kuGulf of Mexico.

Nekuti Omega Protein inotonga indasitiri, mishumo yayo yegore negore inoita kuti zvikwanise kutsvaga menhaden kuburikidza necheni yechikafu chepasi rose kubva kunzvimbo yayo yekudzikisa muReedville, Virginia, uye mashoma emafekitori muLouisiana neMississippi.

Maererano nemashandisirwo eNative America, menhaden micronutrients—kunyanya nitrogen, phosphorus, uye potassium—inoshandiswa kugadzira fetereza. MuUnited States, mafetereza e<em>menhaden anoshandiswa kurima hanyanisi muTexas, blueberries kuGeorgia, uye marozi muTennessee, pakati pezvimwe zvirimwa.

Chikamu chiduku chemafuta chinoshandiswa kugadzira kudya kwevanhu, kureva mapiritsi emafuta ehove ane omega-3 fatty acids, ayo akave akabatanidzwa nekuderera kwezvimwe zvinokonzerwa nehosha yemwoyo. Omega-3s inowanikwa zvakasikwa mune mimwe miriwo yakasvibira uye nzungu. Ivo zvakare vari mualgae, iyo menhaden inodya yakawanda. Nekuda kweizvozvo, menhaden nemhando dzehove dzinovimba nemenhaden pakudya dzakazara neomega-3s.

Muna 2004, iyo US Food and Drug Administration yakabvumira vagadziri kuti vatore zvirevo pamapaketi ezvekudya anobatanidza kudyiwa kwechikafu chine omega-3s kune yakadzikira njodzi yechirwere chemoyo. Zvichida kana kusatora omega-3 hove yemafuta mapiritsi ane zvikomborero zvakafanana nekudya zvokudya zvine omega-3s inoramba iri nyaya yekukakavadzana (Allport 2006; Kris-Etherton et al. 2002; Rizos et al. 2012). Zvakangodaro, kutengeswa kwemapiritsi emafuta ehove kwakakura kubva pamadhora zana emamiriyoni muna 100 kusvika kumadhora bhiriyoni 2001 muna 1.1 (Frost & Sullivan Research Service 2011; Herper 2008; Packaged Facts 2009). Musika we omega-2011 supplements uye wezvekudya uye zvinwiwa zvakasimbiswa neomega-3s waive $3 miriyoni muna 195. Pakazosvika 2004, yaifungidzirwa pamadhora gumi nematatu emadhora.

KuOmega Protein, mari chaiyo iri mumenhaden mapuroteni nemafuta, ayo ave midziyo mukudya kwemhuka kune maindasitiri-aquaculture aquaculture, nguruve, uye mombe kurima mabasa muUnited States nekune dzimwe nyika. Iyo kambani yakamisikidzwa zvakanaka kuti ienderere mberi nekuwedzera kutengesa kwemenhaden kutenderera pasirese. Nepo kupihwa kwepasi rose kwemafuta nemapuroteni kwave kwakapfava kubvira 2004, kudiwa kwakawedzera zvakanyanya. Mari yeOmega Protein patani yakawedzera zvakapetwa katatu kubva muna 2000. Mari yese yakawanikwa yaive 236 miriyoni emadhora muna 2012, chikamu che17.8 percent.

Omega Protein's "blue chip" mutengi wezvekudya kwemhuka uye zvekuwedzera zvevanhu zvinosanganisira Whole Foods, Nestlé Purina, Iams, Land O'Lakes, ADM, Swanson Health Products, Cargill, Del Monte, Science Diet, Smart Balance, uye Vitamin Shoppe. Asi makambani anotenga hupfu hwemenhaden nemafuta kubva kuOmega Protein haasungirwe kunyora kuti zvinhu zvawo zvine hove here, izvo zvinoita kuti vatengi vasazive kuti vari kunwa menhaden. Nekudaro, nekupihwa huwandu hwehove uye chiyero chekugoverwa kweOmega Protein, kana wakadya saumoni yakasimudzwa papurazi kana kupa musupamaketi bhekoni, ungangove wakadya mhuka dzakasimudzwa zvishoma muchikamu pa menhaden. Iwe unogona kunge wakadyisa mhuka dzakasimudzwa pamenhaden kumhuka dzako dzinovaraidza, kumedza menhaden mumakapisi egel anokurudzirwa nachiremba wemwoyo wako, kana kumwaya pabindu rako remuriwo rekuseri kwemba.

"Takashandura kambani nekufamba kwenguva kusvika kwaunogona kumuka mangwanani, wova neOmega-3 (mafuta ehove) kuti utange zuva rako, unogona kudzora nzara yako pakati pekudya neprotein shake, uye unogona kugara. pasi pakudya nechidimbu chesalmon, uye mikana iripo, chimwe chezvigadzirwa zvedu chakashandiswa kubatsira kusimudza salmon iyoyo, "Omega Protein CEO Brett Scholtes akadaro muhurukuro ichangoburwa neHouston Business Journal (Ryan 2013).

Nei zvine basa kuti hove diki iyi inoshandiswa kupaza kudiwa kwepasirese kweprotein yemhuka sezvo mari yepasi rose inokwira uye kudya kunoshanduka (WHO 2013: 5)? Nekuti menhaden haingove yakakosha kune chikafu chevanhu, ivo zvakare malinpin eiyo oceanic chikafu cheni.

Menhaden inomera mugungwa, asi hove zhinji dzinonanga kuChesapeake Bay kuti dzikure mumvura ine brackish yenzvimbo huru yenyika. Nhoroondo, Chesapeake Bay yakatsigira vanhu vakawanda vevarume: ngano inoti Kaputeni John Smith akaona varume vakawanda vakazara muChesapeake Bay paakasvika muna 1607 zvekuti aikwanisa kuvabata nepani.

Munharaunda ino yekireshi, menhaden inokura uye inobudirira muzvikoro zvikuru isati yatama ichikwira nekudzika kumhenderekedzo yeAtlantic. Zvikoro zvemenhaden izvi zvinopa chikafu chakakosha, chinovaka muviri kune akawanda ezvikara zvakakosha, senge mitsetse bass, weakfish, bluefish, spiny dogfish, dolphin, humpback whales, harbor seals, osprey, loons, nezvimwe.

Muna 2009, masayendisiti ehove akashuma kuti vanhu veAtlantic menhaden vakanga vadzikira kusvika pasi pegumi muzana yehukuru hwayo hwepakutanga. Masayendisiti eindasitiri anopikisa kuti hove duku dzinodyiwa semenhaden, sardines, uye herring dzinoberekana nokukurumidza zvakakwana kutsiva dziya dzinobviswa muchikamu chezvokudya zvomugungwa nokuredza kwokutengesa. Asi vazhinji vezvezvakatipoteredza, vehurumende uye vesainzi vezvidzidzo, uye vagari vemumhenderekedzo yegungwa vanopokana kuti kubata hove menhaden kunokanganisa zvisikwa, zvichisiya mashoma menhaden mumvura kuti azvidavirire nekuda kwechikara.

Striped bass yagara iri imwe yezvikara zvinotyisa zve menhaden kuEast Coast. Nhasi, mabhasi akawanda ane mitsetse muChesapeake Bay anotambudzwa ne mycobacteriosis, chirwere chisingawanzoitiki chinokonzera chironda chakabatana nekushaya zvokudya zvinovaka muviri.

Osprey, chimwe chikara che menhaden, hachina kuita zviri nani. Muma1980, inopfuura 70 muzana yezvokudya zveosprey yaiva menhaden. Pakazosvika gore ra2006, nhamba iyoyo yakanga yadzika kusvika pamakumi maviri nenomwe muzana, uye kurarama kwemaosprey nestlings muVirginia kwakange kwadzika kusvika kumatanho akaderera kubva kuma27, apo mushonga wezvipembenene weDDT wakaunzwa munzvimbo iyi, izvo zvakaparadza osprey pwere. Uye pakati pemakore ekuma1940, vaongorori vakatanga kuona kuti weakfish, hove yakakosha mune zveupfumi muAtlantic Ocean, yaifa muhuwandu. Pasina hutano, huwandu hwakawanda hwemenhaden yekudyisa, mitsetse bass yaidya diki weakfish uye zvakanyanya kuderedza huwandu hwavo.

Muna 2012, boka renyanzvi dzemugungwa rinozivikanwa seLenfest Forage Fish Task Force rakafungidzira kuti kukosha kwekusiya hove dzemugungwa sechikafu chezvikara madhora zviuru gumi nerimwe zvemadhora: zvakapetwa kaviri kudarika mabhiriyoni mashanu emadhora akagadzirwa nekubvisa mhuka senge menhaden. kubva kugungwa uye kuvamanikidza kupinda hove chikafu pellets (Pikitch et al, 11).

Mushure memakumi emakore ekurudziro nemasangano ezvakatipoteredza, muna Zvita 2012, sangano rinotonga rainzi Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission rakaita mutemo wekutanga wepamhenderekedzo yegungwa wehove ye menhaden. Komisheni yakacheka goho remenhaden nezvikamu makumi maviri kubva muzana kubva pamatanho apfuura mukuyedza kuchengetedza huwandu hwevanhu kuti vasarambe vachiderera. Mutemo uyu wakaitwa mumwaka wehove wa20; kana zvakanganisa uwandu hwemamenhaden imubvunzo masayendisiti ehurumende ari kutsvaga kupindura.

Zvichakadaro, zvigadzirwa zvemenhaden zvinoramba zvakakosha mukugadzirwa kwepasi rose kwehove nenyama zvakachipa. Iyo indasitiri yechikafu system inotsamira pakutora chikafu kubva mumiviri yemhuka dzesango. Isu tinodya menhaden mumhando yenguruve yenguruve, chifuva chehuku, uye tilapia. Uye mukuita kudaro, madyiro edu anotungamirira kurufu rweshiri nehove dzinodya dzimwe mhuka dzisingambopfuuri miromo yedu.
Alison Fairbrother ndiye director director wePublic Trust Project, sangano risingaite purofiti, risingaite purofiti rinoferefeta uye rinotaura nezvekunyeperwa kwesainzi nemakambani, hurumende, nevezvenhau.

David Schleifer anoongorora uye anonyora nezve chikafu, hutano, tekinoroji uye dzidzo. Iye zvakare mukuru wekutsvagisa anoshamwaridzana kuPublic Agenda, isingabatsiri, isingabatsiri purofiti uye sangano rekuita. Maonero ataurwa pano haasi iwo ePublic Agenda kana vanopa mari. 

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