Kutsvaga Sanctuary Status yeAleutian Islands Archipelago

NaMark J. Spalding pamwe Catharine Cooper

Shanduro ye iyi blog yakatanga kutumirwa paNational Geographic's Ocean Views micro saiti

Makiromita 4,405 kubva pakubata maoko kuWashington DC kune zvitsuwa zvakaomarara zvichikumbira kuti Marine Sanctuary ibatanidzwe. Kuwedzera kubva kumucheto kweAlaska peninsula, zvitsuwa zveAleutian kumusha kune imwe yenzvimbo dzakapfuma uye dzinobereka zvisikwa zvemugungwa, uye imwe yehuwandu hukuru hwemhuka dzemugungwa, shiri dzegungwa, hove nehove munyika. Zvitsuwa 69 (14 hombe inoputika uye 55 zvidiki) zvinoumba arc mamaira 1,100 kuKamchatka Peninsula muRussia, uye zvinoparadzanisa Gungwa reBering kubva kuPacific Ocean.

Heino musha wemarudzi akati wandei ari mungozi, anosanganisira Steller sea shumba, gungwa otters, short-tailed albatross, uye humpback whales. Heano mapasi anopa nzira dzakakosha dzekufamba kune mazhinji epasi rose egrey whales uye ekumusoro fur seal, ayo anoshandisa mapass kuwana nzvimbo dzekudyisa nekuberekesa. Heino musha wezvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvakakora zvakaunganidzwa zvemakorari emvura inotonhora anozivikanwa munyika. Heino iyo ecosystem yakatsigira zvidikanwi zvekugara zvemahombekombe eAlaska vanhu vekumahombekombe kwemireniyamu.

Kumusoro, mhere yegondo remhanza. Mumvura, kutinhira kwehumpback whale breaching. Nekure kure, zvitsinga zveutsi zvinokwira mumacurls pamusoro pemakomo anoputika. Pamahombekombe, mawere akasvibira akasvibira akatarisana nemipata zviri mujinga memipata ine sinou.

Pakutanga kuona, renje iri rinotaridzika rakajeka, rakasimba, risina kukanganiswa nekuparadza kunokanganisa mahombekombe ane vanhu vakawanda. Asi avo vanogara, vanoshanda, kana kuti nzvero munharaunda yacho vakapupurira chinjo dzinokatyamadza mumakore 25 apfuura.

Imwe yeanonyanya kuoneka shanduko mumakungwa ecosystem kwave kurasikirwa kana pedyo nekutsakatika kwemarudzi akati wandei, kusanganisira shumba dzegungwa reSteller uye otter dzegungwa. Idzi mhuka dzemugungwa dzakatsvuka kusvika kutsvuku dzakatsvuka dzaionekwa pane imwe nguva nzvimbo dzine matombo dziri kunze. Asi nhamba dzavo dzakadzikira ne75% pakati pa1976 na1990, uye dzakadzikira neimwe 40% pakati pa1991 na2000. Huwandu hwemaotter emugungwa hwaisvika zviuru zana muna 100,000 hwaderera kusvika pasi pezviuru zvitanhatu.

Zvakare kushaikwa pamufananidzo wakachena wecheni yeAleutian ndimambo gakanje uye shrimp, zvikoro zvesilvery smelt, uye masango akasvibira epasi pegungwa kelp. Shark, pollock uye urchins zvino zvinotonga mvura idzi. Inonzi "kuchinja kwehurumende" naGeorge Estes weUS Geological Survey, chiyero chemhuka nemhuka chikara chakasimudzwa.

Kunyange zvazvo nharaunda yacho iri kure uye ine vanhu vashoma, kutakura kuburikidza neAleutian Islands kuri kuwedzera, uye zviwanikwa zvenharaunda yacho zvinoramba zvichishandiswa zvakanyanya kune zvekutengesa hove. Kurasika kweoiri kunoitika nekukasira kunotyisa, kazhinji kusingataurwi, uye kazhinji kunokonzeresa kukuvara kusingagadzirike. Nharaunda inoramba yakaoma kuwana, uye akakosha data gap aripo ekutsvagisa kwakabatana nemakungwa. Kudiwa kwekunzwisisa zviri nani marine ecosystem kwakakosha kubata nemazvo uye kugadzirisa njodzi dzemangwana.

Ndakatanga kubatanidzwa nenharaunda yezvenharaunda yeAlaska muna 2000. Semukuru weAlaska Oceans Program, ndakabatsira kugadzira mishandirapamwe yakawanda kugadzirisa matambudziko akatarisana nenzvimbo iyi - sekuda kudzika miganhu iri nani pakukwevera pasi mugungwa reBering - kuitira iyo Alaska Conservation Foundation. Isu takabatsira kutsigira ecosystem-based advocacy mazano ekuvandudza kubata hove, kuwedzera mapurogiramu ekuverenga egungwa, kukurudzira kuumbwa kweShipping Safety Partnership, uye kusimudzira kuedza kwepasirese nekwenyika kwesarudzo dzegungwa dzakasimba. Takavaka Alaska Oceans Network, iyo inopa kutaurirana kwakagovaniswa pakati pemapoka ekuchengetedza akadai seOceana, Ocean Conservancy, Earthjustice, World Wildlife Fund, Alaska Marine Conservation Council, uye Trustees yeAlaska. Uye nguva yese iyi, takatsvaga nzira dzekuti chishuwo chenharaunda dzeAleutian cheramangwana regungwa rakagadzikana chingabvumwa uye kupembererwa.

Nhasi, semugari ane hanya uye CEO weThe Ocean Foundation (TOF), ndinobatana mukutsvaga kudomwa kweAleutian Islands National Marine Sanctuary (AINMS). Yakaiswa neVashandi Veruzhinji Yebasa Rezvakatipoteredza, uye yakasainwa neCentre for Biological Diversity, Eyak Preservation Council, Iyo Center for Water Advocacy, iyo North Gulf Oceanic Society, TOF, uye Marine Endeavors, nzvimbo yenzvimbo tsvene ichapa mamwe mazinga edziviriro kune. kutyisidzira kwakawanda kwakatarisana nemvura yeAleutian. Mvura yese yakatevedza zvitsuwa zvese zveAleutian Islands - kubva mamaira matatu kusvika mazana maviri kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba kwezvitsuwa - kusvika kuAlaska mainland uye mvura yemubatanidzwa kubva kuPribilof Islands neBristol Bay, inokurudzirwa kuti ibatanidzwe. Zita renzvimbo tsvene raizobatanidza nzvimbo yekumahombekombe inosvika 3 square nautical mamaira (nm200), inoumba nzvimbo huru yakachengetedzwa yemugungwa, uye imwe yenzvimbo huru pasi rose.

Kuti maAleutians akakodzera kuchengetedzwa kubva muna 1913, apo Mutungamiri Taft, neExecutive Order, vakagadzira "Aleutian Islands Reserve seChengetedzo yeShiri, Mhuka neHove." Muna 1976, UNESCO yakadoma The Aleutian Islands Biosphere Reserve, uye 1980 Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) yakamisa Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge uye 1.3 miriyoni acre Aleutian Islands Wilderness.

Kunyangwe nemazita aya, maAleutians anoda kumwe kuchengetedzwa. Kutyisidzirwa kukuru kune yakarongwa AINMS ndeyekuredza hove, oiri negasi kusimudzira, mhuka dzinopinda, uye kuwedzera kwekutakura. Kuwedzera kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kunowedzera tyisidziro ina idzi. Mvura yeGungwa reBering/Aleutian Islands ine acidic kupfuura chero ipi zvayo mvura yemugungwa munyika, nekuda kwekunyudzwa kweCO2, uye kudzoka kwechando chegungwa kwachinja chimiro chenzvimbo yekugara.

Mutemo weNational Marine Sanctuaries Act (NMSA) wakagadzwa muna 1972 kuchengetedza nzvimbo dzakakosha dzemugungwa uye nzvimbo dzakakosha dzegungwa. Nzvimbo tsvene dzinotungamirirwa nokuda kwezvinangwa zvakawanda, kunze kwekuti kushandiswa kunoonekwa kunoenderana nekuchengetedzwa kwezviwanikwa neMunyori weCommerce, uyo anosarudza kuburikidza nehurongwa hweveruzhinji kuti ndezvipi zviitiko zvichabvumidzwa uye ndeipi mitemo ichashandiswa kune zvakasiyana-siyana.

NMSA yakatenderwa zvakare muna 1984 kuti ibatanidze hunhu hwe "nhoroondo" uye "tsika" kukosha kune zvinonetsa kwezvakatipoteredza. Izvi zvakawedzera basa rekutanga renzvimbo dzekuchengetedza kuchengetedza zviwanikwa zvemugungwa kupfuura zvezvakatipoteredza, zvekuvaraidza, dzidzo, tsvakiridzo kana kunaka kwehunhu.

Nekutyisidzira kuri kuwedzera kumvura yeAleutian, zvinangwa zvakarongwa zveAleutian Islands Marine National Marine Sanctuary ndezvi:

1. Chengetedza shiri dzemugungwa, mhuka dzemugungwa, uye nzvimbo dzinogara hove, uye kudzoreredza huwandu hwevanhu uye kugona kugadzikana kwezvipenyu zvemugungwa;
2. Chengetedza nekusimudzira Alaska Native marine subsistence;
3. Chengetedza nekunatsiridza hove dzemumahombekombe madiki magwa;
4. Ziva, tarisa, uye chengetedza nzvimbo dzekugara dziri mugungwa, kusanganisira makorari emvura inotonhora;
5. Kuderedza njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza kubva mukutakura, kusanganisira mafuta uye zvinokuvadza zvinotakura zvinhu, uye whale-ship kurohwa;
6. Bvisa njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza kubva kumahombekombe egungwa nekuvandudza gasi;
7. Tarisa nekugadzirisa njodzi dzezvipenyu zvegungwa zvinopinda mugungwa;
8. Deredza uye gadzirisa marara emvura;
9. Kuvandudza marine eco-tourism budiriro; uye
10. Kuwedzera kunzwisisa kwesainzi kwenharaunda.

Kugadzwa kwenzvimbo tsvene kuchawedzera mikana yekutsvagisa musainzi yegungwa, dzidzo uye kukoshesa nharaunda yegungwa, uye kubatsira kuburitsa kunzwisisa kwakajeka kwezvakaipa uye kutyisidzira kubva mukushandiswa kwazvino uye kweramangwana. Yakanyanya kutariswa pamvura yeSubarctic neArctic, kusimba kwezvipenyu zvemugungwa, uye kudzoreredza kubva mukukohwewa kwehove dzakawandisa uye mhedzisiro yayo zvinounza ruzivo rutsva rwekubatsira mukuvandudza marongero ekusimudzira hupfumi uye kushanda kwenguva refu kwenzvimbo tsvene. Zvidzidzo zvichawedzerwa kuti zviongorore mafambisirwo emukati medunhu, senge basa remakorari emvura inotonhora, basa remhando dzekutengesa muwebhu yezvokudya zvegungwa, uye kudyidzana kweshiri dzegungwa nemhuka dzemugungwa.

Parizvino kune gumi nemana US National Marine Sanctuaries, imwe neimwe ine yayo chaiyo nhungamiro nedziviriro, imwe neimwe yakasarudzika kune yayo yekugara uye zvakatipoteredza zvinonetsa. Pamwe chete nedziviriro, nzvimbo dzepasirese dzemugungwa dzinopa kukosha kwehupfumi kure nekure kwemvura, kutsigira mabasa angangoita 50,000 muzviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana kubva pakuredza uye kunyura kusvika kutsvagiro uye kugamuchira vaeni. Munzvimbo dzese tsvene, mari inosvika mabhiriyoni mana emadhora inogadzirwa muhupfumi hwemuno nevemahombekombe.

Vanenge vese veAleutians vanodzivirirwa sechikamu cheAlaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge uye Aleutian Islands Wilderness, nokudaro National Marine Sanctuary chinzvimbo chichaunza hutsva. kutarisana kunharaunda, uye kuunza huwandu hwese hwenzvimbo tsvene kusvika gumi neshanu - gumi neshanu mavara erunako runoshamisa, ane nhoroondo, tsika nehupfumi kukosha. Zvitsuwa zveAleutian zvinokodzera kudomwa, zvese nekuda kwekudzivirirwa kwavo uye kukosha kwavanounza kumhuri yenzvimbo tsvene.

Kugovera pfungwa dzaDr. Linwood Pendleton, (zvino) weNOAA:

"Ini ndinotenda kuti nzvimbo dzepasi pegungwa chikamu chakakosha chezvivakwa zvegungwa, uye pane tarisiro yedu yakanaka yekuita chokwadi chekuti hupfumi hwegungwa hwatakakura tichivimba nahwo hwakasimba uye hunobudirira kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera."

Whale mufananidzo nerubatsiro rweNOAA