Yakapfuura Inotaura Neramangwana: Yakasimukira Yekare Aquaculture

Na: Mark J. Spalding, Kathryn Peyton naAshley Milton

Iyi blog yakatanga kubuda paNational Geographic's Ocean Views

Mitsara yakaita se "zvidzidzo zvemunguva yakapfuura" kana "kudzidza kubva munhoroondo yekare" inokodzera kuita kuti maziso edu apenye, uye tinopenya kundangariro dzemakirasi anofinha enhoroondo kana kudhiza zvinyorwa zveTV. Asi kana iri nyaya yezvekurima kwemvura, ruzivo rushoma rwenhoroondo runogona kufadza uye kujekesa.

Kupfuya hove hakusi kutsva; yave ichiitwa kwemazana emakore mutsika dzakawanda. Masangano ekare echiChinese aidya tsvina yesilkworm uye nymphs ku carp yakasimudzwa mumadziva pamapurazi esilkworm, vaIjipita vairima tilapia sechikamu chehunyanzvi hwavo hwekudiridza, uye maHawaii vaikwanisa kurima mhando dzemhando dzakadai sefishfish, mullet, prawns, uye crab. Vanochera matongo vakawanawo humbowo hweaquaculture munharaunda yeMayan uye mutsika dzedzimwe nharaunda dzeNorth America.

Mubairo wezvinyorwa zvekare pamusoro pekupfuya hove unoenda China, kwatinoziva kuti zvaiitika kare muna 3500 B.C.E., uye panosvika 1400 BCE tinogona kuwana marekodhi okumhan'arirwa kwembavha dzehove. Muna 475 BCE, muzvinabhizimusi akazvidzidzisa hove (uye mukuru wehurumende) anonzi Fan-Li akanyora bhuku rekutanga rinozivikanwa pamusoro pekupfuya hove, kusanganisira kuvharwa kwekuvaka dziva, kusarudzwa kwebroodstock uye kugadzirisa dziva. Tichifunga nezveruzivo rwavo rwakareba nezvekurima kwemvura, hazvishamise kuti China inoramba iri, nekure, mugadziri mukuru wezvigadzirwa zvemumvura.

MuEurope, vaRoma vepamusoro vairima hove paminda yavo mikuru, kuitira kuti varambe vachiwana zvokudya zvakapfuma uye zvakasiyana-siyana pavakanga vasiri muRoma. Hove dzakaita semullet netrout dzaichengetwa mumadziva anonzi "stews." Iyo dhizaini pond pfungwa yakaenderera mberi muMiddle Ages muEurope, kunyanya sechikamu chetsika dzakapfuma dzekurima kumamongi, uye mumakore akatevera, munhare moats. Mamonastic aquaculture akagadzirwa, pamwe muchidimbu, kuwedzera kuderera kwehove dzemusango, dingindira renhoroondo iro riri kuitika zvinoshamisa nhasi, apo tinotarisana nemhedzisiro yekuderera kwehove dzemusango pasi rose.

Masangano agara achishandisa aquaculture kuti aenderane nekukura kwevanhu, kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze uye kupararira kwetsika, nenzira dzakaoma uye dzakagadzikana. Mienzaniso yezvakaitika kare inogona kutikurudzira kukurudzira kurima kwemvura kunochengetedza zvakatipoteredza uye izvo zvinorambidza kushandiswa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya uye kuparadzwa kwevanhu vegungwa remusango.

Semuyenzaniso, taro fishponds munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzeHawaii dzaishandiswa kurima hove dzakasiyana-siyana dzinoshivirira munyu uye dzemvura yakachena, dzakadai semullet, silver perch, Hawaiian gobies, prawns uye green algae. Madziva aya aidyiswa nehova dzinoyerera kubva pakudiridza pamwe chete nenzvimbo dzakagadzirwa nemaoko dzakabatana negungwa riri pedyo. Dzaibereka zvibereko zvikuru, nemhaka yemanyuko emvura anozadzazve pamwe chete nemirwi yemiti ye<em>taro yakasimwa nemaoko kumativi ose, iyo yaikwezva tumbuyu kuti hove dzidye.

Vanhu vekuHawaii vakagadzirawo hunyanzvi hwekugadzira mvura yebrackish-water aquaculture pamwe nemadziva emvura yegungwa kurima hove dzemugungwa. Madziva emvura yegungwa akagadzirwa nekuvakwa kwemudhuri wegungwa, kazhinji unogadzirwa nematombo ekorari kana dombo. Coralline algae yakaunganidzwa kubva mugungwa yakashandiswa kusimbisa madziro, sezvaanoita sesimende yakasikwa. Madziva emvura yegungwa aive neese biota yenzvimbo yekutanga yereef uye aitsigira 22 marudzi. Migero mitsva yakagadzirwa nematanda nemagireti emufesi yaibvumira mvura kubva mugungwa, pamwe chete nehove duku zvikuru, kupfuura nomumadziro emugero ichipinda mudziva. Magetsi acho aizodzivirira hove dzakura kuti dzirege kudzokera kugungwa panguva imwe chete dzichibvumira hove duku kupinda mugadziriro yacho. Hove dzaikohwewa pamagayi nemaoko kana kuti nemambure muchirimo, padzaiedza kudzokera kugungwa kuti dzibereke. Magetsi aibvumira madziva kuti arambe akaiswa zvakare nehove dzemugungwa uye kucheneswa tsvina nemarara pachishandiswa mvura yemvura yakasikwa, pasina kubatanidzwa kwevanhu.

VaEgipita vekare vakaronga a nzira yekudzorera nyika makore akapoteredza 2000 BCE iyo ichiri kubereka zvakanyanya, ichitora inopfuura 50,000ha yevhu resaline uye kutsigira mhuri dzinopfuura 10,000. Munguva yechirimo, madziva makuru anovakwa muvhu resaline uye akazara nemvura yakachena kwemavhiki maviri. Mvura inobva yadirwa uye mafashamo anodzokororwa. Mushure mokunge mafashamo echipiri araswa, madziva anozadzwa ne 30cm yemvura uye akazara neminwe yeminwe yakabatwa mugungwa. Varimi vehove vanogadzirisa munyu nekuwedzera mvura mumwaka wose uye hapadiwe fetereza. Inenge 300-500kg/ha/gore yehove inokohwewa kubva muna Zvita kusvika muna Kubvumbi. Kupararira kunoitika apo mvura yakamira ine munyu wakaderera inomanikidza mvura yepasi ine munyu wepamusoro ichidzika pasi. Gore roga roga pashure pokukohwa muchirimo ivhu rinoongororwa nokuisa davi reeucalyptus muvhu redziva. Kana davi rikafa, ivhu rinoshandiswa zvakare mukurima kwemvura kune mumwe mwaka; kana davi rikararama varimi vanoziva kuti ivhu rakadzoserwa uye ragadzirira kutsigira zvirimwa. Iyi nzira yekurima yemvura inodzorera ivhu munguva yemakore matatu kusvika mana, zvichienzaniswa nemakore gumi-makore anodiwa nemamwe maitiro anoshandiswa munharaunda.

Zvimwe zvechinyakare zvemumvura muChina neThailand zvakatora mukana wezvino kunzi yakabatanidzwa yakawanda-trophic aquaculture (IMTA). IMTA masisitimu anobvumira chikafu chisina kudyiwa uye marara emhando inodiwa, inotengeswa, senge shrimp kana finfish, kuti itorezve uye ishandurwe kuita fetiraiza, chikafu uye simba rezvirimwa zvakarimwa nedzimwe mhuka dzepapurazi. IMTA masisitimu haangoite zvehupfumi chete; ivo zvakare vanodzikisa zvimwe zvezvakanyanya kuomesesa zvinhu zvemumvura, zvakaita semarara, kukuvadza kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuwandisa.

Kare China neThailand, purazi rimwe chete raigona kusimudza marudzi akawanda, semadhadha, huku, nguruve nehove richitora mukana wekugayiwa kweanaerobic (pasina oxygen) uye kudzokorodza marara kuti pave nekurima kwakanaka kwepasi uye kurima izvo zvinotsigira mapurazi anosimukira emumvura. .

Zvidzidzo Zvatinogona Kudzidza kubva kuAncient Aquaculture Technology

Shandisa zvokudya zvezvirimwa panzvimbo pehove dzomusango;
Shandisa maitiro akabatanidzwa epolyculture akadai seIMTA;
Kuderedza nitrogen uye kusvibiswa kwemakemikari kuburikidza ne-multi-trophic aquaculture;
Deredzai kutiza kwehove dzinorimwa dzichienda kusango;
Chengetedza nzvimbo dzekugara;
Simbisa mitemo uye uwedzere kujeka;
Dzorerazve nguva-inoremekedzwa kuchinja uye kutenderera kweaquaculture / agriculture maitiro (Egyptian Model).