I-2/3 ye-Nothing: Oko Sikwazi ngokwenene malunga nokuLondolozwa kwezilwanyana zaseLwandle

Ngu: UJacob Zadik, uMfundi wezoNxibelelwano, i-Ocean Foundation

Izilwanyana zasemanzini ezincancisayo zimela ezinye zezona zidalwa zinomdla neziphawulekayo emhlabeni. Nangona zingekho zikhulu ngokwenani leentlobo zezilwanyana xa zithelekiswa nezinye iindidi zezilwanyana, zihamba phambili kwiimpawu ezininzi ezigqithisileyo nezibaxiweyo. Umnenga iblue whale sesona silwanyana sikhulu kwezakha zaphila emhlabeni. Umnenga obizwa ngokuba yisperm whale unobuchopho obukhulu kunaso nasiphi na isilwanyana. I I-bottlenose dolphin ineyona nkumbulo ende irekhodiweyo, ukukhupha inkumbulo yangaphambili itshatshele indlovu. Le yimizekelo kuphela.

Kambe ke, ngenxa yezi mpawu, izakhono zokuqonda, kunye nonxibelelwano lwe-endothermic kuthi, izilwanyana ezincancisayo zaselwandle bezisoloko zisenkcochoyini kwiphulo lethu lokulondoloza. Imithetho eyawiswa ngowe-1934 yokuvalwa kokuzingela iminenga elungileyo iphawula umthetho wokuqala ochasene nokuzingela iminenga kunye neminye yemithetho yokuqala yolondolozo. Njengoko iminyaka iqhubela phambili, ukunyuka kwenkcaso kwi-whaling kunye ne-bludgeoning kunye nokubulawa kwezinye izilwanyana zaselwandle kukhokelela kuMthetho woKhuseleko lweMammal Marine (MMPA) ngo-1972. eye yabona impumelelo enkulu kule minyaka idlulileyo. Kwaye, ngo-1994, i-MMPA yalungiswa kakhulu ukuze ijongane ngcono nemiba yale mihla ejikeleze izilwanyana zaselwandle. Lilonke ziinjongo zale mithetho kukuqinisekisa ukuba iintlobo zabantu aziweli ngaphantsi kowona mgangatho uzinzileyo wabemi.

Umthetho onjalo ubone impumelelo ebalaseleyo kule minyaka idlulileyo kwaye uninzi lwezilwanyana zaselwandle eziphononongwayo zibonisa indlela eyandayo yabantu. Oku kungaphezu kokuthethwa kwamanye amaqela amaninzi ezilwanyana, yaye oku kubangela umbuzo wokuba kutheni siqhubeka sizinyamekela kangaka ezi zidalwa zikhulu ngendlela yokulondoloza? Ngokwam, ukuba yi-herpetologist entliziyweni, oku bekusoloko kuyingxaki kum. Ngaso sonke isilwanyana esanyisayo esisecicini lokutshabalala umntu anokuthi akhankanye, ndingaphendula ngee-amphibians ezili-10 ezisengozini yokuphela okanye izirhubuluzi. Kunokuthethwa okufanayo nangeentlanzi, iikorale, ii<em>arthropods nezityalo ezisecicini lokuphela. Ngoko kwakhona, umbuzo ngowokuba kutheni izilwanyana zaselwandle? Alikho elinye iqela lezilwanyana elinomthetho obalasele ngolo hlobo olungiselelwe ngokukhethekileyo ukukhusela abantu bazo.

Impendulo yeyokuba izilwanyana zaselwandle njengeqela mhlawumbi zezinye zezalathi ezinkulu zempilo yendalo yaselwandle. Ngokuqhelekileyo zizilwanyana ezizingelayo eziphezulu okanye i-apex predator kwindawo yazo. Zikwaziwa ngokudlala indima yomthombo wokutya omkhulu kumarhamncwa amakhulu okanye i-benthic scavenger ezincinci xa zifa. Bahlala kwiindawo ezininzi zokuhlala, ukusuka kwiilwandle ezimhlophe ukuya kwiingqaqa zetropiki. Ngaloo ndlela, impilo yabo ibonisa ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza kwemigudu yethu yokulondoloza. Ngokuchasene noko, zikwayimbonakaliso yokuwohloka komgangatho ngenxa yokwanda kophuhliso, ungcoliseko, neenzame zokuloba. Umzekelo, ukuhla kwe-manatee luphawu lokuncipha kwendawo ehlala ingca yengca yolwandle. Cinga ngemeko yabemi beentlobo zezilwanyana ezanyisayo zaselwandle ngokudityaniswa kwamabanga kwikhadi lengxelo yolondolozo lwaselwandle ukuba uyathanda.

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ipesenti ephezulu yezilwanyana zaselwandle ezanyisayo eziphandiweyo zibonisa ukwanda kwabantu abazinzileyo. Ngelishwa kukho ingxaki ngale nto, kwaye abaninzi benu basenokuba sele bekwazile ukuchola ingxaki kukhetho lwam ngononophelo lwamagama. Okulusizi kukuba, ngaphezu kwe-2/3rds yeentlobo zezilwanyana ezanyisayo zaselwandle azifundwa ngokwaneleyo, kwaye abemi bazo bangoku abaziwa ngokupheleleyo (ukuba awundikholelwa, hamba phakathi Uluhlu oluBomvu lwe-IUCN). Le yingxaki enkulu kuba 1) ngaphandle kokwazi inani labemi babo, kunye nokuguquguquka kwayo, bayasilela njengekhadi lengxelo elaneleyo, kunye 2) ngenxa yokuba ukunyuka kwabemi bezilwanyana zaselwandle ezifundiweyo ziziphumo ezithe ngqo zemigudu yophando eguqulela kulawulo olungcono lolondolozo.

Kunyanzelekile ukuba kuthathwe iinzame ezikhawulezileyo ukulungisa ukunqongophala kolwazi olujikeleze uninzi lwezilwanyana ezanyisayo zaselwandle. Nangona ingesiso isilwanyana esanyisayo kanye “solwandle” (ucinga ukuba sasihlala kwindawo enamanzi amatsha), ibali lakutshanje leDolphin yoMlambo iYangtze ngumzekelo odanisayo waxa iinzame zophando zazishiywe kakhulu. Ibhengezwe ukuba iphelile ngo-2006, inani labantu base dolphin lalingaziwa ngaphambi ko-1986, kwaye iinzame ezigqithisileyo zokubuyisela abantu zazingabonakali phambi kwe-90s. Ngophuhliso olungathintelekiyo lwaseTshayina kuluhlu oluninzi lwee dolphin, ezi nzame zolondolozo zazishiywe lixesha. Ukuba yintsomi leyo, kodwa ayiyi kuhluthwa; isibonisa ukubaluleka kokuqonda ngokungxamisekileyo zonke izidalwa ezanyisayo zaselwandle.

Mhlawumbi esona soyikiso sanamhlanje esikhulu kwizidalwa ezanyisayo ezininzi zaselwandle lishishini lokuloba elisoloko likhula – ushishino lokuloba ngeegillnet ngokuba yeyona inobungozi. Iinkqubo zabakhi-mkhanyo baselwandle (ilungelo elibalaseleyo lokuphuma emsebenzini wasekholejini) qokelela okubalulekileyo idata yokubamba. Ukususela kunyaka ka-1990 ukuya ku-2011 kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba ubuncinane i-82% yeentlobo ze-Odontoceti, okanye iminenga enamazinyo (i-orcas, iminenga emilomo, ihlengesi, kunye nezinye), sele ikulungele ukuloba ngeegillnet. Iinzame zokuloba ziqhubeleka nokukhula kwaye isiphumo esicingelwayo inokuba kuphela kukuba ukubanjiswa kwezilwanyana ezanyisayo zaselwandle kulandela lo mkhwa ukhulayo. Kufuneka kube lula ukubona ukuba ukuqonda ngcono iipatters zokufuduka kwezilwanyana ezanyisayo zaselwandle kunye nokuziphatha kokukhwelana kunokuphembelela ulawulo olungcono lokuloba.

Ke ndiphetha ngale nto: nokuba uthabathekile yiminenga ye-gargantuan baleen, okanye unomdla ngakumbi tyena ukukhwelana ukuziphatha barnacles, impilo ye-ecosystem yolwandle ibonakaliswa ngokukhazimla kwezilwanyana zaselwandle. Licandelo elibanzi lokufunda, kwaye uphando oluninzi oluyimfuneko lushiywe ukuba lufundwe. Ukanti, iinzame ezinjalo zinokuqhutywa ngokufanelekileyo kuphela ngenkxaso epheleleyo yoluntu lwehlabathi.