U NOQO CILMI BAARINTA

Table of Contents

1. Hordhac
2. Halkee Laga Bilaabayaa Barashada Macdanta Badda Deep (DSM)
3. Khatarta Macdanta Badweynta Dhererka leh ee Deegaanka
4. Tixgelinta Maamulka Badweynta Caalamiga ah
5. Macdanta badda qoto dheer iyo kala duwanaanta, sinnaanta, ka mid noqoshada, iyo cadaalada
6. Tixgelinta Tignoolajiyada iyo Macdanta Suuqa
7. Maalgelinta, Tixgelinta ESG, iyo walaacyada cagaaran dhaqidda
8. Mas'uuliyadda iyo Tixgelinta Magdhawga
9. Macdanta badda hoosteeda qoto dheer iyo hidaha dhaqanka ee biyaha hoostooda
10. Shatiga Bulshada ( Wicitaannada Joogtada ah, Mamnuucidda Dawladda, iyo Faallooyinka asaliga ah)

---

---

1. Hordhac

Waa maxay macdanta Deep Seabed?

Macdanta badda qotodheer (DSM) waa warshad ganacsi oo suurtagal ah oo isku dayaysa in ay macdanta kaydka ah ka soo saarto sagxada badda, iyada oo rajaynaysa in ay soo saarto macdan ganacsi ahaan qiimo leh sida manganese, copper, cobalt, zinc, iyo biraha dhulka naadir ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, macdantan ayaa loo maleeyay in ay burburiso nidaamka deegaanka ee kobcaya oo isku xidhan kaas oo martigeliya noocyo kala duwan oo noole ah: badda moolka dheer.

Kaydka macdanta ee xiisaha waxaa laga helaa saddex deegaan oo ku yaal sagxadda badda: bannaanka abyssal, buurta badda, iyo hawo-mareennada kuleylka. Bannaanka Abyssal waa balaadhyo baaxad leh oo ah sagxadda gunta hoose ee badda oo lagu daboolay wasakh iyo kayd macdanta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno nodules polymetallic. Kuwani waa bartilmaameedka koowaad ee hadda ee DSM, iyadoo fiiro gaar ah loo leeyahay Aagga Clarion Clipperton (CCZ): waa gobol bannaanka hawomareenka ah oo ballaaran sida qaaradaha Mareykanka, oo ku yaal biyaha caalamiga ah kana soo jeeda xeebta galbeed ee Mexico ilaa bartamaha Badweynta Baasifigga, oo koonfur ka xigta jasiiradaha Hawaii.

Sidee U Shaqayn Kartaa Macdanta Sariirta Baddu?

DSM ganacsigu ma bilaaban, laakiin shirkado kala duwan ayaa isku dayaya inay ka dhabeeyaan. Hababka hadda la soo jeediyay ee macdanta nodule waxaa ka mid ah geynta gaari macdan qodis ah, sida caadiga ah mishiin aad u weyn oo u eg cagaf-cagafyo dheer oo saddex dabaq ah, oo ku socda sagxada badda. Mar alla markii uu fuulo sariirta badda, baabuurku wuxuu faaruqinayaa afarta inji ee sare ee sariirta badda, isaga oo u diri doona wasakhda, dhagxaanta, xayawaanka la jajabiyey, iyo qanjirada ilaa weel ku sugaya dusha sare. Markabka dushiisa, macdanta ayaa lagu kala soocaa inta soo hartay ee biyaha wasakhda ah ee wasakhda ah, biyaha, iyo wakiilada ayaa lagu soo celiyaa badda iyada oo la sii marinayo qulqulka dareeraha ah.

DSM waxaa la filayaa inay saamayso dhammaan heerarka badda, laga bilaabo qashinka lagu shubo tiirka biyaha dhexe ilaa macdanta jirka iyo goynta sagxadda badda. Waxa kale oo jirta khatar ka iman karta dareeraha sunta ah ee suurtogalka ah (slurry = isku dar ah walxo cufan) biyaha lagu daadiyo dusha sare ee badda.

Sidee bay Macdano-qoto-dheer-badeed khatar ugu tahay deegaanka?

Wax yar ayaa laga og yahay deegaanka iyo nidaamka deegaanka ee gunta hoose ee badda. Haddaba, ka hor inta aan la samayn qiimayn habboon oo habboon, marka hore waxa loo baahan yahay in la ururiyo xogta gundhigga ah oo ay ku jiraan sahan iyo khariidad. Xitaa maqnaanshaha macluumaadkan, qalabku wuxuu ku lug yeelan doonaa gogitaanka sariirta badda, taasoo keenaysa qulqulo qulqulaya tiirka biyaha ka dibna dib-u-dejinta agagaarka agagaarka. Xoqidda sagxadda badda si loo soo saaro nodules-ka waxay burburin doontaa degaannada badda ee qoto dheer ee noocyada badda ee nool iyo hidaha dhaqameed ee aagga. Waxaan ognahay in marinnada badda ee moolka dheer ay ka kooban yihiin nolosha badda oo laga yaabo inay muhiimad gaar ah leedahay. Qaar ka mid ah noocyadan ayaa si gaar ah ula qabsaday iftiin la'aanta qorraxda iyo cadaadiska sare ee biyaha qoto dheer ayaa laga yaabaa inay aad u qiimo badan yihiin cilmi-baarista iyo horumarinta daawooyinka, qalabka ilaalinta, iyo isticmaalka kale ee muhiimka ah. Ma jiro wax ku filan oo laga ogyahay noocyadan, deegaankooda, iyo nidaamyada deegaanka ee la xidhiidha si loo sameeyo aasaas ku filan oo laga yaabo inay jiri karto qiimeyn deegaan oo habboon, si aad u yar in la sameeyo tallaabooyin lagu ilaalinayo laguna kormeerayo saameynta macdanta.

Sariirta badda ma aha aagga kaliya ee badda ee dareemi doonta saameynta DSM. Dhuxusha (sidoo kale loo yaqaan duufaannada boodhka biyaha hoostooda), iyo sidoo kale buuqa iyo wasakhowga iftiinka, waxay saamayn doonaan inta badan tiirka biyaha. Dhuumaha wasakhda ah, ee ka yimaadda ururiyaha iyo biyaha wasakhda ah ka dib, way fidi karaan 1,400 kiiloomitir oo jiho badan ah. Biyaha wasakhda ah ee ay ku jiraan biraha iyo sunta ayaa laga yaabaa inay saameeyaan nidaamka deegaanka ee biyaha dhexe oo ay ku jiraan kalluunka iyo cuntada badda. Sida kor lagu xusay, geeddi-socodka macdan qodista waxa uu ku soo celin doonaa qulqulka wasakhda ah, wax-soo-saarka, iyo biyaha badda. Wax aad u yar ayaa laga og yahay waxyeelada slurry-kani ku leeyahay deegaanka, oo ay ku jiraan: waxa biraha iyo walxaha wax lagu farsameeyo lagu qasi karo slurry-ga haddii ay suntu noqon lahayd, iyo waxa ku dhici doona noocyada kala duwan ee xayawaanka badda ee soo gaadhi kara plums

Cilmi baaris dheeraad ah ayaa loo baahan yahay si si dhab ah loo fahmo saameynta slurry-kan ku leeyahay deegaanka badda moolka dheer. Intaa waxa dheer, saamaynta gaadhiga ururiyaha ah lama garanayo. Tusaale ahaan macdanta sariiraha badda ayaa laga sameeyay xeebaha Peru 1980-meeyadii iyo markii goobta dib loo booqday 2020, goobta ma muujin wax caddayn ah oo soo kabasho ah. Markaa qas kasta waxay u badan tahay inuu keeno cawaaqib deegaan oo soo jireen ah.

Waxa kale oo jira Hiddaha Dhaqanka ee Biyaha Hoostooda (UCH) oo khatar ku jira. Daraasadihii ugu dambeeyay ayaa muujinaya noocyo kala duwan oo ah hiddaha dhaqameed ee biyaha hoostooda Badweynta Baasifigga iyo gudaha gobollada la soo jeediyay ee macdanta, oo ay ku jiraan agabka iyo deegaanka dabiiciga ah ee la xidhiidha hidaha dhaqameed ee asaliga ah, ganacsiga Manila Galleon, iyo Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka. Horumarrada cusub ee macdanta badda ku jira waxaa ka mid ah soo bandhigida sirdoonka macmalka ah ee loo isticmaalo in lagu aqoonsado macdanta. AI weli ma baran inay si sax ah u aqoonsato goobaha muhiimka ah ee taariikhiga ah iyo dhaqanka taas oo horseedi karta burburka Hiddaha Dhaqanka ee Underwater (UCH). Tani waxay si gaar ah u dhibaysaa marka loo eego aqoonsiga sii kordhaya ee UCH iyo marinka dhexe iyo suurtogalnimada in goobaha UCH la burburiyo ka hor intaan la ogaan. Goob kasta oo dhaxal taariikhi ama dhaqameed ah oo lagu qabto dariiqa mashiinadan macdanta si la mid ah ayaa loo burburin karaa.

Afhayeen

Tirada sii kordheysa ee ururada ayaa hadda ka shaqeynaya inay u doodaan ilaalinta gunta hoose ee badda Isbahaysiga Ilaalinta Badweynta (oo Ururka Badbaadada Badeedka ay xubin ka tahay) wuxuu qaataa mawqifka guud ee ka go'naanta Mabda'a Taxadirka wuxuuna ku hadlaa dhawaaqyo habaysan. Ocean Foundation waa martigeliyaha maaliyadeed ee Ololaha Macdanta Badda Deep Sea (DSMC), mashruuc diiradda saaraya saamaynta ay DSM ku yeelan karto nidaamka deegaanka badda iyo xeebaha iyo bulshooyinka. Dood dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan ciyaartoyda ugu muhiimsan ayaa la heli karaa halkan.

Back to top

---

2. Halkee Laga Bilaabayaa Barashada Macdanta Badda Deep (DSM)

Aasaaska Cadaalada Deegaanka. Xagga yaamayska: Sida degdegga ah ee macdan qodista badda hoosteeda ay khatar ugu tahay dadka iyo meeraheena. (2023). La soo celiyay Maarso 14, 2023, laga bilaabo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpJL_1EzAts

Aasaaska Cadaalada Deegaanka. (2023, Maarso 7). Xagga yaamayska: Sida degdegga ah ee macdan qodista badda hoosteeda ay khatar ugu tahay dadka iyo meeraheena. Aasaaska Cadaalada Deegaanka. La soo celiyay Maarso 14, 2023, laga bilaabo https://ejfoundation.org/reports/towards-the-abyss-deep-sea-mining

Warbixinta farsamada ee Mu'asasada Cadaaladda Deegaanka, oo la socota muuqaalka kore, waxay muujineysaa sida qoto dheer ee macdanta badda ay u keento inay waxyeeleyso nidaamyada deegaanka badda ee gaarka ah.

IUCN (2022). Arrimaha Kooban: Macdanta badda qoto dheer. Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Ilaalinta Dabeecadda. https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-brief/deep-sea-mining

Warbixin gaaban oo ku saabsan DSM, hababka hadda la soo jeediyay, gobollada xiisaha ka faa'iidaysiga iyo sidoo kale sharaxaadda saddex saamaynta deegaanka ugu weyn, oo ay ku jiraan qaska sagxadda badda, dhoobada dhoobada, iyo wasakhda. Qoraalkan oo kale waxa ku jira talooyinka siyaasadeed ee lagu ilaalinayo gobolkan, oo ay ku jirto hakinta ku salaysan mabda'a taxaddarka.

Imbler, S., & Corum, J. (2022, Agoosto 29). hodantinimada badda qoto dheer: Macdanta deegaan fog. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/08/
29/adduunyo/bad-qoto-dheer-khaninimo-macdan-nodules.html

Maqaalkan isdhexgalka ayaa muujinaya kala duwanaanshaha badda ee qoto dheer iyo saameynta la filayo ee macdanta qoto dheer ee badda. Waa kheyraad cajiib ah oo lagu caawinayo fahamka inta deegaanka badda ay saameyn doonto macdanta gunta hoose ee badda ee kuwa ku cusub mawduuca.

Amon, DJ, Levin, LA, Metaxas, A., Mudd, GM, Smith, CR (2022, Maarso 18) U socoshada dhamaadka qoto dheer iyada oo aan garanayn sida loo dabaasho: Miyaynu u baahanahay macdan qoto dheer oo badda? Hal Dhul. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2022.02.013

Faallo ka timid koox saynisyahano ah oo ku saabsan dariiqooyin kale oo wax looga qabanayo isbeddelka cimilada iyada oo aan la adeegsan DSM. Warqaddu waxay beeninaysaa doodda ah in DSM looga baahan yahay kala-guurka tamarta dib loo cusboonaysiin karo iyo baytariyada, dhiirigelinta u gudubka dhaqaalaha wareegtada. Sharciga caalamiga ah ee hadda jira iyo dariiqooyinka sharciga ah ee loo maro ayaa sidoo kale laga hadlay.

Ololaha DSM (2022, Oktoobar 14). Mareegta Khatarta Buluugga ah. Video https://dsm-campaign.org/blue-peril.

Luick, J. (2022, Agoosto). Ogeysiis Farsamo: Qaabaynta Oceanographic of Benthic iyo Midwater Plums ee Lagu Saadaaliyay Macdanta Qoto dheer ee ay Qorshaysay Shirkadda Biraha ee Aagga Clarion Clipperton ee Badweynta Baasifigga, https://dsm-campaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Blue-Peril-Technical-Paper.pdf

Qoraal farsamo oo ka yimid Mashruuca Khatarta Buluugga ah, oo la socda filimka gaaban ee Khatarta Buluugga ah. Qoraalkani waxa uu qeexayaa cilmi-baadhista iyo qaabaynta loo isticmaalo in lagu sawiro tubooyinka macdanta ee lagu arkay filimka Khatarta Buluugga ah.

GEM. (2021). Bulshada Baasifiga, Geoscience, Tamarta iyo Qaybta Badda. https://gem.spc.int

Xoghaynta Bulshada Baasifiga, Geoscience, Tamarta, iyo Qaybta Badaha waxay bixisaa agabyo kala duwan oo heersare ah kuwaas oo soo saara dhinacyada juqraafiga, badaha, dhaqaalaha, sharciga, iyo deegaanka ee SBM. Waraaqaha waa wax soo saarka Midowga Yurub/Shirkadda Iskaashatada Bulshada Baasifiga.

Leal Filho, W.; Abubakar, IR; Nunes, C.; Platje, J.; Ozuyar, PG; Dardaaran, M.; Nagy, GJ; Al-Amiin, AQ; Hunt, JD; Li, C. Macdanta Badweynta Moolka dheer: Qoraal ku saabsan Qaar ka mid ah Waxyaabaha suurtagalka ah iyo Khatarta ku aaddan Soo saarista Macdanta Waarta ee Badweynta. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 521. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9050521

Dib u eegis dhamaystiran ee suugaanta DSM ee casriga ah ee eegaysa khataraha, saamaynta deegaanka, iyo su'aalaha sharciga ah ilaa daabacaadda warqadda. Warqaddu waxay soo bandhigaysaa laba kiis oo daraasado ah oo ku saabsan khatarta deegaanka waxayna dhiirigelisaa cilmi-baarista iyo feejignaanta macdanta joogtada ah.

Miller, K., Thompson, K., Johnson, P. iyo Santillo, D. (2018, Janaayo 10). Dulmar guud oo ku saabsan macdanta badda oo ay ku jirto Xaaladda Horumarka ee Hadda, Saamaynta Deegaanka, iyo Nusqaamaha Aqoonta ee Xuduudaha Sayniska Badda. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00418

Tan iyo bartamihii 2010-aadkii, waxaa soo cusboonaadey xiisaha loo qabo sahaminta iyo soo saarista kheyraadka macdanta badda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaar badan oo ka mid ah gobollada loo aqoonsaday macdanta mustaqbalka ee badda sariirta ku jirta ayaa mar horeba loo aqoonsaday inay yihiin hab-nololeedyo badeed oo nugul. Maanta, qaar ka mid ah hawlgallada macdan qodista badda ayaa durbaba ka dhacaya gudaha aagagga qalfoofka qaaradaha ee dawlad-goboleedyada, guud ahaan qoto dheer oo qoto dheer, iyo kuwo kale oo heerar sare ah oo qorshayn ah. Dib-u-eegiddu waxay dabooshaa: xaaladda hadda jirta ee horumarka DSM, saamaynta suurtagalka ah ee deegaanka, iyo hubanti la'aanta iyo daldaloolada aqoonta sayniska iyo fahamka taasoo keenaysa aasaaska iyo qiimaynta saamaynta gaar ahaan ku adag badda moolka dheer. Iyadoo maqaalku hadda ka weyn yahay saddex sano, waa dib-u-eegis muhiim ah oo ku saabsan siyaasadaha DSM ee taariikhiga ah waxayna muujineysaa riixitaanka casriga ah ee DSM.

IUCN. (2018, Luulyo). Arimo Kooban: Macdanta Badda-Dool. Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Ilaalinta Dabeecadda. PDF. https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/deep-sea_mining_issues_brief.pdf

Maadaama dunidu ay wajaheyso xaalufinta kaydadka dhulka ee macdanta, qaar badan ayaa raadinaya ilo cusub oo badda ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xoqitaanka sagxadda badda iyo wasakhowga hababka macdanta ayaa tirtiri kara dhammaan noocyada waxayna waxyeello u geystaan ​​sagxadda badda muddo tobanaan sano ah - haddii aysan sii dheerayn. Xaashida xaqiiqadu waxay ku baaqaysaa daraasado aasaasi ah oo dheeraad ah, qiimaynta saamaynta deegaanka, nidaaminta la xoojiyey, iyo horumarinta tignoolajiyada cusub ee yareeya waxyeelada deegaanka ee ay keento macdanta badda.

Cuyvers, L. Berry, W., Gjerde, K., Thiele, T. iyo Wilhem, C. (2018). Macdanta badda gunteeda qoto dheer: caqabad deegaan oo sii kordheysa. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN iyo Gallifrey Foundation. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.16.en. PDF. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/ files/documents/2018-029-En.pdf

Baddu waxay ka kooban tahay khayraad macdaneed oo aad u tiro badan, qaarna waxay ku jiraan xaddi aad u gaar ah. Caqabadaha sharciga ah ee 1970-meeyadii iyo 1980-meeyadii ayaa caqabad ku noqday horumarinta macdanta qoto dheer ee badda, laakiin waqti ka dib qaar badan oo ka mid ah su'aalahan sharci ayaa lagu xalliyay iyada oo loo marayo Hay'adda Badweynta Caalamiga ah oo u oggolaanaysa xiisaha sii kordhaya ee macdanta qoto dheer ee badda. Warbixinta IUCN waxay muujinaysaa doodaha hadda jira ee ku xeeran horumarinta suurtagalka ah ee warshadaha macdanta badda.

MIDAS (2016). Maareynta Saamaynta Ka Faa'iidaysiga Kheyraadka Badda-Mool-dheer. Barnaamijka qaabdhismeedka toddobaad ee Midowga Yurub ee cilmi baarista, horumarinta tignoolajiyada iyo muujinta, Heshiiska Deeqaha No. 603418. MIDAS waxaa isku dubariday Seascape Consultants Ltd. http://www.eu-midas.net/

Maareynta Saamaynta Ka Faa'iidaysiga Kheyraadka Deep-seA ee ay EU-u maalgalisayMIDASMashruuca firfircoon ee 2013-2016 wuxuu ahaa barnaamij cilmi baaris oo dhinacyo badan leh oo lagu baarayo saameynta deegaanka ee soo saarista kheyraadka macdanta iyo tamarta deegaanka qoto dheer ee badda. Iyadoo MIDAS aysan hadda firfircoonayn cilmi-baaristoodu waa mid xog badan leh.

Xarunta Kala Duwanaanshaha Nafleyda. (2013). Macdanta badda qotodheer FAQ. Xarunta Kala Duwanaanshaha Nafleyda.

Markii Xarunta Kala Duwanaanta Nafleyda ay gudbisay dacwad ka dhan ah oggolaanshaha Mareykanka ee macdanta sahaminta waxay sidoo kale sameeyeen liis saddex bog ah oo su'aalaha inta badan la iska weydiiyo ee ku saabsan Macdanta Badda Deep. Su'aalaha waxaa ka mid ah: Intee ayay le'eg yihiin biraha badda qotodheer? (qiyaastii $150 tiriliyan), DSM miyay la mid tahay macdan qodista? (Haa). Badweyntii mool dheerayd sow cidla iyo nolol la'aan ma aha? (Maya). Fadlan ogow jawaabaha boggu waa kuwo aad u qoto dheer oo ku habboon dhagaystayaasha raadinaya jawaabaha dhibaatooyinka murugsan ee DSM oo loo dejiyay qaab si fudud loo fahmi karo iyada oo aan lahayn asal cilmiyaysan. Macluumaad dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan dacwadda lafteeda ayaa la heli karaa halkan.

Back to top

---

3. Khatarta Macdanta Badweynta Dhererka leh ee Deegaanka

Thompson, KF, Miller, KA, Wacker, J., Derville, S., Laing, C., Santillo, D., & Johnston, P. (2023). Qiimaynta degdega ah ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo qiimeeyo saamaynta ay ku yeelan karto cetaceans-ka macdanta gunta hoose ee badda. Xuduudaha Sayniska Badda, 10, 1095930. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1095930

Hawlgallada Macdanta Badda qotodheer waxay keeni karaan khataro la taaban karo oo aan laga soo kaban karin deegaanka dabiiciga ah, gaar ahaan naasleyda badda. Dhawaaqyada ka soo baxaya hawlgallada macdanta, kuwaas oo la qorsheeyay in ay sii socdaan 24 saacadood maalintii oo qoto dheer oo kala duwan, oo la jaan qaada mawjadaha ay cetaceans ku xidhiidhaan. Shirkadaha macdanta ayaa qorshaynaya inay ka hawlgalaan aagga Clarion-Clipperton, oo ah meel ay ku nool yihiin tiro cetaceans ah oo ay ku jiraan baleen iyo nibiriyada ilka leh. Cilmi baaris dheeraad ah ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo go'aamiyo saameynta ay ku yeelanayaan naasleyda badda ka hor intaysan bilaabin wax ganacsi ah oo DSM ah. Qorayaashu waxay xuseen in tani ay tahay mid ka mid ah daraasadihii ugu horreeyay ee lagu baarayo saameyntan, waxayna dhiirigelinayaan baahida loo qabo cilmi-baaris dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan wasakhowga dhawaqa DSM ee nibiriga iyo cetaceans kale.

Hitchin, B., Smith, S., Kröger, K., Jones, D., Jaeckel, A., Mestre, N., Ardron, J., Escobar, E., van der Grient, J., & Amaro, T. (2023). Heerarka macdan qodista ee gunta hoose: Aasaaska horumarkooda. Siyaasadda Badda, 149, 105505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105505

Xad-gudbiyadu waxay samayn doonaan qayb ka mid ah sharciga qiimaynta deegaanka macdan qodista ee badda gunta hoose leh. Xadiddu waa qaddar, heer, ama xaddid tilmaame la cabbiray, oo la sameeyay oo loo isticmaalo si looga fogaado isbeddelka aan loo baahnayn. Marka la eego macnaha guud ee maaraynta deegaanka, xadku waxa uu bixiyaa xad, marka la gaadho, soo jeedinaysa in khatartu – ama la filayo – ay noqon doonto waxyeelo ama aan badbaado lahayn, ama bixisa digniin hore ee dhacdadan oo kale. Xaddiga DSM waa inuu ahaado SMART (Gaar ah, la cabbiri karo, la gaari karo, ku habboon, waqti-xiran), si cad loo soo bandhigay oo la fahmi karo, oggolow ogaanshaha isbeddelka, xiriir toos ah la leh ficillada maamulka iyo yoolalka/ujeeddooyinka deegaanka, lagu daro taxaddar ku habboon, bixinta talaabooyinka u hogaansanaanta/fulinta, oo noqo mid loo dhan yahay.

Carreiro-Silva, M., Martins, I., Riou, V., Raimundo, J., Caetano, M., Bettencourt, R., Rakka, M., Cerqueira, T., Godinho, A., Morato, T ., & Colaço, A. (2022). Saamaynta makaanikada iyo sunta sunta ah ee wasakhda macdanta qotodheer ee badda ayaa ku soo korodha deegaan-samaynta octocoral-biyo qabow. Xuduudaha Sayniska Badda, 9, 915650. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.915650

Daraasad ku saabsan saamaynta ay ku leedahay wasakhda hakinta ah ee ka timaadda DSM ee korantada biyaha qabow, si loo go'aamiyo farsamooyinka iyo saamaynta sunta ah ee wasakhda. Cilmi-baadhayaashu waxay tijaabiyeen falcelinta coral-yada soo-gaadhista walxaha sulfide iyo quartz. Waxay ogaadeen in ka dib soo-gaadhista dheer, koorasyadu waxay la kulmeen diiqad jireed iyo daal dheef-shiid kiimikaad. Dareenka shacaacuu u leeyahay sediments waxay tusinaysaa baahida loo qabo aagagga la ilaaliyo badda, meelaha kaydka ah, ama gobollo aan macdan qodayn loo qoondeeyay.

Amon, DJ, Gollner, S., Morato, T., Smith, CR, Chen, C., Christensen, S., Currie, B., Drazen, JC, TF, Gianni, M., iyo al. (2022). Qiimaynta goldaloolooyinka sayniska ee la xidhiidha maaraynta deegaanka ee wax ku oolka ah ee macdanta qotodheer ee badda. Siyaasadda Mar. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105006.

Si loo fahmo bay'adda qoto dheer ee badda iyo saamaynta macdanta ee nolosha, qorayaasha daraasaddan ayaa dib u eegis ku sameeyay suugaanta faca- dib loo eegay DSM. Iyadoo loo marayo dib-u-eegis nidaamsan oo ka badan 300 oo maqaallo dib loo eegay tan iyo 2010, cilmi-baarayaashu waxay ku qiimeeyeen gobollada badda ee aqoonta sayniska ee maaraynta caddaynta, iyagoo ogaaday in 1.4% kaliya ee gobollada ay leeyihiin aqoon ku filan maarayntaas. Waxay ku doodayaan in xidhitaanka daldaloolada cilmiyeed ee la xidhiidha macdanta gunta hoose ee badda ay tahay hawl mug leh oo lagama maarmaan u ah gudashada waajibaadka guud ee ka hortagga waxyeelada halista ah iyo xaqiijinta ilaalin wax ku ool ah waxayna u baahan doontaa jihayn cad, ilo la taaban karo, iyo isku dubarid adag iyo wada shaqayn. Qorayaashu waxay ku soo gabagabeynayaan maqaalka iyagoo soo jeedinaya khariidad heer sare ah oo hawlo ah oo ku lug leh qeexida yoolalka deegaanka, samaynta ajande caalami ah si loo soo saaro xog cusub, iyo habaynta xogta jirta si loo xidho daldaloolada sayniska ee muhiimka ah ka hor intaan la tixgalin ka faa'iidaysi kasta.

van der Grient, J., & Drazen, J. (2022). Qiimaynta u nuglaanshaha bulshooyinka badda-hoosaadka u nuglaanshaha macdan qodista iyadoo la isticmaalayo xogta biyaha-gacmeedka. Sayniska Guud ee Deegaanka, 852, 158162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022. 158162.

Macdanta badda qotodheer waxay saameyn weyn ku yeelan kartaa nidaamka deegaanka ee bulshooyinka mool-badeedka ah ee ka yimaada ururinta-baabuurta iyo qulqulka qulqulka qulqulka. Iyadoo lagu salaynayo daraasado lagu sameeyay macdan qodista biyaha-gacmeedka, xajmiyadan wasakhda ah ee la hakiyay waxay sababi karaan in xayawaanku xiiqmo, dhaawacaan xiniinyahahooda, beddelaan dabeecadahooda, kordhiyaan dhimashada, yareeyaan isdhexgalka noocyada, waxayna keeni kartaa in xayawaankani ay ku wasakhoobaan biraha badda moolka ku jira. Sababtoo ah kaydinta wasakhda wasakhda ah ee dabiiciga ah ee hoose ee hooseysa ee xeebaha moolka dheer, kororka aadka u yar ee uruurinta wasakhda ah ee la hakiyay waxay keeni kartaa saameyn ba'an. Qorayaashu waxay ogaadeen in la mid ah nooca iyo jihada jawaabaha xayawaanka ee korodhka qulqulka qulqulka qulqulaya ee guud ahaan degaannada biyaha-gacmeedku waxay muujinayaan jawaabaha la midka ah ee degaannada aan la soo koobin ee la filan karo, oo ay ku jiraan badda qoto dheer.

R. Williams. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science. abo2804

Baadhitaan cilmiyeed ku saabsan saamaynta dhawaaqa ka imanaya hawlaha macdan qodista gunta hoose ee badda ee hab-nololeedyada badda qoto dheer.

DOSI (2022). "Maxay Badweynta Qoto dheer kuugu qabtaa?" Siyaasadda Hindisaha Hawlgelinta Deep Ocean Stewardship Brief. https://www.dosi-project.org/wp-content/uploads/deep-ocean-ecosystem-services- brief.pdf

Siyaasad gaaban oo kooban oo ku saabsan adeegyada nidaamka deegaanka iyo faa'iidooyinka badweynta caafimaadka leh marka loo eego nidaamka deegaanka badda qoto dheer iyo saamaynta anthropogenic ee hab-nololeedyadan.

Paulus E., (2021). Daadinaysa Iftiinka Kala duwanaanshaha Badda-Mool-Deegaanka aadka u nugul ee Wajiga Isbeddelka Anthropogenic, Xuduudaha Sayniska Badda, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.667048

Dib-u-eegis lagu sameeyo habka lagu go'aamiyo kala duwanaanshaha noolaha badda iyo sida kala duwanaanshaha noolaha ay u saameyn doonto faragelinta anthropogenic sida macdanta qotodheer ee badda, kalluumeysiga xad-dhaafka ah, wasakhowga caagga ah, iyo isbeddelka cimilada.

Miller, KA; Brigden, K; Santillo, D; Currie, D; Johnston, P; Thompson, KF, (2021). Loolanka Baahida Macdanta Sariirta Badda Dhaxe Marka loo eego Baahida Birta, Kala duwanaanta noolaha, Adeegyada Deegaanka, iyo Wadaagga Faa'iidada, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.706161.

Dhowrkii sano ee la soo dhaafay, soo saarista macdanta laga soo saaro badaha gunta hoose waxay sii kordhayaan xiisaha maalgashadayaasha iyo shirkadaha macdanta. In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in aanay jirin wax ganacsi oo macdan qodis ah oo qoto dheer oo badda hoostiisa ah aanay dhicin, waxa jira cadaadis weyn oo macdanta macdanta si ay u noqdaan doodo dhab ah oo dhaqaale. Qoraaga qoraalkani waxa uu eegayaa baahiyaha dhabta ah ee macdanta qotoda dheer ee badda, khataraha kala duwanaanshaha noolaha iyo nidaamka deegaanka iyo la'aanta faa'iidada wadaagga ah ee bulshada caalamka hadda iyo jiilalka soo socda.

Muñoz-Royo, C., Peacock, T., Alford, MH al et. Baaxadda saamaynta macdan qodista nodule-ka qoto-dheer ee tuubooyinka dhexe ee badda waxa saameeya culayska wasakhda, qaska iyo marinnada. Deegaanka Dhulka Wadaagga ah 2, 148 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00213-8

Dhaqdhaqaaqa cilmi baarista macdanta polymetallic nodule-ka-baddu si aad ah ayuu u kordhay sannadihii la soo dhaafay, laakiin heerka la filayo ee saameynta deegaanka ayaa weli la dhisayaa. Mid ka mid ah walaaca deegaanka ayaa ah ka soo daada qulqulka qulqulaya ee tiirka biyaha dhexe. Waxaan samaynay daraasad goobeed oo go'an annagoo adeegsanayna sediment ka Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone. Tuubbada waa la kormeeray lana daba socday iyadoo la isticmaalayo qalab casri ah iyo mid cusub, oo ay ku jiraan cabbirada dhawaaqa iyo qaska. Cilmi-baadhisyadayada goobuhu waxay muujinayaan in qaabayntu ay si kalsooni leh u saadaalin karto sifooyinka tuubbada biyaha dhexe ee agagaarka dheecaanka iyo in saamaynta isku-darka wasakhdu aanay ahayn mid muhiim ah. Qaabka plume-ka waxaa loo adeegsadaa in lagu wado jilidda tirooyinka ee hawlgalka cabbirka ganacsiga ee Aagga Jajabka ee Clarion Clipperton. Waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan ee la qaadanayo ayaa ah in miisaanka saameynta tuubada ay si gaar ah u saameysay qiyamka heerarka la aqbali karo ee deegaan ahaan, tirada wasakhda la sii daayay, iyo fidsanaanta qallafsan ee Aagga Jajabka Clarion Clipperton.

Muñoz-Royo, C., Peacock, T., Alford, MH al et. Baaxadda saamaynta macdan qodista nodule-ka qoto-dheer ee tuubooyinka dhexe ee badda waxa saameeya culayska wasakhda, qaska iyo marinnada. Deegaanka Dhulka Wadaagga ah 2, 148 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00213-8. PDF.

Daraasad ku saabsan saameynta deegaanka ee qulqulka qulqulka qulqulaya ee macdanta nodule polymetallic badda. Cilmi-baadhayaashu waxay dhammaystireen imtixaan goobeed oo la xakameeyey si loo go'aamiyo sida wasakhdu u degto oo ay u ekaysiiyaan tuubbada qulqulaya ee la mid ah kuwa dhici doona inta lagu jiro macdanta qoto dheer ee ganacsiga. Waxay xaqiijiyeen isku halaynta kombuyuutarkooda qaabaynta waxayna qaabeeyeen jilitaanka tiro ee hawlgalka cabbirka macdanta.

Hallgren, A.; Hansson, A. Sheekooyinka iska soo horjeeda ee Macdanta Badda qotodheer. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5261. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095261

Afar sheeko oo ku saabsan macdanta qotoda dheer ee badda ayaa dib loo eegay oo la soo bandhigay, oo ay ku jiraan: Isticmaalka DSM isbeddel waara, wadaag faa'iido leh, dalool cilmi-baaris, iyo ka tagista macdanta oo keliya. Qorayaashu waxay qireen in sheekada ugu horreysa ay ku badan tahay wada-hadallo badan oo DSM ah iyo isku dhacyada sheekooyinka kale ee jira, oo ay ku jiraan farqiga cilmi-baarista iyo ka tagista macdanta oo keliya. Ka tagista macdanta oo keliya ayaa lagu muujiyay su'aal anshaxeed iyo mid ka caawinaysa kordhinta helitaanka hababka sharciyeynta iyo doodaha.

van der Grient, JMA, iyo JC Drazen. "Isgoysyada Maskaxda ee u dhexeeya Kalluumeysiga Badda-sare iyo Macdanta Badda-Dool ee Biyaha Caalamiga ah." Siyaasadda badda, vol. 129, Luulyo 2021, b. 104564. Saynis toos ah, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104564.

Daraasad dib u eegis ku samaynaysa isdhaafsiga baaxada ee qandaraasyada DSM ee deegaamada kalluumaysiga tuna. Daraasadu waxay xisaabinaysaa saamaynta taban ee la filayo ee DSM ay ku yeelan karto kalluumaysiga RFMO kasta ee gobollada ee qandaraasyada DSM. Qorayaashu waxay ka digayaan in macdan qodista iyo dheecaanka laga yaabo inay ugu horrayn saameeyaan waddamada Jasiiradda Baasifigga.

de Jonge, DS, Stratmann, T., Lins, L., Vanreusel, A., Purser, A., Marcon, Y., Rodrigues, CF, Ravara, A., Esquete, P., Cunha, MR, Simon- Lledó, E., van Breugel, P., Sweetman, AK, Soetaert, K., & van Oevelen, D. (2020). Qaabka webka cuntada ee Abyssal wuxuu muujinayaa soo kabashada qulqulka kaarboonka iyo ciribtirka wareegga microbial 26 sano ka dib tijaabada qaska wasakhda. Horumarka laga sameeyay Oceanography, 189, 102446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102446

Baahida mustaqbalka la saadaaliyay ee biraha muhiimka ah awgeed, bannaanka abyssal ee ay ku daboolan yihiin qanjidhada polymetallic ayaa hadda la filayaa in laga soo saaro macdan qotodheer. Si loo ogaado wax badan oo ku saabsan saamaynta macdanta qoto dheer ee badda, qorayaasha warqadani waxay eegeen saamaynta muddada fog ee tijaabada 'DISturbance and recoLonization' (DISCOL) ee Peru Basin kaas oo arkay tijaabada xashiishka xashiishka sagxadda badda ee 1989. Qorayaashu waxay markaa soo bandhigeen indho-indheyn ku saabsan shabakada cuntada ee benthic waxaa lagu sameeyay saddex goobood oo kala duwan: gudaha 26-sano jir xajinta raadadka (IPT, oo ay saameyn toos ah ku leedahay beerista), meel ka baxsan waddooyinka jeexjeexyada (OPT, oo loo soo bandhigay dejinta). wasakhda dib loo hakiyay), iyo goobaha tixraaca (REF, wax saameyn ah ma leh). Waxa la ogaaday in qiyaasta wadarta guud ee habka wax-soo-saarka iyo wareegga wareegga wareegga microbial-ka ay si weyn hoos ugu dhaceen (16% iyo 35%, siday u kala horreeyaan) gudaha waddooyinka jeexjeexyada marka la barbar dhigo labada kale ee kantaroolka. Natiijooyinku waxay muujinayaan in shaqaynta mareegaha cuntada, gaar ahaan wareegga microbial-ka, aysan ka soo kaban dhibaatadii lagu sameeyay goobta yaamayska 26 sano ka hor.

Alberts, EC (2020, Juun 16) "Macaadinta-qotada badda: Xalka deegaanka mise masiibo soo socota?" Mongabay News. Laga soo bilaabo: https://news.mongabay.com/2020/06/deep-sea-mining-an-environmental-solution-or-impending-catastrophe/

In kasta oo macdanta qotodheer aanay ka bilaaban meel ka mid ah adduunka, 16 shirkadood oo macdanta caalamiga ah ayaa qandaraasyo si ay u sahamiyaan sariirta badda ee macdanta gudaha Clarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ) ee Badweynta Baasifiga Bari, iyo shirkado kale ayaa qandaraasyo si ay u sahamiyaan nodules ee Badweynta Hindiya iyo Galbeedka Badweynta Baasifigga. Warbixin cusub oo ay soo saartay Ololaha Macdanta Badda ee Deep Sea iyo Mining Watch Canada ayaa soo jeedinaysa in macdanta polymetallic nodule ay si xun u saameyn doonto nidaamka deegaanka, kala duwanaanta noolaha, kalluumeysiga, iyo dhinacyada bulshada iyo dhaqaalaha ee wadamada jasiiradaha Pacific, iyo in macdantani ay u baahan tahay hab taxaddar leh.

Chin, A., iyo Hari, K., (2020). Saadaasha saamaynta macdan qodista qanjidhada polymetallic badeed qoto dheer ee Badweynta Baasifiga: Dib u eegis lagu sameeyay suugaanta Sayniska, Ololaha Macdanta Badda qotodheer iyo MacdantaWatch Canada, 52 bog.

Macdanta badda qoto dheer ee Baasifiga waa xiisaha sii kordhaya ee maalgashadayaasha, shirkadaha macdanta, iyo dhaqaalaha jasiiradaha qaarkood, si kastaba ha ahaatee, wax yar ayaa laga og yahay saamaynta dhabta ah ee DSM. Warbixintu waxay falanqaysay in ka badan 250 facood oo dib u eegis ku sameeyay maqaallo saynis ah oo ogaanaya in saamaynta macdan qodista qanjidhada polymetallic ee badda qotodheer ay noqon doonto mid ballaaran, daran, oo soconaysa qarniyo, taasoo keenaysa lumitaanka noocyada aan laga soo laaban karin. Dib-u-eegistu waxay ogaatay in macdan qodista badda moolku ay yeelan doonto saamayn ba'an oo waarta oo ay ku yeelato sariiraha badda waxaana laga yaabaa inay khatar weyn ku keento nidaamka deegaanka badda iyo sidoo kale kalluumaysiga, bulshooyinka, iyo caafimaadka aadanaha. Xidhiidhka jasiiradaha Baasifiga iyo badweynta si fiican uguma milmin doodaha DSM iyo saamaynta bulshada iyo dhaqanka lama garanayo iyada oo faa'iidooyinka dhaqaale ay weli tahay su'aal la iska weydiinayo. Kheyraadkan waxaa si weyn loogu talinayaa dhammaan dhageystayaasha xiisaynaya DSM.

Drazen, JC, Smith, CR, Gjerde, KM, Haddock, SHD et al. (2020) Nidaamyada deegaanka ee biyaha-dhexe waa in la tixgeliyaa marka la qiimeynayo khataraha deegaanka ee macdanta qotodheerta. PNAS 117, 30, 17455-17460. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2011914117. PDF.

Dib-u-eegis lagu sameeyo saamaynta macdanta gunta hoose ee badda ku leedahay hab-nololeedyada biyaha dhexe. Nidaamyada deegaanka ee biyaha-dhexe waxay ka kooban yihiin 90% bayosphere iyo kaydka kalluunka ee kalluumeysiga ganacsiga iyo sugnaanta cuntada. Saamaynta suurtagalka ah ee DSM waxaa ka mid ah tuubada wasakhda ah iyo biraha sunta ah ee gala silsiladda cuntada ee aagga mesopelagic. Cilmi-baarayaashu waxay ku talinayaan in la hagaajiyo heerarka aasaasiga ah ee deegaanka si loogu daro daraasadaha deegaanka ee biyaha dhexe.

Christiansen, B., Denda, A., & Christiansen, S. Saamaynta suurtagalka ah ee macdanta qotodheer ee badda qotodheer ee biota miskaha iyo benthopelagic. Siyaasadda Badda 114, 103442 (2020).

Macdanta qotoda dheer ee badda waxay u badan tahay inay saamayso biota miskaha, laakiin darnaanta iyo miisaanka ayaa ah mid aan caddayn aqoon la'aan awgeed. Daraasadani waxay ku fidday meel ka baxsan daraasadda bulshooyinka benthic (macroinvertibrates sida crustaceans) waxayna eegaysaa aqoonta hadda jirta ee deegaanka miskaha (aagga u dhexeeya badda oogada iyo wax yar oo ka sarreeya sagxada badda) iyada oo la ogaanayo waxyeelada makhluuqaadka ku dhici kara, laakiin ma noqon karto. wakhtigan la saadaaliyay aqoon yari awgeed. Aqoon la'aantani waxay muujinaysaa in loo baahan yahay macluumaad dheeraad ah si loo fahmo saamaynta dhow iyo muddada fog ee DSM ee deegaanka badda.

Orcutt, BN, al et. Saamaynta macdanta qotodheer ee badda ku leedahay adeegyada nidaamka deegaanka ee microbial. Limnology iyo Oceanography 65 (2020).

Daraasad ku saabsan adeegyada nidaamka deegaanka ee ay bixiyaan bulshooyinka badda moolka dheer ee microbial ee macnaha guud ee macdanta qotodheer ee badda iyo faragelinta kale ee anthropogenic. Qorayaashu waxay ka hadlayaan lumitaanka bulshooyinka microbial-ka ee hawo-mareennada biyaha-dhalaalka, saamaynta awoodaha kala-soocidda kaarboon ee beeraha qanjidhada, waxayna muujinayaan baahida loo qabo cilmi-baaris dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan bulshooyinka microbial-ka ah ee ku jira badda hoosteeda. Cilmi-baaris dheeraad ah ayaa lagula talinayaa in la sameeyo aasaaska biochemical ee unugyada yaryar ka hor inta aan la soo bandhigin macdanta qoto dheer ee badda.

B. Gillard et al., Sifooyinka jireed iyo hydrodynamic ee macdanta qotodheer ee badda-dheer ee laga soo saaray, qulqulka qulqulka abyssal ee Aagga Jajabka ee Clarion Clipperton (bari-bartamaha Pacific). Elementa 7, 5 (2019), https://online.ucpress.edu/elementa/article/ doi/10.1525/elementa.343/112485/Physical-and-hydrodynamic-properties-of-deep-sea

Daraasad farsamo oo ku saabsan saamaynta anthropogenic ee macdanta qotodheer ee badda, iyadoo la adeegsanayo moodallo lagu falanqeynayo dheecaanka qulqulka wasakhda. Cilmi-baadhayaashu waxay ogaadeen xaaladaha macdanta la xidhiidha inay abuureen qulqulo biyo-dhalasho ah oo samaysmaya isku-ururin waaweyn, ama daruuro, kuwaas oo kor u kacay xajmiga oo leh qulqulo badan oo tubbo ah. Waxay tilmaamayaan in saddaxdu ay si degdeg ah dib ugu celiso gudaha aagga qaska ilaa ay adag tahay qulqulka badda.

Cornwall, W. (2019). Buuraha ku qarsoon badda hoose waa baro kulul oo bayooloji ah. Macdan qodashadu ma dumin doontaa iyaga? Sayniska. https://www.science.org/content/article/ mountains-hidden-deep-sea-are-biological-hot-spots-will-mining-ruin-them

Maqaal kooban oo ku saabsan taariikhda iyo aqoonta hadda jirta ee xeebaha badda, mid ka mid ah saddexda deegaan ee bayooloji ee qoto dheer ee khatarta ugu jira macdanta qoto dheer ee badda. Nusqaamaha cilmi-baadhista ee saamaynta macdan-qodista ee buuraleyda badda ayaa sababay soo jeedinno cilmi-baadhiseed iyo baadhitaan cusub, laakiin bayooloojiyada xad-dhaafka badda ayaa ah mid si liidata loo darsay. Saynis yahanadu waxa ay ka shaqaynayaan sidii ay u ilaalin lahaayeen xadhkaha badda ee ujeeddooyin cilmi baadhiseed. Jaridda kalluunka ayaa horeba u waxyeeleysay noolaha noolaha badan ee buura-badeedka ah iyadoo meesha laga saaray shacaab, waxaana la filayaa in qalabka macdan qodista uu uga sii daro dhibaatada.

Pew Charitable Trusts (2019). Macdanta-qoto dheer ee badda ee hawo-mareenada Hydrothermal waxay khatar gelinaysaa kala duwanaanshaha noolaha. Pew Charitable Trusts. PDF.

Warqad xaqiiqo ah oo faahfaahinaysa saamaynta macdanta qotoda dheer ee badda ay ku leedahay marinnada hawo-mareenka, mid ka mid ah saddexda deegaan ee bayooloji ee biyaha hoostooda ay khatar ku tahay macdanta qotoda dheer ee ganacsiga. Saynis yahanadu waxa ay sheegeen in qodista hawada firfircooni ay halis galin doonto kala duwanaanshaha naadirka ah oo ay suurtogal tahay in ay saamayso hab-nololeedyada deegaanka deriska ah. Tallaabooyinka soo socda ee la soo jeediyay ee ilaalinta hawo-mareennada biyaha-dhalatada waxaa ka mid ah go'aaminta shuruudaha hababka hawo-mareennada firfircoon iyo kuwa aan firfircoonayn, in la hubiyo hufnaanta macluumaadka sayniska ee go'aan-qaadayaasha ISA iyo in la dejiyo nidaamyada maaraynta ISA ee hawo-mareennada tamarta-dhaliye ee firfircoon.

Macluumaad guud oo dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan DSM, Pew waxay leedahay degel la soo koobay oo xaashiyo xaqiiqo dheeraad ah, dulmar sharciyada, iyo maqaallo dheeraad ah kuwaas oo caawin kara kuwa ku cusub DSM iyo guud ahaan dadweynaha: https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/projects/seabed-mining-project.

D. Aleynik, ME Inall, A. Dale, A. Vink, Saamaynta ilbaxnimada fog laga soo saaray ee ku firidhsan tuubbada meelaha macdan qodista ee abssal ee Pacific-ga. Sci. Rep. 7, 16959 (2017) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-16912-2

Falanqaynta saamaynta ay ku leeyihiin qulqulka ka-hortagga badweynta (eddies) ee suurtogalka ah ee kala firidhsanaanta tubooyinka macdanta iyo wasakhda dambe. Kala duwanaanshiyaha hadda wuxuu ku xiran yahay arrimo kala duwan oo ay ka mid yihiin mowjadaha, dabaylaha dusha sare, iyo qulqulka. Qulqulka korortay ee ka imanaya qulqulka qulqulka ayaa la ogaadaa inuu faafiyo oo kala firdhiyo biyaha, iyo wasakhda biyaha laga yaabo inay qaadaan, si dhakhso ah masaafo aad u weyn.

JC Drazen TT Sutton Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 9, 337-366 (2017) doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060543

Daraasad ku saabsan isku xidhka dhulka ee badda moolka dheer iyada oo loo marayo caadooyinka quudinta kalluunka badda qoto dheer. Qaybta "Saamaynta Anthropogenic" ee xaashida, qorayaashu waxay ka wadahadleen saamaynta suurtagalka ah ee macdanta qotoda dheer ee badda ay ku yeelan karto kalluunka badda qoto dheer iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay isu-xidhnaanta aan la garanayn ee hawlaha DSM. 

Ololaha Macdanta Badda. (2015, Sebtembar 29). Soo jeedinta macdan qodista qotoda dheer ee ugu horreysa adduunka ayaa iska indhatiraysa cawaaqibka saamaynta ay ku leedahay badaha. Faafinta Warbaahinta. Ololaha Macdanta Badda qotodheer, Dhaqaale yahan ku xeel dheer, MiningWatch Canada, EarthWorks, Oasis Earth. PDF.

Maaddaama warshadaha macdanta badda ee qotodheer ay eryanayaan maalgashadayaasha Shirarka Macdanta Badda ee Aasiya Pacific, naqdin cusub oo ka timid Ololaha Macdanta Badda Deep Sea wuxuu muujinayaa cilladaha aan la difaaci karin ee Falanqaynta Deegaanka iyo Barashada Bulshada ee Mashruuca Solwara 1 ee ay u xilsaartay Nautilus Minerals. Warbixinta oo dhameystiran halkan kala soco.

Back to top

---

4. Tixgelinta Maamulka Badweynta Caalamiga ah

Hay'adda Badweynta Caalamiga ah. (2022). Ku saabsan ISA. Hay'adda Badweynta Caalamiga ah. https://www.isa.org.jm/

Hay’adda caalamiga ah ee badweynta, oo ah hay’adda ugu horraysa ee gacanta ku haysa sariirta badda adduunka oo dhan waxa lagu aasaasay Qaramada Midoobay iyada oo la raacayo heshiiskii Qaramada Midoobay ee sharciga badaha (UNCLOS) ee 1982 iyo wax ka beddelka qaabkii 1994kii ee UNCLOS. Laga bilaabo 2020, ISA waxay xubin ka tahay 168 waddan (oo ay ku jiraan Midowga Yurub) waxayna dabooshaa 54% ee badda. ISA waxa ay waajib ku tahay in ay hubiso ilaalinta wax ku ool ah ee deegaanka badda ee saamaynta waxyeelada leh ee ka iman karta hawlaha la xidhiidha badda. Shabakadda internetka ee Hay'adda Badweynta Caalamiga ah ayaa lagama maarmaan u ah dukumentiyada rasmiga ah iyo waraaqaha sayniska iyo doodaha aqoon-is-weydaarsiga ee saamaynta xooggan ku leh go'aannada ISA.

Morgera, E., & Lily, H. (2022). Ka-qaybgalka dadweynaha ee Hay'adda Badweynta Caalamiga ah: Falanqaynta sharciga caalamiga ah ee xuquuqda aadanaha. Dib u eegista Yurub, Isbarbardhigga & Sharciga Deegaanka ee Caalamiga ah, 31 (3), 374-388. https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12472

Falanqeyn sharci oo ku saabsan xuquuqul insaanka ee wada xaajoodka ku saabsan xeerka qoto dheer ee macdanta badda ee Hay'adda Badweynta Caalamiga ah. Maqaalku wuxuu xusayaa ka qaybqaadasho la'aanta dadweynaha wuxuuna ku doodayaa in ururku uu iska indho-tiray waajibaadkii xuquuqul insaanka ee habraaca shirarka ISA. Qorayaashu waxay ku talinayaan tillaabooyin taxane ah si kor loogu qaado laguna dhiirigeliyo ka qaybgalka dadweynaha ee go'aan qaadashada.

Woody, T., & Halper, E. (2022, Abriil 19). Tartan xagga hoose ah: Marka lagu degdegayo macdanta sagxada badda ee macdanta loo isticmaalo baytariyada EV, yaa eegaya deegaanka? Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-04-19/gold-rush-in-the-deep-sea-raises-questions-about-international-seabed-authority

Maqaal muujinaya ku lug lahaanshaha Michael Lodge, xoghayaha guud ee hay'adda caalamiga ah ee badda, iyo shirkadda The Metals, oo ka mid ah shirkadaha danaynaya qodista gunta hoose ee badda.

Bayaannada uu bixiyay qareenka Hay'adda Badweynta Caalamiga ah. (2022, Abriil 19). Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/ 2022-04-19/statements-provided-by-attorney-for-international-seabed-authority

Jawaabo ururin ah oo uu bixiyay qareen ku xidhan ISA mawduucyo ay ka mid yihiin: madax-bannaanida ISA urur ahaan oo ka baxsan Qaramada Midoobay, muuqaalka Michael Lodge, xoghayaha guud ee ISA ee muuqaalka xayeysiinta ee Shirkadda Biraha (TMC) , iyo walaaca ay saynisyahannadu qabaan ee ah in ISA aanay nidaamin karin kana qayb qaadan karin macdanta.

Sannadkii 2022, NY Times ayaa daabacday maqaallo taxane ah, dukumeenti, iyo muuqaal muuqaal ah oo ku saabsan xiriirka ka dhexeeya Shirkadda Metals, mid ka mid ah hor-u-qaadayaasha riixaya qoditaanka gunta hoose ee badda, iyo Michael Lodge, xoghayaha guud ee hadda ee Hay'adda Badweynta Caalamiga ah. Xigashooyinka soo socdaa waxay ka kooban yihiin baaritaanka New York Times ee macdanta qoto dheer ee badda, ciyaartoyda ugu muhiimsan ee riixaya awoodda miinada, iyo xiriirka shakiga leh ee u dhexeeya TMC iyo ISA.

Lipton, E. (2022, Agoosto 29). Xogta sirta ah, jasiirado yaryar iyo baadi goobka qaaliga ah ee sagxadda badda. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/29/world/ deep-sea-mining.html

Hoos-u-dhac qoto-dheer oo ku saabsan shirkadaha hormuudka ka ah dadaalka macdan qodista badda gunta hoose ee ay ku jirto Shirkadda Biraha (TMC). Xidhiidhka dhow ee sanadaha dheer ee TMC ee Michael Lodge iyo Hay'adda Badweynta Caalamiga ah ayaa laga wada hadlay iyo sidoo kale walaacyada ku saabsan ka faa'iidaystayaasha hawlahan oo kale haddii macdan qodista ay dhici lahayd. Maqaalku wuxuu baarayaa su'aalaha ku saabsan sida shirkad fadhigeedu yahay Kanada, TMC, ay u noqotay hormuudka hore ee wada-hadallada DSM markii macdanta asal ahaan la soo jeediyay in ay bixiso kaalmo dhaqaale waddamada saboolka ah ee Jasiiradaha Pacific.

Lipton, E. (2022, Agoosto 29). Baadhitaanku wuxuu horseedaa gunta hoose ee Pacific. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/29/insider/ mining-investigation.html

Qayb ka mid ah taxanaha NY Times "Rce to the Future", maqaalkani waxa uu si dheeraad ah u baadhayaa xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya Shirkadda Biraha iyo saraakiisha gudaha Hay'adda Badweynta Caalamiga ah. Maqaalku wuxuu tafaasiil ka bixinayaa wada sheekaysiga iyo isdhexgalka dhex maray saxafiga baadhista iyo saraakiisha sarsare ee TMC iyo ISA, sahaminta iyo weydiinta su'aalo ku saabsan saamaynta deegaanka ee DSM.

Kittroeff, N., Reid, W., Johnson, MS, Bonja, R., Baylen, LO, Chow, L., Powell, D., & Wood, C. (2022, Sebtembar 16). Ballan iyo halis badda gunteeda. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/16/ podcasts/the-daily/electric-cars-sea-mining-pacific-ocean.html

Muuqaal muuqaal ah oo 35-daqiiqo ah oo lagu wareysanayay Eric Lipton, oo ah wariye baaris NY Times ah oo la socday xiriirka ka dhexeeya Shirkadda Biraha iyo Maamulka Badweynta Caalamiga ah.

Lipton, E. (2022) Waraaqaha la xushay Macdanta Badda. https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/ 22266044-seabed-mining-selected-documents-2022

Dukumiintiyo taxane ah oo uu xafiday NY Times oo diiwaangelinaya isdhexgalka hore ee u dhexeeya Michael Lodge, xoghayaha guud ee ISA ee hadda, iyo Nautilus Minerals, oo ah shirkad ay heshay TMC laga bilaabo 1999kii.

Ardron JA, Ruhl HA, Jones DO (2018). Ku darida daahfurnaanta maamulka macdanta gunta hoose ee aagga ka baxsan xukunka qaranka. Mar. Pol. 89, 58-66. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2017.11.021

Falanqaynta 2018 ee Hay'adda Badweynta Caalamiga ah ayaa lagu ogaaday in loo baahan yahay hufnaan dheeraad ah si loo hagaajiyo isla xisaabtanka, gaar ahaan ku saabsan: helista macluumaadka, warbixinta, ka qaybgalka dadweynaha, hubinta tayada, macluumaadka u hoggaansanaanta iyo aqoonsiga, iyo awoodda dib u eegista iyo muuqaalka go'aamada.

Lodge, M. (2017, May 26). Hay'adda Caalamiga ah ee Badweynta iyo Macdanta Badweynta Deep. UN Chronicle, Volume 54, Cadadkii 2, bogga 44-46. https://doi.org/10.18356/ea0e574d-en https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/journals/15643913/54/2/25

Sagxada badda, sida dunida barriga, waxa ay ka kooban tahay sifooyin juquraafi ah oo u gaar ah iyo guriga kaydka macdanta oo badan, oo inta badan qaabab hodmin ah. Warbixintan oo kooban oo la heli karo ayaa daboolka ka qaadaysa aasaaska macdan qodista badda marka loo eego aragtida Qaramada Midoobay ee sharciga badaha (UNCLOS) iyo samaynta nidaamyo nidaamiya ka faa’iidaysiga khayraadkan macdanta ah.

Hay'adda Badweynta Caalamiga ah. (2011, Luulyo 13). Qorshaha maamulka deegaanka ee Aagga Clarion-Clipperton, oo la ansixiyay Luulyo 2012. Hay'adda Badweynta Caalamiga ah. PDF.

Iyada oo awoodda sharciga ah ay siisay Axdiga Qaramada Midoobay ee Sharciga Badaha, ISA waxay dejisay qorshaha maaraynta deegaanka ee Aagga Clarion-Clipperton, aagga ay u badan tahay inay ka dhacdo macdanta qoto dheer ee badda dhexdeeda iyo meesha ugu badan ee oggolaanshaha. waayo, DSM ayaa la soo saaray. Dukumeentigu waa inuu maamulaa manganese nodule-ka laga filayo Pacific-ga.

Hay'adda Badweynta Caalamiga ah. (2007, Luulyo 19). Go'aanka Golaha ee la xidhiidha xeerarka ku saabsan baadhista iyo sahaminta qanjidhada birta birta ah ee Aagga. Hay'adda Caalamiga ah ee Badweynta, Dib u Bilowday Kalfadhigii Saddex iyo Tobnaad, Kingston, Jamaica, 9-20 Luulyo ISBA/13/19.

Luulyo 19-keedii, 2007 Hay'adda Badbaadada Caalamiga ah (ISA) waxay horumar ka samaysay xeerarka sulfide. Dukumeentigani wuxuu muhiim u yahay inuu wax ka beddelo cinwaanka iyo qodobbada xeerka 37 si xeerarka sahaminta hadda loogu daro walxaha iyo goobaha dabiiciga ah ee qadiimiga ah ama taariikhiga ah. Dukumeentigu wuxuu si dheeraad ah uga hadlayaa mawqifyada dalal kala duwan oo ay ku jiraan fikradaha goobaha kala duwan ee taariikhiga ah sida ganacsiga addoonta iyo warbixinta loo baahan yahay.

Back to top

---

5. Macdanta badda qoto dheer iyo kala duwanaanta, sinnaanta, ka mid noqoshada, iyo cadaalada

Tilot, V., Willaert, K., Guilloux, B., Chen, W., Mulalap, CY, Gaulme, F., Bambridge, T., Peters, K., iyo Dahl, A. (2021). 'Xajmiga Dhaqanka ee Maareynta Kheyraadka Badweynta ee Macdanta Badda Moolka dheer ee Baasifigga: Wax-barashada Isku-xirnaanta-Bulshadeed-Eekooloji ee u dhexeeya Bulshooyinka Jasiiradda iyo Boqortooyada Badweynta', Front. Mar, Sci. 8: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.637938/full

Dib u eegis cilmiyaysan oo ku saabsan deegaan badeedka iyo hidaha dhaqanka biyaha hoostooda ee aan la taaban karin ee caanka ah ee Jasiiradaha Baasifiga ayaa la filayaa inay saamayso DSM. Dib-u-eegidgan waxa weheliya falanqaynta sharci ee qaababka sharci ee hadda jira si loo go'aamiyo hababka ugu wanaagsan ee ilaalinta iyo ilaalinta deegaanka ee saamaynta DSM.

Bourrel, M., Thiele, T., Currie, D. (2018). Dhaxalka guud ee bani-aadmiga si loo qiimeeyo loona hormariyo sinnaanta macdanta qotoda dheer ee badda. Siyaasadda Badda, 95, 311-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.07.017. PDF.

Iyadoo la tixgelinayo dhaxalka guud ee mabda'a aadanaha ee ku jira macnaha guud iyo adeegsiga UNCLOS iyo ISA. Qorayaashu waxay aqoonsadaan nidaamyada sharciga ah iyo heerka sharciga ah ee dhaxalka guud ee aadanaha iyo sidoo kale sida ficil ahaan loogu isticmaalo ISA. Qorayaashu waxay ku talinayaan tillaabooyin taxane ah oo ficil ah in laga fuliyo dhammaan heerarka sharciga badda si loo horumariyo sinnaanta, cadaaladda, taxaddarka, iyo aqoonsiga jiilalka mustaqbalka.

Jaeckel, A., Ardron, JA, Gjerde, KM (2016) Wadaagista faa'iidooyinka dhaxalka guud ee bini-aadmiga – Diyaar ma yahay nidaamka macdanta gunta hoose ee badda? Siyaasadda Badda, 70, 198-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.03.009. PDF.

Iyada oo loo marayo muraayadda dhaxalka guud ee aadanaha, cilmi-baarayaashu waxay aqoonsadaan meelaha hagaajinta ee ISA iyo qawaaniinta la xidhiidha dhaxalka guud ee aadanaha. Dhinacyadan waxaa ka mid ah daahfurnaanta, faa'iidooyinka maaliyadeed, Ganacsiga, wareejinta tignoolajiyada iyo kobcinta awooda, sinnaanta jiilalka, iyo kheyraadka hidda-socodka badda.

Rosembaum, Helen. (2011, Oktoobar). Ka baxsan qoto-dheeraantayada: Macdanta Dabaqa Badweynta ee Papua New Guinea. Mining Watch Canada. PDF.

Warbixintu waxay faahfaahisay saamaynta deegaanka iyo bulshada ee ba'an ee la filayo taasoo ka dhalatay macdan aan horay loo arag oo ka dhacay sagxada badda ee Papua New Guinea. Waxay muujinaysaa cilladaha qoto dheer ee Nautilus Minerals EIS sida tijaabinta aan ku filnayn ee shirkaddu ku leedahay sunta geeddi-socodkeeda ee noocyada hawo-mareenka, oo si ku filan ugamay fikirin saamaynta sunta ah ee noolaha ku jira silsiladda cuntada badda.

Cuyvers, L. Berry, W., Gjerde, K., Thiele, T. iyo Wilhem, C. (2018). Macdanta badda gunteeda qoto dheer: caqabad deegaan oo sii kordheysa. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN iyo Gallifrey Foundation. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.16.en. PDF. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/ files/documents/2018-029-En.pdf

Baddu waxay ka kooban tahay khayraad macdaneed oo aad u tiro badan, qaarna waxay ku jiraan xaddi aad u gaar ah. Caqabadaha sharciga ah ee 1970-meeyadii iyo 1980-meeyadii ayaa caqabad ku noqday horumarinta macdanta qoto dheer ee badda, laakiin waqti ka dib qaar badan oo ka mid ah su'aalahan sharci ayaa lagu xalliyay iyada oo loo marayo Hay'adda Badweynta Caalamiga ah oo u oggolaanaysa xiisaha sii kordhaya ee macdanta qoto dheer ee badda. Warbixinta IUCN waxay muujinaysaa doodaha hadda jira ee ku xeeran horumarinta suurtagalka ah ee warshadaha macdanta badda.

Back to top

---

6. Tixgelinta Tignoolajiyada iyo Macdanta Suuqa

Hindisaha Cimilada Buluugga ah. (Oktoobar 2023). Jiilka soo socda ee baytariyada EV waxay baabi'iyaan baahida macdanta qoto dheer ee badda. Hindisaha Cimilada Buluugga ah. La soo celiyay Oktoobar 30, 2023
https://www.blueclimateinitiative.org/sites/default/files/2023-10/whitepaper.pdf

Horumarka laga sameeyay tignoolajiyada batteriga korantada (EV), iyo dardargelinta qaadashada teknooloojiyadan, ayaa horseedaya beddelka baytariyada EV ee ku xidhan kobalt, nikkel, iyo manganese. Natiijo ahaan, macdanta qotodheer ee badda ee birahani maaha mid lagama maarmaan ah, faa'iido dhaqaale, ama deegaan ahaan lagu talinayo.

Moana Simas, Fabian Aponte, iyo Kirsten Wiebe (Warshadaha SINTEF), Dhaqaalaha Wareegtada iyo Macdanta Muhiimka ah ee Kala-guurka Cagaaran, bogga 4-5. https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/ downloads/the_future_is_circular___sintef mineralsfinalreport_nov_2022__1__1.pdf

Daraasad la sameeyay Noofambar 2022 ayaa lagu ogaaday in "qaadashada kimistarada kala duwan ee baytariyada baabuurta korontada iyo ka guurista baytariyada lithium-ion ee codsiyada taagan ay hoos u dhigi karto wadarta baahida cobalt, nikkel, iyo manganese 40-50% baahida isugeynta ee u dhaxaysa 2022 iyo 2050 marka loo eego tignoolajiyada hadda jira iyo xaaladaha ganacsiga-sida-caadiga ah.

Dunn, J., Kendall, A., Slattery, M. (2022) Baabuurka korantada ee lithium-ion baytari dib loo warshadeeyay heerarka content ee US - bartilmaameedyada, kharashyada, iyo saamaynta deegaanka. Khayraadka, Ilaalinta iyo Dib u warshadaynta 185, 106488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022. 106488.

Hal dood oo loogu talagalay DSM waa in la wanaajiyo u-beddelka cagaarka, nidaamka dib-u-warshadaynta loop.

Miller, KA; Brigden, K; Santillo, D; Currie, D; Johnston, P; Thompson, KF, Loolanka Baahida Macdanta Badda ee Moolka dheer Marka loo eego Baahida Birta, Kala duwanaanta noolaha, Adeegyada Deegaanka, iyo Wadaagga Faa'iidada, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.706161

Maqaalkani waxa uu sahaminayaa hubanti la'aanta weyn ee jirta ee la xiriirta macdanta gunta hoose ee badda. Gaar ahaan, waxaan bixinaa aragti ku saabsan: (1) doodaha ah in macdanta qoto dheer ee badda loo baahan yahay si loo helo macdanta loogu talagalay kacaanka tamarta cagaaran, annaga oo adeegsanayna warshadaha baytariyada baabuurta korontada sida tusaale ahaan; (2) khataraha kala duwanaanshaha noolaha, shaqada nidaamka deegaanka iyo adeegyada nidaamka deegaanka ee la xidhiidha; iyo (3) la'aanta faa'iido siman oo loo wadaago bulshada caalamka hadda iyo jiilalka soo socda.

Ololaha Macdanta Badda Deep (2021) La-talinta Saamileyda: Isku-dhafka ganacsi ee la soo jeediyay ee u dhexeeya Shirkadda Fursadaha Sustainable Sustainable Acquisition Corporation iyo DeepGreen. (http://www.deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org/ wp-content/uploads/Advice-to-SOAC-Investors.pdf)

Samaynta Shirkadda Biraha waxay keentay dareenka Ololaha Macdanta Badda ee Deep Sea iyo ururrada kale sida The Ocean Foundation, taasoo keentay talada saamilayda ee ku saabsan shirkadda cusub ee ka samaysanaysa Shirkadda Fursadaha Sustainable Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition Corporation iyo DeepGreen isku darka. Warbixintu waxay ka hadlaysaa sii jiritaan la'aanta DSM, dabeecadda mala-awaalka ah ee macdanta, deymaha, iyo khatarta la xiriirta isku darka iyo iibsiga.

Yu, H. iyo Leadbetter, J. (2020, Luulyo 16) Bakteeriyada Chemolihoautotrophy iyada oo loo sii marayo Oxidation Manganese. Dabeecadda. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2468-5 https://scitechdaily.com/microbiologists-discover-bacteria-that-feed-on-metal-ending-a-century-long-search/

Caddaymo cusub ayaa sheegaya in bakteeriyada cunta birta iyo saxarada bakteeriyadan ay hal sharraxaad ka bixin karaan tirada badan ee kaydadka macdanta ee sagxadda badda. Maqaalku wuxuu ku doodayaa in loo baahan yahay in daraasado badan la dhammeeyo ka hor inta aan badda gunteeda la qodin.

Midowga Yurub (2020) Qorshe Hawleedka Dhaqaale Wareegtada: Yurub oo nadiif ah oo ka tartan badan. Midowga Yurub. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/pdf/circular-economy/new_circular_economy_action_plan. pdf

Midowga Yurub waxa uu waday dadaallo uu ku hirgelinayo dhaqaale wareeg ah. Warbixintani waxay bixisa warbixinta horumarka iyo fikradaha si loo abuuro qaab siyaasad wax soo saar waara, xooga saara silsiladaha qiimaha badeecada, isticmaal qashin yar iyo kordhinta qiimaha, iyo kordhinta ku dhaqanka dhaqaalaha wareegtada ah ee dhammaan.

Back to top

---

7. Maalgelinta, Tixgelinta ESG, iyo walaacyada cagaaran dhaqidda

Hindisaha Maaliyadeed ee Barnaamijka Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay (2022) Wax-soo-saarka badda ee waxyeelada leh: Fahmidda khataraha & saamaynta maalgelinta warshadaha wax-soo-saarka ee aan la cusboonaysiin karin. Geneva. https://www.unepfi.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Harmful-Marine-Extractives-Deep-Sea-Mining.pdf

Hay'adda Qaramada Midoobay u qaabilsan deegaanka (UNEP) ayaa soo saartay warbixintan oo lagu beegsanayo dhageystayaasha qaybta maaliyadda, sida bangiyada, ceymiska, iyo maalgashadayaasha, dhaqaalaha, noolaha, iyo khataraha kale ee macdanta gunta hoose ee badda. Warbixinta ayaa la filayaa in loo isticmaalo kheyraad ay hay'adaha maaliyadda ku gaaraan go'aanno ku saabsan maalgashiga qoto dheer ee macdanta badda. Waxay ku soo gabagabeyneysaa iyadoo muujineysa in DSM aysan la jaan qaadi karin oo aan la jaan qaadi karin qeexida dhaqaalaha buluuga ah ee waara.

WWF (2022). Deep Seabed Mining: Hagaha WWF ee hay'adaha maaliyadeed. https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/ wwf_briefing_financial_institutions_dsm.pdf

Waxaa sameeyay Sanduuqa Caalamiga ah ee Dabeecadda (WWF), qoraalkan kooban wuxuu qeexayaa khatarta ay soo bandhigtay DSM waxayna ku dhiirigelinaysaa hay'adaha maaliyadeed inay tixgeliyaan oo ay fuliyaan siyaasadaha lagu dhimayo khatarta maalgashiga. Warbixintu waxay soo jeedinaysaa in hay'adaha maaliyadeed ay si cad u ballanqaadaan inaysan maalgashan shirkadaha macdanta DSM, la macaamilaan waaxda, maalgashadayaasha, iyo shirkadaha aan macdanta qodin kuwaas oo muujin kara rabitaan ah inay isticmaalaan macdanta si looga hortago DSM. Warbixintu waxa kale oo ay liis garaysay shirkadaha, ururada caalamiga ah, iyo hay'adaha maaliyadeed kuwaas oo, sida warbixinta lagu sheegay, saxeexay hakinta iyo/ama abuuray siyaasad lagaga saarayo DSM faylalka ay ku jiraan.

Hindisaha Maalgelinta Barnaamijka Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay (2022) Wax-soo-saarka badda ee waxyeelada leh: Fahamka khataraha & saamaynta maalgelinta warshadaha wax-soo-saarka ee aan la cusboonaysiin karin. Geneva. https://www.unepfi.org/publications/harmful-marine-extractives-deep-sea-mining/;/;

Falanqaynta saamaynta bulshada iyo deegaanka ee maalgashiga iyo hay'adaha maalgelinta iyo khatarta DSM ay u leedahay maalgashadayaasha. Qoraalku wuxuu diiradda saarayaa horumarinta, hawlgalka, iyo xidhitaanka suurtagalka ah ee DSM wuxuuna ku soo gabagabeynayaa talooyin ku saabsan u gudubka beddelaad waara, isagoo ku doodaya in aysan jiri karin hab taxaddar leh oo loo aasaaso warshadahan sababtoo ah yaraanta hubinta sayniska.

Bonitas Research, (2021, Oktoobar 6) TMC biraha co. https://www.bonitasresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2021/10/ BonitasResearch-Short-TMCthemetalsco-Nasdaq-TMC-Oct-6-2021.pdf?nocookies=yes

Baaritaanka Shirkadda Biraha iyo la macaamilkeeda ka hor iyo ka dib gelitaanka suuqa saamiyada shirkad ahaan. Dukumeentigu waxa uu soo jeedinayaa in TMC ay bixisay lacag dheeraad ah oo ay siisay dadka gudaha ku jira ee aan la shaacin ee Tonga Offshore Mining Limited (TOML), oo ah sicir barar macmal ah oo ah kharashaadka sahaminta, oo ku shaqaynaysa shatiga sharciga ah ee TOML.

Bryant, C. (2021, Sebtembar 13). $500 Milyan oo Lacagta SPAC ah ayaa ku baaba'aysa Badda hoosteeda. Bloomberg https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/ 2021-09-13/tmc-500-million-cash-shortfall-is-tale-of-spac-disappointment-greenwashing?leadSource=uverify%20wall

Ka dib markii ugu horeysay ee suuqa saamiyada ee DeepGreen iyo isku darka Fursadaha Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition, abuuraya ganacsiga guud ee Shirkadda Metals, shirkaddu waxay la kulantay walaac hore oo ka yimid maalgashadayaasha kuwaas oo kala noqday taageeradoodii maaliyadeed.

Miisaanka, H., Steeds, O. (2021, Juun 1). Lasoco Qaybta 10-aad: Macdanta Badda qoto dheer. Nekton Mission Podcast. https://catchourdrift.org/episode10 deepseamining/

Muuqaal muuqaal ah oo 50 daqiiqo ah oo ay weheliyaan marti khaas ah Dr. Diva Amon si ay ugala hadlaan saamaynta deegaanka ee macdanta qoto dheer ee badda, iyo sidoo kale Gerrard Barron, Guddoomiyaha iyo Maamulaha Shirkadda Biraha.

Singh, P. (2021, May) . Macdanta Badda qoto dheer iyo Hadafka Horumarka Joogtada ah 14, W. Leal Filho et al. (eds.), Nolosha ka hooseeya biyaha, Encyclopedia ee Yoolalka Horumarka Waara ee Qaramada Midoobay https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71064-8_135-1

Dib u eegis ku saabsan isgoysyada macdanta gunta hoose ee badda oo leh Hadafka Horumarka Joogtada ah ee 14, Nolosha Biyaha ka hooseeya. Qoraagu waxa uu tilmaamayaa baahida loo qabo in la heshiiyo DSM iyo Yoolalka Horumarinta Joogtada ah ee Qaramada Midoobay, gaar ahaan Hadafka 14, oo la wadaagaya in "macdan qodista badda gunteeda qoto dheer laga yaabo in ay sii xumaato hawlaha macdanta dhulka, taas oo keenta cawaaqib xun oo isku mar ka dhaca dhulka iyo badda." (bogga 10).

BBVA (2020) Qaabdhismeedka deegaanka iyo bulshada. https://shareholdersandinvestors.bbva.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Environmental-and-Social-Framework-_-Dec.2020-140121.pdf.

Qaab dhismeedka deegaanka iyo bulshada ee BBVA waxay rabta inay la wadaagto heerarka iyo tilmaamaha maalgashiga gudaha macdanta, ganacsiga beeraha, tamarta, kaabayaasha, iyo waaxaha difaaca macaamiisha ka qayb qaadanaya nidaamka bangiyada BBVA iyo maalgashiga. Waxaa ka mid ah mashaariicda macdanta ee mamnuuca ah, BBVA waxay liis garaysaa macdanta badda, taasoo muujinaysa rabitaan la'aanta guud ee dhaqaale ahaan kafaala-qaadka macaamiisha ama mashaariicda danaynaya DSM.

Levin, LA, Amon, DJ, iyo Lily, H. (2020). Nat. Joogtee. 3, 784-794. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0558-x

Dib-u-eegis lagu sameeyay cilmi-baarista hadda jirta ee ku saabsan macdanta qotoda dheer ee badda ee macnaha horumarka waara. Qorayaashu waxay ka hadlayaan dhiirigelinta macdanta qoto dheer ee badda, saamaynta joogtada ah, welwelka sharciga iyo tixgelinta, iyo sidoo kale anshaxa. Maqaalku wuxuu ku dhamaanayaa qorayaasha taageerada dhaqaale wareeg ah si looga fogaado macdanta qoto dheer ee badda.

Back to top

---

8. Mas'uuliyadda iyo Tixgelinta Magdhawga

Proelss, A., Steenkamp, ​​RC (2023). Mas'uuliyadda hoos timaada Qeybta XI UNCLOS (Macdanta Badweynta Deep). Gudaha: Gailhofer, P., Krebs, D., Proelss, A., Schmalenbach, K., Verheyen, R. (eds) Mas'uuliyadda Shirkad ee waxyeelada deegaanka ka gudubta. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13264-3_13

Cutubka buug ee Noofambar 2022 kaas oo helay in, “[g]aps ee sharciga gudaha ee hadda jira waxa uu keeni karaa u hogaansanaan la'aanta [UNCLOS] Qodobka 235, kaas oo keenaya guuldarada waajibaadka ku dadaalida Gobolka oo awood u leh in uu soo bandhigo Dawladaha masuuliyada. ” Tani waa mid khuseysa sababtoo ah waxaa hore loo sheegay in si fudud loo abuurayo sharciga gudaha si loogu xukumo DSM ee Aagga ay ilaalin karto dawladaha kafaala qaadaya. 

Talooyinka dheeraadka ah waxaa ka mid ah maqaalka Mas'uuliyadda iyo Mas'uuliyadda Burburka Ka Dhashay Dhaqdhaqaaqyada Aagga: Mas'uuliyadda Mas'uuliyadda, sidoo kale waxaa qoray Tara Davenport: https://www.cigionline.org/publications/ responsibility-and-liability-damage-arising-out-activities-area-attribution-liability/

Craik, N. (2023). Go'aaminta Halbeegga Mas'uuliyadda Waxyeelaynta Deegaanka ee ka imanaysa Hawlaha Macdanta ee Bad-ma-dheer, b. 5 https://www.cigionline.org/publications/ determining-standard-liability-environmental-harm-deep-seabed-mining-activities/

Arrimaha Mas'uuliyadda ee Mashruuca Macdanta Deep Seabed waxaa soo saaray Xarunta Maamulka Caalamiga ah ee Innovation (CIGI), Xoghaynta Dawlada Dhexe iyo Xoghaynta Hay'adda Badweynta Caalamiga ah (ISA) si ay gacan uga geysato caddaynta arrimaha sharciga ee mas'uuliyadda iyo mas'uuliyadda aasaasiga ah ee horumarinta dhiig-miirashada xeerar ku saabsan gunta hoose ee badda. CIGI, iyadoo la kaashanaysa Xoghaynta ISA iyo Xoghaynta Barwaaqo-sooranka, 2017, waxay ku casuuntay khubarada sharciga hogaaminaysa si ay u sameeyaan Kooxda Shaqada Sharciga ee Mas'uuliyadda waxyeelada Deegaanka ee ka timaadda Dhaqdhaqaaqyada Aagga (LWG) si ay ugala hadlaan mas'uuliyadda la xiriirta waxyeelada deegaanka, iyadoo ujeedadu tahay. siinta Guddiga Sharciga iyo Farsamada, iyo sidoo kale xubnaha ISA si qoto dheer u baaraan arrimaha sharciga iyo waddooyinka.

Mackenzie, R. (2019, Febraayo 28). Mas'uuliyadda Sharci ee waxyeelada Deegaanka ee ka timaadda Hawlaha Macdanta ee Badweynta Dhererka leh: Qeexida waxyeelada deegaanka. CIGI. https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/

Arrimaha Mas'uuliyadda ee Macdanta Badweynta Qoto dheer waxay ka kooban tahay isku-dubarid iyo dulmar, iyo sidoo kale toddoba mawduuc oo qoto-dheer oo falanqayn ah. Mashruuca waxaa soo saaray Xarunta Hal-abuurka Maamulka Caalamiga ah (CIGI), Xoghaynta Dawlada Dhexe iyo Xoghaynta Hay'adda Badweynta Caalamiga ah (ISA) si ay gacan uga geysato caddaynta arrimaha sharciga ee mas'uuliyadda iyo mas'uuliyadda aasaasiga ah ee horumarinta xeerarka dhiig-miirashada ee gunta hoose. CIGI, iyadoo la kaashanaysa Xoghaynta ISA iyo Xoghaynta Barwaaqo-sooranka, 2017, waxay ku casuuntay khubarada sharciga hogaaminaysa inay sameeyaan Kooxda Shaqada Sharciga ee Mas'uuliyadda waxyeelada Deegaanka ee ka timaadda Hawlaha Aagga si ay ugala hadlaan masuuliyada la xidhiidha waxyeelada deegaanka, iyada oo ujeedadu tahay bixinta Guddiga Sharciga iyo Farsamada, iyo sidoo kale xubno ka tirsan ISA oo si qoto dheer u baaraya arrimaha sharciga iyo waddooyinka.") 

Macluumaad dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan Arrimaha Mas'uuliyadda ee la xidhiidha Macdanta Deep Seabed, fadlan eeg Xarunta Maamulka Caalamiga ah ee Innovation ee taxanaha ah (CIGI) ee cinwaankeedu yahay: Arrimaha Mas'uuliyadda ee Taxanaha Macdanta Badda qotodheer, kaas oo laga heli karo: https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/

Davenport, T. (2019, Febraayo 7). Mas'uuliyadda iyo Mas'uuliyadda Burburka Ka Dhashay Dhaqdhaqaaqyada Aagga: Cliamants Suuragal ah iyo Fagaare Macquul ah. CIGI. https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/

Qoraalkani waxa uu sahaminayaa arrimaha kala duwan ee la xidhiidha aqoonsiga dacwoodayaasha ee leh dano sharci oo ku filan si ay u keenaan sheegashooyin waxyeello ah oo ka dhashay dhaqdhaqaaqyada ka jira degaanka ee ka baxsan xukunka qaranka iyo haddii sheegashooyinkaas ay heli karaan madal xallinta khilaafaadka si ay uga gartaan sheegashadaas. , ha ahaato maxkamad caalami ah, maxkamad ama maxkamado qaran (helid). Wargeysku waxa uu ku dooday in caqabada ugu weyn ee ka taagan qoditaanka gunta hoose ee badda ay tahay in dhaawacu uu saamayn ku yeelan karo danaha gaarka ah iyo kuwa guud ee beesha caalamka labadaba, taas oo go’aan ka gaadhaysa jilaaga hawl adag u taagan.

Rugta Muranka Badeedka ee ITLOS, Mas'uuliyadaha iyo Waajibaadka Dawladaha kafaala qaadaya shakhsiyaadka iyo Hay'adaha ixtiraamka u leh Hawlaha Aagga (2011), Ra'yiga La-talinta, No 17 (Fikirka La-talinta SDC 2011) https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents /cases/case_no_17/17_adv_op_010211_en.pdf

Aragti midaysan oo marar badan la soo xigtay oo taariikhi ah oo ka timid Maxkamadda Caalamiga ah ee Sharciga Badaha, oo qeexaysa xuquuqda iyo mas'uuliyadaha kafilan dawladaha. Fikirkaan heerarka ugu sarreeya ee ku dadaalista oo ay ku jirto waajibaadka sharci ee ah in lagu dabaqo taxaddar, dhaqamada deegaanka ugu wanaagsan, iyo EIA. Muhiimad ahaan, waxay qeexaysaa in wadamada soo koraya ay leeyihiin waajibaadyo la mid ah ilaalinta deegaanka sida wadamada horumaray si ay uga fogaadaan wax iibsiga forumyada ama xaaladaha "calanka raaxada".

Back to top

---

9. Macdanta badda ku fadhida iyo hidaha dhaqanka ee biyaha hoostooda

Ka faa'iidaysiga lenska noolaha si loo dhiso pilina (Xiriirka) ilaa kai lipo (deegaanada badda qoto dheer) | Xafiiska Xeebaha Qaranka ee Badda. (2022). La soo celiyay Maarso 13, 2023, laga bilaabo https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/education/ teachers/utilizing-a-biocultural-lens-to-build-to-the-kai-lipo.html

Webinar ay sameeyeen Hōkūokahalelani Pihana, Kainalu Steward, iyo J. Hauʻoli Lorenzo-Elarco oo qayb ka ah taxanaha Mu'asasada Sanctuary ee Marinka Qaranka Mareykanka ee Taallada Qaranka ee Marine Papahānaumokuākea. Taxanuhu wuxuu higsanayaa inuu muujiyo baahida loo qabo kordhinta ka qaybgalka dadka asaliga ah ee cilmiga badaha, STEAM (Sayniska, Teknoolojiyada, Injineerinka, Farshaxanka, iyo Xisaabta), iyo xirfadaha dhinacyadan. Kuhadlayaashu waxay ka wada hadlayaan mashruuca khariidaynta badda iyo sahaminta ee ku dhex jira Taallada iyo Johnston Atoll halkaas oo Hawaiian u dhashay ay uga qaybqaateen layliyo ahaan.

Tilot, V., Willaert, K., Guilloux, B., Chen, W., Mulalap, CY, Gaulme, F., Bambridge, T., Peters, K., iyo Dahl, A. (2021). 'Xajmiga Dhaqanka ee Maareynta Kheyraadka Badweynta ee Macdanta Badda Moolka dheer ee Baasifigga: Wax-barashada Isku-xirka-Bulshada-Eekooloji ee u dhexeeya Bulshooyinka Jasiiradda iyo Boqortooyada Badweynta', Hore. Mar, Sci. 8: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.637938/full

Dib u eegis cilmiyaysan oo ku saabsan deegaan badeedka iyo hidaha dhaqanka biyaha hoostooda ee aan la taaban karin ee caanka ah ee Jasiiradaha Baasifiga ayaa la filayaa inay saamayso DSM. Dib-u-eegidgan waxa weheliya falanqaynta sharci ee qaababka sharci ee hadda jira si loo go'aamiyo hababka ugu wanaagsan ee ilaalinta iyo ilaalinta deegaanka ee saamaynta DSM.

Jeffery, B., McKinnon, JF iyo Van Tilburg, H. (2021). Dhaxalka dhaqameed ee biyaha hoostooda ee Baasifigga: Mawduucyada iyo tilmaamaha mustaqbalka. Joornaalka Caalamiga ah ee Daraasadaha Aasiya Pacific 17 (2): 135–168: https://doi.org/10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.6

Maqaalkani waxa uu tilmaamayaa hidaha dhaqameed ee biyaha hoostooda ku yaal gudaha Badweynta Baasifigga ee qaybaha hidaha dhaqameed ee asaliga ah, ganacsiga Manila Galleon, iyo sidoo kale agabka laga soo qaatay Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka. Falanqaynta saddexdan qaybood waxay daaha ka qaadaysaa kala duwanaanshaha ku meel gaarka iyo baaxadda ballaaran ee UCH ee Badweynta Baasifigga.

Turner, PJ, Cannon, S., DeLand, S., Delgado, JP, Eltis, D., Halpin, PN, Kanu, MI, Sussman, CS, Varmer, O., & Van Dover, CL (2020). Xusuusinta marinka dhexe ee sariirta badweynta Atlaantigga ee meelaha ka baxsan xukunka qaranka. Siyaasadda Badda, 122, 104254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104254

Taageerada aqoonsiga iyo caddaaladda tobanka sano ee caalamiga ah ee dadka Afrikaanka ah (2015-2024), cilmi-baarayaashu waxay raadinayaan habab lagu xasuusto oo lagu sharfo kuwa la kulmay mid ka mid ah 40,000 oo safarro ah oo ka yimid Afrika ilaa Ameerika iyagoo addoon ah. Sahaminta kheyraadka macdanta ee badda caalamiga ah ("Aagga") ee Badweynta Atlaantigga ayaa durbaba socota, oo ay maamusho Hay'adda Badweynta Caalamiga ah (ISA). Iyadoo loo marayo Axdiga Qaramada Midoobay ee ku saabsan Sharciga Badaha (UNCLOS), Dawladaha xubnaha ka ah ISA waxa ku waajib ah inay ilaaliyaan walxaha dabeecadda qadiimiga ah iyo kuwa taariikhiga ah ee laga helo Aagga. Walxaha noocan oo kale ah waxay noqon karaan tusaalooyin muhiim ah oo ku saabsan hidaha dhaqameed ee biyaha hoostooda waxaana lagu xidhi karaa hidaha dhaqanka ee aan la taaban karin, sida lagu caddeeyey iyada oo loo marayo xidhiidhka diinta, caadooyinka dhaqanka, fanka iyo suugaanta. Gabayada casriga ah, muusiga, fanka, iyo suugaanta waxa ay gudbinayaan muhiimada badweynta Atlaantigga ay ku leedahay xusuusta dhaqameed ee qurba-joogta Afrika, laakiin hiddaha dhaqankan ayaan wali si rasmi ah u aqoonsan ISA. Qorayaashu waxay soo jeedinayaan in lagu xasuusto waddooyinka maraakiibtu u qaadeen sidii dhaxal dhaqameedka adduunka. Waddooyinkani waxay maraan gobollada badweynta Atlantic-ga ah halkaas oo ay ka jirto xiisaha macdanta qoto dheer ee badda. Qorayaashu waxay ku talinayaan in la aqoonsado marinka dhexe ka hor inta aan loo oggolaan DSM iyo ka faa'iidaysiga macdanta inay dhacaan.

Evans, A iyo Keith, M. (2011, Disembar). Tixgelinta Goobaha Qadiimiga ah ee Hawlgallada Shidaalka iyo Gaaska. http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/ MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/Amanda%20M. %20Evans_Paper_01.pdf

Dalka Maraykanka, Gacanka Meksiko, hawl-wadeennada warshadaha saliidda iyo gaaska waxa looga baahan yahay Xafiiska Maaraynta Tamarta Badweynta inay bixiyaan qiimayn qadiimiga ah ee agabka suurtogalka ah ee aagga mashruucooda iyadoo shuruud looga dhigayo nidaamka codsiga oggolaanshaha. Iyadoo dukumeentigu diiradda saarayo sahaminta saliidda iyo gaasta, dukumeentigu wuxuu u adeegi karaa qaab-dhismeedka ogolaanshaha.

Bingham, B., Foley, B., Singh, H., iyo Camilli, R. (2010, Noofambar). Aaladaha Robotic-ka ee Biyo-qoto-dheer ee Qadiimiga: Baadhitaanka Markab Qadiimi ah oo Burbursan Gaadhi Biyo-hoosaad oo iskeed u madax bannaan. Journal of Field Robotics DOI: 10.1002/rob.20359. PDF.

Isticmaalka baabuurta iskeed u madax bannaan ee biyaha hoostooda (AUV) waa tignoolajiyada muhiimka ah ee loo isticmaalo in lagu aqoonsado laguna daraaseeyo goobaha hidaha ee biyaha hoostooda sida lagu guulaystey sahanka goobta Chios ee badda Aegean. Tani waxay tusinaysaa awoodda tignoolajiyada AUV in lagu dabaqo sahannada ay sameeyeen shirkadaha DSM si ay uga caawiyaan aqoonsiga goobaha taariikh ahaan iyo dhaqan ahaan muhiimka ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, haddii tignoolajiyadan aan lagu dabaqin goobta DSM ka dibna waxaa jira awood xooggan oo loogu talagalay goobahan in la burburiyo ka hor inta aan waligood la helin.

Back to top

---

10. Shatiga Bulshada ( Wicitaannada Joogtada ah, Mamnuucidda Dawladda, iyo Faallooyinka asaliga ah)

Kaikonen, L., & Virtanen, EA (2022). Macdanta biyaha-gacmeedku waxay wiiqaysaa yoolalka waaridda ee caalamiga ah. Isbeddellada Ecology & Evolution, 37(11), 931-934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2022.08.001

Khayraadka macdanta ee xeebaha ayaa loo dallacsiiyay sidii ikhtiyaar waara oo lagu daboolayo baahida birta ee sii kordheysa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, macdanta biyaha-gacmeedku waxay ka hor imanaysaa ilaalinta caalamiga ah iyo yoolalka waaridda iyo sharcigeeda sharciyeed weli waa la horumarinayaa. Iyadoo maqaalkani uu ka hadlayo macdanta biyaha-gacmeedka, doodda ah in aysan jirin wax sabab ah oo lagu taageerayo macdanta biyaha-gacmeedka ayaa lagu dabaqi karaa badda moolka, gaar ahaan marka la eego la'aanta isbarbardhigga hababka kala duwan ee macdanta.

Hamley, GJ (2022). Saamaynta macdanta badda ee aagga ee xuquuqda aadanaha ee caafimaadka. Dib u eegista Yurub, Isbarbardhigga & Sharciga Deegaanka ee Caalamiga ah, 31 (3), 389-398. https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12471

Falanqayntan sharci waxay soo bandhigaysaa baahida loo qabo in la tixgeliyo caafimaadka bini'aadamka wada-hadallada ku xeeran qodista gunta hoose ee badda. Qoraagu waxa uu xusay in inta badan wada hadalka DSM uu diiradda saaray saamaynta dhaqaale iyo deegaanka ee dhaqanka, laakiin caafimaadka bini'aadamka ayaa si muuqata u maqan. Sida ku cad warqadda, "xuquuqda aadanaha ee caafimaadka, waxay ku xiran tahay kala duwanaanshaha noolaha badda. Iyada oo taa laga duulayo, Dawladuhu waxa ay saaran yihiin xidhmo waajibaadyo ah oo hoos yimaada xaqa caafimaadka ee khuseeya ilaalinta kala duwanaanshaha noolaha badda… Falanqaynta nidaamka qabyada ah ee wejiga ka faa'iidaysiga macdanta badda ee badda ku teedsan, waxa ay soo jeedinaysaa, in ilaa hadda, dawladuhu ay ku fashilmeen gudashada waajibaadkooda hoos yimaada. xaqa caafimaadka.” Qoraagu waxa uu bixiyaa talooyin ku saabsan siyaabaha lagu darayo caafimaadka aadanaha iyo xuquuqda aadanaha wada hadalka agagaarka macdanta qoto dheer badda ee ISA.

Isbahaysiga Ilaalinta Badweynta. (2020). Macdanta-qoto-dheer: Xaashida Xaqiiqda ee Sayniska iyo Saamaynta Ka-hortagga Leh 2. Isbahaysiga Ilaalinta Badweynta. http://www.deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org/ wp-content/uploads/02_DSCC_FactSheet2_DSM_ science_4pp_web.pdf

Joojinta macdanta qoto dheer ee badda waa lama huraan marka la eego welwelka ku saabsan u nuglaanshaha hab-nololeedyada badda moolka dheer, macluumaad la'aanta saamaynta muddada dheer, iyo miisaanka hawlaha macdanta ee badda moolka dheer. Xaashida xaqiiqda ee afarta bog waxay dabooshaa khataraha deegaanka ee macdan qodista badda qoto dheer ee bannaanka yaamayska, buuraleyda badda, iyo hawo-mareennada kulaylka biyaha.

Mengerink, KJ, iyo al., (2014, May 16). Wicitaan Maamulka Deep-Ocean. Madasha Siyaasadda, Badweynta. AAAS. Sayniska, Vol. 344. PDF.

Badweynta moolka ayaa horeba looga hanjabey tiro waxqabadyo anthropogenic ah iyo macdan qodista badda waa khatar kale oo muhiim ah oo la joojin karo. Sidaas awgeed koox ay iskaashanayaan saynis yahanada hormoodka ah ee saynis yahanada baddu waxay sameeyeen ogaysiis dadweyne si ay ugu baaqaan maaraynta moolka dheer ee badda.

Levin, LA, Amon, DJ, iyo Lily, H. (2020). Nat. Joogtee. 3, 784-794. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0558-x

Mu'asasada Ocean waxay ku talinaysaa in dib loo eego biilasha sharciga ee hadda jira, oo ay ku jiraan Xeerka Ka Hortagga Macdanta Badda ee Badda Kaalifoorniya, Washington ee ku saabsan ka hortagga qodista macdanta adag ee badda, iyo qandaraasyada la mamnuucay ee Oregon ee sahaminta macdanta adag. Kuwani waxay gacan ka geysan karaan inay hagaan kuwa kale sharci dejinta si loo xaddido waxyeelada ay keento macdan qodista badda ee muujinaya qodobbada muhiimka ah ee ah in macdanta badda aan la jaan qaadin danta guud.

• California - https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/ billCompareClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB1832& showamends=false
• Washington - https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?BillNumber=5145&Initiative=false &Year=2021
• Oregon - https://oregon.public.law/statutes/ors_ 274.610

Isbahaysiga Ilaalinta Deepsea. (2022). Iska caabinta Macdanta Badda-Dool: Dowladaha iyo Xildhibaanada. https://www.savethehighseas.org/voices-calling-for-a-moratorium-governments-and-parliamentarians/

Laga bilaabo Disembar 2022, 12 dawladood ayaa mowqif ka qaatay macdanta Deep Seabed. Afar gobol ayaa sameeyay isbahaysi si ay u taageeraan joojinta DSM (Palau, Fiji, Federated States of Micronesia, iyo Samoa, laba gobol ayaa sheegay inay taageerayaan joojinta (New Zealand iyo The French Polynesian Assembly. Lix gobol ayaa taageeray joojinta) Costa Rica, Chile, Spain, Panama, iyo Ecuador), halka Faransiiska uu u dooday mamnuucid.

Isbahaysiga Ilaalinta Deepsea. (2022). Iska caabinta Macdanta Badda-Dool: Dowladaha iyo Xildhibaanada. https://www.savethehighseas.org/voices-calling-for-a-moratorium-fishing-sector/

Isbahaysiga Ilaalinta Deepsea waxay soo diyaariyeen liis kooxo ka tirsan warshadaha kalluumaysiga oo ku baaqaya joojinta DSM. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah: Ururka Afrika ee Ururka Xirfadleyda Kalluumeysiga Farsamada Gacanta, Golayaasha La-talinta Midowga Yurub, Hay'adda Caalamiga ah ee Pole iyo Line Foundation, Ururka Kalluumeysiga Norway, Ururka Tuunada Koonfur Afrika, iyo Ururka Koonfur Afrika ee Hake Long.

Thaler, A. (2021, Abriil 15). Noocyada waaweyn waxay dhahaan Maya Macdanta-qoto-dheer, xilligan. Kormeeraha DSM. https://dsmobserver.com/2021/04/major-brands-say-no-to-deep-sea-mining-for-the-moment/

2021, dhowr shirkadood oo tignoolajiyada waaweyn iyo kuwa baabuurta ayaa soo saaray bayaan ay ku taageerayaan joojinta DSM wakhtiga la joogo. Shirkadahan oo ay ka mid yihiin Google, BMW<Volvo,iyo Samsung SDI ayaa dhamaantood saxeexay Sanduuqa Caalamiga ah ee Sanduuqa Caalamiga ah ee Dabiiciga ah Ololaha Moratorium Mining Mining Deep-Sea Global. Iyadoo sababaha cad ee taaha ay kala duwanaayeen, haddana waxaa la xusay in shirkadahani ay la kulmi karaan caqabado ku wajahan heerka sii jiritaankooda, iyadoo la og yahay in macdanta moolka dheer aysan xallin doonin dhibaatada waxyeellada leh ee macdanta iyo in macdanta qotodheer aysan u badneyn inay hoos u dhigto arrimaha la xiriira. macdanta dhulka.

Shirkaduhu waxay sii wadeen inay u saxeexaan Ololaha, oo ay ku jiraan Patagonia, Scania, iyo Triodos Bank, wixii macluumaad dheeraad ah eeg https://sevenseasmedia.org/major-companies-are-pledging-against-deep-sea-mining/.

Dowladda Guam (2021). I MINA'TRENTAI SAIS NA LIHESLATURAN GUÅHAN GO'AAMO. 36aad Guam sharci-dejinta - Sharciyada Dadweynaha. (2021). ka https://www.guamlegislature.com/36th_Guam _Legislature/COR_Res_36th/Res.%20No.% 20210-36%20(COR).pdf

Guam waxa uu hormuud u ahaa dadaallada lagu joojinayo macdanta waxana uu u ololeeyay dawladda federaalka Maraykanka in ay ka dhaqan geliso joojinta aaggooda dhaqaale ee gaarka ah, iyo in Hay’adda Baddaha Caalamiga ah ay dejiso joojinta badda moolka dheer.

Oberle, B. (2023, Maarso 6). Warqad furan oo Agaasimaha Guud ee IUCN u diray xubnaha ISA ee ku saabsan macdanta qotoda dheer ee badda. IUCN DG Bayaanka. https://www.iucn.org/dg-statement/202303/iucn-director-generals-open-letter-isa-members-deep-sea-mining

Shirweynihii IUCN ee 2021 ee Marseille, Xubnaha IUCN waxay u codeeyeen inay qaataan Xalka 122 iyagoo ku baaqaya in la joojiyo qodista qodista badda, haddii aan si dhab ah loo fahmin khataraha, qiimayn adag oo hufan la sameeyo, la hirgeliyo mabda'a lacag-bixinta wasakhowga ah, in la hubiyo hab-dhaqaale oo wareeg ah, in dadweynaha laga qayb-geliyo, iyo dammaanad qaadka in maamulka DSM waa daah-furnaan, la xisaabtan, loo dhan yahay, wax ku ool ah, iyo mas'uul deegaan ahaan. Qaraarkan waxa dib loogu xaqiijiyay warqad uu soo diray Agaasimaha Guud ee IUCN, Dr. Bruno Oberle si loogu soo bandhigo hormoodka shirka Maarj 2023 International Seabed Authority ee lagu qabtay Jamaica.

Isbahaysiga Ilaalinta Badweynta Deep (2021, Noofambar 29). Qoto dheer: Qiimaha Dhabta ah ee Macdanta Badda. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OuUjDkcINOE

Back to top | U NOQO CILMI BAARINTA