Ukuhanjiswa kweArctic yiNtlekele elindele ukwenzeka

NguRichard Steiner

Xa umkhumbi waseMalaysia u-Selendang Ayu wamisa kwi-Alaska's Aleutian Islands kwiminyaka esibhozo eyadlulayo kule veki, yayisisikhumbuzo esibuhlungu somngcipheko okhulayo wokuhamba ngenqanawa emantla. Ngoxa usendleleni esuka e-Seattle ukuya e-China, kwisivunguvungu sasebusika sase-Bering sasebusika esinemimoya engama-70 kunye neelwandle ezi-25-foot, injini yenqanawa ayizange iphumelele. Njengoko yayisiya ngaselunxwemeni, kwakungekho zixhobo zaneleyo zokuyikhwelisa, yaye yemka kwiSiqithi sase-Unalaska ngoDisemba 8, 2004. Kwalahleka abasebenzi abathandathu, inqanawa yaphuka phakathi, nomthwalo wayo uphela wawungaphezu kwama-335,000. iilitha zamafutha anzima achithekele emanzini e-Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge (I-Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge). Njengezinye iziphako ezinkulu zaselwandle, oku kuphalala akuzange kuthintelwe, kwaye kwabulala amawaka eentaka zolwandle nezinye izilwanyana zaselwandle, kwavalwa iindawo zokuloba, kwaza kwangcolisa iimayile ezininzi zonxweme.

Njengoninzi lweentlekele zemizi-mveliso, intlekele yaseSeendang Ayu yabangelwa kukudityaniswa okuyingozi kweempazamo zabantu, uxinzelelo lwezemali, ukusilela komatshini, ukuyekelela kunye nokongamela kukarhulumente, ([PDF]Ukusekwa kwe-Malaysian-flag Bulk Carrier M/V Selendang Ayu on). Kangangexesha elithile, le ntlekele yanikela ingqalelo kumngcipheko weenqanawa ezisuka emantla. Kodwa ngelixa ezinye izinto ezinobungozi zijongiwe, ukukhululeka ngokukhawuleza kwabuya. Namhlanje, intlekele yaseSeendang ilityelwe, kwaye ngokunyuka kwezithuthi zeenqanawa, umngcipheko ngoku mkhulu kunangaphambili.

Yonke imihla, ezinye iinqanawa ezinkulu zabarhwebi ezili-10 ukuya kwezingama-20 - iinqanawa zeenqanawa, iinqanawa zokuthwala isambuku, iinqwelo ezithwala iimoto, kunye neetanki - zihamba "indlela enkulu yesangqa" phakathi kwe-Asiya kunye noMntla Melika ecaleni kwekhonkco le-Aleutian leemayile ezili-1,200. Njengoko urhwebo lubuyela emva kokudodobala koqoqosho, ukuhamba ngenqanawa kule ndlela kusanda ngokuthe ngcembe. Kwaye njengoko ubushushu behlabathi buqhubeka bunyibilika umkhenkce wolwandle ehlotyeni, ukugcwala kweenqanawa nako kwanda ngokukhawuleza kuLwandlekazi lweArctic. Kweli hlobo lidlulileyo, irekhodi yeenqanawa zabarhwebi ezingama-46 zadlula kwiNdlela yoLwandle lwaseMntla phakathi kweYurophu neAsia ukunqumla iArctic yaseRashiya (Barents Umkhangeli), ulwando oluphindwe kalishumi ukusuka kwiminyaka nje emibini edluleyo. Ngaphezu kwesigidi esi-1 seetoni zomthwalo ezithe zarhuqwa kwindlela kumacala omabini kweli hlotyeni (ulwando lwama-50% ngo-2011), kwaye uninzi lwale yayiyimveliso yepetroleum eyingozi efana namafutha edizili, isibaso sejethi, kunye negesi yomoya. Kwaye iTanki yokuqala eyiLiquefied Natural Gas (LNG) embalini yahamba ngendlela kulo nyaka, ithwele i-LNG isuka eNorway isiya eJapan kwisiqingatha sexesha ebinokulithatha ukuhamba indlela eqhelekileyo yaseSuez. Umthamo we-oyile kunye negesi ethunyelwe kuMzila woLwandle oluMntla kuqikelelwa ukuba iya kufikelela kwi-40 yezigidi zeetoni ngonyaka ngo-2020. Kukwakho ukwanda kokuhamba kweenqanawa zokuhamba ngeenqanawa (ingakumbi ezijikeleze iGreenland), iinqanawa zokuloba, kunye neenqanawa ezinikezela ngenkonzo ye-arctic yeoli negesi kunye nemigodi. .

Eli lishishini eliyingozi. Ezi zinqanawa ezikhulu, ezithwele amafutha ayingozi kunye nemithwalo, zihamba kwiilwandle ezinobuqhophololo ecaleni konxweme olunovakalelo lwendalo, eziqhutywa ziinkampani ezineemfuno zorhwebo ezihlala zibhukuqa ukhuseleko, kwaye kungekho nqobo zothintelo okanye iziseko zoncedo ezingxamisekileyo endleleni. Uninzi lwezi zithuthi ziphawulwe kumazwe angaphandle kwaye "kwindlela emsulwa," phantsi kweFlegi yokuLula, kunye neqela labasebenzi, kunye nemigangatho yokhuseleko ephantsi. Kwaye konke kwenzeka ngaphandle kwamehlo, ngaphandle kwengqondo yoluntu kunye nabalawuli bakarhulumente. Nganye kwezi nqanawa zokuthutha ibeka emngciphekweni ubomi babantu, uqoqosho, kunye nokusingqongileyo, kwaye umngcipheko uyakhula minyaka le. Ukuthumela ngenqanawa kuza neentlobo ezihlaselayo zentshayelelo, ingxolo ephantsi kwamanzi, ukubetha kweenqanawa kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo zaselwandle, kunye nokukhutshwa kwezinto ezininzi. Kodwa njengoko ezinye zezi nqanawa zithwele izigidi zeelitha zamafutha anzima, yaye iinqwelo zeenqwelo zithwele amashumi ezigidi eelitha zepetroleum okanye imichiza, ngokucacileyo olona loyiko lukhulu kukuchitheka okuyintlekele.

Ukuphendula kwi Selendang intlekele, imanyano yemibutho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente, Alaska Natives, kunye nabalobi borhwebo badityaniswe kunye kwiShipping Safety Partnership ukuxhasa uphuculo olubanzi lokhuseleko ecaleni kwemizila yeenqanawa yaseAleutian neArctic. Kwi-2005, i-Partnership yabiza ukulandelela ixesha lokwenyani kwazo zonke iinqanawa, ii-tags zokuhlangula ulwandle, iipakethi ze-tow eziphuthumayo, izivumelwano zendlela, iindawo ezimele ziphetshwe, ukunyuka kwetyala lemali, uncedo olungcono-ukuhamba, ukunyathela okuphuculweyo, unxibelelwano olunyanzelekileyo. iiprothokholi, izixhobo ezingcono zokuphendula ukuchitheka, ukunyuka komrhumo wempahla, kunye novavanyo lomngcipheko wenqanawa. Ezimbalwa kwezi (“iziqhamo ezijingayo ezisezantsi”) ziye zaphunyezwa: izikhululo zokulandelela ezongezelelweyo zakhiwe, iipakethe eziphathwayo zokutsala zibekwe kwangaphambili kwiZibuko laseDutch, kukho inkxaso-mali eyongezelelekileyo kunye nezixhobo zokusabela zokuchitheka, uvavanyo lokuhamba ngenqanawa lwase-Arctic Marine (IIMPAPASHO > Eyeleleneyo > i-AMSA - i-US Arctic Research ...), kunye novavanyo lomngcipheko wokuhamba ngenqanawa lwase-Aleutian luyaqhubeka (Iprojekthi yeProjekthi yoVavanyo loMngcipheko weZiqithi zase-Aleutian).

Kodwa ekunciphiseni umngcipheko wenqanawa we-Arctic kunye ne-Aleutian, iglasi isenokuthi mhlawumbi ikota enye igcwele, ikota yesithathu ingenanto. Inkqubo ikude nokhuseleko. Umzekelo, ukulandelwa kwenqanawa kuhlala kunganelanga, kwaye okwangoku akukho zikhuseli ezinamandla zokuhlangula ezimiswe ecaleni kwendlela. Ngokuthelekisa, emva kwe-Exxon Valdez, iNkosana uWilliam Sound ngoku ineshumi elinanye lokukhapha kunye neempendulo ezitsalayo kwindawo yokulinda iitanki zayo (Umbhobho we-Alyeska – TAPS – SERVS). Kwi-Aleutians, ingxelo yeNational Academy of Sciences yowama-2009 yaqukumbela ngelithi: “Akukho nanye kwezi zikhoyo ifanelekileyo yokusabela kwiinqanawa ezinkulu phantsi kwemozulu embi.”
I-ING OB RiverIindawo ezimbini ezixhalabisa kakhulu, apho uninzi lwezi nqanawa zihamba khona, yi-Unimak Pass (phakathi kweGulf of Alaska kunye neBering Sea kwimpuma yeAleutians), kunye neBering Strait (phakathi koLwandle iBering kunye ne-Arctic Ocean). Njengoko le mimandla ixhasa izilwanyana zaselwandle ezininzi, iintaka zolwandle, iintlanzi, oononkala, kunye nemveliso iyonke ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na enye inkqubo yolwandle eselwandle ehlabathini, umngcipheko ucacile. Ujiko olunye olungalunganga okanye ukulahleka kwamandla etanki elayishiweyo okanye isithuthi kwezi ndlela zokudlula kunokukhokelela ngokulula kwintlekele enkulu yokuchitheka. Ngako oko, zombini i-Unimak Pass kunye ne-Bering Strait zacetyiswa ngo-2009 ukuba zichongwe ngamazwe ngamazwe njengeeNdawo zoLwandle eziKhethekileyo, kunye neZikhumbuzo zeSizwe okanye iiNdawo eziNgcwele, kodwa urhulumente wase-US akakasebenzi kwesi sindululo (Musa Ukulindela IiNdawo Ezintsha ZaseLwandle Phantsi … – Amaphupha Aqhelekileyo).

Ngokucacileyo, kufuneka siyithathele ingqalelo le nto ngoku, phambi kwentlekele elandelayo. Zonke iingcebiso zeNtsebenziswano yoKhuseleko loKhuseleko ukusuka ku-2005 (ngasentla) kufuneka ziphunyezwe ngokukhawuleza kwiindlela zokuthumela ngenqanawa zase-Aleutian nase-Arctic, ngakumbi ukulandelela umkhondo wenqanawa kunye nokutsalwa kokuhlangula. Ishishini kufuneka lihlawule yonke into ngemirhumo yempahla. Kwaye, oorhulumente kufuneka benze isinyanzelo soMbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo weZikhokelo zeeNqanawa eziSebenza kuManzi agqunywe ngumkhenkce e-Arctic, ukwandisa amandla okukhangela kunye nokuhlangula, kunye nokuseka amaBhunga aCebisayo aBemi beNgingqi (INkosana uWilliam Sound iBhunga leNgcebiso yaBemi beNgingqi) ukongamela yonke imisebenzi yorhwebo ekude nonxweme.

Ukuhanjiswa kweArctic yintlekele elindele ukwenzeka. Akunjalo ukuba, kodwa nini kwaye phi intlekele elandelayo iya kwenzeka. Isenokuba ngokuhlwanje okanye iminyaka ukusuka ngoku; inokuba seUnimak Pass, Bering Strait, Novaya Zemlya, Baffin Island, okanye Greenland. Kodwa kuya kwenzeka. Oorhulumente baseArctic kunye neshishini lokuthumela ngenqanawa kufuneka bazimisele malunga nokunciphisa lo mngcipheko kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kwaye kungekudala.

URichard Steiner uqhuba i Umhlaba we-Oasis iprojekthi - umcebisi wehlabathi osebenza neeNGO, oorhulumente, ishishini, kunye noluntu ukukhawulezisa inguqu ukuya kuluntu oluzinzileyo. I-Oasis Earth iqhuba uVavanyo oluKhawulezayo kwii-NGOs kumazwe asaphuhlayo kwimingeni ebalulekileyo yolondolozo, iphonononga uvavanyo lokusingqongileyo, kwaye iqhube izifundo eziphuhliswe ngokupheleleyo.