Caaga ku yaal Badweynta

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Calaashka ku yaal bogga badda: gacan kor u qaadaysa balaastiig bannaanka

U NOQO CILMI BAARINTA

1. Hordhac
2. Siyaasadda Caagagga Mareykanka
- 2.1 Siyaasadaha Qaran-hoosaadka
- 2.2 Siyaasadaha Qaranka
3. Siyaasadaha Caalamiga ah
- 3.1 Global Treaty
- 3.2 Guddiga Siyaasadda Sayniska
- 3.3 Basel Convention Wax ka beddelka qashinka caagga ah
4. Dhaqaalaha Wareegtada
5. Chemistry-ga cagaaran
6. Caafimaadka Caaga iyo Badweynta
- 6.1 Ghost Gear
- 6.2 Saamaynta Nolosha Badda
- 6.3 Pellets caaga ah (Nurdles)
7. Caafimaadka Caaga iyo Dadka
8. Cadaalada Deegaanka
9. Taariikhda Caagagga
10. Khayraadka kala duwan

Waxaan saameyn ku yeelaneynaa wax soo saarka joogtada ah iyo isticmaalka balaastikada.

Ka akhri wax ku saabsan Hindisaha Balaastigga (PI) iyo sida aan uga shaqeyneyno si aan u gaarno dhaqaale wareeg ah oo dhab ah caagadaha.

Daawo Hindisahayada

Madaxa barnaamijka Erica Nunez oo ka hadlaysa dhacdo

1. Hordhac

Waa maxay baaxadda dhibaatada balaastikada?

Caaga, qaabka ugu caansan ee qashinka badda ee joogtada ah, waa mid ka mid ah arrimaha ugu daran ee hab-nololeedyada badda. In kasta oo ay adag tahay in la cabbiro, qiyaastii 8 milyan metric ton oo baco ah ayaa lagu daraa baddeena sannadkii, oo ay ku jiraan 236,000 oo tan oo microplastics ah (Jambeck, 2015), oo u dhiganta in ka badan hal baabuur oo qashin ah oo baco ah oo lagu daadiyo baddeena daqiiqad kasta (Pennington, 2016).

Waxaa lagu qiyaasaa inay jiraan 5.25 trillion oo qashin caag ah oo badweynta ku jira, 229,000 tan oo dul sabeynaya dusha sare, iyo 4 bilyan oo microfibers caag ah halkii kiilomitir laba jibaaran qashinka badda moolka ah (National Geographic, 2015). Tirillions-ka balaastiga ah ee baddeenna ku jira ayaa sameeyay shan balastar oo qashin ah, oo ay ku jiraan balastar-qashinka Baasifiga weyn oo ka weyn cabbirka Texas. 2050, waxaa badda ku jiri doona balaastiig ka badan miisaanka kalluunka (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2016). Cagtu sidoo kale kuma jirto baddeena, waxay ku jirtaa hawada iyo cuntooyinka aynu cunno ilaa heer qof walba lagu qiyaaso inuu isticmaalo. kaarka deynta qiimihiisu yahay balaastiig toddobaad kasta (Wit, Biguud, 2019).

Inta badan balaastiig soo gasha qulqulka qashinka waxay ku dhamaadaan si aan habooneyn oo la tuuro ama lagu shubo qashinka. Sannadkii 2018 oo keliya, waxaa Maraykanka laga soo saaray 35 milyan oo tan oo caag ah, taasna kaliya 8.7 boqolkiiba balaastikada ayaa dib loo warshadeeyay (EPA, 2021). Isticmaalka caaga ah maanta waa mid aan laga fursan karin waxayna sii ahaan doontaa dhibaato ilaa aan dib u naqshadeyno oo aan u bedelno xiriirkeena balaastikada.

Sidee balaastiggu ugu dambeeyaa badda?

Caagagga ku jira qashinka qashinkaCaagtu inta badan way lumaan ama way afuufaan inta lagu jiro gaadiidka loo dhoofinayo qashinka. Balaastii ayaa markaas isku darsata hareeraha biya-mareennada waxayna gashaa marin-biyoodka, ugu dambayntana waxay ku dhammaanaysaa badda.
Qashin qubkaQashinka lagu soo daadiyo wadada ama deegaankeena dabiiciga ah waxaa qaadaya dabeysha iyo biyaha roobka ee biyaheena.
Hoosta biyo mareenka: Alaabooyinka nadaafadda, sida masaxarada qoyan iyo Q-tips, ayaa inta badan lagu daadiyaa biyo mareenka. Marka dharka la dhaqo (gaar ahaan alaabta synthetic) microfibers iyo microplastics ayaa lagu sii daayaa biyaha wasakhda ah iyada oo loo marayo mashiinka dharka. Ugu dambeyntii, alaabta la isku qurxiyo iyo nadiifinta leh microbeads waxay soo diri doonaan microplastics hoos qulqulka.
Warshadaha KalluumeysigaDoonyaha kalluumeysiga waxaa laga yaabaa inay lumiyaan ama ka tagaan qalabka kalluumeysiga (eeg Ghost Gear) badda dhexdeeda oo dabinno dilaa ah u abuuraya nolosha badda.

Sawir ku saabsan sida balaastiiggu ay ugu dambeeyaan badda dhexdeeda — Waaxda Ganacsiga ee Mareykanka, NO, iyo AA (2022, Janaayo 27). *Hagaha caagagga Badweynta*. Adeegga Badweynta Qaranka ee NOAA. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/hazards/marinedebris/plastics-in-the-ocean.html.

Waa maxay sababta balaastikada badda ku jirta ay dhibaato muhiim ah u tahay?

Caagtu waxay mas'uul ka tahay waxyeelada nolosha badda, caafimaadka bulshada, iyo dhaqaalaha heer caalami. Si ka duwan noocyada kale ee qashinka, balaastiggu si buuxda uma baaba'o, sidaas darteed waxay ku sii jiri doontaa badda qarniyo. Wasakhowga caagadu waxay si aan xad lahayn u horseedaa khataraha deegaanka: isku-xidhka duurjoogta, cunista, gaadiidka noocyada shisheeye, iyo waxyeelada deegaanka (eeg Saamaynta Nolosha Badda). Intaa waxaa dheer, burburka badda waa indho-dhaqaale oo hoos u dhigaya quruxda deegaanka xeebta dabiiciga ah (eeg Cadaalada Deegaanka).

Baddu kaliya maaha inay leedahay muhiimad dhaqameed oo aad u wayn laakiin waxay u adeegtaa sidii hab-nololeedka aasaasiga ah ee bulshooyinka xeebaha ah. Caagagga ku jira marin-biyoodkayaga ayaa khatar ku ah tayada biyaha iyo ilaha cuntada ee badda. Microplastics-ku waxay kor u qaadaan silsiladda cuntada waxayna halis galiyaan caafimaadka aadanaha (eeg Caaga iyo Caafimaadka Aadanaha).

Maaddaama wasakhowga balaastigga badda ay sii kordheyso, dhibaatooyinkan ka dhasha waa ay ka sii dari doonaan ilaa aynaan tallaabo qaadin. Culayska mas'uuliyadda balaastikada waa in aysan ku ekaan macaamiisha oo keliya. Halkii, dib-u-qaabaynta wax-soo-saarka caagga ah ka hor inta uusan xitaa gaarin isticmaalayaasha ugu dambeeya, waxaan ku hagi karnaa soosaarayaasha xalalka wax-soo-saarka ku saleysan ee dhibaatadan caalamiga ah.

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2. Siyaasadda Caagagga Mareykanka

2.1 Siyaasadaha Qaran-hoosaadka

Schultz, J. (2021, Febraayo 8). Sharciga Bacda Gobolka. Kutlada heer qaran ee sharci-dejiyeyaasha deegaanka. http://www.ncsl.org/research/environment-and-natural-resources/plastic-bag-legislation

Sideed gobol ayaa leh sharci yareynaya wax soo saarka/isticmaalka bacaha hal mar la isticmaalo. Magaalooyinka Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, iyo Seattle ayaa sidoo kale mamnuucay bacaha. Boulder, New York, Portland, Washington DC, iyo Montgomery County Md. waxay mamnuuceen bacaha balaastikada ah waxayna dhaqan galiyeen lacag. Mamnuucidda bacaha waa tallaabo muhiim ah, maadaama ay ka mid yihiin waxyaabaha ugu badan ee laga helo wasakhowga caagagga badda.

Gardiner, B. (2022, Febraayo 22). Sida guusha cajiibka ah ee kiis qashinka balaastikada ah ay u xakameyn karto wasakhowga badda. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/how-a-dramatic-win-in-plastic-waste-case-may-curb-ocean-pollution

Bishii Disembar 2019, u dhaqdhaqaaqa ka hortagga wasakhowga Diane Wilson wuxuu ku guuleystay kiis taariikhi ah oo ka dhan ah Formosa Plastics, oo ah mid ka mid ah shirkadaha batroolka ee ugu weyn adduunka, tobanaan sano oo wasakhaysan caag sharci darro ah oo ku taal xeebta Gacanka Texas. Dejinta $50 milyan waxay ka dhigan tahay guul taariikhi ah oo ah abaal-marintii ugu waynayd ee abid lagu bixiyo dacwad muwaadin oo ka dhan ah wasakhowga warshadaha ee hoos yimaada Xeerka Biyaha Nadiif ah ee Maraykanka. Iyada oo la raacayo dejinta, Formosa Plastics ayaa lagu amray inay gaadho "eber-soo-saar" qashinka caagga ah ee warshadeeda Point Comfort, bixiso ganaaxyada ilaa dheecaannada sunta ah ay joojiyaan, oo ay maalgeliyaan nadiifinta caaga ah ee ku ururay dhammaan Texas 'goobaha deegaanka ee saameeya, xeebaha, iyo marin-biyoodyada. Wilson, oo shaqadiisa aan daalin waxay ku kasbatay abaalmarinta sharafta leh ee 2023 Goldman Environmental Prize, waxay ku deeqday dejinta dhammaan kalsoonida, si loogu isticmaalo sababo kala duwan oo deegaanka ah. Suudhkan muwaaddiniinta ah ee gogol-xaadhka u dhigay ayaa keenay isbeddello badan oo ku yimi warshadda mammoth oo inta badan wasakhaysa isla xisaabtan la'aan.

Gibbens, S. (2019, Agoosto 15). Fiiri muuqaalka cakiran ee mamnuucida balaastikada ee Maraykanka National Geographic. nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/08/maab-ku-muujiyaa-caag-caag-bans-ka-gan

Waxaa jira dagaalo badan oo maxkamado ah oo ka socda Maraykanka halkaas oo magaalooyinka iyo gobolada ay isku khilaafsan yihiin inay sharci tahay in la mamnuuco caagga iyo in kale. Boqolaal ka mid ah degmooyinka Mareykanka ayaa leh nooc ka mid ah khidmad balaastik ah ama mamnuuc, oo ay ku jiraan qaar California iyo New York. Laakiin todoba iyo toban gobol ayaa sheegaya in ay sharci darro tahay in la mamnuuco walxaha caaga ah, si wax ku ool ah loo mamnuuco awoodda mamnuucida. Mamnuucyada jira waxay ka shaqeynayaan sidii loo dhimi lahaa wasakhowga caagga ah, laakiin dad badan ayaa sheegaya in khidmadaha ay ka fiican yihiin mamnuucista tooska ah ee beddelka dabeecadda macaamilka.

Surfrieter (2019, Juun 11). Oregon waxa uu dhaafaa mamnuucida bacda balaastikada ee guud ee gobolka oo dhan. Laga soo bilaabo: surfrider.org/coastal-blog/entry/oregon-ku dhaafaa-ugu-xoog-badan-bac-bag-ban-in-the-country

Golaha Ilaalinta Badweynta California. (2022, Febraayo). Istaraatiijiyada Microplastics ee Gobolka oo dhan. https://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/agenda_items/ 20220223/Shayga_6_Bandhigga_A_Statewide_Stategy_Istaraatijiyadda_Microplastics.pdf

Iyadoo la ansaxiyay sharciga Senate-ka 1263 (Sen. Anthony Portantino) ee 2018, Sharci-dejinta Gobolka California ayaa aqoonsaday baahida loo qabo qorshe dhamaystiran si wax looga qabto khatarta baahsan iyo joogtada ah ee microplastics ee deegaanka badda ee gobolka. Golaha Ilaalinta Badweynta California (OPC) ayaa daabacday Istaraatiijiyada Microplastic ee Gobolka oo dhan, iyadoo siinaya khariidad dhowr sano ah oo loogu talagalay wakaaladaha gobolka iyo la-hawlgalayaasha dibadda si ay uga wada shaqeeyaan cilmi-baarista iyo ugu dambeyntii hoos u dhigista wasakhowga microplastic-ka sunta ah ee guud ahaan xeebaha iyo biyaha badda ee California. Aasaaska istaraatiijiyadan waa aqoonsiga in gobolku uu qaado tallaabo go'aan, taxaddar leh si loo yareeyo wasakhowga microplastic, halka fahamka sayniska ee ilaha microplastics, saamaynta, iyo tallaabooyinka yaraynta wax ku oolka ah ay sii wadaan koritaanka.

HB 1085 - 68aad Sharci Dejinta Gobolka Washington, (2023-24 Kalmada.): Yaraynta wasakhowga caagagga ah. (2023, Abriil). https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?Year=2023&BillNumber=1085

Bishii Abriil 2023, Senatka Gobolka Washington wuxuu si wadajir ah u ansixiyay House Bill 1085 (HB 1085) si loo yareeyo wasakhowga caagga ah saddex siyaabood oo kala duwan. Waxaa kafaalo qaaday Xildhibaan Sharlett Mena (D-Tacoma), biilku wuxuu u baahan yahay in dhismayaasha cusub ee lagu dhisay ilaha biyaha ay sidoo kale ku jiraan saldhigyada buuxinta dhalada; waxay meesha ka saaraysaa isticmaalka yar yar ee caafimaadka ama alaabta quruxda ee weelasha caaga ah ee ay bixiyaan hoteelada iyo xarumaha kale ee hoyga; waxayna mamnuucday iibinta sabbaynaya iyo meelaha balaastigga ah ee jilicsan, iyadoo ay waajib ku tahay daraasadda dhismayaasha caagga ah ee adag ee biyaha dushooda. Si loo gaaro himilooyinkeeda, sharcigu waxa uu ka hawl gala wakaalado badan oo dawladeed iyo golayaal waxaana lagu fulin doonaa waqtiyo kala duwan. Rep. Mena waxa ay u hiilisay HB 1085 iyada oo qayb ka ah dagaalka muhiimka ah ee Gobolka Washington si uu uga ilaaliyo caafimaadka dadweynaha, ilaha biyaha, iyo kalluunka salmon ee wasakhowga balaastigga ah ee xad dhaafka ah.

Guddiga Xakamaynta Kheyraadka Biyaha ee Gobolka California. (2020, Juun 16). Guddiga Biyaha Gobolka ayaa wax ka qabta microplastics-ka biyaha la cabbo si loo dhiirrigeliyo wacyigelinta nidaamka biyaha dadweynaha [Warsaxaafadeed]. https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/ 2020/pr06162020_microplastics.pdf

Kaliforniya waa hay'ad dawladeed ugu horraysa adduunka oo si nidaamsan u tijaabisa biyaheeda la cabbo wasakhowga microplastic iyadoo la bilaabay qalabkeeda tijaabada gobolka oo dhan. Hindisahan ay sameeyeen Guddiga Xakamaynta Kheyraadka Biyaha ee Gobolka California waa natiijada Sharciyada Senetka ee 2018 No. 1422 iyo No. 1263, oo uu kafaalo qaaday Sen. Anthony Portantino, kaas oo, siday u kala horreeyaan, faray bixiyayaasha biyaha gobolka si ay u horumariyaan habab habaysan oo lagu tijaabiyo dhexgalka microplastic ee biyaha saafiga ah iyo biyaha la cabbo iyo dejinta la socodka microplastics-ka badda ee xeebaha California. Maaddaama saraakiisha biyaha gobolka iyo kuwa gobolka ay si iskood ah u balaadhinayaan baaritaanka iyo ka warbixinta heerarka microplastic ee biyaha la cabbo shanta sano ee soo socota, dowladda California waxay sii wadi doontaa inay ku tiirsanaato bulshada sayniska si ay u sii baarto saameynta caafimaadka aadanaha iyo deegaanka ee liidashada microplastic.

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2.2 Siyaasadaha Qaranka

Hay'adda Ilaalinta Deegaanka ee Mareykanka. (2023, Abriil). Qabyo-qoraalka Istaraatiijiyadda Qaranka ee Ka-hortagga Wasakhowga Caagagga. Xafiiska EPA ee Ilaalinta iyo Soo kabashada Kheyraadka. https://www.epa.gov/circulareconomy/draft-national-strategy-prevent-plastic-pollution

Istaraatiijiyadu waxay ujeedadeedu tahay in la yareeyo wasakheynta inta lagu jiro wax-soo-saarka caagga ah, hagaajinta maareynta alaabta ka dib, iyo ka hortagga qashinka iyo micro/nano-cagadaha inay galaan marin-biyoodka iyo ka saarta qashinka fakaday ee deegaanka. Nooca qabyada ah, oo loo qaabeeyey sidii loo kordhin lahaa Istaraatiijiyada Dib-u-warshadaynta Qaranka ee EPA ee la sii daayay 2021, waxa ay xoogga saaraysaa baahida hab wareeg ah oo loo maareeyo caagadaha iyo waxqabad muuqda. Istaraatiijiyadda qaranka, iyada oo aan weli la dhaqangelin, waxay siisaa hagitaan loogu talagalay siyaasadaha heer federaal iyo heer gobol iyo kooxaha kale ee raadinaya inay wax ka qabtaan wasakhowga caagga ah.

Jain, N., iyo LaBeaud, D. (2022, Oktoobar) Sidee ayay tahay in daryeelka caafimaadka Maraykanku u horseedo isbeddelka caalamiga ah ee qashinka caagagga ah. AMA Journal of Ethics. 24(10):E986-993. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2022.986.

Ilaa hadda, Maraykanku safka hore kagama jiro siyaasadda ku saabsan wasakhowga caagga ah, laakiin hal dariiqo oo uu Maraykanku hoggaanka u qaban karo waa ku saabsan qashin-qubka caagga ah ee daryeelka caafimaadka. Tuurista qashinka daryeelka caafimaadka waa mid ka mid ah khataraha ugu weyn ee ku wajahan daryeelka caafimaad ee waara ee caalamiga ah. Dhaqannada hadda jira ee lagu daadiyo qashinka daryeelka caafimaadka gudaha iyo dibadda labadaba berriga iyo baddaba, dhaqankaas oo sidoo kale wiiqaya sinnaanta caafimaadka adduunka isagoo si xun u saameeya caafimaadka bulshooyinka nugul. Qorayaashu waxay soo jeedinayaan dib-u-habaynta mas'uuliyadda bulsheed iyo anshax ee wax-soo-saarka iyo maaraynta qashinka daryeelka caafimaadka iyagoo u xilsaaraya la-xisaabtan adag madaxda hay'adaha daryeelka caafimaadka, dhiirigelinta hirgelinta iyo dayactirka silsiladda sahayda, iyo dhiirigelinta iskaashiga xooggan ee warshadaha caafimaadka, caagagga, iyo qashinka.

Hay'adda Ilaalinta Deegaanka ee Mareykanka. (2021, Noofambar). Istaraatiijiyada Dib-u-warshadaynta Qaranka Qaybta Koowaad ee Taxanaha ee Dhisida Dhaqaale Wareega ah ee Dhammaan. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-11/final-national-recycling-strategy.pdf

Istaraatiijiyada Dib-u-warshadaynta Qaranku waxa ay diiradda saartaa horumarinta iyo horumarinta nidaamka dib-u-warshadaynta qashinka adag ee dawladda hoose (MSW) iyo iyada oo ujeedadu tahay in la abuuro nidaam dib-u-warshadayn oo xooggan, adkeysi badan iyo kharash-ool ah oo waxtarka leh ee qashinka. Ujeedooyinka warbixinta waxaa ka mid ah horumarinta suuqyada badeecadaha dib loo warshadeeyay, kordhinta aruurinta iyo hagaajinta kaabayaasha maareynta qashinka, yareynta wasakheynta qulqulka alaabta dib loo warshadeeyay, iyo kordhinta siyaasadaha lagu taageerayo wareegtada. Iyadoo dib u warshadayntu aanay xalinaynin arrinta wasakhowga balaastikada ah, istaraatiijiyadani waxay kaa caawin kartaa inay hagto dhaqamada ugu wanaagsan ee dhaqdhaqaaqa ee ku wajahan dhaqaale wareeg ah. Xusuusnow, qaybta ugu dambeysa ee warbixintan waxay bixinaysaa soo koobid cajiib ah oo ku saabsan shaqada ay qabtaan hay'adaha federaalka ee Mareykanka.

Bates, S. (2021, Juun 25). Saynis yahanadu waxay isticmaalaan xogta dayax-gacmeedka ee NASA si ay ula socdaan Microplastics-ka Badweynta Hawada. Kooxda Wararka Sayniska Dhulka ee NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/esnt2021/scientists-use-nasa-satellite-data-to-track-ocean-microplastics-from-space

Cilmi-baarayaashu waxay sidoo kale isticmaalayaan xogta dayax-gacmeedka ee NASA si ay ula socdaan dhaqdhaqaaqa microplastics ee badda, iyaga oo isticmaalaya xogta NASA's Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS).

Diiradda Microplastics ee adduunka oo dhan, 2017

Law, KL, Starr, N., Siegler, TR, Jambeck, J., Mallos, N., & Leonard, GB (2020). Wax ku darsiga Maraykanka ee qashinka balaastikada ah ee dhulka iyo badda. Horumarka Sayniska, 6(44). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd0288

Daraasadan cilmiyeedka 2020 waxay muujineysaa in, 2016, Mareykanka uu soo saaray qashinka caagga ah miisaan iyo qof kasta marka loo eego qaran kasta. Qayb aad u weyn oo qashinkan ah ayaa si sharci darro ah loogu daadiyay Maraykanka, iyadoo xataa in ka badan si aan ku filnayn loogu maareeyey waddammada soo dejiyey agabka laga soo ururiyey Maraykanka ee dib u warshadaynta. Marka la xisaabiyo tabarucaadkan, xadiga qashinka caagga ah ee ka soo baxay Maraykanka ee lagu qiyaasay in uu galay deegaanka xeebaha 2016 ayaa ilaa shan jeer ka badan intii lagu qiyaasay 2010, taas oo ka dhigaysa wax ku biirinta waddanku kuwa ugu sarreeya adduunka.

Akadeemiyada Qaranka ee Sayniska, Injineerinka, iyo Caafimaadka. (2022). Iyadoo lagu xisaabtamayo Doorka Mareykanka ee Qashinka Caaga ah ee Badweynta Caalamka. Washington, DC: Saxaafadda Akadeemiyada Qaranka. https://doi.org/10.17226/26132.

Qiimayntan waxa loo sameeyay iyada oo laga jawaabayo codsi ku jira Xeerka Badbaadinta Badayada 2.0 ee ku saabsan samaynta cilmiyaysan ee ku biirinta Maraykanka iyo doorka wax ka qabashada wasakhowga caagagga badda ee caalamiga ah. Iyadoo Maraykanku uu soo saarayo xadiga ugu badan ee qashinka caagga ah ee waddan kasta oo adduunka ah illaa 2016, warbixintan ayaa ku baaqaysa istiraatijiyad heer qaran ah oo lagu yareeyo soo saarista qashinka balaastikada ee Mareykanka. Waxa kale oo ay ku talinaysaa in la balaadhiyo, nidaam kormeer oo isku xidhan si loo fahmo miisaanka iyo ilaha wasakhowga balaastikada ee Maraykanka loona kormeero horumarka dalka.

Ka xorow caagga. (2021, Maarso 26). Ka Xorow Xeerka Wasakhowga Caaga. Ka xorow caagga. http://www.breakfreefromplastic.org/pollution-act/

Ka Xoraynta Sharciga Wasaqda Caaga ah ee 2021 (BFFPPA) waa sharci federaali ah oo ay kafaalo-qaadayaan Sen. Jeff Merkley (OR) iyo Xildhibaan Alan Lowenthal (CA kaas oo soo saara xalka ugu ballaadhan ee xalalka siyaasadda ee lagu soo bandhigay congress-ka. Yoolalka ballaadhan ee Xeerkani waa in la dhimo wasakhaynta caagagga ah ee ka imanaysa isha, kordhinta heerka dib-u-warshadaynta, iyo ilaalinta bulshooyinka safka hore, sharcigani waxa uu ka ilaalin doonaa bulshooyinka dakhligoodu hooseeyo, bulshooyinka midabka leh, iyo bulshooyinka asaliga ah ee khatarta wasakhaysan ee sii kordhaysa iyada oo la yareynayo isticmaalka caagagga iyo wax soo saarka. biilka wuxuu wanaajin doonaa caafimaadka bini'aadamka, iyadoo hoos loo dhigayo khatarta ah in aan dhuuqo microplastics-ka. sharciyada heer qaran ee Maraykanka.

Waxa uu fulin doono Xeerka Wasakhowga Caagaga ee ka Xoraynta — Ka xorow caagga. (2021, Maarso 26). *Ka Xorow Xeerka Wasakhowga Caaga.* Ka xorow caagga. http://www.breakfreefromplastic.org/pollution-act/

Qoraal – S. 1982 – 116^th Congress (2019-2020): Badbaadinta badeena 2.0 Xeerka (2020, Diseembar 18). https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1982

Sannadkii 2020, Koongarasku waxa uu meel mariyey Xeerka Badbaadinta Badaheenna 2.0 kaas oo dejiyey shuruudo iyo dhiirigelin lagu dhimayo, dib-u-warshadaynta, iyo ka hortagga qashinka badda (tusaale, qashinka caagga ah). Xusuusnow sharciga ayaa sidoo kale aasaasay Marin Debris Foundation, urur samafal iyo samafal oo aan ahayn hay'ad ama aasaaska Maraykanka. Mu'asasada Debris ee badda waxay la shaqayn doontaa barnaamijka NOAA's Debris Program waxayna diiradda saari doontaa waxqabadyada si loo qiimeeyo, looga hortago, loo yareeyo, loogana saaro qashinka badda iyo wax ka qabashada saameynta xun ee qashinka badda iyo sababaha asaasiga ah ee dhaqaalaha Maraykanka, badda. bay'ada (oo ay ku jiraan biyaha ku yaala Maraykanka, badaha sare, iyo biyaha ee xuduudaha wadamada kale), iyo badqabka socodka.

S.5163 - Shirweynaha 117aad (2021-2022): Ka Ilaalinta Bulshada Xeerka Caagagga. (2022, Diseembar 1). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/5163

2022, Sen. Cory Booker (DN.J.) iyo Xildhibaan Jared Huffman (D-CA) waxay ku biireen Sen. Jeff Merkley (D-OR) iyo Rep. Alan Lowenthal (D-CA) si ay u soo bandhigaan Bulshooyinka ka ilaalinta caagagga Xeer-dejinta. Iyada oo laga duulayo qodobbada muhiimka ah ee ka soo baxa Xeerka Wasaaqaynta Caaga, sharcigani waxa uu higsanayaa in uu wax ka qabto dhibaatada wax-soo-saarka caagagga ah ee si aan simanayn u saameeya caafimaadka xaafadaha qaniga ah iyo bulshooyinka midabka leh. Iyada oo la raacayo yoolka weyn ee ah in dhaqaalaha Mareykanka laga wareejiyo balaastiig kaliya oo la isticmaalo, Xeerka Ilaalinta Bulshooyinka ka soo jeeda caagagga ayaa ujeeddadiisu tahay in la sameeyo xeerar adag oo ku saabsan dhirta batroolka iyo in la abuuro bartilmaameedyo cusub oo dalka oo dhan ah oo lagu dhimayo ilaha caagga ah iyo dib-u-isticmaalka qaybaha baakadaha iyo adeegga cuntada.

S.2645 - Shirweynaha 117aad (2021-2022): Dadaallada Abaalmarinta Lagu Yaraynayo Wasakhowga Aan Dib Loo Isticmaalin ee Xeerka Deegaanka ee 2021. (2021, Ogosto 5). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/2645

Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI) waxay soo bandhigtay sharci cusub si loo abuuro dhiirigelin cusub oo awood leh oo dib loogu warshadeeyo balaastikada, hoos u dhigida wax soo saarka caagagga bikrada ah, iyo in warshadaha balaastikada lagula xisaabtamo qashinka sunta ah ee si qarsoodi ah u wiiqaya caafimaadka bulshada iyo meelaha muhiimka ah ee deegaanka. . Sharciga la soo jeediyay, ee xaq u leh dadaalka Abaalmarinta ee lagu dhimayo wasakhaynta aan dib loo warshadayn ee ku jirta nidaamka deegaanka (REDUCE), ayaa ku soo rogi doona 20- senti lacag rodol ah iibinta caaga bikrada ah ee ka shaqeeya alaabada la isticmaalo. Lacagtani waxay ka caawin doontaa balaastikada dib loo warshadeeyay inay kula tartamaan balaastikada bikrada oo siman. Alaabta la daboolay waxaa ka mid ah baakadaha, alaabta adeegga cuntada, weelasha cabitaanka, iyo bacaha - oo leh ka-dhaafitaan alaabooyinka caafimaadka iyo alaabta nadaafadda shakhsi ahaaneed.

Jain, N., & LaBeaud, D. (2022). Sidee ayay tahay in daryeelka caafimaadka Maraykanku u horseedo isbeddelka caalamiga ah ee qashinka caagagga ah? AMA Journal of Ethics, 24(10):E986-993. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2022.986.

Hababka hadda la tuuro ee qashinka caagagga caagga ah waxay si ba'an u wiiqayaan sinnaanta caafimaadka adduunka, taasoo si aan xad lahayn u saamaynaysa caafimaadka dadka nugul iyo kuwa la haybsooco. Iyada oo la sii wado dhaqanka dhoofinta qashinka daryeelka caafimaadka gudaha si loogu daadiyo dhulka iyo biyaha wadamada soo koraya, Maraykanku waxa uu kordhinayaa saamaynta hoose ee deegaanka iyo caafimaadka ee khatarta ku ah daryeelka caafimaadka waara ee caalamiga ah. Dib-u-qaabayn adag oo ku saabsan mas'uuliyadda bulsheed iyo anshaxeed ee wax-soo-saarka iyo maareynta qashinka daryeelka caafimaadka caagga ah ayaa loo baahan yahay. Maqaalkani waxa uu ku talinayaa in loo xilsaaro la xisaabtan adag madaxda hay'adaha daryeelka caafimaadka, dhiirigelinta hirgelinta silsiladda sahayda iyo dayactirka, iyo dhiirigelinta wada shaqayn xoog leh oo ka dhan ah caafimaadka, balaastikada, iyo warshadaha qashinka.

Wong, E. (2019, Meey 16). Sayniska Buurta: Xallinta Dhibaatada Qashinka Caaga. Dabeecadda Springer. Laga soo bilaabo: bit.ly/2HQTrfi

Maqaallo ururin ah oo ku xidha khubarada sayniska iyo sharci-dejiyeyaasha jooga Capitol Hill. Waxay wax ka qabtaan sida qashinka caaggu u yahay khatar iyo waxa la samayn karo si loo xalliyo dhibaatada iyada oo kor loo qaadayo ganacsiyada oo u horseedaya kobaca shaqada.

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3. Siyaasadaha Caalamiga ah

Nielsen, MB, Clausen, LP, Cronin, R., Hansen, SF, Oturai, NG, & Syberg, K. (2023). Soo bandhigida cilmiga ka dambeeya hindisayaasha siyaasadda ee lagu beegsanayo wasakhowga caagga ah. Microplastics iyo Nanoplastics, 3(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43591-022-00046-y

Qorayaashu waxay falanqeeyeen lix hindise siyaasadeed oo muhiim ah oo lagu beegsanayo wasakhowga caagga ah waxayna ogaadeen in hindisayaasha caaggu ay inta badan tixraacaan caddaynta maqaallada iyo warbixinnada sayniska. Maqaallada sayniska iyo warbixinnada ayaa bixiya aqoonta ku saabsan ilaha caagagga ah, saamaynta deegaanka ee balaastikada iyo qaababka wax soo saarka iyo isticmaalka. In ka badan kala badh hindisayaasha siyaasadda balaastikada ah ee la baaray waxay tixraacaan xogta la socodka qashinka. Koox aad u kala duwan oo ah maqaallo iyo qalabyo saynis oo kala duwan ayaa u muuqda in la adeegsaday marka la qaabeynayo hindisayaasha siyaasadda caagagga ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, weli waxaa jira hubanti la'aan badan oo la xiriirta go'aaminta waxyeellada wasakhowga caagga ah, taas oo tusinaysa in hindisayaasha siyaasaddu ay tahay inay oggolaadaan dabacsanaan. Guud ahaan, caddaynta sayniska ayaa la xisaabiyaa marka la samaynayo hindisayaasha siyaasadda. Noocyo badan oo kala duwan oo caddayn ah oo loo isticmaalo in lagu taageero hindisayaasha siyaasadda waxay keeni karaan hindise is khilaafsan. Isku dhacani waxa uu saamayn karaa gorgortanka iyo siyaasadaha caalamiga ah.

OECD (2022, Febraayo), Muuqaalka Caagagga Caalamiga ah: Wadayaasha Dhaqaalaha, Saamaynta Deegaanka iyo Doorashooyinka Siyaasadda. Daabacaada OECD, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/de747aef-en.

Iyadoo balaastikada ay yihiin waxyaabo aad waxtar ugu leh bulshada casriga ah, wax soo saarka caagagga iyo soo saarista qashinka ayaa sii kordhaya waxaana loo baahan yahay waxqabad degdeg ah si loo sameeyo wareegga nolosha balaastikada mid wareeg ah. Caalamka, kaliya 9% qashinka caagga ah ayaa dib loo warshadeeyay halka 22% si xun loo maamulay. OECD waxay ku baaqaysaa balaadhinta siyaasadaha qaranka iyo horumarinta iskaashiga caalamiga ah si loo yareeyo saamaynta deegaanka oo dhan inta lagu jiro silsiladda qiimaha. Warbixintani waxay diiradda saaraysaa waxbaridda iyo taageeridda dadaallada siyaasadda ee lagula dagaallamayo daadinta caagga ah. Muuqaalka ayaa tilmaamaya afar kabaal oo muhiim ah oo lagu leexiyo qalooca balaastikada: taageero xooggan oo loogu talagalay suuqyada balaastikada ee dib loo warshadeeyay (sare); siyaasadaha kor loogu qaadayo hal-abuurka tignoolajiyada ee balaastikada; tillaabooyinka siyaasadda gudaha ee hamiga badan; iyo iskaashi caalami ah oo weyn. Waa warbixintii ugu horreysay ee labada warbixin ee la qorsheeyay, warbixinta labaad. Muuqaalka Caagagga Caalamiga ah: Xaaladaha Siyaasadda ilaa 2060 ayaa hoos ku taxan.

OECD (2022, Juun), Muuqaalka Caagagga Caalamiga ah: Xaaladaha Siyaasadda ilaa 2060. Daabacaada OECD, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/aa1edf33-en.

Dunidu meelna uma dhowa in ay gaadho hadafkeeda ah joojinta wasakhowga caagga ah, haddii aan la hirgelin siyaasado adag oo la isku dubariday. Si gacan looga geysto gaaritaanka yoolalka ay dajiyeen waddamo kala duwan OECD waxay soo jeedinaysaa aragtida balaastikada ah iyo xaaladaha siyaasadda si ay u caawiyaan hagidda siyaasad-dejiyeyaasha. Warbixintu waxay soo bandhigtay saadaasha isku xidhan ee balaastikada ah ilaa 2060, oo ay ku jiraan isticmaalka balaastikada, qashinka iyo sidoo kale waxyeelada deegaanka ee ku xidhan caagadaha, gaar ahaan daadinta deegaanka. Warbixintaan waa daba gal warbixintii ugu horeysay, Darawalada Dhaqaalaha, Saamaynta Deegaanka iyo Doorashooyinka Siyaasadda (kor ku taxan) kuwaas oo qiyaasey isbeddellada hadda jira ee isticmaalka balaastigga, abuurista qashinka iyo daadinta, iyo sidoo kale tilmaamay afar levers si loo xakameeyo saameynta deegaanka ee balaastikada.

IUCN. (2022). Warbixinta IUCN ee Wada-xaajoodayaasha: Balaastigga Treaty INC. Heshiiska IUCN WCEL ee Ciidanka Hawsha Wasakhowga Caaga. https://www.iucn.org/our-union/commissions/group/iucn-wcel-agreement-plastic-pollution-task-force/resources

IUCN waxay abuurtay taxane kooban oo mid kastaa ka yar shan bog, si uu u taageero wareegii kowaad ee wada xaajoodka heshiiska wasakhda caaga sida uu dhigayo Qaraarka Golaha Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay (UNEA) 5/14. waxaana lagu dhisay tillaabooyinka la qaaday sannadkii hore ee ku saabsanaa qeexitaannada heshiiska, qodobbada asaasiga ah, isdhexgalka heshiisyada kale, qaababka suurtagalka ah iyo hababka sharciga ah. Dhammaan warbixinaha kooban, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa shuruudaha muhiimka ah, dhaqaalaha wareegtada ah, isdhexgalka nidaamka, iyo heshiisyada deegaanka ee dhinacyo badan leh ayaa diyaar ah halkan. Qoraalladan kooban ma aha oo kaliya kuwo waxtar u leh siyaasad-dejiyeyaasha, laakiin waxay gacan ka geysteen inay hagaan horumarinta heshiiska balaastikada inta lagu jiro wada-hadalladii hore.

Nadiifintii Xeebta Ugu Dambeysay. (2021, Luulyo). Sharciyada Dalka ee Alaabta Caaga ah. lastbeachcleanup.org/countrylaws

Liis dhamaystiran oo ah sharciyada caalamiga ah ee la xidhiidha alaabta caaga ah. Ilaa hadda, 188 waddan waxay leeyihiin mamnuucidda bacaha caagga ah ee waddanka oo dhan ama taariikhda dhammaadka ballanta, 81 waddan waxay leeyihiin mamnuucista cawska caagga ah ee waddanka oo dhan ama taariikhda dhammaadka ballanta, iyo 96 waddan waxay leeyihiin mamnuucida weelka caagga ah ama taariikhda dhammaadka ballanta.

Buchholz, K. (2021). Xog-waraysi: Waddamada Mamnuucaya Bacaha Caaga ah. Istaatistka Infographics. https://www.statista.com/chart/14120/the-countries-banning-plastic-bags/

Lixdan iyo sagaal waddan oo adduunka ah ayaa mamnuucid buuxda ama qayb ka haysta bacaha. Laba iyo soddon waddan oo kale waxay qaadaan khidmad ama canshuur si ay u xaddidaan caagga. Shiinaha ayaa dhawaan ku dhawaaqay inuu mamnuucayo dhammaan bacaha aan la karin karin ee magaalooyinka waaweyn dhammaadka 2020 iyo kordhinta xayiraadda dalka oo dhan 2022. Bacaha caaga ah ayaa ah hal tallaabo oo lagu soo afjarayo ku-tiirsanaanta hal-isticmaalka caagga ah, laakiin sharciyo aad u faahfaahsan ayaa lagama maarmaan u ah la dagaalanka dhibaatada balaastikada.

Waddamada Mamnuucaya Bacaha Caagaga — Buchholz, K. (2021). *Xog-waraysi: Waddamada Mamnuucaya Bacaha Caaga ah*. Istaatistka Infographics. https://www.statista.com/chart/14120/the-countries-banning-plastic-bags/

Awaamiirta (EU) 2019/904 ee Baarlamaanka Yurub iyo Golaha 5ta Juun 2019 ee ku saabsan dhimista saameynta badeecadaha caagga ah qaarkood ay ku leeyihiin deegaanka. PE/11/2019/REV/1 OJ L 155, 12.6.2019, b. 1-19 (BG, ES, CS, DA, DE, ET, EL, EN, FR, GA, HR, IT, LV, LT, HU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SL, FI, SV). ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/904/oj

Korodhka joogtada ah ee soo saarista qashinka caagagga ah iyo daadinta qashinka caagagga ah ee ku qulqulaya deegaanka, gaar ahaan deegaanka badda, waa in wax laga qabtaa si loo gaaro wareeg nololeed oo wareeg ah oo baco ah. Sharcigan ayaa mamnuucaya 10 nooc oo caag ah oo hal mar la isticmaalo, waxaana lagu dabaqayaa badeecadaha SUP qaarkood, badeecooyinka ka samaysan bacaha oxo-xumeeya iyo qalabka kalluumeysiga ee ay ku jiraan caagadaha. Waxa ay xayiraad suuqa saaraysaa bacaha, cawska, taarikada, koobabka waxayna dejisaa yoolka ururinta 90% dib-u-warshadaynta dhalooyinka caagga ah ee SUP marka la gaadho 2029. Mamnuucidda balaastigga hal-isticmaalka ayaa durba bilowday in ay saamayn ku yeelato habka ay macaamiishu u isticmaalaan caagagga iyo Waxaan rajeyneynaa inay horseedi doonto hoos u dhac weyn oo wasakhowga caagga ah tobanka sano ee soo socda.

Xarunta Siyaasadda Caagagga Caalamiga ah (2022). Dib-u-eegis caalami ah oo siyaasadaha balaastikada ah si loo taageero go'aan samaynta la wanaajiyey iyo la xisaabtanka dadweynaha. March, A., Salam, S., Evans, T., Hilton, J., iyo Fletcher, S. (tafatirayaasha). Revolution Plastics, Jaamacadda Portsmouth, UK. https://plasticspolicy.port.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/GPPC-Report.pdf

Sannadka 2022, Xarunta Siyaasadda Caalamiga ah ee Caagagga ayaa soo saartay daraasad caddayn ku salaysan oo qiimaynaysa waxtarka 100 siyaasadood oo balaastik ah oo ay hirgeliyeen ganacsiyo, dawlado, iyo bulshooyinka rayidka ah ee adduunka oo dhan. Warbixintani waxay tafaasiilaysaa natiijooyinkaas- aqoonsashada daldaloolada muhiimka ah ee caddaynta siyaasad kasta, qiimaynta qodobbada xannibay ama xoojiyay waxqabadka siyaasadda, iyo isku-dubarid kasta oo falanqayn ah si loo muujiyo hab-dhaqannada guuleysta iyo gunaanadyada muhiimka ah ee siyaasad-dejiyeyaasha. Dib-u-eegis qoto-dheer oo lagu sameeyay siyaasadaha caagagga ah ee adduunka oo dhan waa kordhinta bangiga Global Plastic Policy Center ee hindisayaasha balaastikada si madax-bannaan loo falanqeeyay, oo ah tii ugu horreysay ee nooceeda ah oo u shaqeysa sidii bare muhiim ah iyo xog-ogaal u ah siyaasadda wasakheynta caagga ah ee waxtarka leh.

Royle, J., Jack, B., Parris, H., Hogg, D., & Eliot, T. (2019). Hoos-u-dhac Balaadhan: Hab cusub oo wax looga qabanayo wasakhowga caagga ah ee isha ilaa badweynta. Badaha Caadiga ah. https://commonseas.com/uploads/Plastic-Drawdown-%E2%80%93-A-summary-for-policy-makers.pdf

Habka Drawdown-ka caagga ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay afar tallaabo: qaabaynta soo saarista qashinka caagga ah ee waddan iyo halabuurka, khariidaynta dariiqa u dhexeeya isticmaalka caagga ah iyo qulqulka badda, falanqaynta saamaynta siyaasadaha muhiimka ah, iyo fududaynta dhisidda is-afgaradka siyaasadaha muhiimka ah ee dawladda, bulshada. iyo daneeyayaasha ganacsiga. Waxaa jira siddeed iyo toban siyaasadood oo kala duwan oo lagu falanqeeyay dukumeentigan, mid kastaa wuxuu ka hadlayaa sida ay u shaqeeyaan, heerka guusha (waxtarka), iyo makro iyo/ama microplastics-ka ay ka hadlayso.

Barnaamijka Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay (2021). Laga soo bilaabo Wasakhowga ilaa Xalka: Qiimaynta caalamiga ah ee qashinka badda iyo wasakhowga caagga ah. Qaramada Midoobay, Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.unep.org/resources/pollution-solution-global-assessment-marine-litter-and-plastic-pollution

Qiimayntan caalamiga ah waxay eegaysaa baaxadda iyo darnaanta wasakhowga badda iyo caagagga ee dhammaan nidaamyada deegaanka iyo saamaynta xun ee ay ku leeyihiin caafimaadka dadka iyo deegaanka. Waxay ku siinaysaa xog dhammaystiran oo ku saabsan aqoonta hadda jirta iyo daldaloolada cilmi-baarista ee khuseeya saamaynta tooska ah ee wasakhowga caagga ah ku yeelanayso hab-nololeedyada badda, khataraha caafimaadka caalamiga ah, iyo sidoo kale kharashyada bulsho iyo dhaqaale ee qashinka badda. Guud ahaan, warbixintu waxa ay ku dadaalaysaa in ay wargeliso oo ay soo dedejiso tallaabo caddaymo ku salaysan oo heer kasta ah oo adduunka oo dhan ah.

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3.1 Global Treaty

Barnaamijka Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay. (2022, Maarso 2). Waxa aad u baahan tahay inaad ka ogaato xalinta wasakhowga caaga Qaramada Midoobay, Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/what-you-need-know-about-plastic-pollution-resolution

Mid ka mid ah mareegaha ugu kalsoonida badan ee macluumaadka iyo wararka ku saabsan Heshiiska Caalamiga ah, Barnaamijka Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay waa mid ka mid ah ilaha ugu saxsan ee wararka iyo wararka. Shabakaddan ayaa go’aankan taariikhiga ah kaga dhawaaqday fadhigii shanaad ee Golaha Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay oo dib loo bilaabay (UNEA-5.2) in Nayroobi la joojiyo wasakhowga caagga ah lana sameeyo heshiis caalami ah oo sharci ah marka la gaaro 2024. Waxyaabaha kale ee bogga ku taxan waxaa ka mid ah xiriirinta dukumeenti Su'aalaha Inta badan La Isweydiiyo ee ku saabsan Heshiiska Caalamiga ah iyo cajaladaha Qaraarka UNEP hore u socoshada heshiiska, iyo a qalabka wasakhowga caagga ah.

IISD (2023, Maarso 7). Soo koobida Kulamada Shanaad ee Dib loo bilaabay ee Gudida Joogtada ah ee Joogtada ah iyo Golaha Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay iyo Xuska UNEP@50: 21 Feebarwari – 4 March 2022. Warqada Wadahadalada Dhulka, Vol. 16, No 166. https://enb.iisd.org/unea5-oecpr5-unep50

Kalfadhiga shanaad ee Golaha Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay (UNEA-5.2), kaas oo ku shiray hal-ku-dhegga “Xoojinta Tallaabooyinka Dabiiciga ah si loo gaaro Yoolalka Horumarineed ee Joogtada ah,” ayaa lagu sheegay Wargayska Wada-xaajoodka Dunida ee daabacaadda UNEA oo u shaqeysa adeegga warbixinta. wada xaajoodka deegaanka iyo horumarinta. Qoraalkan gaarka ah wuxuu daboolay UNEAS 5.2 waana kheyraad cajiib ah oo loogu talagalay kuwa raadinaya inay wax badan ka fahmaan UNEA, qaraarka 5.2 ee "Dhaminta wasakhowga caagga ah: Dhanka qalab caalami ah oo si sharci ah u xiran" iyo go'aamo kale oo looga hadlay kulanka.

Barnaamijka Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay. (2023, Disembar). Kalfadhigii koowaad ee guddiga wada xaajoodka dawladaha hoose ee wasakhowga caagagga. Barnaamijka Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay, Punta del Este, Uruguay. https://www.unep.org/events/conference/inter-governmental-negotiating-committee-meeting-inc-1

Boggaan wuxuu faahfaahinayaa shirkii ugu horreeyay ee guddiga wada xaajoodka dawladdaha (INC) ee dhammaadka 2022 lagu qabtay Uruguay. Waxay khusaysaa fadhigii ugu horreeyay ee guddiga gorgortanka dawladaha si ay u horumariyaan qalab caalami ah oo si sharci ah u qabanaya wasakhowga caagga ah, oo ay ku jiraan deegaanka badda. Intaa waxaa dheer xiriirinta duubista kulanka waxaa laga heli karaa isku xirka YouTube iyo sidoo kale macluumaadka ku saabsan fadhiyada xog-ururinta siyaasadda iyo PowerPoint-yada kulanka. Duubabkaan dhamaantood waxaa lagu heli karaa Ingiriis, Faransiis, Shiine, Ruush, iyo Isbaanish.

Andersen, I. (2022, Maarso 2). Horumarka Hogaamineed ee Ficil Deegaanka. Hadalka: Qaybta heerka sare ee Golaha Deegaanka ee shanaad ee dib loo bilaabay. Barnaamijka Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay, Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/speech/leap-forward-environmental-action

Agaasimaha Fulinta ee Barnaamijka Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay (UNEP), ayaa sheegay in heshiisku yahay heshiiska deegaanka ee ugu muhiimsan ee caalamiga ah ee dhinacyada badan leh tan iyo heshiiskii cimilada ee Paris khudbadiisa isagoo u ololeynaya in la meel mariyo qaraarka lagu bilaabayo ka shaqaynta heshiiska caagagga caalamiga ah. Waxa uu ku dooday in heshiisku si dhab ah loo tirin doono haddii la helo qodobo cad cad oo sharci ahaan lagu fulinayo, sida uu go’aanku sheegayo oo ay tahay in la qaato hab nololeed oo dhammaystiran. Hadalkani wuxuu qabtaa shaqo aad u fiican oo daboolaya baahida loo qabo Heshiiska Caalamiga ah iyo mudnaanta Barnaamijka Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay iyada oo wada xaajoodyadu sii socdaan.

IISD (2022, Disembar 7). Soo koobida Shirka Koowaad ee Guddiga Wada-xaajoodka ee Dawlad-goboleedka si loo soo saaro qalab caalami ah oo si sharci ah ugu xidhan wasakhowga caagagga: 28 Noofambar – 2 Diseembar 2022. Wargelinta Wada-xaajoodyada Dhulka, Vol 36, No. 7. https://enb.iisd.org/plastic-pollution-marine-environment-negotiating-committee-inc1

Kulanka markii ugu horeysay, guddiga wada xaajoodka dawladdaha (INC), Dawladaha xubinta ka ah waxay isku raaceen in ay ka wada xaajoodaan qalab caalami ah oo sharci ah (ILBI) oo ku saabsan wasakhowga caaga ah, oo ay ku jiraan deegaanka badda, oo dejinaya waqti hammi ah oo lagu soo gabagabeynayo wada xaajoodka 2024. Sida kor ku xusan , Wargayska Wada-xaajoodka Dhulka waa daabacaadda UNEA oo u shaqeysa sidii adeegga warbixinta ee wada-xaajoodyada deegaanka iyo horumarinta.

Barnaamijka Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay. (2023). Kalfadhiga labaad ee guddiga wada xaajoodka ee dawladda dhexe ee wasakhowga caagagga: 29 Maajo - 2 Juun 2023. https://www.unep.org/events/conference/second-session-intergovernmental-negotiating-committee-develop-international

Ilaha waa in la cusboonaysiiyaa ka dib gabagabada kalfadhiga 2aad ee Juun 2023.

Shabakadda Hogaaminta Caagagga Badweynta. (2021, Juun 10). Wadahadallada Caalamiga ah ee Caagagga. YouTube. https://youtu.be/GJdNdWmK4dk.

Wadahadal ayaa ka bilaabmay shirar caalami ah oo khadka internetka ah oo loogu diyaar garoobayay go'aanka Golaha Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay (UNEA) bishii Febraayo 2022 ee ku saabsan in la sii wado heshiis caalami ah oo balaastikada ah. Shabakadda Hoggaaminta Caagaga ee Ocean-ka (OPLN) oo ah 90-xubnood oo u dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqdhaqaaqa warshadaha ayaa ku lammaan Greenpeace iyo WWF si ay u soo saaraan taxanaha wada hadalka waxtarka leh. Kow iyo todobaatan waddan ayaa ku baaqaya heshiis caalami ah oo balaastikada ah oo ay weheliyaan NGO-yada, iyo 30 shirkadood oo waaweyn. Dhinacyadu waxa ay ku baaqayaan in si cad looga warbixiyo balaastikada inta ay nool yihiin oo dhan si loogu xisaabtamo wax kasta oo la sameeyay iyo sida loo maareeyay, laakiin wali waxaa jira faraqyo waaweyn oo is afgaranwaa ah oo hadhsan.

Parker, L. (2021, Juun 8). Heshiska caalamiga ah ee lagu xakameynayo wasakheynta balaastikada ayaa kor u kacday. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/global-treaty-to-regulate-plastic-pollution-gains-momentum

Caalamkoo dhan waxa jira todoba qeexitaan oo waxa loo arko bac taas oo la socota sharciyo kala duwan oo wadan kasta leeyahay. Ajendaha heshiiska caalamiga ahi waxa uu udub dhexaad u yahay in la helo qeexitaan iyo halbeeg joogto ah, isku dubaridka bartilmaameedyada iyo qorshayaasha qaranka, heshiisyada heerarka warbixinta, iyo abuurista sanduuq lagu caawiyo maalgelinta xarumaha maaraynta qashinka halkaas oo loogu baahan yahay horumar yar. wadamada.

Aasaaska Duur-joogta Adduunka, Ellen MacArthur Foundation, & Kooxda La-talinta Boston. (2020). Kiiska Ganacsiga ee Heshiis Qaramada Midoobay ee wasakhowga caagagga ah. WWF, Ellen MacArthur Foundation, iyo BCG. https://f.hubspotusercontent20.net/hubfs/4783129/ Plastics/UN%20treaty%20plastic%20poll%20report%20a4_ single_pages_v15-web-prerelease-3mb.pdf

Shirkadaha caalamiga ah iyo ganacsiyada waxaa loogu yeeraa inay taageeraan heshiiska caagagga caalamiga ah, sababtoo ah wasakhowga caagga ah waxay saameyn doontaa mustaqbalka ganacsiyada. Shirkado badan ayaa la kulma khataro sumcadeed, iyadoo macaamiishu ay aad uga warqabaan khataraha caagga ah oo ay dalbadaan daahfurnaanta ku xeeran silsiladda sahayda caagga ah. Shaqaaluhu waxay rabaan inay ka shaqeeyaan shirkado leh ujeedo wanaagsan, maalgashadayaasha waxay raadinayaan fekerka mustaqbalka shirkadaha deegaanka, iyo sharciyeeyayaasha ayaa kor u qaadaya siyaasadaha wax looga qabanayo dhibaatada caagga ah. Ganacsiyada, heshiiska Qaramada Midoobay ee wasakhowga balaastikada ah ayaa hoos u dhigi doona kakanaanta shaqada iyo sharciyada kala duwan ee goobaha suuqa, fududaynta warbixinta, iyo caawinta hagaajinta rajada lagu gaari karo yoolalka shirkadaha ee hamiga leh. Tani waa fursad ay ku hogaaminayaan shirkadaha caalamiga ah inay hormuud ka noqdaan isbeddelka siyaasadda si loo horumariyo adduunkeena.

Hay'adda Baadhitaanka Deegaanka. (2020, Juun). Heshiiska Wasakhowga Caaga: Ku wajahan heshiis caalami ah oo cusub oo wax looga qabanayo wasakhowga caagga ah. Hay'adda Baadhitaanka Deegaanka iyo Gaia. https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Convention-on-Plastic-Pollution-June- 2020-hal-bog.pdf.

Dawladaha xubnaha ka ah heshiisyada caagadu waxay cadeeyeen 4 qaybood oo waaweyn oo qaab-dhismeedka caalamiga ahi lagama maarmaan u yahay: kormeer/warbixin, ka-hortag wasakhaysan caag ah, isku-dubarid caalami ah, iyo taageero farsamo/maaliyeed. Kormeerka iyo ka warbixintu waxay ku salaysnaan doontaa laba tilmaame: hab kor-hoos ah oo lagula soconayo wasakhowga caagga ah ee hadda jira, iyo habka hoose ee warbixinta xogta daadinta. Abuuritaanka hababka caalamiga ah ee warbixinta caadiga ah ee wareegga nolosha balaastikada waxay kobcin doontaa u gudubka qaab-dhismeed dhaqaale oo wareeg ah. Ka-hortagga wasakhda caagga ah waxay gacan ka geysan doontaa in la ogeysiiyo qorshe-hawleed qaran, iyo wax ka qabashada arrimaha gaarka ah sida microplastics-ka iyo jaan-goynta silsiladda qiimaha caagga ah. Isku-dubbaridka caalamiga ah ee ilaha badda ku salaysan ee caagadaha, ganacsiga qashinka, iyo wasakhowga kiimikadu waxay gacan ka geysan doontaa kordhinta kala duwanaanshaha noolaha iyada oo la ballaarinayo isweydaarsiga aqoonta gobollada. Ugu dambeyntii, taageerada farsamo iyo maaliyadeed waxay kordhin doontaa go'aan qaadashada sayniska iyo dhaqan-dhaqaale, iyadoo dhanka kale gacan ka geysan doonta kala-guurka dalalka soo koraya.

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3.2 Guddiga Siyaasadda Sayniska

Qaramada Midoobay. (2023, Janaayo - Febraayo). Warbixinta qaybta labaad ee kalfadhiga koowaad ee koox-hawleed-hawleed furan oo ku saabsan guddi-siyaasad saynis si ay gacan dheeraad ah uga geystaan maaraynta wanaagsan ee kiimikada iyo qashinka iyo ka hortagga wasakhowga. Koox-shaqeed furan oo dhammaystiran oo ku saabsan guddi-siyaasad saynis si ay gacan dheeraad ah uga geystaan maaraynta wanaagsan ee kiimikooyinka iyo qashinka iyo si looga hortago wasakhowga Kalfadhiga koowaad ee Nairobi, 6 Oktoobar 2022 iyo Bangkok, Thailand. https://www.unep.org/oewg1.2-ssp-chemicals-waste-pollution

Kooxda hawl-gabka furan ee Qaramada Midoobay (OEWG) oo ku jirta guddi-siyaasad saynis si ay gacan dheeraad ah uga geystaan maaraynta wanaagsan ee kiimikooyinka iyo qashinka iyo ka hortagga wasakhowga ayaa lagu qabtay Bangkok, laga bilaabo 30 Janaayo ilaa 3 Febraayo 2023. Intii uu socday kulanka , 5 / 8, Golaha Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay (UNEA) ayaa go'aamiyay in la sameeyo guddi cilmi-siyaasad ah oo gacan ka geysta maaraynta wanaagsan ee kiimikada iyo qashinka iyo ka hortagga wasakhowga. UNEA waxay kaloo go'aansatay inay shirto, iyadoo ku xiran helitaanka kheyraadka, OEWG si ay u diyaariso soo jeedinta guddiga siyaasadda sayniska, si ay u bilaabaan shaqada 2022 iyada oo hamiga ah in la dhamaystiro dhamaadka 2024. Warbixinta ugu dambeysa ee kulanka ayaa noqon karta helay halkan.

Wang, Z. iyo al. (2021) Waxaan u baahanahay hay'ad saynis-siyaasad caalami ah oo ku saabsan kiimikooyinka iyo qashinka. Sayniska. 371 (6531) E:774-776. DOI: 10.1126/sayniska.abe9090 | Isku xirka beddelka ah: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abe9090

Wadamo badan iyo ururo siyaasadeed oo heer gobol ah ayaa leh nidaam iyo qaab-siyaasadeed lagu maareeyo kiimikooyinka iyo qashinka ee la xidhiidha hawlaha bani'aadamka si loo yareeyo waxyeelada caafimaadka aadanaha iyo deegaanka. Qaab-dhismeedyadan waxaa kaabaya oo balaariyay ficil wadajir ah oo caalami ah, gaar ahaan kuwa la xiriira wasakhowga ku socda gaadiidka hawada, biyaha, iyo biota; ka gudubka xuduudaha qaranka iyada oo loo marayo ganacsiga caalamiga ah ee kheyraadka, badeecooyinka, iyo qashinka; ama ay joogaan wadamo badan (1). Qaar ka mid ah horumarka ayaa la sameeyay, laakiin Muuqaalka Kiimikada Caalamiga ah (GCO-II) ee ka socda Barnaamijka Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay (UNEP) (1) ayaa ku baaqay "xoojinta [in] is-dhexgalka siyaasadda-sayniska iyo isticmaalka sayniska ee la socodka horumarka, dejinta mudnaanta, iyo dejinta siyaasadda inta lagu jiro wareegga nolosha ee kiimikada iyo qashinka." Iyadoo Golaha Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay (UNEA) uu dhawaan kulmayo si uu ugala hadlo sidii loo xoojin lahaa is-dhexgalka siyaasadda sayniska ee kiimikooyinka iyo qashinka (2), waxaanu falanqeyneynaa muuqaalka muuqaalka iyo muujinta talooyinka lagu dhisayo hay'ad guud oo ku saabsan kiimikooyinka iyo qashinka.

Barnaamijka Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay (2020). Qiimaynta Xulashada Xoojinta Interface-Siyaasada Sayniska ee Heerka Caalamiga ah ee Maareynta Codka ee Kiimikada iyo Qashinka. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/33808/ OSSP.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Baahida degdega ah ee lagu xoojinayo is dhexgalka siyaasadda-sayniska ee heerarka oo dhan si loo taageero loona horumariyo ficilka deegaanka, heer qaran, gobol iyo heer caalami ee sayniska ku salaysan ee maaraynta saxda ah ee kiimikooyinka iyo qashinka wixii ka dambeeya 2020; isticmaalka sayniska ee la socodka horumarka; dejinta mudnaanta iyo dejinta siyaasadda inta lagu jiro meertada nolosha ee kiimikooyinka iyo qashinka, iyadoo la tixgalinayo dulduleelada iyo macluumaadka sayniska ee ka jira dalka soo koraya.

Fadeeva, Z., & Van Berkel, R. (2021, Janaayo). Furitaanka dhaqaalaha wareegtada ah ee ka hortagga wasakhowga balaastikada badda: sahaminta siyaasadda G20 iyo hindisayaasha. Joornaalka Maareynta Deegaanka. 277(111457). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111457

Waxaa jira aqoonsi caalami ah oo sii kordhaya oo ah qashinka badda oo dib-u-eegis ku samayno habkayaga caagadaha iyo baakadaha, waxaanu qeexayaa tallaabooyinka lagu suurtagelinayo u gudubka dhaqaalaha wareegtada kaas oo la dagaallami doona caagadaha hal-isticmaalka ah iyo dibadda xun. Tallaabooyinkani waxay u egyihiin qaab soo jeedin siyaasadeed oo loogu talagalay waddamada G20.

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3.3 Basel Convention Wax ka beddelka qashinka caagga ah

Barnaamijka Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay. (2023). Axdiga Basel. Qaramada Midoobay. http://www.basel.int/Implementation/Plasticwaste/Overview/ tabid/8347/Default.aspx

Tallaabadan ayaa waxa dadajiyay Shirweynihii Xisbiyada ee Axdiga Basel ee go’aan laga gaadhay BC-14/12 kaas oo ay wax kaga bedeshay Lifaaqa II, VIII iyo IX ee Axdiga la xidhiidha qashinka caagga ah. Xiriirinta waxtarka leh waxaa ka mid ah khariidad sheeko cusub oo ku taal 'Qashinka caagagga iyo Axdiga Basel' kaas oo siya xog muuqaal ah iyada oo loo marayo muuqaallo iyo sawirro si ay u sharaxdo doorka Basel Convention Qashinka Caagagga Wax ka beddelka ee xakamaynta dhaqdhaqaaqa xuduudaha, horumarinta maareynta deegaanka, iyo kor u qaadida ka hortagga iyo yaraynta jiilka qashinka caaga ah.

Barnaamijka Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay. (2023). Xakamaynta Dhaqdhaqaaqa Xadka Gudub ee Qashinka halista ah iyo Tuurintooda. Axdiga Basel. Qaramada Midoobay. http://www.basel.int/Implementation/Plasticwastes/PlasticWaste Partnership/tabid/8096/Default.aspx

Iskaashatada Qashinka Caaga ah (PWP) ayaa lagu dhisay iyada oo hoos timaada Axdiga Basel, si loo horumariyo loona horumariyo maaraynta deegaanka wanaagsan ee qashinka caaga ah iyo in laga hortago lana yareeyo jiilkeeda. Barnaamijku waxa uu kormeeray ama taageeray 23 mashruuc oo tijaabo ah si loo dhaqaajiyo waxqabad. Mashaariicdan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu hormariyo ka-hortagga qashinka, hagaajinta ururinta qashinka, wax ka qabashada dhaqdhaqaaqa xuduudaha ee qashinka balaastikada ah, iyo bixinta waxbarashada iyo kor u qaadista wacyiga wasakhowga caagga ah oo ah walxo khatar ah.

Benson, E. & Mortsensen, S. (2021, Oktoobar 7). Axdiga Basel: Laga soo bilaabo qashinka khatarta ah ilaa wasakhowga caaga ah. Xarunta Istaraatiijiyadda & Daraasaadka Caalamiga ah. https://www.csis.org/analysis/basel-convention-hazardous-waste-plastic-pollution

Maqaalkani wuxuu qabtaa shaqo wanaagsan oo sharxaya aasaaska heshiiska Basel ee dhagaystayaasha guud. Warbixinta CSIS waxay dabooshaa aasaaskii Axdiga Basel ee 1980-meeyadii si wax looga qabto qashinka sunta ah. Axdiga Basel waxa saxeexay 53 dawladood iyo Ururka Dhaqaalaha Yurub (EEC) si ay gacan uga geystaan xakamaynta ganacsiga qashinka khatarta ah iyo in la yareeyo gaadiidka aan la rabin ee shixnadaha sunta ah ee aanay dawladuhu ogolayn inay helaan. Maqaalku waxa kale oo uu bixinayaa xog su'aalo iyo jawaabo taxane ah oo ay ka mid yihiin cidda saxeexday heshiiska, maxay saamaynaysaa wax ka beddelka balaastiigga, iyo waxa soo socda. Qaab-dhismeedka hore ee Basel waxa uu abuuray barta bilawga ah si wax looga qabto qashinka joogtada ah, inkasta oo tani ay qayb ka tahay kaliya qayb ka mid ah istaraatiijiyad weyn oo loo baahan yahay si dhab ah loo gaaro dhaqaale wareeg ah.

Hay'adda Ilaalinta Deegaanka ee Mareykanka. (2022, Juun 22). Shuruudaha Cusub ee Caalamiga ah ee Dhoofinta iyo Soo Dejinta Walxaha Dib-u-warshadaynta iyo Qashinka. EPA https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/new-international-requirements-export-and-import-plastic-recyclables-and-waste

Bishii Maajo 2019, 187 waddan ayaa xaddiday ganacsiga caalamiga ah ee qashinka balaastigga ah/dib-u-warshadaynta iyada oo loo marayo Axdiga Basel ee Xakamaynta Dhaqdhaqaaqyada Xuduudaha ee Qashinka halista ah iyo Tuurintooda. Laga bilaabo Janaayo 1st, 2021 dib loo warshadayn karo iyo qashinka waxaa loo ogol yahay oo kaliya in lagu soo raro wadamada ogolaanshaha hore ee qoraalka ah ee wadanka la soo dejinayo iyo wadan kasta oo la sii maraayo. Maraykanku maaha xisbi hadda ka tirsan Axdiga Basel, taasoo la micno ah in waddan kasta oo saxeexay Axdiga Basel aanu ka ganacsan karin qashinka Basel xaddidan ee Maraykanka ( xisbi aan xisbi ahayn) iyada oo aanay jirin heshiisyo hore loo sii cayimay oo u dhexeeya waddamada. Shuruudahan ayaa ujeedadoodu tahay in wax laga qabto sida aan habboonayn ee qashinka caagga ah loo tuuro iyo in la yareeyo qulqulka tareennada ee deegaanka. Waxaa caado u ahayd wadamada horumaray inay caagadooda u diraan wadamada soo koraya, laakiin xayiraadaha cusub ayaa sii adkeynaya.

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4. Dhaqaalaha Wareegtada

Gorrasi, G., Sorrentino, A., & Lichtfouse, E. (2021). Ku laabo wasakhowga balaastikada ah waqtiyada COVID. Warqadaha Kiimikada Deegaanka. 19 (bogga 1-4). HAL Sayniska Furan. https://hal.science/hal-02995236

Qalalaasaha iyo degdega ah ee uu keenay masiibada COVID-19 waxay keentay wax soo saar balaastiig ah oo shidaal laga helay oo inta badan iska indhatiray heerarka lagu qeexay siyaasadaha deegaanka. Maqaalkani waxa uu xooga saarayaa in xalalka dhaqaale waara oo wareeg ah uu u baahan yahay hal-abuurnimo xagjir ah, waxbarashada macaamiisha iyo tan ugu muhiimsan rabitaanka siyaasadeed.

Dhaqaalaha toosan, dhaqaalaha dib u warshadaynta, iyo dhaqaalaha wareegtada — Gorrasi, G., Sorrentino, A., & Lichtfouse, E. (2021). *Ku laabo wasakhowga balaastikada ah waqtiyada COVID*. Warqadaha Kiimikada Deegaanka. 19 (bogga 1-4). HAL Sayniska Furan. https://hal.science/hal-02995236

Xarunta Sharciga Caalamiga ah ee Deegaanka. (2023, Maarso). Dib-u-warshadaynta ka baxsan: Xisaabinta balaastikada ee dhaqaalaha wareegtada ah. Xarunta Sharciga Caalamiga ah ee Deegaanka. https://www.ciel.org/reports/circular-economy-analysis/

Waxaa loo qoray siyaasad-dejiyeyaasha, warbixintan waxay ku doodaysaa in tixgelin dheeraad ah la sameeyo marka la samaynayo sharciyo ku saabsan caagga. Gaar ahaan qoraaga waxa uu ku dooday in wax badan laga qabto sunta caagga ah, waa in la isla qiro in baco gubta aanay ka mid ahayn dhaqaalaha wareegtada ah, in nashqad ammaan ah loo qaadan karo wareegto, ilaalinta xuquuqul insaanka waa lagama maarmaan. gaadhaan dhaqaale wareeg ah. siyaasadaha ama hababka farsamada ee u baahan sii wadida iyo balaadhinta wax soo saarka balaastikada laguma tilmaami karo wareegto, sidaas awgeedna waa in aan loo qaadan xal u helida dhibaatada balaastikada caalamka. Ugu dambeyntii, qoraaga ayaa ku doodaya in heshiis kasta oo caalami ah oo cusub oo ku saabsan caagadaha, tusaale ahaan, ay tahay in la saadaaliyo xaddidaadda wax soo saarka balaastikada iyo baabi'inta kiimikada sunta ah ee silsiladda sahayda balaastikada.

Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2022, Noofambar 2). Ballanqaadka Caalamiga ah ee 2022 Warbixinta Horumarka. Barnaamijka Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay. https://emf.thirdlight.com/link/f6oxost9xeso-nsjoqe/@/#

Qiimaynta ayaa lagu ogaaday in himilooyinka ay dejiyeen shirkaduhu si ay u gaadhaan 100% dib loo isticmaali karo, dib loo warshadayn karo, ama baakad la burburin karo marka la gaadho 2025 hubaal in aan la gaadhi doonin oo ay waayi doonto yoolalka muhiimka ah ee 2025 ee dhaqaalaha wareegtada ah. Warbixintu waxay xustay in horumar xooggan la samaynayo, laakiin rajada laga qabo in aan la kulmin yoolalka waxay xoojinaysaa baahida loo qabo dardargelinta waxqabadka waxayna ku doodaysaa kala-goynta kobaca ganacsiga ee isticmaalka baakadaha iyada oo tallaabo degdeg ah loo baahan yahay dawladuhu si loo kiciyo isbeddelka. Warbixintani waxay sifo muhiim ah u tahay kuwa raadinaya inay fahmaan xaaladda hadda jirta ee ballan-qaadyada shirkadda si loo dhimo caagga iyadoo la bixinayo dhaleeceynta looga baahan yahay ganacsiyada si ay tallaabo dheeraad ah u qaadaan.

Greenpeace. (2022, Oktoobar 14). Sheegashada wareegtada ah ayaa mar kale hoos u dhacday. Warbixinta Greenpeace. https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/reports/circular-claims-fall-flat-again/

Cusboonaysiinta Daraasada GreenPeace ee 2020, qorayaashu waxay dib u eegayaan sheegashadooda hore ee ah in darawalka dhaqaalaha ururinta, kala-soocidda, iyo dib-u-habaynta badeecadaha balaastiga ka dambeeya ay u badan tahay inay ka sii darto marka wax soo saarka caaggu kordho. Qorayaashu waxay ogaadeen in labadii sano ee la soo dhaafay sheegashadan la caddeeyey inay run tahay iyada oo kaliya qaar ka mid ah dhalooyinka caagga ah si sharci ah dib loo warshadeeyey. Warqaddu waxay markaa ka hadashay sababaha dib-u-warshadaynta makaanikada iyo kiimikadu ay u fashilmeen oo ay ku jiraan sida qashinka iyo sunta ah ee habka dib-u-warshadaynta uu yahay iyo inaanay ahayn mid dhaqaale. Wax badan oo muhiim ah ayaa u baahan in si degdeg ah loo qaado si wax looga qabto dhibaatada sii kordheysa ee wasakhowga caagga ah.

Hocevar, J. (2020, Febraayo 18). Warbixin: Sheegashooyinka Wareegtada ah ayaa si toos ah u dhacay. Greenpeace. https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Greenpeace-Report-Circular-Claims-Fall-Flat.pdf

Falanqaynta ururinta qashinka caagagga ah ee hadda jira, kala-soocidda, iyo dib-u-habaynta Maraykanka si loo go'aamiyo haddii alaabooyinka si sharci ah loogu yeeri karo "dib loo warshadayn karo". Falanqaynta ayaa lagu ogaaday in ku dhawaad dhammaan walxaha wasakhowga ah ee caagagga ah, oo ay ku jiraan adeegga cuntada ee hal mar la isticmaalo iyo alaabooyinka ku habboon, aan dib loo warshadayn karin sababo kala duwan awgood oo ka imanaya degmooyinka oo ururinaya, laakiin aan dib loo warshadayn ilaa caagadaha caagagga ah ee gacmaha lagu xidho dhalooyinka taasoo ka dhigaysa mid aan dib loo warshadayn karin. Kor ka eeg warbixinta la cusboonaysiiyay ee 2022

Beyond Plastics (2022, May). Warbixinta: Xaqiiqda Dhabta ah ee Ku Saabsan Heerka Dib-u-warshadaynta Caagagga Mareykanka. Nadiifintii Xeebta Ugu Dambeysay. https://www.lastbeachcleanup.org/_files/ ugd/dba7d7_9450ed6b848d4db098de1090df1f9e99.pdf

Heerka dib-u-warshadaynta balaastikada Mareykanka ee hadda 2021 ayaa lagu qiyaasay inta u dhaxaysa 5 iyo 6%. Sababaynta khasaaraha dheeraadka ah ee aan la cabbirin, sida qashinka caagga ah ee la ururiyay iyadoo la is-yeelyeelayo "dib u warshadaynta" ee la gubay, taa beddelkeeda, heerka dib-u-warshadaynta balaastiga dhabta ah ee Maraykanka ayaa laga yaabaa inay xitaa hooseyso. Tani waa muhiim maadaama qiimaha kartoonada iyo biraha ay aad u sarreeyaan. Warbixintu waxay markaas si hufan u soo koobtay taariikhda qashinka caagga ah, dhoofinta, iyo heerka dib-u-warshadaynta ee Maraykanka waxayna ku doodaysaa tallaabooyin lagu dhimayo cadadka caagga ah ee la isticmaalo sida mamnuucidda caagga hal mar la isticmaalo, saldhigyada biyaha lagu shubo, iyo weelka dib loo isticmaali karo. barnaamijyada.

Dhaqaalaha Caagaga Cusub. (2020). Aragtida Dhaqaale Wareega ee Caaga. PDF

Lixda astaamood ee loo baahan yahay si loo gaaro dhaqaale wareeg ah waa: (a) baabi'inta caagga dhibka leh ama aan loo baahnayn; (b) alaabta dib loo isticmaalo si loo dhimo baahida caag la isticmaalo; (c) Dhammaan balaastiiggu waa inay ahaadaan kuwo dib loo isticmaali karo, dib loo warshadayn karo, ama la burburin karo; (d) Baakadaha oo dhan ayaa dib loo isticmaalay, dib loo warshadeeyay, ama la isku qasay si ficil ahaan ah; (e) balaastiig ayaa laga soocay isticmaalka kheyraadka xaddidan; (f) Dhammaan baakadaha balaastikada ah waa ka nadiif kiimikooyinka halista ah waxaana la ixtiraamaa xuquuqda dadka oo dhan. Dukumeentiga tooska ah waa akhrin degdeg ah qof kasta oo xiisaynaya hababka ugu wanaagsan ee dhaqaalaha wareegtada ah iyada oo aan faahfaahin ka baxsan.

Nunez, C. (2021, Sebtembar 30). Afar fikradood oo muhiim ah oo lagu dhisayo dhaqaale wareeg ah. National Juqraafiga. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/paid-content-four-key-ideas-to-building-a-circular-economy-for-plastics

Khubarada qaybaha kala duwan ayaa isku raacay in aan abuuri karno nidaam hufan oo alaabta si isdaba joog ah dib loogu isticmaalo. Sannadka 2021, Ururka Cabbitaannada Mareykanka (ABA) waxay si rasmi ah isugu yeereen koox khubaro ah, oo ay ku jiraan hoggaamiyeyaasha deegaanka, siyaasad-dejiyeyaasha, iyo hal-abuurayaasha shirkadaha, si ay ugala hadlaan doorka caagga ah ee baakadaha macaamiisha, soosaarka mustaqbalka, iyo nidaamyada dib-u-warshadaynta, iyadoo qaab-dhismeedka ballaaran uu yahay tixgelinta xalalka dhaqaalaha wareegtada la qabsan karo.

Meys, R., Frick, F., Westhues, S., Sternberg, A., Klankermayer, J., & Bardow, A. (2020, Noofambar). Dhanka dhaqaalaha wareegtada ah ee qashinka baakadaha balaastikada ah - awoodda deegaanka ee dib u warshadaynta kiimikada. Khayraadka, Ilaalinta iyo Dib u warshadaynta 162(105010). DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105010.

Keijer, T., Bakker, V., & Slootweg, JC (2019, Febraayo 21). Kiimikada wareegta ah si loo suurtageliyo dhaqaale wareeg ah. Kiimikada dabiiciga ah. 11 (190-195). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-019-0226-9

Si loo wanaajiyo waxtarka kheyraadka oo loo suurtageliyo warshado kiimiko ah oo xiran, oo aan qashinka ka saarneyn, isticmaalka tooska ah ka dib dhaqaalaha waa in la beddelaa. Si tan loo sameeyo, tixgalinta sii jirista badeecada waa in lagu daraa meertada nolosheeda oo dhan oo ujeedadeedu tahay in habka tooska ah loogu badalo kiimiko wareeg ah.

Spalding, M. (2018, Abriil 23). Ha u ogolaan caaggu inuu galo badweynta. Hay'adda Ocean Foundation. Dhulka Dhulka

Nuxurka muhiimka ah ee loo sameeyay wadahadalka joojinta wasakhowga balaastikada ee ka socda safaarada Finland ayaa qeexaya arrinta balaastikada ee badda dhexdeeda. Spalding wuxuu ka hadlayaa dhibaatooyinka balaastikada ee badda, sida balaastigga hal-isticmaalka door u leeyahay, iyo meelaha balaastiiggu ka yimaadaan. Kahortaggu waa furaha, ha ka mid noqon dhibaatada, ficilka shakhsi ahaaneedna waa bilow wanaagsan. Dib u isticmaalka iyo dhimista qashinka ayaa sidoo kale lama huraan ah.

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5. Chemistry-ga cagaaran

Tan, V. (2020, Maarso 24). Biyo-caagadu ma yihiin Xal waara? Wadahadallada TEDx. YouTube. https://youtu.be/Kjb7AlYOSgo.

Biyo-caagadu waxay xal u noqon karaan wax soo saarka caagga ku salaysan batroolka, laakiin bioplastics-ku ma joojiyaan dhibaatada qashinka caagga ah. Biyo-balaastigga hadda waa ka qaalisan yihiin oo diyaar uma aha marka loo eego balaastikada ku saleysan batroolka. Intaa waxaa dheer, bioplastics-ka daruuriga ah uma roona deegaanka marka loo eego balaastikada ku saleysan batroolka maadaama qaar ka mid ah bioplastics aysan si dabiici ah u hoos u dhicin deegaanka. Bioplastics kaligeed ma xallin karto mushkiladayada balaastikada ah, laakiin waxay noqon karaan qayb ka mid ah xalka. Waxaan u baahanahay sharci aad u dhamaystiran iyo fulin dammaanad qaad ah oo daboolaya wax soo saarka caagagga ah, isticmaalka, iyo qashin qubka.

Tickner, J., Jacobs, M. iyo Brody, C. (2023, Febraayo 25). Kiimikada ayaa si degdeg ah ugu baahan si loo horumariyo agab badbaado leh. Saynisyahan Maraykan ah. www.scientificamerican.com/article/chemistry-urgently-needs-to-develop-safer-materials/

Qorayaashu waxay ku doodayaan in haddii aan doonayno inaan joojino shilalka kiimikada ee khatarta ah ee dadka iyo hab-nololeedyada jirada, waxaan u baahannahay inaan wax ka qabanno ku tiirsanaanta nooca aadanaha ee kiimikooyinkan iyo hababka wax soo saarka ee loo baahan yahay si loo abuuro. Waxa loo baahan yahay waa kharash-ku-ool, hawl-qabad wanaagsan, iyo xalal waara.

Neitzert, T. (2019, Agoosto 2). Waa maxay sababta balaastikada la isku qurxiyo aysan u roonayn deegaanka. Wadahadalka. theconversation.com/ why-compostable-plastics-laga yaabaa-ma-wanaagsan-ee-deegaanka-100016

Maaddaama dunidu ay ka guurayso balaastiigga hal-isticmaalka, badeecooyinka cusub ee biodegradable ama la kasban karo waxay u muuqdaan kuwo ka beddelan kara caagagga, laakiin waxay sidoo kale u xun yihiin deegaanka. Dhibaato badan ayaa ka jirta erey-bixinta, dib-u-warshadaynta ama kaabayaasha dib-u-warshadaynta, iyo sunta balaastikada la dumin karo. Dhammaan meertada nolosha badeecada waxay u baahan tahay in la falanqeeyo ka hor inta aan lagu calaamadin inay tahay beddel ka wanaagsan caag.

Gibbens, S. (2018, Noofambar 15). Waxaad u Baahan Tahay Inaad Ka Ogaato Caagagga Ku-saleysan Dhirta. National Juqraafiga. nationalgeographic.com.au/nature/maxaad-u baahan tahay-in-aad-ogtahay-ku saabsan-plant-based-plastics.aspx

Marka la eego, bioplastics-ku waxay u eg yihiin beddel weyn oo caag ah, laakiin xaqiiqadu way ka sii adag tahay. Bioplastic waxa ay bixisaa xal lagu dhimo shidaalka gubanaya, laakiin waxa laga yaabaa in ay keento wasakh badan bacriminta iyo dhul badan oo laga weeciyo wax soo saarka cuntada. Bioplastics sidoo kale waxaa la saadaaliyay inay wax yar ka qaban doonto joojinta cadadka balaastiga soo galaya marin biyoodka.

Steinmark, I. (2018, Noofambar 5). Abaalmarinta Nobel Prize waxaa lagu abaalmariyay kobcinta kimistariga cagaaran. Royal Society of Chemistry. eic.rsc.org/soundbite/nobel-prize-award-for-evolving-cagaaran-chemistry-catalysts/3009709.article

Frances Arnold waa mid ka mid ah Abaalmarinta Nobel ee kimistariga ee sanadkan shaqadeeda Directed Evolution (DE), hack chemistry biochemical hack kaas oo borotiinka/enzymes si aan kala sooc lahayn loo beddelo marar badan, ka dibna la baaro si loo ogaado kuwa ugu fiican. Waxay dib u habeyn ku sameyn kartaa warshadaha kiimikada.

Greenpeace. (2020, Sebtembar 9). Khiyaanada Nambarada: Golaha Kimistariga Maraykanka waxay sheegtaan ku saabsan maalgashiga dib-u-warshadaynta kiimikadu waxay ku guuldareysteen inay sii wadaan baaritaanka. Greenpeace. www.greenpeace.org/usa/research/deception-by-the-numbers

Kooxaha, sida Golaha Maraykanka ee Kimistariga (ACC), ayaa u ololeeyay dib-u-warshadaynta kiimikaad si ay xal ugu noqoto dhibaatada wasakhowga caagga ah, laakiin suurtagalnimada dib-u-warshadaynta kiimikada ayaa weli ah mid su'aal la iska weydiinayo. Dib-u-warshadaynta kiimikaad ama "dib u warshadaynta sare" waxaa loola jeedaa caag-to-shidaal, qashin-shidaal, ama balaastiig-caag ah waxayna isticmaashaa dareere kala duwan si ay u-xumeeyaan polymer-ka caagga ah ee dhismahooda aasaasiga ah. Greenpeace waxay ogaatay in in ka yar 50% mashaariicda ACC ee dib u warshadaynta horumarsan ay ahaayeen mashruuc dib u warshadayn la aamini karo iyo dib u warshadaynta balaastikada ah waxay muujinaysaa suurtagalnimada guul. Ilaa hadda cashuur bixiyayaasha ayaa bixiyay ugu yaraan $506 milyan oo lagu taageerayo mashaariicdan aan la hubin ee jiri kara. Macaamiisha iyo alaab-qeybiyeyaasha waa inay ogaadaan dhibaatooyinka xalalka - sida dib-u-warshadaynta kiimikada - taas oo aan xallin doonin dhibaatada wasakheynta caagga ah.

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6. Caafimaadka Caaga iyo Badweynta

Miller, EA, Yamahara, KM, Faransiis, C., Spingarn, N., Birch, JM, & Van Houtan, KS (2022). Maktabadda tixraaca ee Raman ee suurtagalka ah ee anthropogenic iyo polymers bayooloji. Xogta Sayniska, 9(1), 1-9. DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01883-5

Microplastics-ka ayaa laga helay heerar aad u sarreeya ee nidaamka deegaanka badda iyo shabakada cuntada, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si loo xalliyo dhibaatadan caalamiga ah, cilmi-baarayaashu waxay sameeyeen nidaam lagu aqoonsanayo halabuurka polymer. Nidaamkan - oo ay hogaaminayaan Monterey Bay Aquarium iyo MBARI (Machadka Cilmi-baarista Aquarium ee Monterey Bay) - wuxuu kaa caawin doonaa raadinta ilaha wasakhowga caagga ah iyada oo loo marayo maktabad furan oo Raman spectral ah. Tani waxay si gaar ah muhiim u tahay iyadoo qiimaha hababka ay carqaladeynayaan maktabadda polymer spectra marka la barbardhigo. Cilmi-baarayaashu waxay rajeynayaan in xogtan cusub iyo maktabadda tixraaca ay gacan ka geysan doonto fududeynta horumarka laga gaaray dhibaatada wasakhowga caagagga ah ee caalamiga ah.

Zhao, S., Zettler, E., Amaral-Zettler, L., iyo Mincer, T. (2020, Sebtembar 2). Awood Qaadashada Microbial iyo Biyomaska Kaarboon ee Haraaga Badda ee Caagagga ah. Wargeyska ISME. 15, 67-77. DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00756-2

Haraaga caagagga badweynta ayaa la ogaaday in ay noolaha noolaha ka gudbaan badaha iyo meelo cusub. Daraasadani waxay ogaatay in balaastiig soo bandhigtay aagag la taaban karo oo dusha sare ah oo loogu talagalay gumeysiga microbial iyo tiro badan oo bayoomass ah iyo noole kale ayaa leh awood sare oo saameyn ku leh kala duwanaanshaha noolaha iyo shaqooyinka deegaanka.

Abbying, M. (2019, Abriil). Maraq Caag ah: Waa Atlas of Pollution Badweynta. Jasiiradda Press.

Hadii dunidu ku sii socoto wadadii ay maanta marayso, waxa badda ku jiri doona caag ka badan kalluunka marka la gaadho 2050. Adduunka oo dhan, daqiiqad kasta waxa u dhigma gaadhi xamuul ah oo qashinka lagu daadiyo badda, heerkaasina waa uu sii kordhayaa. Maraq caag ah waxay eegtaa sababta iyo cawaaqibka wasakhowga caagga ah iyo waxa la samayn karo si loo joojiyo.

Spalding, M. (2018, Juun). Sida loo joojiyo balaastikada wasakhaysa baddeena. Sababta Caalamka. globalcause.co.uk/plastic/sida-loo-joojiyo-plastics-polluting-our-ocean/

Caagagga badweynta ku jira wuxuu u qaybsamaa saddex qaybood: burburka badda, microplastics, iyo microfibres. Waxaas oo dhami waxay dhibaato ku yihiin nolosha badda waxayna dilaan si aan kala sooc lahayn. Doorashada shaqsi kasta waa muhiim, dad badan ayaa u baahan inay doortaan beddelka caagga ah sababtoo ah isbeddelka dabeecadda joogtada ah ayaa caawiya.

Attenborough, Sir D. (2018, Juun). Sir David Attenborough: caag iyo baddeena. Sababta Caalamka. globalcause.co.uk/plastic/sir-david-attenborough-plastic-and-our-oceans/

Sir David Attenborough wuxuu ka hadlayaa qaddarintiisa badda iyo sida ay u tahay kheyraad muhiim ah oo "muhiim u ah badbaadadayada." Arrinka balaastiigga ayaa laga yaabaa inay “si dhib yar uga sii darnaan karto.” Waxa uu sheegay in dadku n6.1 ay u baahan yihiin inay ka fikiraan wax badan oo ku saabsan isticmaalkooda caagga ah, ula dhaqmaan caagga si ixtiraam leh, iyo "haddii aadan u baahnayn, ha isticmaalin."

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6.1 Ghost Gear

Maamulka Badweynta iyo Hawada Qaranka. (2023). Qalab Kalluumeysi oo Qalafsan. Barnaamijka qashinka badda ee NOAA. https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/types/derelict-fishing-gear

Maamulka Badweynta Qaranka iyo Cimilada ayaa qeexaya qalabka kalluumeysiga ee gurracan, oo mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan "gear ghost," waxaa loola jeedaa qalab kasta oo kalluumeysi oo la tuuray, lumay, ama laga tagay deegaanka badda. Si wax looga qabto dhibaatadan, barnaamijka qashinka badda ee NOAA wuxuu soo ururiyay in ka badan 4 milyan oo rodol oo gear ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkasta oo qalabkan rooxaanta ah ee ururinta muhiimka ah uu weli ka kooban yahay qaybta ugu badan ee wasakhowga caagga ah ee badda, taas oo muujinaysa baahida shaqo dheeraad ah si loola dagaallamo. khatartan ku wajahan deegaanka badda.

Kuczenski, B., Vargas Poulsen, C., Gilman, EL, Musyl, M., Geyer, R., & Wilson, J. (2022). Qiyaasta luminta qalabka caagagga ah ee ka soo fiirsashada fog ee dhaqdhaqaaqa kalluumeysiga warshadaha. Kalluunka iyo Kalluumeysiga, 23, 22–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12596

Saynis yahano la socda The Nature Conservancy iyo Jaamacadda California Santa Barbara (UCSB), oo ay iskaashanayaan Kooxda Cilmi-baarista Pelagic iyo Jaamacadda Hawaii Pacific University, ayaa daabacday daraasad ballaaran oo ay dib-u-eegis ku sameeyeen asaagga taasoo siinaysa qiyaasta ugu horreysa ee adduunka ee wasakhowga caagga ah ee kalluumeysiga warshadaha. Daraasadda, Qiyaasta luminta qalabka caagagga ah ee ka soo fiirsashada fog ee dhaqdhaqaaqa kalluumeysiga warshadaha, Saynis yahanadu waxay falanqeeyeen xogta laga soo ururiyay Global Fishing Watch iyo Hay'adda Cuntada iyo Beeraha ee Qaramada Midoobay (FAO) si loo xisaabiyo miisaanka dhaqdhaqaaqa kalluumaysiga warshadaha. Isku darka xogtan iyo moodooyinka farsamada ee qalabka kalluumeysiga iyo talooyinka muhiimka ah ee khubarada warshadaha, saynisyahannadu waxay awoodeen inay saadaaliyaan xuduudaha sare iyo hoose ee wasakhowga kalluumeysiga warshadaha. Sida laga soo xigtay natiijooyinkeeda, in ka badan 100 milyan oo rodol oo wasakh caag ah ayaa ka soo gala badda sannad kasta qalabka rooxaanta. Daraasadani waxay bixisa macluumaadka aasaasiga ah ee muhiimka ah ee loo baahan yahay si loo hormariyo fahamka dhibaatada gear-ka rooxaanta oo la bilaabo la qabsiga iyo fulinta dib-u-habaynta lagama maarmaanka ah.

Giskes, I., Baziuk, J., Pragnell-Raasch, H. iyo Perez Roda, A. (2022). Ka warbixi dhaqamada wanaagsan ee lagaga hortagayo lagana dhimayo qashinka caagagga badda ee hawlaha kalluumaysiga. Rome iyo London, FAO iyo IMO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb8665en

Warbixintani waxa ay bixinaysaa dulmar ku saabsan sida qalabka kalluumaysiga ee la dayacay, lumay, ama la tuuray (ALDFG) uu u aafeeyo biyaha iyo bay'ada xeebaha iyo macnaha guud ee saamaynta balaadhan ee uu ku leeyahay arrimaha caalamiga ah ee wasakhowga caagagga badda. Qayb muhiim ah oo si guul leh wax looga qabto ALDFG, sida ku qeexan dukumeentigan, waa in la dhegaysto casharrada laga bartay mashaariicda jira qaybaha kale ee adduunka, iyadoo la aqoonsanayo in istaraatijiyad kasta oo maamul lagu dabaqi karo oo keliya iyadoo si weyn loo tixgalinayo duruufaha/baahiyaha maxalliga ah. Warbixintan GloLitter waxay soo bandhigaysaa toban daraasadood oo tusaale u ah dhaqamada ugu muhiimsan ee ka hortagga, yaraynta, iyo hagaajinta ALDFG.

Natiijooyinka Badweynta. (2021, Luulyo 6). Falanqaynta Sharci Ghost Gear. Global Ghost Gear Initiative, Sanduuqa Caalamiga ah ee Dabeecadda, iyo Ilaalinta Badweynta. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/ 5b987b8689c172e29293593f/t/60e34e4af5f9156374d51507/ 1625509457644/GGGI-OC-WWF-O2-+LEGISLATION+ANALYSIS+REPORT.pdf

Global Ghost Gear Initiative (GGGI) ayaa la bilaabay 2015 iyada oo ujeedadu tahay joojinta qaabka ugu dhimashada badan ee balaastikada badda. Laga soo bilaabo 2015, 18 dawladood oo qaran ayaa ku biiray isbahaysiga GGGI oo tilmaamaya rabitaanka waddamada si ay wax uga qabtaan wasakhowga gearkooda. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, siyaasadda ugu caansan ee ka hortagga wasakhowga marshadu waa calaamadaynta qalabka, iyo siyaasadaha ugu yar ee la isticmaalo ayaa ah soo celinta qalabka lumay ee qasabka ah iyo qorshayaasha waxqabadka rooxaanta qaranka. Hore u socoshada, mudnaanta ugu sareysa waxay u baahan tahay inay noqoto dhaqan gelinta sharciga gear rooxaanta ee jira. Sida dhammaan wasakhowga caagga ah, qalabka rooxaantu wuxuu u baahan yahay isuduwidda caalamiga ah ee arrinta wasakheynta caagga ah ee ka gudubta xadka.

Sababaha sababta qalabka kalluumeysiga looga tago ama loo lumo — Natiijooyinka Badweynta. (2021, Luulyo 6). Falanqaynta Sharci Ghost Gear. Global Ghost Gear Initiative, Sanduuqa Caalamiga ah ee Dabeecadda, iyo Ilaalinta Badweynta.

Sanduuqa Caalamiga ah ee Dabeecadda. (2020, Oktoobar). Jooji Gear Ghost: Qaabka ugu dhimashada badan ee burburka caaga ah ee badda. WWF International. https://wwf.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Stop-Ghost-Gear_Advocacy-Report.pdf

Sida laga soo xigtay Qaramada Midoobay in ka badan 640,000 oo tan oo qalabka rooxaanta ah ayaa ku jira baddeena, taas oo ka kooban 10% dhammaan wasakhowga balaastikada badda. Gear Ghost waa geeri xanuun badan oo gaabis ah oo xanuun badan oo xayawaano badan ah iyo qalabka sabbaynaya ee bilaashka ah wuxuu dhaawici karaa meelaha muhiimka ah ee xeebaha iyo badda u dhow. Kalluumaysatadu guud ahaan ma rabaan inay lumiyaan qalabkooda, haddana 5.7% dhammaan shabaqyada kalluumaysiga, 8.6% dabinada iyo dheryaha, iyo 29% dhammaan khadadka kalluumaysiga ee caalamka laga isticmaalo waa la dayacay, lumay, ama lagu tuuray deegaanka. Kalluumeysiga sharci-darrada ah, aan la soo sheegin, iyo kalluumeysiga badda hoose ee aan sharciyeysneyn ayaa wax weyn ka tari kara cadadka qalabka rooxaanta ee la tuuray. Waa in ay jiraan xalal xeeladaysan oo muddo dheer ah si loo horumariyo xeelado wax ku ool ah oo looga hortagayo luminta qalabka. Dhanka kale, waxaa muhiim ah in la horumariyo kuwa aan sun ahayn, naqshadaha qalabka badbaadada leh si loo yareeyo burburka marka lagu lumo badda.

Global Ghost Gear Initiative. (2022). Saamaynta Qalabka Kalluumeysiga Sida isha wasakhowga caagagga badda. Ilaalinta Badweynta. https://Static1.Squarespace.Com/Static/5b987b8689c172e2929 3593f/T/6204132bc0fc9205a625ce67/1644434222950/ Unea+5.2_gggi.Pdf

Warqadan xogwarran waxaa soo diyaariyay Badbaadinta Badweynta iyo Global Ghost Gear Initiative si ay u taageerto gorgortanka diyaarinta Golaha Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay 2022 (UNEA 5.2). Kajawaabista su'aalaha waxa uu yahay gear ghost, halkee ka soo jeedaa, iyo sababta ay u waxyeelaynayso bay'ada badda, warqaddani waxay qeexaysaa baahida guud ee qalabka rooxaanta in lagu daro heshiis caalami ah oo ka hadlaya wasakhowga badda.

Maamulka Badweynta iyo Hawada Qaranka. (2021). Iskaashi Xuduudaha Dhan: Hindisaha Ururinta Shabakadda ee Waqooyiga Ameerika. https://clearinghouse.marinedebris.noaa.gov/project?mode=View&projectId=2258

Iyada oo taageero laga helayo Barnaamijka Qashin-qubka Badda ee NOAA, Hindisaha Gear Gear ee Caalamiga ah ee Ilaalinta Badweynta ayaa isku dubarida la-hawlgalayaasha Mexico iyo California si ay u bilaabaan Hindisaha Ururinta Shabakadda ee Waqooyiga Ameerika, ujeeddadeeduna waa in si wax ku ool ah loo maareeyo loogana hortago luminta qalabka kalluumeysiga. Dadaalkan xuduudaha isaga gudba waxa uu soo ururin doonaa qalabkii hore ee kalluumaysiga si si sax ah loogu habeeyo oo dib loo warshadeeyo iyo sidoo kale in laga barbar shaqeeyo kaluumaysiga Maraykanka iyo Meksika si kor loogu qaado xeeladaha dib u warshadaynta ee kala duwan iyo hagaajinta guud ee maamulka qalabka la isticmaalay ama hawlgabka ah. Mashruuca ayaa la filayaa inuu socdo dayrta 2021 ilaa xagaaga 2023.

Charter, M., Sherry, J., & O'connor, F. (2020, Luulyo). Abuuritaanka Fursado Ganacsi Shabaqyada Kalluumeysiga Qashinka: Fursadaha Qaababka Ganacsiga Wareega ah iyo Naqshad Wareega oo La Xidhiidha Qalabka Kalluumeysiga. Dhaqaalaha Wareega Buluugga ah. Laga Soo Saaray Https://Cfsd.Org.Uk/Wp-Content/Uploads/2020/07/Final-V2-Bce-Master-Creating-Business-Opportunities-From-Waste-Fishing-Nets-July-2020.Pdf

Waxaa maalgeliyay Guddiga Yurub (EC) Interreg, Dhaqaalaha Wareega Buluugga ah ayaa soo saaray warbixintan si wax looga qabto dhibaatada baahsan ee joogtada ah ee qalabka kalluumeysiga qashinka ee badda iyo soo jeedinta fursadaha ganacsi ee la xiriira gudaha Waqooyiga Periphery iyo Arctic (NPA). Qiimayntani waxay eegaysaa saamaynta ay dhibaatadani u abuurto daneeyayaasha gobolka NPA, waxayna bixinaysaa dood dhamaystiran oo ku saabsan moodooyinka ganacsi ee cusub ee wareegtada ah, nidaamka mas'uuliyadda wax soo saarka ee la fidiyay ee qayb ka ah EC's Dardaaranka caagagga ee hal-isticmaalka, iyo naqshadaynta wareegtada qalabka kalluumaysiga.

Hinduuga. (2020). Saamaynta qalabka kalluumaysiga ee 'rooxaan' ee duurjoogta badda. YouTube. https://youtu.be/9aBEhZi_e2U.

Kaalmada ugu weyn ee dhimashada nolosha badda waa qalabka rooxaanta. Dabinnada rooxaantu waxay xidhaan duurjoogta badda ee waaweyn muddo tobanaan sano ah iyada oo aan la faragelin bani-aadmigu oo ay ka mid yihiin noocyada halista ah iyo kuwa dabar-go'aya ee nibiriga, dolphins, shaabada, shark, qoolleyda, fallaadhaha, kalluunka, iwm. ugaadh isku xidhan. Qalabka rooxaantu waa mid ka mid ah noocyada ugu khatarsan ee wasakhowga caagga ah, sababtoo ah waxaa loogu talagalay dabinka iyo dilka nolosha badda.

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6.2 Saamaynta Nolosha Badda

Eriksen, M., Cowger, W., Erdle, LM, Coffin, S., Villarrubia-Gómez, P., Moore, CJ, Carpenter, EJ, Day, RH, Thiel, M., & Wilcox, C. (2023) ). Qiiq balaastiig ah oo sii kordhaya, oo hadda lagu qiyaasay in ay ka badan yihiin 170 trillion walxo balaastiig ah ayaa dul sabbaynaya badaha adduunka—Xal degdeg ah ayaa loo baahan yahay. PLOS ONE. 18(3), e0281596. DOI: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0281596

Markay dad badani ogaadaan dhibaatada wasakhowga caagga ah, xog badan ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo qiimeeyo in siyaasadaha la hirgeliyay ay waxtar leeyihiin. Qorayaasha daraasaddan ayaa ka shaqeynaya sidii ay wax uga qaban lahaayeen farqigan xogta iyagoo isticmaalaya taxane waqti caalami ah oo qiyaasaya celceliska tirada iyo tirada balaastikada yar yar ee lakabka sare ee badda laga bilaabo 1979 ilaa 2019. Waxay ogaadeen in maanta, ay jiraan ku dhawaad 82-358 trillion. Qurub balaastiig ah oo miisaankoodu yahay 1.1-4.9 milyan tan, wadar ahaan in ka badan 171 trillion oo qayb caag ah oo sabbaynaya badaha adduunka. Qorayaasha daraasaddan waxay xuseen in aysan jirin isbeddel la arkay ama la ogaan karo illaa 1990-kii markaasoo ay si degdeg ah u kordheen tirada qaybaha caagga ah ilaa hadda. Tani waxay muujineysaa kaliya baahida loo qabo in la qaado tallaabooyin adag sida ugu dhaqsaha badan si looga hortago in xaaladdu ay sii socoto.

Pinheiro, L., Agostini, V. Lima, A, Ward, R., iyo G. Pinho. (2021, Juun 15). Masiirka qashinka caaga ah ee ku dhex jira qolalka Estuarine: dulmar ku saabsan aqoonta hadda jirta ee arrinta xuduudka si loo hago qiimaynta mustaqbalka. Wasakhowga Deegaanka, Vol 279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116908

Doorka webiyada iyo meelaha ay ku yaalliin rarida balaastikada si buuxda looma fahmin, laakiin waxay u badan tahay inay u adeegaan sidii marin weyn oo wasakhowga balaastikada badda. Microfibers ayaa weli ah nooca ugu badan ee balaastikada ah, iyada oo daraasado cusub ay diiradda saarayaan noolaha estuarine-ka, microfibers kor u kacaya/ quusaya sida lagu go'aamiyay sifooyinkooda polymer, iyo isbedbeddelka ku meel gaarka ah ee baahsanaanta. Falanqaynta dheeraadka ah ayaa loo baahan yahay si gaar ah deegaanka esturine, iyada oo si gaar ah loo eegayo dhinacyada dhaqan-dhaqaale ee saameeya siyaasadaha maamulka.

Brahney, J., Mahowald, N., Prank, M., Cornwall, G., Kilmont, Z., Matsui, H. & Prather, K. (2021, Abriil 12). Xakamaynta addinka atmospheric ee wareegga balaastikada. Talaabada Akademiyada Qaranka ee Sayniska ee Maraykanka. 118 (16) e2020719118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020719118

Microplastic, oo ay ku jiraan qaybaha iyo fiilooyinka ayaa hadda aad u caan ah in balaastiggu hadda leeyahay meerto wareeg ah oo u gaar ah oo leh qaybo caag ah oo ka safraya dhulka una socda jawiga iyo dib u soo noqoshada. Warbixintu waxay ogaatay in microplastics-ka laga helay hawada goobta daraasadda (galbeedka Mareykanka) ay ugu horrayn ka soo jeedaan ilo dib-u-soo-saarka sare oo ay ku jiraan waddooyinka (84%), badweynta (11%), iyo siigada ciidda beeraha (5% ). Daraasadani waxay si gaar ah u xusi kartaa in ay soo jeedinayso welwelka sii kordhaya ee wasakhowga caagga ah ee ka yimaada waddooyinka iyo taayirada.

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6.3 Pellets caaga ah (Nurdles)

Faber, J., van den Berg, R., & Raphaël, S. (2023, Maarso). Kahortagga daadashada Pellets caaga ah: Falanqaynta suurtagalka ah ee Doorashooyinka Xeerarka. CE Delft. https://cedelft.eu/publications/preventing-spills-of-plastic-pellets/

Pellets balaastikada ah (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan 'nurdles') waa qaybo yaryar oo balaastik ah, oo caadi ahaan u dhexeeya 1 iyo 5 mm dhexroor, oo ay soo saarto warshadaha batroolka kuwaas oo u adeega warshadaha balaastigga si ay u soo saaraan badeecooyin caag ah. Iyada oo tiro aad u badan oo nuurad ah lagu qaado badda lana eego in shilalka ay dhacaan, waxaa jiray tusaalooyin muhiim ah oo ka mid ah diiqooyinka pellet-ka ee aakhirka wasakheeya deegaanka badda. Si taas wax looga qabto Hay'adda Caalamiga ah ee Badaha waxay abuurtay guddi-hoosaad si ay u tixgaliyaan xeerarka si wax looga qabto loona maareeyo daadinta pellet.

Fauna & Flora International. (2022). Soo saarida hirarka: joojinta wasakhowga pellet caag ah. https://www.fauna-flora.org/app/uploads/2022/09/FF_Plastic_Pellets_Report-2.pdf

Pellets balaastikada ah waa balaastiig cabirkeedu le'eg yahay lentil kuwaas oo la wada dhalaalay si ay u abuuraan ku dhawaad dhammaan walxaha caaga ah ee jira. Sida kaydka quudinta warshadaha balaastikada caalamiga ah, pellets ayaa loo qaadaa adduunka oo dhan waana isha la taaban karo ee wasakhowga microplastic; waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in balaayiin pellets gaar ah ay galaan badda sanad walba taas oo ka dhalata ku daadashada dhulka iyo badda. Si loo xaliyo dhibaatadan qoraagu waxa uu ku doodayaa in si degdeg ah loogu dhaqaaqo hab sharci oo leh shuruudo qasab ah oo ay taageerayaan heerarka adag iyo qorshayaasha shahaadaynta.

Tunnell, JW, Dunning, KH, Scheef, LP, & Swanson, KM (2020). Cabbiraadda balaastigga balaastigga ah (Nurdle) badan ee xeebaha Gacanka Mexico oo dhan iyadoo la adeegsanayo saynisyahano muwaaddiniin ah: Samaynta madal cilmi-baaris ku habboon siyaasadda. Warbixinta Wasakhda Badda. 151 (110794). DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110794

Noocyo badan oo balaastig ah ayaa lagu arkay iyagoo ku dhaqaya xeebaha Texas. Mashruuc saynis muwaaddineed oo iskaa wax u qabso wado, "Nurdle Patrol," ayaa la aasaasay. 744 mutadawiciin ah ayaa ka sameeyay 2042 sahan cilmiyeed muwaadin oo ka yimid Mexico ilaa Florida. Dhammaan 20 ka mid ah tirooyinka ugu sarreeya ee nuudle ayaa laga duubay goobo ku yaal Texas. Jawaabaha siyaasaddu waa kuwo adag, dhinacyo badan leh, waxayna la kulmaan caqabado.

Karlsson, T., Brosché, S., Alidoust, M. & Takada, H. (2021, Disembar). Caagagga laga helo xeebaha adduunka oo dhan waxaa ku jira kiimikooyin sun ah. Shabakadda Ciribtirka Wasakhowga Caalamiga ah (IPEN). ipen.org/sites/default/files/documents/ipen-beach-plastic-pellets-v1_4aw.pdf

Caagagga laga soo qaaday dhammaan goobaha la muunada ah waxa ay ka koobnaayeen dhammaan tobanka la falanqeeyay ee benzotriazole UV stabilizers, oo ay ku jiraan UV-328. Caagagga laga soo qaaday dhammaan goobaha la muunadday ayaa sidoo kale ka koobnaa saddex iyo tobanka biphenyls ee la falanqeeyay oo dhan saddex iyo toban. Xaddigan ayaa si gaar ah ugu sarreeyay waddamada Afrika, inkasta oo aanay ahayn kuwa wax soo saara kiimikooyinka ama balaastikada. Natiijooyinka waxay muujinayaan in wasakhowga caagga ah ay jirto sidoo kale wasakhowga kiimikada. Natiijooyinka waxay sidoo kale muujinayaan in balaastiiggu ay door aad muhiim ah ka ciyaari karaan gaadiidka fogaanta ee kiimikooyinka sunta ah.

Maes, T., Jefferies, K., (2022, Abriil). Wasakhowga Caaga Badda - Nurdles ma yihiin Kiis Gaar ah oo Sharciyeed?. GRID-Arendal. https://news.grida.no/marine-plastic-pollution-are-nurdles-a-special-case-for-regulation

Soo jeedinta lagu nidaaminayo qaadista bacaha hore loo soo saaray, ee loo yaqaan "Nurdles," ayaa ku jira ajendaha Guddiga Hoosaadka Ka-hortagga Wasaqda iyo Ka-hortagga Wasakhda Ururka Badaha Caalamiga ah (PPR). Qoraalkan kooban waxa uu bixinayaa taariikh aad u wanaagsan, qeexaya nuuradleyda, sharraxaysa sida ay u tagaan deegaanka badda, iyo ka hadalka khatarta deegaanka uga imanaysa xannaanada. Tani waa kheyraad wanaagsan labada siyaasad dejiyeyaasha iyo dadweynaha guud kuwaas oo doorbidi lahaa sharraxaad aan cilmi ahayn.

Bourzac, K. (2023, Janaayo). La tacaalidda caagagii badda ee ugu weynaa taariikhda. C&EN Global Enterprise 101 (3), 24-31. DOI: 10.1021/cen-10103-daboolan

Bishii Maajo 2021, markabka xamuulka ah, X-Press Pearl, ayaa dab qabsaday oo ku dagtay xeebaha Sri Lanka. Burburku wuxuu soo saaray rikoor 1,680 metric ton oo baco ah iyo kiimikooyin sun ah oo aan la tirin karin oo laga helay xeebaha Sri Lanka. Saynis yahanadu waxa ay daraaseynayaan shilka, oo ah kan ugu weyn ee la og yahay dabka balaastigga ah iyo daadanaya, si ay u caawiyaan hore u marin fahamka saamaynta deegaanka ee noocaan liidata-baadhista wasakhda ah. Marka laga soo tago in ay indha indheeyaan sida nuuraduhu u burburaan muddo ka dib, noocyada kiimikooyinka ka soo baxa habka iyo saamaynta deegaanka ee kiimikooyinkaas, saynisyahannadu waxay si gaar ah u danaynayaan inay wax ka qabtaan waxa ku dhaca kiimikaad marka ay balaastiggu gubaan. In la diiwaangeliyo isbeddelada nurdles ee lagu maydhay xeebta Sarakkuwa ee u dhow markabka burburay, saynisyahanka deegaanka Meththika Vithanage wuxuu helay heerar sare oo lithium ah biyaha iyo nuuradleyda (Sci. Total Environ. 2022, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154374; Mar. Pollut. Dibi. 2022, DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114074). Kooxdeedu waxa kale oo ay heleen heerar sare oo kiimikooyin sun ah, kuwaas oo hoos u dhigi kara korriinka dhirta, waxyeelo gaadhsiiya unugyada ku jira xayawaanka biyaha, iyo keeni kara hawlgabka xubnaha dadka. Burburka ka dib ayaa weli ka sii socda Sri Lanka, halkaas oo caqabadaha dhaqaale iyo siyaasadeed ay caqabad ku yihiin saynisyahannada maxalliga ah waxayna adkeyn karaan dadaallada lagu hubinayo magdhowga waxyeellada deegaanka, taas oo aan la garanayn inta ay le'eg tahay.

Bǎlan, S., Andrews, D., Blum, A., Diamond, M., Rojello Fernández, S., Harriman, E., Lindstrom, A., Reade, A., Richter, L., Sutton, R. , Wang, Z., & Kwiatkowski, C. (2023, Janaayo). Hagaajinta Maaraynta Kiimikada ee Maraykanka iyo Kanada iyada oo loo marayo Habka Isticmaalka Muhiimka ah. Sayniska Deegaanka & Tignoolajiyada. 57 (4), 1568-1575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05932

Nidaamyada sharci ee jira waxay caddeeyeen inaysan ku filneyn qiimeynta iyo maareynta tobanaan kun ee kiimikooyinka ganacsiga. Hab ka duwan ayaa si degdeg ah loogu baahan yahay. Talada qoraaga ee habka isticmaalka muhiimka ah ayaa tafaasiil ka bixinaya in kiimikooyinka walaaca leh loo isticmaalo kaliya kiisaska ay shaqadooda alaabada gaarka ah lagama maarmaan u tahay caafimaadka, badbaadada, ama shaqada bulshada iyo marka aan la heli karin waxyaabo kale oo macquul ah.

Wang, Z., Walker, GR, Muir, DCG, & Nagatani-Yoshida, K. (2020). Ku wajahan Fahamka Caalamiga ah ee Wasakhowga Kiimikada: Falanqaynta Kooban ee Koowaad ee Alaabta Kiimikada ee Qaranka iyo Gobolka. Sayniska & Teknolojiyada Deegaanka. 54(5), 2575–2584. DOI: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b06379

Warbixintan, 22 shey oo kiimiko ah oo ka kala yimid 19 waddan iyo gobollo ayaa lagu falanqeeyay si loo gaaro dulmar guud oo kiimikaad ee ugu horreeya ee hadda ku jira suuqa adduunka. Falanqaynta la daabacay waxay calaamad u tahay tillaabada ugu horreysa ee muhiimka ah ee fahamka adduunka ee wasakhowga kiimikada. Natiijooyinka xusidda mudan waxaa ka mid ah miisaankii hore loo dhayalsaday iyo qarsoodinimada kiimikooyinka ka diiwaan gashan wax soo saarka. Laga bilaabo 2020, in ka badan 350 000 kiimikooyin iyo isku dhafka kiimikaad ayaa loo diiwaan geliyay wax soo saarka iyo isticmaalka. Liiskani waxa uu saddex jeer ka badan yahay intii la qiyaasay daraasadda ka hor. Intaa waxaa dheer, aqoonsiga kiimikooyin badan ayaa weli ah mid aan la garanayn dadweynaha sababtoo ah waxaa lagu sheegaa si qarsoodi ah (in ka badan 50 000) ama si aan caddayn (ilaa 70 000).

OECD (2021). Aragtida Kiimikada ee Nakhshadeynta Balaastik Waara: Yoolalka, Tixgelinta iyo Ganacsiga. Daabacaada OECD, Paris, France. doi.org/10.1787/f2ba8ff3-en.

Warbixintani waxa ay doonaysaa in ay awood u abuurto badeecooyin caag ah oo dabiici ah oo waara iyada oo la dhexgelinayo fikirka kimisteriga waara ee habka naqshadaynta. Codsiga muraayada kiimikaad inta lagu jiro habka xulashada walxaha caaga ah, naqshadeeyayaasha iyo injineerada waxay gaari karaan go'aano xog ogaal ah si ay ugu daraan caag waara marka ay naqshadeynayaan alaabtooda. Warbixintu waxay bixisa hab isku dhafan oo lagu dooranayo caag waara oo laga eegayo dhinaca kiimikooyinka, waxayna tilmaamaysaa go'an hadafyada naqshadaynta waara ee caadiga ah, tixgelinta meertada nolosha iyo ganacsiga

Zimmermann, L., Dierkes, G., Ternes, T., Völker, C., & Wagner, M. (2019). Barbaarinta sunta ku jirta Vitro iyo Isku-dhafka Kiimikada ee Alaabta Macmiilka. Sayniska Deegaanka & Tignoolajiyada. 53 (19), 11467-11477. DOI: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b02293

Caagagtu waa ilo la yaqaan oo kiimikaad soo-gaadhis ah oo tiro yar, kiimikooyin caag ah oo caan ah ayaa la yaqaan - sida bisphenol A - si kastaba ha ahaatee, sifaynta guud ee isku dhafka kiimikaad ee kakan ayaa loo baahan yahay. Cilmi-baadhayaashu waxay ogaadeen in 260 kiimiko ah la helay oo ay ku jiraan monomers, additives, iyo walxo aan ula kac ahayn, waxayna mudnaanta siiyeen 27 kiimikooyin. Waxyaabaha laga soo saaro polyvinyl chloride (PVC) iyo polyurethane (PUR) ayaa keenay sunta ugu sareysa, halka polyetylen terephthalate (PET) iyo polyetylen cufnaanta sare (HDPE) ay sababeen sun ama hooseysa.

Aurisano, N., Huang, L., Milà i Canals, L., Jolliet, O., & Fantke, P. (2021). Kiimikooyinka walaaca leh ee alaabta lagu ciyaaro caagga ah. Environment International. 146, 106194. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106194

Caagagga ku jira alaabta ay carruurtu ku ciyaarto waxa laga yaabaa in ay khatar geliso carruurta, si taas wax looga qabto qorayaashu waxa ay abuureen shuruudo iyo khataraha baadhista kiimikooyinka ku jira alaabta ay ku ciyaaraan caagagga ah oo ay dejiyeen hab baadhiseed si ay u caawiyaan qiyaasidda waxa ku jira kiimikaad la aqbali karo ee ku jirta alaabta lagu ciyaaro. Hadda waxa jira 126 kiimikooyin walaac leh oo si caadi ah looga helay alaabta lagu ciyaaro, taas oo muujinaysa baahida loo qabo xog dheeraad ah, laakiin dhibaatooyin badan ayaa weli aan la garanayn waxaana loo baahan yahay nidaam dheeraad ah.

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7. Caafimaadka Caaga iyo Dadka

Xarunta Sharciga Caalamiga ah ee Deegaanka. (2023, Maarso). Caagga Neefsashada: Saamaynta Caafimaad ee Caagagga aan la arki karin ee Hawada. Xarunta Sharciga Caalamiga ah ee Deegaanka. https://www.ciel.org/reports/airborne-microplastics-briefing/

Microplastic waxay noqonaysaa meel kasta, oo laga helo meel kasta oo saynisyahannadu ka raadiyaan. Qaybahaan yar yar ayaa ah qayb weyn oo ka mid ah qaadashada bini'aadamka ee caag ah ilaa 22,000,000 microplastic iyo nanoplastics sannadkii iyadoo tiradan la filayo inay kordho. Si loola dagaallamo warqaddu waxay ku talinaysaa in isku-dhafka "cocktail" ee caagga ah ay tahay dhibaato dhinacyo badan leh ee hawada, biyaha, iyo dhulka, in tallaabooyin sharci ah loo baahan yahay isla markiiba si loola dagaallamo dhibaatada sii kordheysa, dhammaan xalalkuna waa inay wax ka qabtaan nolosha buuxda. wareegga balaastikada. Caagtu waa dhibaato, laakiin waxyeellada jidhka bini'aadamka waxay ku koobnaan kartaa ficil degdeg ah oo go'aan qaadasho leh.

Baker, E., Thygesen, K. (2022, Agoosto 1). Caaga ku jira Beeraha- Caqabad deegaan. Warbixin Kooban. Digniin Hore, Arrimaha Soo ifbaxaya iyo Mustaqbalka. Barnaamijka Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay. https://www.unep.org/resources/emerging-issues/plastics-agriculture-environmental-challenge

Qaramada Midoobay waxay si kooban warbixin kooban ka bixisay dhibaatada sii kordheysa ee wasakhowga caagga ah ee beeraha iyo kororka weyn ee xadiga wasakhowga caagga ah. Warqaddu waxay diiradda saaraysaa ugu horreyntii aqoonsiga ilaha balaastikada iyo baarista masiirka haraaga caagga ah ee ciidda beeraha. Qormadan kooban waa tii ugu horreysay ee taxane la filayo oo qorshaynaysa in lagu sahmiyo dhaq-dhaqaaqa caagagga beeraha ee isha ilaa badda.

Wiesinger, H., Wang, Z., & Hellweg, S. (2021, Juun 21). Ku Qul Qul Qul Qul Qul Quus ah Ku-Xigeennada Caagagga ah, Wax-ku-darka, iyo Kaalmooyinka Hagaajinta. Sayniska Deegaanka & Tignoolajiyada. 55 (13), 9339-9351. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00976

Waxaa jira qiyaastii 10,500 kiimikooyin balaastiig ah, 24% ka mid ah ayaa awood u leh inay ku ururaan dadka iyo xayawaanka waana sun ama kansar. Maraykanka, Midowga Yurub, iyo Japan, in ka badan kala badh kiimikooyinka lama nidaamiyo. In ka badan 900 oo ka mid ah kiimikooyinkan suurtagalka ah ee sunta ah ayaa loo oggolaaday dalalkan si loogu isticmaalo weelasha cuntada ee caagga ah. 10,000 kiimikadood, 39% ka mid ah ma aysan awoodin in la kala saaro sababtoo ah la'aanta "kala soocida khatarta." Suntu waa dhibaatooyinka caafimaadka badda iyo bulshada labadaba iyadoo la tixgelinayo baaxadda wasakhowga caagga ah.

Ragusa, A., Svelatoa, A., Santacroce, C., Catalano, P., Notarstefano, V., Carnevali, O., Papa, F., Rongioletti, M., Baioccoa, F., Draghia, S., D'Amorea, E., Rinaldod, D., Matta, M., & Giorgini, E. (2021, Janaayo). Plasticenta: Caddeynta Koowaad ee Microplastics ee Mandheerta Aadanaha. Environmental International. 146(106274). DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106274

Markii ugu horeysay ee microplastics ayaa laga helay mandheerta bini'aadamka, taas oo muujinaysa in baco ay saameyn ku yeelan karto bini'aadamka ka hor dhalashada. Tani waxay si gaar ah dhib u leedahay maxaa yeelay microplastics-ku waxay ku jiri karaan kiimikooyin u shaqeeya sida khalkhaliyeyaasha endocrine kuwaas oo u keeni kara dhibaatooyin caafimaad oo waqti dheer ah bini'aadamka.

Cilladaha, J. (2020, Disembar). Caagagga, EDC-yada, & Caafimaadka: Hagaha Hay'adaha Danaha Dadweynaha iyo Siyaasad-dejiyeyaasha ee Kiimikooyinka Carqaladeeya Endocrine & Caagadaha. Ururka Endocrine Society & IPEN. https://www.endocrine.org/-/media/endocrine/files/topics/edc_guide_2020_v1_6bhqen.pdf

Qaar badan oo ka mid ah kiimikooyinka ugu caansan ee balaastigga ka soo baxa ayaa loo yaqaan Kiimikada Endocrine-disrupting (EDCs), sida bisphenols, ethoxylates, dab-dejinta ololka, iyo phthalates. Kiimikooyinka EDCs waxay si xun u saameyn karaan taranka aadanaha, dheef-shiid kiimikaadka, tayroodhyada, habka difaaca, iyo shaqada neerfaha. Iyada oo laga jawaabayo Ururka Endocrine Society ayaa soo saaray warbixin ku saabsan xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya dheecaanka kiimikaad ee balaastiga iyo EDCs. Warbixintu waxay ku baaqaysaa dadaallo dheeraad ah si dadka iyo deegaanka looga ilaaliyo EDC-yada waxyeellada leh ee ku jira balaastikada.

Teles, M., Balasch, J., Oliveria, M., Sardans, J., iyo Peñuel, J. (2020, Agoosto). Aragtida Saamaynta Nanoplastics ee Caafimaadka Aadanaha. Bulletin Sayniska. 65(23). DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.08.003

Sida balaastiggu hoos u dhaco waxaa loo kala qaybiyaa qaybo yaryar iyo kuwo yaryar oo laga yaabo inay wada qaataan xoolaha iyo dadkuba. Cilmi-baadhayaashu waxay ogaadeen in qaadashada nano-plastics ay saameynayso isku-dhafka iyo kala duwanaanta bulshooyinka microbiome xiidmaha mindhicirka waxayna saameyn kartaa taranka, difaaca, iyo habka dareemayaasha endocrine. Halka ilaa 90% bacaha la dhuuqo si dhakhso ah loo soo saaro, 10% ee ugu dambeeya - badiyaa qaybo yaryar oo nano-cag ah - ayaa laga yaabaa inay gudaha u galaan gidaarada unugyada oo ay keenaan waxyeelo iyaga oo keena cytotoxicity, xidhitaanka wareegyada unugyada, iyo kordhinta muujinta falcelinta unugyada difaaca bilawga falcelinta bararka.

Aasaaska maraqa caaga ah. (2022, Abriil). Caaga: Walaxda Quruxda Qarsoon. Ku garaac Microbead. Beatthemicrobead.Org/Wp-Content/Uploads/2022/06/Waxyaabaha Quruxda Caadiga ah ee Hidden.Pdf

Warbixintani waxa ay ka kooban tahay daraasadii ugu horeysay abid ee baaxadda weyn ee joogitaanka microplastics in ka badan toddobo kun oo alaabada qurxinta iyo daryeelka gaarka ah ee kala duwan. Sannad kasta in ka badan 3,800 oo tan oo microplastics ah ayaa lagu sii daayaa deegaanka iyada oo la isticmaalayo alaabta la isku qurxiyo iyo daryeelka maalinlaha ah ee Yurub. Iyadoo Wakaaladda Kiimikada Yurub (ECHA) ay isu diyaarinayso inay cusboonaysiiso qeexitaankooda microplastics, warbixintan dhamaystiran waxay iftiiminaysaa meelaha qeexitaankan la soo jeediyay, sida ka saarida nanoplastics-ka, hoos u dhaco iyo cawaaqibka ka dhalan kara qaadashada.

Zanolli, L. (2020, Febraayo 18). Weelka caagga ah ma badbaado u yihiin cunnadayada? Wakiilka. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/feb/18/are-plastic-containers-safe-to-use-food-experts

Ma jiro kaliya hal polymer ama iskudhis balaastiig ah, waxaa jira kumanaan iskudhis ah oo laga helo badeecooyinka balaastikada ah ee loo isticmaalo silsiladda cuntada, ilaa xad wax yar ayaa laga og yahay inta badan saamaynta ay ku leeyihiin caafimaadka aadanaha. Qaar ka mid ah kiimikooyinka loo isticmaalo baakadaha cuntada iyo caagagga kale ee cuntada waxay keeni karaan cillad xagga taranka, neefta, dhaawaca maskaxda ee dhallaanka iyo dhallaanka, iyo arrimaha kale ee horumarinta neerfaha.

Muncke, J. (2019, Oktoobar 10). Kulanka Caafimaadka Caaga. Aasaaska maraqa caaga ah. youtube.com/watch?v=qI36K_T7M2Q

Waxaa lagu soo bandhigay kulanka caafimadka caaga ah, khabiirka sunta ah ee Jane Muncke waxa uu ka hadlayaa halista iyo kiimikooyinka aan la garanayn ee ku jira bacaha kuwaas oo ka dhex geli kara cuntada iyada oo loo marayo baakado caag ah. Dhammaan balaastiggu waxay ka kooban yihiin boqollaal kiimiko oo kala duwan, oo loo yaqaan walxo aan ula kac ahayn, kuwaas oo ka abuurmay fal-celin kiimikaad iyo burbur caag ah. Inta badan maaddooyinkan lama yaqaan, haddana, waxay ka kooban yihiin inta badan kiimikooyinka ku shubma cuntada iyo cabitaannada. Dawladuhu waa inay sameeyaan daraasad korodhay iyo kormeer cunto si loo go'aamiyo saamaynta caafimaad ee walxaha aan ula kac ahayn lagu daray.

Isbahaysiga Caafimaadka Caagagga. (2019, Oktoobar 3). Kulanka Caaga iyo Caafimaadka 2019. Isbahaysiga Caafimaadka Caagagga. plastichealthcoalition.org/plastic-health-summit-2019/

Kulankii ugu horeeyay ee caafimadka caaga ah ee lagu qabtay Amsterdam, saynisyahano Nederlaan, siyaasad-dejiyayaal, wax-soo-saarayaal, iyo hal-abuurayaal dhamaantood ayaa isugu yimid si ay ula wadaagaan khibradooda iyo aqoonta ay u leeyihiin dhibaatada balaastikada sida ay ula xiriirto caafimaadka. Shir-madaxeedka waxa uu soo saaray muuqaalo 36 khubaro ah oo ku hadla iyo fadhiyo dood ah, kuwaas oo dhamaantood diyaar u ah daawashada dadweynaha ee shabakadooda. Mawduucyada fiidiyooga ah waxaa ka mid ah: hordhaca caagga ah, wadahadalo saynis ah oo ku saabsan microplastics, wadahadalo saynis ah oo ku saabsan waxyaabaha lagu daro, siyaasadda iyo u doodista, doodaha miiska wareega, fadhiyada saamaynta ku leh ficilka ka hortagga isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah ee caagadaha, iyo ugu dambeyntii ururada iyo hal-abuurayaasha u heellan horumarinta la taaban karo xalinta dhibaatada balaastikada.

Li, V., & Dhallinyarada, I. (2019, Sebtembar 6). Wasakhowga balaastikada badda waxay ku qarisaa cuntadeena sunta neerfaha. Phys Org. phys.org/news/2019-09-marine-plastic-pollution-neurological-toxin.html

Caagtu waxay u shaqaysaa sida magnetka methylmercury (mercury), balaastigaas ka dib waxaa cuna ugaadha, kaas oo dadku ay isticmaalaan. Methylmercury labaduba waxay ku nool yihiin jirka dhexdiisa, taasoo la micno ah inuusan waligiis ka tagin, laakiin taa beddelkeeda waxay dhistaa waqti ka dib, oo bayomagnifies, taasoo la micno ah saameynta methylmercury inay ka xoog badan tahay ugaarsiga.

Cox, K., Covrenton, G., Davies, H., Dower, J., Juanes, F., & Dudas, S. (2019, Juun 5). Isticmaalka Aadanaha ee Microplastics. Sayniska Deegaanka & Tignoolajiyada. 53 (12), 7068-7074. DOI: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b01517

Diirada saarida cuntada Mareykanka, qiimeynta tirada walxaha microplastic ee ku jira cuntooyinka sida caadiga ah la isticmaalo ee la xiriirta qaadashada maalinlaha ah ee lagu taliyay.

Mashruucii aan duubin. (2019, Juun). Khatarta Caafimaadka ee Shirka Kiimikada Baakadaha iyo Baakadaha Cuntada. https://unwrappedproject.org/conference

Shirka ayaa looga hadlay mashruuca Caagaga, kaas oo ah iskaashi caalami ah oo lagu soo bandhigayo khataraha caafimaadka aadanaha ee bacaha iyo baakadaha kale ee cuntada.

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8. Cadaalada Deegaanka

Vandenberg, J. iyo Ota, Y. (eds.) (2023, Janaayo). Ku Wajahan iyo Habka Loo Siman Yahay Wasakhowga Caaga Badda: Sinaanta Ocean Nexus & Warbixinta Wasakhda Biyaha Badda 2022. Jaamacadda Washington. https://issuu.com/ocean_nexus/docs/equity_and_marine_plastic_ pollution_report?fr=sY2JhMTU1NDcyMTE

Wasakhaynta balaastikada badda waxay si xun u saamaysaa bini'aadamka iyo deegaanka (ay ku jiraan haqab-beelka cuntada, hab-nololeedyada, caafimaadka jidhka iyo maskaxda, dhaqamada iyo qiyamka), waxayna si aan qiyaas lahayn u saamaysaa nolosha iyo hab-nololeedyada dadka la haybsooco. Warbixintu waxay eegtaa mas'uuliyadda, aqoonta, wanaagga iyo iskudubarid dadaallada iyada oo la adeegsanayo cutubyo iyo daraasado kiis oo isku dhafan oo ay la socdaan qorayaasha ku baahsan 8 waddan, oo u dhexeeya Maraykanka iyo Japan ilaa Ghana iyo Fiji. Ugu dambeyntii, qoraaga ayaa ku doodaya in dhibaatada wasakhowga caagga ah ay tahay ku guuldareysiga in wax laga qabto sinnaan la'aanta. Warbixintu waxay ku soo gebagebaysay in ilaa inta laga xalinayo sinnaan la’aanta iyo ka faa’iidaysiga dadka iyo dhulalka u hadhsan ee la tacaalaya wasakhowga caagga ah, markaas aan la xallin doonin dhibaatada wasakhowga caagga ah.

GRID-Arendal. (2022, Sebtembar). Kursiga Miiska-Doorka Qaybta Dib-u-warshadaynta Aan Rasmiga ahayn ee Dhimista Wasakhowga Caaga, iyo Isbedelada Siyaasadda ee lagu taliyay. GRID-Arendal. https://www.grida.no/publications/863

Qaybta dib-u-warshadaynta aan rasmiga ahayn, oo inta badan ka kooban shaqaale la takooro iyo shakhsiyaad aan la diiwaan-gelin, waa qayb weyn oo ka mid ah habka dib-u-warshadaynta ee adduunka soo koraya. Warqadan siyaasaddu waxay soo koobaysaa fahamkeena hadda ee waaxda dib-u-warshadaynta aan rasmiga ahayn, sifadeeda bulsho iyo dhaqaale, caqabadaha waaxdu wajahdo. Waxay eegaysaa dadaallada caalamiga ah iyo kuwa qaranka labadaba si loo aqoonsado shaqaalaha aan rasmiga ahayn oo laga qayb geliyo qaab-dhismeedka rasmiga ah iyo heshiisyada, sida heshiiska caagagga caalamiga ah Warbixintu waxay sidoo kale bixisaa talooyinka siyaasad heer sare ah oo ay ku jiraan qaybta dib-u-warshadaynta aan rasmiga ahayn, taasoo awood u siinaysa isbeddel cadaalad ah. iyo ilaalinta hab-nololeedyada shaqaalaha dib-u-warshadaynta aan rasmiga ahayn.

Cali, J., Gutiérrez-Graudiņš, M., Munguía, S., Chin, C. (2021, Abriil). LA DIIDAY: Saamaynta Cadaalada Deegaanka ee Qashinka Badda iyo Wasakhowga Caaga. Barnaamijka Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay & Azul. https://wedocs.unep.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/ 35417/EJIPP.pdf

Warbixinta 2021 ee Barnaamijka Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay iyo Azul, oo ah hay'ad aan dawli ahayn oo cadaaladda deegaanka ah, waxay ku baaqaysaa kordhinta aqoonsiga bulshooyinka safka hore ee qashinka caaga ah iyo ka mid noqoshada go'aan qaadashada maxalliga ah. Waa warbixintii ugu horreysay ee caalami ah oo isku xirta dhibcooyinka u dhexeeya caddaaladda deegaanka iyo dhibaatada wasakhowga badda. Wasakhowga caagagu si aan qiyaas lahayn ayay u saamaysaa bulshooyinka la haybsooco ee ku nool meelaha u dhow wax soo saarka caagagga iyo goobaha qashinka. Intaa waxaa dheer, bacdu waxay khatar ku tahay hab-nololeedyada kuwa ka shaqeeya kheyraadka badda iyo kuwa cuna cunnada badda ee leh sunta yar-yar iyo nano- balaastikada. Iyada oo lagu qaabeeyey bini'aadminimada, warbixintani waxay dejin kartaa marxaladda siyaasadaha caalamiga ah si ay si tartiib tartiib ah u baabi'iyaan wasakhowga iyo wax soo saarka caagga ah.

Creshkoff, R., & Enck, J. (2022, Sebtembar 23). Tartanka Lagu Joojinayo Geedka Caagaga Waxa uu keenay Guul Muhiim ah. Saynisyahan Maraykan ah. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-race-to-stop-a-plastics-plant-scores-a-crucial-win/

Dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha deegaanka ee St. James Parish, Louisiana ayaa ku guuleystay maxkamad weyn oo ka dhan ah Formosa Plastics, taasoo isku diyaarineysay inay dhisto warshadda balaastikada adduunka ugu weyn ee gobolka iyadoo ay taageerayaan guddoomiyaha, sharci-dejinta gobolka, iyo dilaaliinta awoodda maxalliga ah. Dhaqdhaqaaqa asaasiga ah ee ka soo horjeeda horumarka cusub, oo uu hogaaminayo Sharon Lavigne oo ka tirsan Rise St. James iyo kooxaha kale ee bulshada oo ay taageerayaan qareennada Earthjustice, waxay ku qanciyeen Louisiana's 19th Judicial Court in la joojiyo 14 ogolaanshaha wasakhowga hawada oo ay bixiso Waaxda Tayada Deegaanka ee gobolka taas oo yeelan lahayd. loo oggolaaday Formosa Plastics in ay dhisto dhismaheeda petrochemical ee la soo jeediyay. Kiimikooyinka batroolka waxaa loo isticmaalaa badeecooyin aan la tirin karin, oo ay ku jiraan balaastikada. Fadhiidnimada mashruucan weyn, iyo ballaarinta guud ee Caagagga Formosa, ayaa muhiim u ah caddaaladda bulshada iyo deegaanka. Waxay ku taal meel 85-mile ah oo Wabiga Mississippi ah oo loo yaqaan "Cancer Alley," dadka deggan St. James Parish, gaar ahaan dadka dakhligoodu hooseeyo iyo dadka midabka leh, waxay aad ugu badan yihiin khatarta ah inay kansar qaadaan noloshooda oo dhan marka loo eego tan qaranka. celcelis ahaan. Marka loo eego codsigooda oggolaanshaha, dhismaha cusub ee Formosa Plastics waxay ku soo rogi lahayd St. James Parish 800 oo tan oo dheeraad ah oo hawo wasakhaysan oo khatar ah, laba-laabantay ama saddex-laabantay heerarka kansarka naasaha ee dadka maxalliga ahi ay nuugaan sannad kasta. Inkasta oo shirkaddu ay ballan qaaday inay racfaan ka qaadanayso, guushan adag ee guusha heshay waxay rajaynaysaa inay si isku mid ah uga faa'iidaysato mucaaradka maxalliga ah ee meelaha laga soo jeediyay tas-hiilaad wasakhaysan oo la mid ah - si aan kala go 'lahayn oo ah bulshooyinka dakhligoodu hooseeyo ee midabka leh.

Madapoosi, V. (2022, Agoosto). Imperialism-ka Casriga ah ee Ganacsiga Qashinka Caalamiga ah: Qalab Dijital ah oo Sahminaya Isgoysyada Ganacsiga Qashinka Caalamiga ah, (J. Hamilton, Ed.). Isku-duwaha deegaanka. www.intersectionalenvironmentalist.com/toolkits/global-waste-trade-toolkit

Inkasta oo magaciisa, ganacsiga qashinka caalamiga ah ma aha ganacsi, laakiin waa geedi socod soo saar leh oo ku qotoma Imperialism. Qaran boqortooyo ahaan, Maraykanku waxa uu maarayntiisa qashinka u bixiyaa dawladaha soo koraya ee adduunka si ay wax uga qabtaan qashinka wasakhaysan ee dib u warshadaynta. Marka laga soo tago saamaynta ba'an ee deegaanku ku yeelanayso degaannada badweynta, xaalufka ciidda, iyo wasakhowga hawada, ganacsiga qashinka ee caalamiga ahi waxa uu kor u qaadaa caddaaladda deegaanka iyo arrimaha caafimaadka bulshada, kuwaas oo saamayntoodu si aan qiyaas lahayn u beegsanaysa dadka iyo hab-nololeedyada dalalka soo koraya. Qalabkan dhijitaalka ah ayaa sahaminaya geeddi-socodka qashinka ee Maraykanka, dhaxalka gumeysiga ee ku qotoma ganacsiga qashinka caalamiga ah, deegaanka, saameynta bulsho-siyaasadeed ee nidaamka maaraynta qashinka ee hadda adduunka, iyo siyaasadaha gudaha, qaranka iyo kuwa caalamiga ah ee bedeli kara.

Hay'adda Baadhitaanka Deegaanka. (2021, Sebtembar). Xaqiiqda ka dambeysa qashinka: Miisaanka iyo saameynta ganacsiga caalamiga ah ee qashinka caagga ah. EIA https://eia-international.org/wp-content/uploads/EIA-The-Truth-Behind-Trash-FINAL.pdf

Qaybta maareynta qashinka ee dalal badan oo dakhligoodu sarreeyo ayaa qaab dhismeed ahaan ku tiirsan dhoofinta qashinka caagga ah ee loo dhoofiyo waddamada dhaqaalahoodu hooseeyo ee weli kobcaya dhaqaale ahaan, taas oo samaynaysa waxay dibadda ka dhigtay kharashaadka muhiimka ah ee bulshada iyo deegaanka ee qaab gumeysi wasakh ah. Sida laga soo xigtay warbixinta EIA, Jarmalka, Japan iyo Mareykanka ayaa ah kuwa ugu badan ee dhoofiya qashinka, mid kastaa wuxuu dhoofiyay laba jeer qashinka caaga ah ee waddan kale tan iyo markii warbixinta la bilaabay 1988. Shiinaha ayaa ahaa kan ugu weyn ee keena qashinka caaga ah, oo u dhiganta 65% soo dejinta laga bilaabo 2010 ilaa 2020. Markii Shiinuhu xidhay xuduudihiisa qashinka caagga ah ee 2018, Malaysia, Vietnam, Turkey, iyo kooxaha dambiilayaasha ah ee ka hawlgala SE Asia waxay u soo baxeen meelo muhiim ah oo loogu talagalay qashinka caaga ah ee Japan, US iyo EU. Lama garanayo waxtarka saxda ah ee ganacsiga qashinka caagagga ah uu ku leeyahay wasakhowga caagagga caalamiga ah, laakiin waxaa cad in uu yahay mid aad u badan oo ku salaysan farqiga u dhexeeya baaxadda ganacsiga qashinka iyo kartida shaqo ee dalalka soo dejinta. U raritaanka qashinka caagagga ah ee adduunka oo dhan ayaa sidoo kale u suurtageliyay waddamada dakhligoodu sarreeyo inay sii wadaan ballaarinta wax soo saarka caagagga bikrada ah iyada oo aan la xakameynin iyaga oo u oggolaanaya inay ka fogaadaan cawaaqibta tooska ah ee isticmaalka caagga ah ee dhibaatada leh. EIA International waxay soo jeedinaysaa in dhibaatada qashinka caagga ah lagu xalin karo istaraatiijiyad dhammaystiran, oo ah qaab heshiis caalami ah oo cusub, kaas oo xoogga saaraya xalalka sare si loo yareeyo wax soo saarka caagagga bikrada ah iyo isticmaalka, horumarinta raadinta iyo daahfurnaanta qashinka caaga ah ee ganacsiga, iyo guud ahaan kor u qaadida waxtarka kheyraadka badan iyo dhaqaale wareeg ah oo badbaado leh balaastikada - ilaa dhoofinta xaqdarada ah ee qashinka caagga ah si wax ku ool ah looga mamnuuco adduunka oo dhan.

Isbahaysiga Caalamiga ah ee Beddelka Wax-qabadsiinta. (2019, Abriil). La Tuuray: Bulshooyinka Ku Sugan Jiida Hore Ee Qalalaasaha Caaga Adduunka. GAIA. www.No-Burn.Org/Resources/Communities-Discarded-Communities-on-Frontlines-of-The-Global-Plastic-crisis/

Markii Shiinuhu uu xadka ka xidhay qashinka balaastikada ah ee la soo dhoofiyo 2018, wadamada ku yaal Koonfur-bari Aasiya waxaa buux dhaafiyay qashin isu ekeysiiyay sidii dib-u-warshadayn, oo ay ugu horreyso waddamada qaniga ah ee Waqooyiga Adduunka. Warbixintan baaritaanku waxay daaha ka qaadaysaa sida bulshooyinka dhulka deggan ay u saameeyeen qulqulka degdega ah ee wasakhowga shisheeye, iyo sida ay uga hortagayaan.

Karlsson, T, Dell, J, Gündoğdu, S, & Carney Almroth, B. (2023, Maarso). Ganacsiga qashinka caaga ah: Lambarada qarsoon. Shabakadda Ciribtirka Wasakhowga Caalamiga ah (IPEN). https://ipen.org/sites/default/files/documents/ipen_plastic_waste _warbixinta_ganacsiga-ugu dambeeya-3digital.pdf

Nidaamyada warbixinta hadda jira waxay si joogto ah u yareeyaan xajmiga qashinka caagagga ah ee lagu kala iibsado adduunka oo dhan, taasoo horseedaysa xisaabinta joogtada ah ee ganacsiga qashinka caagga ah ee cilmi-baarayaasha ku tiirsan xogtan la soo sheegay. Guuldarada habaysan ee xisaabinta iyo dabagalka xadiga qashinka caagga ah ee saxda ah waxaa sabab u ah daahfurnaan la'aanta tirooyinka ganacsiga qashinka, kuwaas oo aan ku habboonayn in la raadiyo qaybaha walxaha gaarka ah. Falanqeyn dhawaan la sameeyay ayaa lagu ogaaday in ganacsiga caagagga adduunka uu 40% ka badan yahay qiyaasihii hore, xitaa tiradani waxay ku guuldareysatay inay ka tarjumto sawirka weyn ee caagadaha lagu dhex daray dunta, xaashida isku dhafka ah, qashinka elektaroonigga ah, iyo caag, iyadoo aan la xusin sunta. kiimikooyinka loo isticmaalo habka wax soo saarka caagagga. Si kasta oo ay ahaataba tirada qarsoon ee ka ganacsiga qashinka caagga ah, mugga wax-soo-saarka balaastigga ah ee hadda jira ayaa ka dhigaya mid aan suurtogal ahayn in waddan kastaa uu maareeyo qashinka baaxadda leh ee ka soo baxa. Waxa ugu muhiimsan ee la qaadanayo maaha in qashin badan la kala iibsanayo, balse waa in dalalka dhaqaalahoodu sarreeyo ay dunida soo koraysa ku qulqulayaan wasakhowga caagga ah oo aad uga sarreeya inta la sheegay. Si arrintan loola dagaallamo, dalalka dhaqaalahoodu sarreeyo waxay u baahan yihiin inay wax badan ka qabtaan sidii ay mas’uuliyadda uga qaadi lahaayeen qashinka caagga ah ee ay soo saaraan.

Karasik R., Lauer NE, Baker AE., Lisi NE, Somarelli JA, Eward WC, Fürst K. & Dunphy-Daly MM (2023, Janaayo). Sinnaan la'aanta faa'iidooyinka caagagga ah ee loo qaybiyo iyo culaysyada dhaqaalaha iyo caafimaadka dadweynaha. Xuduudaha Sayniska Badda. 9:1017247. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.1017247

Caagadu waxay si kala duwan u saamaysaa bulshada bini'aadamka, laga bilaabo caafimaadka dadweynaha ilaa dhaqaalaha maxaliga ah iyo kuwa caalamiga ah. Markii la kala saarayo faa'iidooyinka iyo culayska marxalad kasta oo ah wareegga nolosha balaastikada, cilmi-baarayaashu waxay ogaadeen in faa'iidooyinka balaastikada ay ugu horreeyaan dhaqaale, halka culeysyadu ay si weyn ugu dhacaan caafimaadka aadanaha. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira kala go'aan gaar ah oo u dhexeeya cidda la kulma faa'iidooyinka ama culeyska balaastigga maadaama faa'iidooyinka dhaqaale ay dhif tahay in lagu hagaajiyo culeyska caafimadka ee ay abuuraan. Ganacsiga qashinka caaga ah ee caalamiga ah ayaa sii xoojiyey sinnaan la'aantan sababtoo ah culayska mas'uuliyadda maaraynta qashinka waxay ku dhacdaa bulshooyinka hoose ee ku nool waddamada dhaqaalahoodu hooseeyo, halkii ay ka ahaan lahaayeen wax-soo-saarayaasha dakhligoodu sarreeyo, waddamo badan oo wax cuna oo soo saaray faa'iidooyin dhaqaale oo aad u weyn. Falanqaynta kharashka-faa'iidada soo jireenka ah ee ku wargeliya naqshadaynta siyaasadda si aan isku dheelitirnayn u miisaama faa'iidooyinka dhaqaale ee balaastikada ka badan kuwa aan tooska ahayn, inta badan aan la qiyaasi karin, kharashyada caafimaadka dadka iyo deegaanka.

Liboiron, M. (2021). Wasaaquhu Waa Gumeysi. Jaamacadda Duke Press.

In Wasaaquhu waa Gumeysi, qoraagu waxa uu soo bandhigay in dhammaan noocyada cilmi-baadhista iyo firfircoonida ay leeyihiin xidhiidh dhul, kuwaas oo la jaan qaadi kara ama ka soo horjeeda gumeysiga oo ah nooc gaar ah oo wax-soo-saar ah, oo xaq u leh xiriirka dhulka. Diirada saaraysa wasakhowga caagga ah, buuggu waxa uu muujinayaa sida wasakhdu aanay u ahayn oo keliya astaan hanti-wadaaga, balse ay tahay dhaqan-gelin gacan ka hadal ah oo ku saabsan xidhiidhka dhulka gumaysiga ee sheeganaya in ay galaan dhulka asaliga ah. Iyaga oo ku sawiraya shaqadooda Shaybaadhka Madaniga ah ee Cilmi-baadhista Waxqabadka Deegaanka (CLEAR), Liboiron waxa uu qaabeeyaa dhaqanka saynis-ka-hortagga ah ee ka soo horjeeda dhulka, anshaxa, iyo xidhiidhka, taas oo muujinaysa in saynis dhaqameedka iyo firfircoonida gumaysigu aanay suurtogal ahayn oo keliya, laakiin hadda lagu dhaqmayo.

Bennett, N., Alava, JJ, Ferguson, CE, Blythe, J., Morgera, E., Boyd, D., & Côté, IM (2023, Janaayo). Deegaanka (in) cadaalada ee badweynta Anthropocene. Siyaasadda Badda. 147(105383). DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105383

Daraasadda caddaaladda deegaanka ayaa markii hore diiradda saartay qaybinta iyo saamaynta wasakhowga iyo qashin-qubka sunta ee bulshooyinka la takooro ee taariikh ahaan. Sida beerku u horumaray, culaysyada gaarka ah ee deegaanka iyo caafimaadka bini'aadamka ee ay garteen hab-nololeedyada badda iyo dadka xeebaha waxay heleen caymis yar oo guud ahaan suugaanta caddaaladda deegaanka. Wax ka qabashada farqiga cilmi-baarista, warqadani waxay ku fidday shan meelood oo ku saabsan cadaalada deegaanka ee xudunta u ah badweynta: wasakhowga iyo qashinka sunta ah, balaastikada iyo qashinka badda, isbedelka cimilada, xaalufka deegaanka, iyo hoos u dhaca kalluumeysiga.

Mcgarry, D., James, A., & Erwin, K. (2022). Xaashida Macluumaad: Wasakhowga Caaga Badda Sida Arrin Cadaalad-darro Deegaanka ah. Mid ka mid ah Hubka Badweynta. https://Oneoceanhub.Org/Wp-Content/Uploads/2022/06/Information-Sheet_4.Pdf

Xaashidan macluumaadka waxa ay soo bandhigaysaa cabbirrada caddaaladda deegaanka ee wasakhowga balaastigga ah marka loo eego aragtida dadka si nidaamsan loo takooro, waddamada dakhligoodu hooseeyo ee ku yaalla Koonfurta Adduunka, iyo daneeyayaasha waddamada dakhligoodu sarreeyo ee ugu horrayn masuulka ka ah soo saarista iyo isticmaalka caagadaha hel jidka ay u maraan badda.

Owens, KA, & Conlon, K. (2021, Agoosto). Naaxinta ama Deminta Tubada? Dulmiga Deegaanka iyo Anshaxa Wasakhowga Caaga. Xuduudaha Sayniska Badda, 8. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.713385

Warshada maaraynta qashinka kuma shaqayn karto meel bannaan oo aan ka warhayn waxyeelada bulsho iyo deegaan ee ay goosanayso. Marka ay soo-saarayaashu kor u qaadaan xalalka wax ka qabta calaamadaha wasakhowga caagga ah laakiin aan ahayn sababta asalka ah, waxay ku guul daraysteen inay qabtaan daneeyayaasha isha mas'uulka ka ah oo sidaas darteed xaddido saameynta ficil kasta oo hagaajin ah. Warshadaha balaastikada ayaa hadda u qaabeeya qashinka balaastikada ah sidii dibadda oo u baahan xal tignoolajiyadeed. Dhoofinta dhibaatada iyo dibedaynta xalku waxay culayska iyo cawaaqib xumada qashinka caagga ah ku riixaysaa bulshooyinka la haybsooco ee adduunka, dalalka dhaqaalahoodu weli korayo, iyo jiilka mustaqbalka. Halkii loo dayn lahaa xallinta mashaakil-abuurayaasha, saynisyahannada, siyaasad-dejiyeyaasha, iyo dawladaha waxaa lagula talinayaa in ay qaabeeyaan sheekooyinka qashinka caagga ah iyada oo xoogga la saarayo dhimista korka, dib-u-qaabaynta, iyo dib-u-isticmaalka, halkii ay ka ahaan lahayd maamulka hoose.

Mah, A. (2020). Dhaxalka sunta ah iyo cadaalada deegaanka. In Cadaalada Deegaanka (daqiiqadii 1-aad.). Jaamacadda Manchester Press. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/978042902 9585-12/toxic-legacies-environmental-justice-alice-mah

Soo bandhigida aan loo meel dayin ee bulshooyinka laga tirada badan yahay iyo kuwa dakhligoodu hooseeyo ee wasakhowga sunta ah iyo goobaha qashinka khatarta ah waa walaac asaasi ah oo soo jireen ah oo ka dhex jira dhaqdhaqaaqa cadaalada deegaanka. Sheekooyinka aan la tirin karin ee masiibooyinka sunta ah ee adduunka oo dhan, kaliya qayb yar oo ka mid ah kiisaskan ayaa lagu muujiyey diiwaanka taariikhda halka inta kale ay weli tahay mid la dayacay. Cutubkani waxa uu ka hadlayaa waxa laga dhaxlay masiibooyinka sunta ah, dareenka bulshada ee aan dheeli tirnayn ee la siiyay cadaalad darada deegaanka ee gaarka ah, iyo sida dhaqdhaqaaqyada ka hortagga sunta ah ee Maraykanka iyo dibadaba ay ugu jiraan dhaqdhaqaaqa cadaalada deegaanka ee caalamiga ah.

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9. Taariikhda Caagagga

Machadka Taariikhda Sayniska. (2023). Taariikhda Caaga. Machadka Taariikhda Sayniska. https://www.sciencehistory.org/the-history-and-future-of-plastics

Taariikhda saddex bog oo gaaban oo balaastig ah ayaa bixisa xog kooban, haddana aad u sax ah oo ku saabsan waxa ay yihiin balaastiig, xaggee ka yimaadeen, maxay ahayd caaggii ugu horreeyay ee la isku qurxiyo, xilligii caagagga ee dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka iyo welwelka sii kordhaya ee caagga mustaqbalka. Maqaalkani waxa uu u fiican yahay kuwa jeclaan lahaa istaroogyo badan oo ballaadhan oo ku saabsan horumarinta caagagga iyada oo aan la gelin dhinaca farsamada ee abuuritaanka caagga.

Barnaamijka Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay (2022). Meeraheena waxa uu ku merganayaa caaga. https://www.unep.org/interactives/beat-plastic-pollution/

Barnaamijka deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay ayaa abuuray bog internet oo is-dhexgal ah si uu gacan uga geysto in la sawiro dhibaatada sii kordheysa ee wasakhowga caagga ah iyo in taariikhda balaastigga lagu dhejiyo xaalad si fudud ay u fahmi karaan dadweynaha guud. Macluumaadkan waxaa ku jira muuqaallo, maabyo is-dhexgal ah, soo-jeedin, iyo xiriirinta daraasadaha sayniska. Boggu wuxuu ku dhammaanayaa talooyinka ay shakhsiyaadka qaadan karaan si ay u yareeyaan isticmaalkooda caagga ah iyo dhiirigelinta u doodista isbeddelka iyada oo loo marayo dawladaha hoose ee shakhsi ahaaneed.

Hohn, S., Acevedo-Trejos, E., Abrams, J., Fulgencio de Moura, J., Spranz, R., & Merico, A. (2020, Meey 25). Dhaxalka muddada-dheer ee Wax-soo-saarka Balaastigga. Sayniska Guud ee Deegaanka. 746, 141115. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141115

Xal badan ayaa la soo bandhigay si caag looga ururiyo webiyada iyo badda, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxtarkooda weli lama garanayo. Warbixintani waxay ogaatay in xalalka hadda jira ay yeelan doonaan kaliya guulo dhexdhexaad ah oo ah ka saarista caagagga deegaanka. Sida kaliya ee si dhab ah loo dhimi karo qashinka caagga ah waa iyada oo la dhimo qiiqa caagga ah, iyo ururinta la xoojiyay iyadoo xoogga la saarayo ururinta webiyada ka hor inta aysan caagadu gaarin badda. Wax-soo-saarka caagagga iyo gubiddu waxay sii wadi doontaa inay saameyn mug leh ku yeelato miisaaniyadda kaarboonka jawiga caalamiga ah iyo deegaanka.

Dickinson, T. (2020, Maarso 3). Sida Saliida Weyn iyo Soodhaha Weyn ay u ilaalinayeen masiibada deegaanka ee caalamiga ah sir tobanaan sano ah. Rolling Stone https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/plastic-problem-recycling-myth-big-oil-950957/

Toddobaadkii, celceliska dadka adduunka oo dhan ayaa isticmaala ku dhawaad 2,000 oo qaybood oo balaastik ah. Taasi waxay u dhigantaa 5 garaam oo caag ah ama hal kaadhka deynta oo dhan qiimihiisu. In ka badan kala badh caagadaha hadda dhulka ku yaal ayaa la abuuray tan iyo 2002, iyo wasakhowga caagga ah waxay ku socotaa xawaare ay labanlaabanto 2030. Iyada oo dhaqdhaqaaqa cusub ee bulshada iyo siyaasadda ee wax looga qabanayo wasakhowga caagga ah, shirkaduhu waxay bilaabeen inay qaadaan tallaabooyin ay kaga tagayaan caag ka dib tobanaan sano oo sano ah. xadgudub.

Ostle, C., Thompson, R., Broughton, D., Gregory, L., Wootton, M., & Johns, D. (2019, Abriil). Kor u kaca caagagga badweynta ayaa caddaynaya muddo 60 sano ah oo taxane ah. Isgaadhsiinta Maab. rdcu.be/bCso9

Daraasadani waxay soo bandhigaysaa taxane wakhti cusub ah, laga bilaabo 1957 ilaa 2016 oo daboolaya in ka badan 6.5 mayl badeed, waana tii ugu horeysay ee xaqiijisa koror weyn oo ku yimid balaastikada badda furan tobanaankii sano ee la soo dhaafay.

Taylor, D. (2019, Maarso 4). Sida Maraykanku ula qabsaday caagadaha. Grist grist.org/article/how-the-us-got-addicted-to-plastics/

Cork waxay ahaan jirtay walaxda ugu muhiimsan ee loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka, laakiin si degdeg ah ayaa loo bedelay markii balaastiig soo gashay goobta. Caagadu waxa ay noqdeen lama huraan WWII ilaa wakhtigaasna Maraykanku waxa uu ku tiirsanaa balaastiig.

Geyer, R., Jambeck, J., & Law, KL (2017, Luulyo 19). Soo saarista, isticmaalka, iyo qaddarka dhammaan balaastiiggii abid la sameeyay. Horumarka Sayniska, 3(7). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700782

Falanqaynta ugu horreysa ee caalamiga ah ee dhammaan balaastikada la soo saaro ee abid la soo saaro. Waxay ku qiyaaseen in laga bilaabo 2015, 6300 milyan metrik ton oo ah 8300 milyan metrik ton oo caag bikrad ah oo waligood la soo saaray ay ku dhamaadeen qashin caag ah. Kuwaasoo, 9% kaliya ayaa dib loo warshadeeyay, 12% waa la gubay, iyo 79% ayaa ku ururay deegaanka dabiiciga ah ama qashin-qubka. Haddii wax-soo-saarka iyo maaraynta qashinka ay ku sii socdaan isbeddelkooda hadda, xadiga qashinka caagga ah ee ku jira qashin-qubka ama deegaanka dabiiciga ah ayaa ka badan labanlaaban doona 2050-ka.

Ryan, P. (2015, Juun 2). Taariikhda Kooban ee Cilmi-baarista Qashinka Badda. Qashinka Anthropogenic ee Badda: p 1-25. link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_1#enumeration

Cutubkani waxa uu tilmaamayaa taariikh kooban oo ku saabsan sida qashinka badda loo baadhi jiray tobankii sannadood ee ka bilaabmay 1960-kii ilaa hadda. Sannadihii 1960-aadkii ayaa waxaa billowday daraasado aasaasi ah oo ku saabsan qashinka badda kuwaas oo diiradda saarayay isku-duubnida iyo liqidda balaastiigga ee nolosha badda. Tan iyo markaas, diiradda ayaa u wareegtay dhinaca microplastics iyo saameyntooda nolosha dabiiciga ah.

Hohn, D. (2011). Moby Duck. Viking Press.

Qoraaga Donovan Hohn waxa uu bixiyaa xisaab saxaafadeed oo ku saabsan taariikhda caagagga taariikh dhaqameedka waxana uu asal ahaan ka soo jeedaa waxa balaastigga ka dhigay meel la tuuri karo marka hore. Ka dib austerities of WWII, macaamiishu waxay aad u xiisaynayeen inay naftooda u soo jiidaan alaabooyinka, sidaa darteed 1950-meeyadii markii patent-ka polyetylen uu dhacay, alaabtu waxay noqotay mid ka jaban weligeed. Habka kaliya ee caaggu macaash ku heli karaan waxay ahayd inay ku qanciyaan macaamiisha inay tuuraan, wax badan iibsadaan, tuuraan, wax badan iibsadaan. Qaybaha kale, waxa uu sahamiyaa mowduucyo ay ka mid yihiin shirkadaha shixnadaha iyo warshadaha Shiinuhu ku ciyaaraan.

Bowermaster, J. (tafatiraha). (2010). Oceans. Warbaahinta ka qayb galayaasha. 71-93.

Captain Charles Moore waxa uu daaha ka qaaday waxa hadda loo yaqaan Baasifigga Qashinka Qashinka Baasifiga 1997. Sannadkii 2009, waxa uu ku soo noqday balastarkii isaga oo filanayay in ay wax yar koray, laakiin ma aha soddon jeer inta ay dhab ahaantii samaysay. David de Rothschild waxa uu dhisay doon 60-foot ah oo badweynta ku socota oo gebi ahaanba laga dhisay dhalooyin caag ah oo isaga iyo kooxdiisa ka soo qaaday California una socdeen Australia si kor loogu qaado wacyiga qashinka badda ee ku jira badda.

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10. Khayraadka kala duwan

Rhein, S., & Sträter, KF (2021). Ballanqaadyada shirkadda si loo yareeyo dhibaatada balaastikada caalamiga ah: Dib-u-warshadaynta halkii la dhimi lahaa oo dib loo isticmaali lahaa. Wargeyska Wax soo saarka Nadiifinta. 296 (126571).

Iyadoo la isku dayayo in la isku dayo u gudubka dhinaca dhaqaalaha wareegtada ah, waddamo badan ayaa kaliya u socda dhinaca dhaqaalaha dib-u-warshadaynta aan la waari karin. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyada oo aan la helin ballan-qaadyo caalami ah oo lagu heshiiyey, ururrada waxaa loo daayaa inay sameeyaan qeexitaan u gaar ah fikradaha dadaallada waara. Ma jiraan qeexitaan isku mid ah iyo miisaan loo baahan yahay oo dhimis iyo dib u isticmaal sidaas awgeed ururo badan ayaa diiradda saaraya dib u warshadaynta iyo dadaallada nadiifinta wasakhowga ka dib. Isbeddelka dhabta ah ee qulqulka qashinka caagga ah wuxuu u baahan doonaa ka fogaanshaha joogtada ah ee baakadaha hal-isticmaalka ah, ka hortagga wasakhowga caagga ah bilowgiisa. Ballanqaadyada shirkadda iyo caalamiga ah ee lagu heshiiyey waxay gacan ka geysan karaan buuxinta meesha bannaan, haddii ay diiradda saaraan xeeladaha ka hortagga.

Surfrieter (2020). Ka digtoonow bannaanka Beenta ah ee Caaga ah. Surfrider Yurub. PDF

Xalka dhibaatada wasakhowga caagga ah ayaa la horumariyaa, laakiin dhammaan xalalka "deegaanka saaxiibtinimo" dhab ahaantii kama caawin doonaan ilaalinta iyo ilaalinta deegaanka. Waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in 250,000 oo tan oo baco ah ay dul sabbeeyaan oogada badda, laakiin tani waxay ka dhigan tahay kaliya 1% dhammaan caagagga badda ku jira. Tani waa dhibaato maadaama qaar badan oo loogu yeero xalalka kaliya ay wax ka qabtaan balaastikada sabaynaysa (sida Mashruuca Seabin, Manta, iyo Nadiifinta Badweynta). Xalka kaliya ee runta ah ayaa ah in la xiro tuubada caaga ah oo laga joojiyo balaastiga soo galaya badda iyo deegaanka badda. Dadku waa in ay cadaadis saaraan ganacsiyada, lagana rabaa in maamullada maxalliga ah ay tallaabo qaadaan, meesha ay ka saaraan caagagga, oo ay taageeraan NGO-yada ka shaqeeya arrimaha.

Xogtayda NASA (2020). Qaababka Wareegga Badweynta: Khariidadda Sheekooyinka Jaangoynta Qashinka.

Khariidadda sheekada NASA waxa ay xogta satalaytka dhex dhigtaa mid si fudud loo geli karo bogga mareegaha u ogolaanaya dadka soo booqda in ay sahamiyaan hababka wareegga badda marka ay la xidhiidhaan meelaha qashinka ee baddaha iyada oo la isticmaalayo xogta NASA ee biyaha badda. Mareegtan waxa loogu talagalay ardayda fasallada 7-12 oo waxay siisaa agab dheeraad ah iyo qoraallo daabacan oo macallimiinta si loogu oggolaado khariidadda in loo isticmaalo casharrada.

DeNisco Rayome, A. (2020, Agoosto 3). Ma Dili karnaa Caag? CNET. PDF

Qoraaga Allison Rayome ayaa u sharaxaya dhibaatada wasakhowga caagga ah ee daawadayaasha guud. Baco aad u badan ayaa la soo saaraa sannad kasta, laakiin waxaa jira tillaabooyin ay shakhsiyaadka qaadi karaan. Maqaalku wuxuu muujinayaa kor u kaca caagagga, arrimaha dib-u-warshadaynta, ballanqaadka xal wareeg ah, faa'iidooyinka (qaar) caag ah, iyo waxa ay samayn karaan shakhsiyaadka si loo yareeyo balaastigga (iyo kor u qaadista dib u isticmaalka). Rayome waxa uu qiray in kuwani ay yihiin tillaabooyin muhiim ah oo lagu dhimayo wasakhowga, gaaritaanka isbeddelka dhabta ah waxa ay u baahan tahay tallaabo sharciyeed.

Persson, L., Carney Almroth, BM, Collins, CD, Cornell, S., De Wit, CA, Diamond, ML, Fantke, P., Hassellöv, M., MacLeod, M., Ryberg, MW, Jørgensen, PS , Villarrubia-Gómez, P., Wang, Z., & Hauschild, MZ (2022). Ka baxsan goobta shaqada ee badbaadada leh ee xadka meeraha ee Hay'adaha Cusub. Sayniska Deegaanka & Farsamada, 56(3), 1510-1521. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04158

Saynis yahanadu waxay soo gabagabeeyeen in bini'aadanku uu hadda ka shaqeeyo meel ka baxsan xuduuda meeraha badbaadada leh ee hay'adaha cusub tan iyo wax soo saarka sanadlaha ah iyo sii daynta ayaa ku sii kordhaya xawliga ka sarreeya awooda caalamiga ah ee qiimaynta iyo la socodka. Warqadani waxay qeexaysaa xudduudaha cusub ee xuduudaha meeraha qaab dhismeedka xudduudaha meeraha sida hay'ado ku cusub dareenka juquraafi oo leh saameynta guud ee suurtagalka ah ee khatar gelinaysa daacadnimada hababka nidaamka Dhulka. Muujinta wasakhowga caagga ah sida aag gaar ah oo walaac sare leh, saynisyahannadu waxay ku talinayaan in la qaado tallaabo degdeg ah si loo yareeyo wax soo saarka iyo sii daynta hay'adaha cusub, iyaga oo xusaya in sidaas oo kale, ku adkaysiga qaybo badan oo cusub sida wasakhowga caagga ah ayaa sii wadi doona inay keenaan waxyeelo halis ah.

Lwanga, EH, Beriot, N., Corradini, F. et al. (2022, Febraayo). Dib-u-eegis lagu sameeyo ilaha microplastic-ka, dariiqyada gaadiidka iyo isku-xidhka cidhiidhiga carrada kale: safarka laga soo bilaabo goobaha beeraha ee loo galayo deegaanka. Tiknoolajiyada Kiimikada iyo Bayoolojiga ee Beeraha. 9 (20). DOI: 10.1186/s40538-021-00278-9

Xog yar ayaa la heli karaa oo ku saabsan safarka microplastic ee jawiga dhulka dhulka. Dib-u-eegis cilmiyeedkan ayaa sahaminaya isdhexgalka iyo hababka kala duwan ee ku lug leh gaadiidka microplastics-ka ee nidaamyada beeraha ilaa deegaanka ku xeeran, oo ay ku jiraan qiimeyn cusub oo ku saabsan sida gaadiidka microplastic uu ka yimaado balaastada (cellular) ilaa heerka muuqaalka.

Sare Fudud. (2019, Noofambar 7). 5 siyaabood oo fudud oo lagu yareeyo bacaha guriga. https://supersimple.com/article/reduce-plastic/.

8 siyaabood oo lagu dhimi karo macluumaadka caagga ah ee aad isticmaalayso

Barnaamijka Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay. (2021). Cadaalada deegaanka iyo animation wasakhowga caaga ah (Ingiriis). YouTube. https://youtu.be/8YPjYXOjT58.

Dakhligoodu yar yahay iyo bulshooyinka madow, wadaniga ah, dadka midabka leh (BIPOC) waa kuwa safka hore kaga jira wasakhowga caagga ah. Bulshooyinka midabka leh waxay u badan tahay inay ku noolaadaan xeebaha iyaga oo aan ka ilaalin daadadka, xaalufka dalxiiska, iyo warshadaha kalluumeysiga. Tallaabo kasta oo wax-soo-saarka caagga ah marka aan la nidaamin oo aan la ilaalin waxay dhaawici kartaa nolosha badda, deegaanka, iyo bulshooyinka u dhow. Bulshooyinkan la haybsooco waxay u badan tahay inay la ildaran yihiin sinnaan la'aan, sidaas darteed waxay u baahan yihiin dhaqaale dheeraad ah iyo feejignaan ka hortag ah.

TEDx (2010). TEDx Qashinka Baasifigga Weyn ee Baasifigga - Van Jones - Caddaaladda Deegaanka. YouTube. https://youtu.be/3WMgNlU_vxQ.

Hadalkii Ted ee 2010 oo muujinaya saamaynta aan loo simanayn ee bulshooyinka saboolka ah ee ka imanaya qashinka wasakhowga caagga ah, Van Jones wuxuu caqabad ku yahay ku tiirsanaanta naafada "si aad u xaaqdo meeraha waa inaad dadka qashinka ku riddaa." Dadka dakhligoodu hooseeyo ma haystaan xorriyad dhaqaale oo ay ku doortaan doorashooyin ka caafimaad badan ama caag ah taasoo horseedaysa korodhka soo-gaadhista kiimikooyinka caagga ah ee sunta ah. Dadka saboolka ah waxay sidoo kale qaadaan culeyska sababtoo ah waxay si aan xad lahayn ugu dhow yihiin goobaha qashinka. Kiimikada sunta ah ee cajiibka ah ayaa lagu sii daayaa bulshooyinka saboolka ah iyo kuwa la haybsooco taasoo keenta saameyn caafimaad oo ballaaran. Waa in aan hormoodka ka dhignaa codadka beelahaas sharciga si loo hirgeliyo isbeddel dhab ah oo ku salaysan bulshada.

Xarunta Sharciga Caalamiga ah ee Deegaanka. (2021). Neefso Hawadan – Ka Xorow Xeerka Wasakhowga Caaga. Xarunta Sharciga Caalamiga ah ee Deegaanka. YouTube. https://youtu.be/liojJb_Dl90.

Xeerka ka xoraynta caagga waxa uu si gaar ah diiradda u saaray caddaaladda deegaanka isagoo ku doodaya "markaad dadka kor u qaaddo xagga hoose, qof walba ayaad kor u qaadaysaa." Shirkadaha batroolka ayaa si aan loo qiyaasi karin u waxyeeleeya dadka midabka leh iyo bulshooyinka dakhligoodu yar yahay iyaga oo soo saara oo ku tuura qashinka caagga ah ee xaafadahooda. Waa in aan ka xorownaa ku-tiirsanaanta balaastikada si aan u gaarno sinnaanta bulshooyinka la haybsooco ee ay saameysay wasakheynta wax-soo-saarka balaastikada.

Wadahadallada Caalamiga ah ee Caagagga. (2021, Juun 10). Shabakadda Hogaaminta Caagagga Badweynta. YouTube. https://youtu.be/GJdNdWmK4dk.

Tan, V. (2020, Maarso 24). Biyo-caagadu ma yihiin Xal waara? Wadahadallada TEDx. YouTube. https://youtu.be/Kjb7AlYOSgo.

Scarr, S. (2019, Sebtembar 4). Ku Qarqidda Caaga: In la sawiro balwadda adduunka ee dhalooyinka caagga ah. Sawirada Reuters. Waxa laga soo qaatay: graphics.reuters.com/ENVIRONMENT-PLASTIC/0100B275155/index.html

Adduunka oo dhan, ku dhawaad 1 milyan oo dhalo caag ah ayaa la iibiyaa daqiiqad kasta, 1.3 bilyan oo dhalo ayaa la iibiyaa maalin kasta, taas oo u dhiganta kala badh cabbirka Tower Eiffel. In ka yar 6% dhammaan bacaha la sameeyay ayaa dib loo warshadeeyay. Inkasta oo dhammaan caddaynta khatarta balaastiggu ay u tahay deegaanka, wax soo saarka ayaa kor u kacaya.

Warbixin ku saabsan balaastikada galaysa badda

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Ku laabo Cilmi-baadhis

Ilaalinta Deegaannada, Ilaalinta Noocyada Global bacyaal

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Caaga ku yaal Badweynta

Table of Contents

Waxaan saameyn ku yeelaneynaa wax soo saarka joogtada ah iyo isticmaalka balaastikada.

1. Hordhac

Waa maxay baaxadda dhibaatada balaastikada?

Sidee balaastiggu ugu dambeeyaa badda?

Waa maxay sababta balaastikada badda ku jirta ay dhibaato muhiim ah u tahay?

2. Siyaasadda Caagagga Mareykanka

2.1 Siyaasadaha Qaran-hoosaadka

2.2 Siyaasadaha Qaranka

3. Siyaasadaha Caalamiga ah

3.1 Global Treaty

3.2 Guddiga Siyaasadda Sayniska

3.3 Basel Convention Wax ka beddelka qashinka caagga ah

4. Dhaqaalaha Wareegtada

5. Chemistry-ga cagaaran

6. Caafimaadka Caaga iyo Badweynta

6.1 Ghost Gear

6.2 Saamaynta Nolosha Badda

6.3 Pellets caaga ah (Nurdles)

7. Caafimaadka Caaga iyo Dadka

8. Cadaalada Deegaanka

9. Taariikhda Caagagga

10. Khayraadka kala duwan

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Ujeedooyin

Khariidadda bogga

Xisaabtanka & Hufnaanta