MMPA: 45 sano oo difaacayay naasleyda badda

Bishii Oktoobar, waxaan u dabaaldegnay 45 sano oo ilaalinta nibiriga, dolphins, porpoises, shaabadaha, libaaxyada badda, manatees, dugongs, walruses, otters sea, iyo polar bears, kuwaas oo raacay Madaxweyne Nixon ee saxeexa Xeerka Ilaalinta Naasaha Badda. Dib u milicso, waxaan arki karnaa inta aan soo gaarnay.

"Mareykanku wuxuu ahaa kii ugu horreeyay, iyo hoggaamiyaha, welina waa hoggaamiye maanta ilaalinta naasleyda badda"
– Patrick Ramage, Sanduuqa Caalamiga ah ee Daryeelka Xoolaha

Dabayaaqadii 1960-meeyadii, waxaa caddaatay in tirada naasleyda baddu ay aad u hooseeyaan dhammaan biyaha Mareykanka. Dadweynuhu waxay ku baraarugeen in naasleyda badda si xun loola dhaqmo, si xad dhaaf ah loo ugaarsado, khatar weyna ugu jiraan inay dabar go’aan. Cilmi-baadhis cusub ayaa soo baxday oo iftiiminaysa garaadka iyo dareenka naasleyda badda, taasoo ka dhalatay cadho ka dhalatay si xun ula dhaqmadooda oo uga imaanayay dad badan oo u dhaqdhaqaaqa deegaanka iyo kooxaha daryeelka xoolaha. Shaabada rabbaani ee Kariibiyaanka laguma arag biyaha Florida in ka badan toban sano. Noocyada kale ayaa sidoo kale halis ugu jiray inay gebi ahaanba baaba'aan. Waxaa cad in wax la sameeyo.

Xeerka Ilaalinta Naasleyda badda ee Mareykanka, ama MMPA, ayaa la sameeyay 1972 iyadoo laga jawaabayo hoos u dhaca tirada noocyada naasleyda badda oo ay ugu badan tahay howlaha aadanaha. Sharcigu waxa uu caan ku yahay isku dayga uu ku doonayo in diirada lagu ilaaliyo noocyada loona beddelo hab-nololeedyada, iyo ka falcelinta oo loo beddelo taxaddar. Sharcigu waxa uu dejiyay siyaasad ujeedadeedu tahay in laga hortago in naasleyda badda ay hoos u dhacaan si aad u badan oo nooc ama dadweynuhu u joojiyaan inay noqdaan xubin firfircoon oo ka mid ah nidaamka deegaanka. Haddaba, MMPA waxay ilaalisaa dhammaan noocyada naasleyda badda ee gudaha biyaha Maraykanka. Dhibaataynta, quudinta, ugaarsiga, qabashada, ururinta, ama dilka naasleyda badda waa mamnuuc sida uu dhigayo sharciga. Marka la gaaro 2022, Sharciga Ilaalinta Naasleyda Badda wuxuu uga baahan doonaa Mareykanka inuu mamnuuco soo dejinta cunnada badda ee dila naasleyda badda heer ka sarreeya waxa Mareykanka loogu dejiyay in la qabsado.

Waxa ka reeban waxqabadyadan la mamnuucay waxa ka mid ah cilmi-baadhis cilmiyeed oo la oggol yahay iyo bandhiga dadweynaha ee xarumaha shatiga leh (sida aquariums ama xarumaha sayniska). Intaa waxa dheer, joojinta qabashadu ma khusayso dadka u dhashay xeebaha Alaska, kuwaas oo loo ogolyahay inay ugaarsadaan oo qaataan nibiriyada, shaabada, iyo walruska si ay u noolaadaan iyo sidoo kale inay sameeyaan oo iibiyaan farsamada gacanta. Hawlaha taageeraya amniga Mareykanka, sida kuwa ay qabtaan ciidamada badda ee Mareykanka, waxaa sidoo kale laga dhaafi karaa mamnuucida sharciga.

Hay'adaha kala duwan ee dawladda dhexe ayaa mas'uul ka ah maaraynta noocyada kala duwan ee lagu ilaaliyo MMPA.

Adeegga Kalluumeysiga Badda ee Qaranka (Waaxda Ganacsiga dhexdeeda) ayaa mas'uul ka ah maaraynta nibiriyada, dolphins, porpoises, shaabadaha, iyo libaaxyada badda. Adeegga Kalluunka iyo Duurjoogta Mareykanka, gudaha Waaxda Arrimaha Gudaha, ayaa mas'uul ka ah maaraynta walruses, manatees, godad-goysyada, dhogorta, iyo orsada. Adeegga Kalluunka & Duurjoogta ayaa sidoo kale mas'uul ka ah taageeridda fulinta mamnuucista rarida ama iibinta naasleyda badda ama alaabada sharci darrada ah ee laga sameeyo. Adeegga Kormeerka Caafimaadka Xoolaha iyo Dhirta, gudaha Waaxda Beeraha, ayaa mas'uul ka ah xeerarka khuseeya maaraynta xarumaha ay ku jiraan naasleyda badda ee maxaabiista.

MMPA waxay sidoo kale u baahan tahay in Maamulka Badweynta iyo Cimiladu (NOAA) ay sameeyaan qiimeyn sanadle ah oo loogu talagalay noocyada naasleyda badda. Isticmaalka cilmi baaristan dadweynaha, maareeyayaashu waa inay hubiyaan in qorshayaashooda maarayn ay taageeraan hadafka ah in la caawiyo dhammaan noocyada ugu wanaagsan ee dadwaynaha waara (OSP).

Haddaba maxay tahay sababta aan u danaynayo MMPA? Runtii ma shaqaynaysaa?

MMPA xaqiiqdii waxay ahayd guul heerar badan ah. Xaaladda hadda jirta ee naasleyda badda ee tirada badan ayaa si la qiyaasi karo uga wanaagsan tii 1972. Naasleyda badda ee ku sugan biyaha Mareykanka hadda waxay leeyihiin noocyo yar oo ka mid ah qaybaha halista ku jira iyo in ka badan oo ah qaybaha "walaaca ugu yar." Tusaale ahaan, waxaa jiray dib u soo kabasho aan caadi ahayn oo ku saabsan shaabadihii dekeda iyo shaabadihii cawl ee New England iyo libaax badeedka California, shaabadihii maroodiga, iyo shaabadihii dekeda ee Xeebta Baasifigga. Daawashada Whale ee Mareykanka hadda waa warshado bilyan-dollar ah sababtoo ah MMPA (iyo Moratorium-ka caalamiga ah ee ku xiga ee nibiriga) ayaa ka caawiyay nibiriga buluuga ah ee Baasifiga, iyo humpbacks Atlantic iyo Pacific ka soo kabashada.

Tusaalaha kale ee guusha MMPA waa Florida halkaas oo qaar ka mid ah naasleyda badeed ee si fiican loo yaqaan ay ka mid yihiin dolphin-ka dhalooyinka, manatee Florida, iyo North Atlantic nibiriga midig. Naasleydani waxay si weyn ugu tiirsan yihiin xeebaha Florida ee kuleylaha hoose, iyagoo u socdaalaya biyaha Florida si ay u dhalaan, cunto, iyo guri ahaan inta lagu jiro bilaha jiilaalka. Hawlgallada dalxiisku waxay ku xidhan yihiin soo jiidashada quruxda naasleyda badda iyo in lagu arko duurka. Kala-duwayaasha madadaalada, doomaha, iyo booqdayaasha kale waxay sidoo kale ku tiirsanaan karaan inay arkaan naasleyda badda si ay u wanaajiyaan khibradooda dibadda. Gaar ahaan Florida, dadka manatee-ga ah ayaa kor u kacay qiyaastii 6300 tan iyo 1991, markii lagu qiyaasay inay ku dhow yihiin 1,267 qof. Sannadkii 2016, guushani waxay keentay Adeegga Kalluunka iyo Duurjoogta Maraykanka inay soo jeediyaan in xaaladdooda khatarta ah hoos loo dhigo si loo hanjabo.

Iyadoo cilmi-baarayaal iyo saynisyahano badani ay tirin karaan guulaha hoos yimaada MMPA, taasi macnaheedu maaha MMPA ma laha dib-u-dhacyo. Waxaa hubaal ah in caqabado ay ku haraan noocyo kala duwan. Tusaale ahaan, Woqooyiga Baasifiga iyo nibiriyada midig ee Atlantic waxay arkeen horumarkii ugu yaraa waxayna ku sii jiraan khatarta sare ee dhimashada dhaqdhaqaaqa aadanaha. Dadka ku nool nibiriga midig ee Atlantic waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in ay sare u kaceen 2010, dumarkana si fudud kuma tira badan yihiin si ay u joogteeyaan heerarka taranka. Sida laga soo xigtay Guddiga Ilaalinta Kalluunka iyo Duurjoogta ee Florida, 30% dhimashada nibiriga midig ee Atlantic waxay ka yimaadaan shilka markabka iyo isku dhafka saafiga ah. Nasiib darro, qalabka kalluumeysiga ganacsiga iyo hawlaha maraakiibta si sahal ah ugama baxsan karaan nibiriyada saxda ah, in kasta oo MMPA ay bixiso xoogaa dhiirigelin ah oo lagu horumarinayo xeeladaha iyo tignoolajiyada si loo yareeyo isdhexgalka.

Iyo hanjabaadaha qaar waa ay adagtahay in la dhaqan geliyo sababtoo ah dabiicadda socdaalka ee xayawaanka badda iyo caqabadaha dhaqan gelinta badda guud ahaan. Dawladda federaalku waxay soo saartaa oggolaanshaha hoos yimaada MMPA kaas oo u oggolaan kara heerar gaar ah oo ah "qaadasho dhacdo" inta lagu jiro hawlaha sida baaritaanka seismic ee saliidda iyo gaasta-laakin saameynta dhabta ah ee baaritaanka seismic inta badan waxay aad uga badan tahay qiyaasta warshadaha. Waaxda Arrimaha Gudaha ee daraasaadka deegaanka ayaa ku qiyaastay in hindisayaasha seismic ee dhawaan dib u eegis lagu sameeyay ay sababi doonto in ka badan 31 milyan oo xaaladood oo dhibaato ah naasleyda badda ee Khaliijka iyo 13.5 milyan oo is dhexgal waxyeello leh oo lala yeesho naasleyda badda ee ku sugan Atlantic, taasoo suurtagal ah in ay dilaan ama dhaawacaan 138,000 dolphins iyo nibiriga - oo ay ku jiraan sagaal nibiriyada midig ee Woqooyiga Atlaantigga oo khatar ku jira, kuwaas oo dhulkooda ay dhaleen ay ka baxsan yihiin xeebta Florida.

Sidoo kale, Gacanka Meksiko waxaa loo tixgaliyaa meel ay ka dhacaan dambiyada ka dhanka ah dolphins-ka sanka-caaga ah inkastoo MMPA ay mamnuucday dhibaateynta ama waxyeellada loo geysto naasleyda badda. Dhaawacyada rasaasta, fallaadhaha, iyo bambooyinka tuubooyinka ayaa ka mid ah burburka sharci darrada ah ee laga helo meydadka xeebta, laakiin dembiilayaasha waa hore ayay tageen. Cilmi-baadhayaashu waxay heleen caddayn ah in naasleyda badda la jarjaray lagana tagay si ay u quudiyaan shark iyo ugaarsadaha kale halkii ay ka ahaan lahaayeen in la soo sheego si shil ah sida MMPA u baahan tahay - way adkaan doontaa in la qabto xadgudub kasta.

Intaa waxaa dheer, sharcigu ma noqon mid wax ku ool ah si uu wax uga qabto saameynta aan tooska ahayn (qeylada anthropogenic, xaalufka ugaadhsiga, saliidda iyo sunta kale ee daata, iyo cudurrada, si aan u magacaabo dhowr). Tallaabooyinka ilaalinta hadda kama hortegi karaan waxyeelada saliidda daata ama masiibada wasakhda kale. Tallaabooyinka ilaalinta badweynta hadda kama gudbi karaan isbeddelada kalluunka ugaadhsiga ah iyo meelaha kale ee laga helo cuntada iyo meelaha ka dhasha sababaha aan ahayn kalluumaysiga xad-dhaafka ah. Tallaabooyinka ilaalinta badweynta hadda ma joojin karaan dhimashada sunta ka timaadda ilaha biyaha saafiga ah sida cyanobacteria oo dishay gorgortanka badda boqolaalka xeebta Baasifiga. Waxaan u isticmaali karnaa MMPA sidii madal aan uga hortagno khatarahaas.

Ma filan karno in Xeerka Ilaalinta Naasleyda Badda uu ilaaliyo xayawaan kasta. Waxa ay qabato ayaa ka muhiimsan. Waxay siinaysaa naaslay kasta oo badeed heerka la ilaaliyo ee uu awoodo inuu u haajiro, quudiyo, oo taran karo iyada oo aan la faragelinayn bini'aadamka. Iyo, halka ay ka jiraan waxyeello ka timaadda hawlaha bani'aadamka, waxay bixisaa dhiirigelin si ay ula yimaadaan xal iyo in lagu ciqaabo xadgudubyada si ula kac ah ula dhaqmeen. Waxaan xaddidi karnaa qulqulka wasakhaysan, waxaanu yareyn karnaa qaylada ka imanaysa hawlaha bani'aadamka, kordhinta tirada kalluunka ugaadhsada, kana fogaano khataraha la og yahay sida saliidda iyo gaasta aan loo baahnayn ee biyaha baddeena. Dadka naasleyda badda ee caafimaadka qaba waxay door ka ciyaaraan dheelitirka nolosha baddeena, iyo sidoo kale awoodda baddu u leedahay kaydinta kaarboonka. Dhammaanteen kaalin ayaan ka qaadan karnaa badbaadadooda.

Ilo:

http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/what-we-do/rescue/marine-mammal-protection-act.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/

http://www.joeroman.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/The-Marine-Mammal-Protection-Act-at-40-status-recovery-and-future-of-U.S.-marine-mammals.pdf      (warqad wanaagsan oo eegaysa guulihii/u-dhacyada sharciga ee ka weyn 40 sano).

"Naasleyda Biyaha," Guddiga Ilaalinta Kalluunka iyo Duurjoogta ee Florida, http://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/mammals/aquatic/

Warbixinta Guriga No. 92-707, "1972 MMPA Taariikhda Sharci-dejinta,"Xarunta Sharciga iyo Xayawaanka, https://www.animallaw.info/statute/us-mmpa-legislative-history-1972

"Xeerka Ilaalinta Naasleyda Badda ee 1972, wax laga beddelay 1994," Xarunta Naasleyda Marin, http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/what-we-do/rescue/marine-mammal-protection-act.html

"Dadka Manatee waxay dib u soo noqdeen 500 boqolkiiba, ma sii halis ah,"

Shabakadda Warka Wanaagsan, oo la daabacay 10 Jan 2016, http://www.goodnewsnetwork.org/manatee-population-has-rebounded-500-percent/

"North Atlantic Whale Right," Florida Kalluunka iyo Guddiga Ilaalinta Duurjoogta, http://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/mammals/aquatic/

"Waqooyiga Atlaantigga Midigta Whale waxay wajahayaan baabi'in, waxaa qoray Elizabeth Pennissi, Sayniska. ”http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/11/north-atlantic-right-whale-faces-extinction

" Dulmar ku saabsan Kordhinta Dhacdooyinka Dhibaatada Dhalooyinka ee Gacanka iyo Xalka Macquulka ah" ee Courtney Vail, Ilaalinta Whale & Dolphin, Plymouth MA. 28 Juun 2016  https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2016.00110/full

"Dhiashada Saliida Deepwater Horizon: Saamaynta Muddada Dheer ee Turtlaha Badda, Naasleyda Badda," 20 Abriil 2017 Adeegga Badweynta Qaranka  https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/news/apr17/dwh-protected-species.html