CHOW 2013 Isishwankathelo

Ngezantsi kukho izishwankathelo ezibhaliweyo zephaneli nganye ebanjwe ngexesha le-CHOW 2013 kulo nyaka.
Ibhalwe ngabafundi bethu basehlotyeni: uCaroline Coogan, uScot Hoke, uSubin Nepal kunye noPaula Senff

Isishwankathelo seNtetho enguNdoqo

I-Superstorm Sandy ibonise ngokucacileyo ukubaluleka kokunyamezela kunye nokuhluthwa. Kumgca walo weesimpoziyam zonyaka, iNational Marine Sanctuary Foundation ifuna ukujonga umba wolondolozo lolwandle ngendlela ebanzi ebandakanya abachaphazelekayo kunye neengcali ezivela kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo.

UDkt Kathryn Sullivan ubonise indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa yi-CHOW njengendawo yokudibanisa ubuchule, ukunxibelelana kunye nokudibanisa kwimiba. Ulwandle lunendima ebalulekileyo kwesi sijikelezi-langa. Amazibuko ayimfuneko kurhwebo, i-50% ye-oksijini yethu iveliswa elwandle kwaye abantu abayi-2.6 yezigidigidi baxhomekeke kwimithombo yayo yokutya. Nangona uninzi lwemigaqo-nkqubo yolondolozo lwendalo iye yamiselwa, imingeni emikhulu, efana neentlekele zendalo, ukwanda kweenqanawa zokuhamba kweenqanawa kummandla weArctic, kunye nokuwohloka koshishino lokuloba kusekho. Nangona kunjalo, isantya sokhuseleko lwaselwandle sihlala sicotha ngokukhathazayo, kunye ne-8% kuphela yendawo e-US ekhethelwe ukulondolozwa kunye nokungabikho kwenkxaso-mali eyaneleyo.

Iimpembelelo zeSandy zibonise ukubaluleka kokumelana nemimandla engaselunxwemeni kwizehlo zemozulu ezimbi ngolo hlobo. Njengoko besanda abantu befudukela elunxwemeni, ukomelela kwabo kuba yinto yokubona kwangaphambili. Ingxoxo yenzululwazi ibalulekile ukuze kukhuselwe i-ikhosistim kunye nobukrelekrele bokusingqongileyo sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokwenza imodeli, uvavanyo kunye nophando. Iziganeko zemozulu ezigqithisileyo kuqikelelwa ukuba ziya kwenzeka rhoqo, ngelixa iintlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayo zincipha, kunye nokuloba ngokugqithisileyo, ungcoliseko, kunye neasidi yolwandle yongeza uxinzelelo olungakumbi. Kubalulekile ukuvumela olu lwazi lukhuthaze isenzo. I-Superstorm Sandy njengophononongo olubonisa apho ukusabela kunye nolungiselelo luphumelele, kodwa nalapho basilela khona. Imizekelo itshatyalalisiwe uphuhliso e-Manhattan, eyakhiwe ngokugxila ekuzinzeni kunokomelela. Ukomelela kufuneka kube malunga nokufunda ukujongana nengxaki ngezicwangciso kunokuba kuliwe nje. USandy ukwabonise ukusebenza kakuhle kokhuseleko lonxweme, ekufuneka kube yeyona nto iphambili ekubuyiselweni kwayo. Ukuze kwandiswe ukomelela, imiba yayo yezentlalo kufuneka iqwalaselwe kwakunye nesoyikiso esibangelwa ngamanzi ngexesha lezehlo zemozulu ezimandundu. Ukucwangcisa ngexesha kunye neetshathi ezichanekileyo ze-nautical ziyinto ephambili yokulungiselela utshintsho oluzayo olujongene nolwandle lwethu, njengeentlekele zendalo okanye ukunyuka kwezithuthi kwi-Arctic. Ubukrelekrele bendalo bube nempumelelo emininzi, njengokuqikelelwa kwe-algal bloom yeLake Erie kunye nemimandla ye-No-Thatha eFlorida Keys ikhokelele ekubuyiselweni kweentlobo ezininzi zeentlanzi kunye nokwanda kweentlanzi ezilotywayo. Esinye isixhobo kukuzoba iipetshi zeasidi kuNxweme oluseNtshona yi-NOAA. Ngenxa yeasidi yolwandle, ushishino lweeshellfish kulo mmandla lwehle ngama-80%. Ubugcisa bale mihla bunokusetyenziswa ukunceda njengenkqubo yokulumkisa abalobi.

Ukubona kwangaphambili kubalulekile ukulungelelaniswa kweziseko zophuhliso kwiipatheni eziguqukayo zemozulu kunye nokwandiswa kokuqina koluntu. Iimodeli eziphuculweyo zemozulu kunye ne-ecosystem ziyafuneka ukuze kulungiswe imiba yokufumaneka kwedatha engalinganiyo kunye neziseko ezingundoqo ezigugayo. Ukomelela konxweme kunamacala amaninzi kwaye imingeni yako kufuneka isonjululwe ngokudityaniswa kweetalente neenzame.

Sisengozini kangakanani? Ixesha lokutshintsha koNxweme

I-MODERATOR: uAustin Becker, uMviwa we-Ph. D., iYunivesithi yaseStanford, iNkqubo ye-Emmett Interdisciplinary kwi-Environmental and Resources PANEL: Kelly A. Burks-Copes, i-Ecologist yoPhando, i-US Army Engineer Research and Development Centre; Lindene Patton, iGosa eliyiNtloko leMveliso yeMozulu, i-Inshurensi yaseZurich

Isemina yokuvula ye-CHOW 2013 igxile kwimiba enxulumene nomngcipheko odalwe kukufudumala kwehlabathi kwiindawo ezihlala elunxwemeni kunye neendlela zokuhlangabezana nazo. I-0.6 ukuya kwi-2 yeemitha zokunyuka komgangatho wolwandle iqikelelwa ngo-2100 kunye nokwanda kobunzulu bezaqhwithi kunye nemvula engaselunxwemeni. Ngokufanayo, kukho ukunyuka okulindelekileyo kwiqondo lokushisa elikhokelela kwii-degrees ze-100 + kunye nokunyuka kwezikhukhula ngonyaka we-2100. Nangona uluntu luxhalabele kakhulu kwixesha elizayo, iziphumo zexesha elide zibaluleke kakhulu xa kucwangciswa iziseko zophuhliso, eziza kufuneka zihlalise. iimeko zexesha elizayo kunedatha yangoku. IZiko loPhando kunye noPhuhliso lweNjineli yoMkhosi wase-US ligxile kakhulu kwiilwandle njengoko uluntu lwaselunxwemeni lubaluleke kakhulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Amanxweme abamba nantoni na ukusuka kwizixhobo zomkhosi ukuya kwiindawo zokuhluza ioli. Kwaye ezi zizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kukhuseleko lwesizwe. Ngokunjalo, i-USAERDC iphanda kwaye yenza izicwangciso zokhuseleko lolwandle. Ngoku, ukukhula okukhawulezayo kwabemi kunye nokuncipha kwemithombo yobutyebi njengesiphumo esithe ngqo sokukhula kwabemi zezona zinto zixhalabisayo kwimimandla engaselunxwemeni. Ngelixa, ukuqhubela phambili kwezobuchwephesha ngokuqinisekileyo kuncede i-USAERDC ukuba ilole iindlela zophando kwaye ize nezisombululo zokujongana noluhlu olubanzi lweengxaki (Becker).

Xa kuqwalaselwa ingqondo yeshishini le-inshorensi, umsantsa osisiseko wokomelela xa ujongene nokunyuka kweentlekele eziselunxwemeni uxhalabisa kakhulu. Inkqubo yemigaqo-nkqubo ye-inshorensi ehlaziywayo rhoqo ngonyaka ayijoliswanga ekuphenduleni iziphumo eziqikelelwayo zokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ukunqongophala kwenkxaso-mali yokubuyisela intlekele yomanyano kuthelekiswa nesithuba seminyaka engama-75 yokhuseleko loluntu kunye neentlawulo zeentlekele zomanyano ziye zanda. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iinkampani zabucala zinokusebenza kakuhle ekulawuleni iimali zeinshorensi yoluntu njengoko zijolise kumaxabiso asekelwe kumngcipheko. Iziseko ezingundoqo zohlaza, ukhuselo lwendalo lwendalo ngokuchasene neentlekele, zibambe amandla amakhulu kwaye ziya ziba nomdla ngakumbi kwicandelo le-inshorensi (iBurks-Copes). Njengenqaku lobuqu, iBurks-Copes yawagqiba amazwi akhe ngokukhuthaza iingcali zeshishini kunye nezokusingqongileyo ukuba zityale imali kubunjineli obunokunceda ukujamelana nokunciphisa iintlekele ezibangelwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu kunokuba zibangele izimangalo.

Uphononongo oludibeneyo lweSebe lezoKhuselo, iSebe lezaMandla kunye ne-Army Corps yeeNjineli zaphuhlisa imodeli yokuvavanya ukulungela iziseko kunye nezibonelelo kwiziganeko zemozulu ezinzima. Iphuhliselwe iSikhululo seeNaval saseNorfolk kwi-Chesapeake Bay, iimeko zinokudalwa ukuze kuphuhliswe iziphumo zobukhulu obahlukeneyo bezaqhwithi, ukuphakama kwamaza kunye nobunzima bokuphakama kolwandle. Imodeli ibonisa iziphumo kwizakhiwo zobunjineli kunye nokusingqongileyo kwendalo, njengezikhukula kunye nokungena kwamanzi etyuwa kwi-aquifer. Uphononongo lwemeko yokulinga lubonise ukunqongophala okothusayo kokulungela nakwimeko yesikhukhula sonyaka omnye kunye nokunyuka okuncinci kwinqanaba lolwandle. Isandula ukwakhiwa kabini-pier yedecker ibonakalise ukuba ayifanelekanga kwimiba yexesha elizayo. Imodeli ibambe amandla okukhuthaza ukucinga okukhawulezileyo malunga nokulungela unxunguphalo kunye nokuchonga amanqaku okunika iingcebiso kwiintlekele. Idatha ephuculweyo malunga nefuthe lokutshintsha kwemozulu iyafuneka ukuze kwenziwe imodeli engcono (Patton).

Entsha yesiqhelo: Ukuziqhelanisa neeNgcipheko zaseluNxwemeni

INTSHAYELELO: J. Garcia

Imiba yokusingqongileyo engaselunxwemeni ibaluleke kakhulu kwi-Florida Keys kwaye iSicwangciso sokuSebenza esiHlangeneyo seMozulu sijolise ekulungiseni oku ngokudibana kwemfundo, ukufikelela eluntwini kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo. Akuzange kubekho impendulo enamandla yiCongress kwaye abavoti kufuneka bafake uxinzelelo kumagosa anyuliweyo ukuba akhuthaze utshintsho. Kubekho ukwanda kolwazi lwendalo esingqongileyo kwabachaphazelekayo abaxhomekeke kubutyebi baselwandle, abafana nabalobi.

IMODERATOR: Inqaku lika-Alessandra, iNzululwazi eNkokheli, i-EcoAdapt PANEL: UMichael Cohen, uSekela Mongameli weMicimbi kaRhulumente, uRenaissance Re Jessica Grannis, iGqwetha laBasebenzi, iZiko leMozulu laseGeorgetown uMichael Marrella, uMlawuli, iCandelo le-Waterfront kunye ne-Open Space Planning, iSebe loCwangciso lwesiXeko uJohn D. Schelling, inyikima/iTsunami/uMphathi weNkqubo yeVolcano, iSebe loMkhosi laseWashington, iCandelo loLawulo oluNgxamisekileyo uDavid Waggonner, uMongameli, iWaggonner kunye nabayili beBhola

Xa ukuziqhelanisa nemingcipheko yonxweme ubunzima bokuqikelela utshintsho lwexesha elizayo kwaye ngakumbi ukungaqiniseki malunga nohlobo kunye nobukhulu bezi nguqu ezibonwa luluntu ngumqobo. Ulungelelwaniso lubandakanya amaqhinga ahlukeneyo afana nokubuyiselwa, ukukhuselwa konxweme, ukusebenza kakuhle kwamanzi kunye nokusekwa kweendawo ezikhuselweyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngoku kugxilwe kuvavanyo lwempembelelo, endaweni yokuphunyezwa kwezicwangciso eziliqili okanye ukubeka iliso ekusebenzeni kwazo. Ungasuswa njani ugxininiso ukusuka kucwangciso ukuya kwisenzo (Amanqaku)?

Iinkampani ze-inshorensi (i-inshurensi yeenkampani ze-inshorensi) zibambe owona mngcipheko mkhulu onxulunyaniswa neentlekele kwaye zizame ukwahlula lo mngcipheko ngokwejografi. Nangona kunjalo, iinkampani ezinikezela nge-inshorensi kunye nabantu kumazwe ngamazwe zihlala zingumngeni ngenxa yokwahlukana kwemithetho kunye nenkcubeko. Ishishini ke ngoko linomdla ekuphandeni amacebo okunciphisa kumaziko alawulwayo ngokunjalo nakuphando lwemeko yehlabathi lokwenyani. Iindunduma zesanti zaseNew Jersey, umzekelo, zawuthomalalisa kakhulu umonakalo owenziwe sisiphango esikhulu uSandy kuphuhliso olumeleneyo (Cohen).

Oorhulumente basekhaya kunye noorhulumente basekhaya kufuneka baphuhlise imigaqo-nkqubo yokulungelelanisa kwaye benze izibonelelo kunye nolwazi olukhoyo kuluntu malunga nemiphumo yokunyuka komgangatho wolwandle kunye neempembelelo zokushisa ezidolophini (iGrannis). Isixeko saseNew York siphuhlise isicwangciso seminyaka elishumi, umbono wama-22, ukujongana neempembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu kwindawo yaso yamanzi (Morella). Imiba yolawulo olungxamisekileyo, impendulo kunye nokubuyisela kufuneka iqwalaselwe zombini kunye nexesha elifutshane (Shelling). Ngelixa i-US ibonakala ngathi iyasebenza kwaye ithatha ithuba, izifundo zinokufundwa eNetherlands, apho imiba yokunyuka komgangatho wolwandle kunye nezikhukhula ziqwalaselwe ngendlela ethe kratya kunye nepheleleyo, kunye nokufakwa kwamanzi kucwangciso lwedolophu. ENew Orleans, emva kwenkanyamba uKatrina, ukubuyiswa konxweme kwaba yinto ekugxilwe kuyo nangona kwakusele kuyingxaki ngaphambili. Indlela entsha iya kuba kukulungelelaniswa kwangaphakathi kwamanzi eNew Orleans ngokweenkqubo zesithili kunye neziseko eziluhlaza. Omnye umba obalulekileyo yindlela yokudlula isizukulwana yokudlulisela le ngqondo-seti kwizizukulwana ezizayo (Waggonner).

Izixeko ezimbalwa ngokwenene ziye zavavanya ukuba semngciphekweni kwazo kutshintsho lwemozulu (Amanqaku) kwaye umthetho awuzange wenze uhlengahlengiso lube yinto ephambili (iGrannis). Ukwabiwa kwemithombo yomanyano ngokubhekiselele kuyo kubalulekile (Marrella).

Ukuze ujongane nenqanaba elithile lokungaqiniseki kwiingqikelelo kunye neemodeli kufuneka kuqondwe ukuba isicwangciso sobuchule jikelele asinakwenzeka (Waggonner), kodwa oku akufanele kuthintelwe ukuthatha inyathelo kunye nokwenza ngokucophelela (iGrannis).

Umbandela weinshorensi yeentlekele zemvelo unenkohliso ngokukodwa. Amaxabiso enkxaso-mali akhuthaza ukulondolozwa kwezindlu kwiindawo eziyingozi; kunokukhokelela ekulahlekeni okuphindaphindiweyo kwepropati kunye neendleko eziphezulu. Kwelinye icala, ingakumbi abantu abafumana imivuzo ephantsi kufuneka banikwe indawo yokuhlala (Cohen). Enye indida ibangelwa kukwabiwa kweemali zoncedo kwimpahla eyonakeleyo ekhokelela ekomeleleni kwezindlu kwiindawo ezinomngcipheko ngakumbi. Ezi zindlu ziya kuthi ke zibe namaxabiso e-inshorensi asezantsi kunezindlu ezikwiindawo ezingenabungozi kangako (Marrella). Ngokuqinisekileyo, ulwabiwo lweemali zoncedo kunye nombuzo wokufuduka ube ngumba wokulingana kwezentlalo kunye nokulahlekelwa kwenkcubeko ngokunjalo (Waggonner). Ukubuyela umva kwakhona kuyachukumisa ngenxa yokhuseleko olusemthethweni lwepropathi (Grannis), ukusebenza kakuhle kweendleko (Marrella) kunye nemiba yeemvakalelo (Cohen).

Ngokubanzi, ukulungela unxunguphalo kuphuculwe kakhulu, kodwa iinkcukacha zolwazi lwabakhi bezakhiwo kunye neenjineli kufuneka ziphuculwe (Waggonner). Amathuba okuphucula abonelelwa ngomjikelezo wendalo wezakhiwo ezifuna ukwakhiwa ngokutsha kwaye ngaloo ndlela zilungelelaniswe (i-Marrella), kunye nezifundo zombuso, ezifana neThe Resilient Washington, ezivelisa iingcebiso zokuphucula ukulungiswa (Schelling).

Izibonelelo zokuziqhelanisa zinokuchaphazela uluntu lonke nangona iiprojekthi zokomelela (Marrella) kwaye ziphunyezwe ngamanyathelo amancinci (iGrannis). Amanyathelo abalulekileyo ngamazwi amanyeneyo (Cohen), iinkqubo zokulumkisa ngetsunami (iSchelling) kunye nemfundo (Waggonner).

Gxininisa kuLuntu lwaseluNxwemeni: IiParadigms ezintsha zeNkonzo ye-Federal

IMODERATOR: Braxton Davis | UMlawuli, iCandelo laseNorth Carolina loLawulo loNxweme: Deerin Babb-Brott | UMlawuli, iBhunga leSizwe loLwandlekazi Jo-Ellen Darcy | Unobhala oNcedisayo woMkhosi (iMisebenzi yoLuntu) uSandy Eslinger | NOAA Iziko leeNkonzo zoNxweme Wendi Weber | UMlawuli weNgingqi, uMmandla oseMntla-mpuma, iNkonzo yeeNtlanzi zase-US kunye neZilwanyana zasendle

Isemina yokugqibela yosuku lokuqala iqaqambise imisebenzi karhulumente wobumbano kunye namaphiko akhe awohlukeneyo kummandla wokhuseleko lwendalo esingqongileyo ingakumbi ukhuseleko loluntu nolawulo lonxweme.

Ii-arhente zaseburhulumenteni mva nje ziye zaqalisa ukuqonda ukuba kukho imiphumo emibi yokutshintsha kwemozulu okwenzeka kwimimandla yonxweme. Kungoko, isixa-mali senkxaso-mali yokunceda kwiintlekele siye sanyuka ngendlela efanayo. ICongress isandula ukugunyazisa i-20 yezigidi zeedola yenkxaso-mali yokufunda ipateni yezikhukhula ye-Army Corps enokuthi ngokuqinisekileyo ithathwe njengomyalezo okhuthazayo (uDarcy). Iziphumo zophando ziyakhwankqisa - sisiya kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu, iipateni zemozulu ezinobundlobongela kunye nokunyuka komgangatho wolwandle okuza kuhamba ngeenyawo, kungekhona i-intshi; ngakumbi unxweme lwaseNew York naseNew Jersey.

Ii-Arhente eziManyeneyo nazo zizama ukusebenzisana nazo, amazwe kunye nemibutho engenzi nzuzo ukusebenza kwiiprojekthi ezijolise ekwandiseni ukomelela kolwandle. Oku kunika amazwe kunye nabangenzi nzuzo ijelo amandla abo ngelixa bebonelela ngee-arhente zomdibaniso ukudibanisa izakhono zabo. Le nkqubo inokuba luncedo ngexesha lentlekele efana nenkanyamba uSandy. Nangona intsebenziswano ekhoyo phakathi kwee-arhente kufuneka idibanise, ngokwenene kukho ukungabikho kwentsebenziswano kunye nokubuyela umva phakathi kwee-arhente ngokwazo (Eslinger).

Uninzi lomsantsa wonxibelelwano lubonakala ngathi lwenzekile ngenxa yokunqongophala kwedatha kwii-arhente ezithile. Ukusombulula le ngxaki, i-NOC kunye ne-Army Corps basebenzela ukwenza idatha yabo kunye neenkcukacha-manani zicace kumntu wonke kwaye ikhuthaza yonke imibutho yezenzululwazi ephanda ngeelwandle ukwenza idatha yabo ifumaneke kumntu wonke. I-NOC ikholelwa ukuba oku kuya kukhokelela kwibhanki yolwazi oluzinzileyo oluya kunceda ukugcina ubomi baselwandle, ukuloba kunye nemimandla yonxweme kwisizukulwana esizayo (Babb-Brott). Ukukhulisa ukuqina kolwandle kuluntu oluselunxwemeni, kukho umsebenzi oqhubekayo weSebe lezangaphakathi elikhangela ii-arhente - zabucala okanye zoluntu ukubanceda banxibelelane kwinqanaba lendawo. Ngelixa, i-Army Corps sele iqhuba lonke uqeqesho kunye nemithambo yasekhaya.

Lilonke, yonke le nkqubo ifana nendaleko kwaye ixesha lokufunda licotha kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ukufunda okwenzekayo. Njengayo nayiphi na enye i-arhente enkulu, kuthatha ixesha elide ukwenza utshintsho ekusebenzeni kunye nokuziphatha (Weber).

Isizukulwana esilandelayo sokuLoba

IMODERATOR: UMichael Conathan, uMlawuli, uMgaqo-nkqubo woLwandle, iZiko lePANEL yenkqubela phambili yaseMelika: uAaron Adams, uMlawuli weMisebenzi, iBonefish & Tarpon Trust uBubba Cochran, uMongameli, iGulf of Mexico Reef Fish Shareholders Alliance Meghan Jeans, uMlawuli wezokuLoba kunye neeNkqubo zeAquaculture, The I-New England Aquarium uBrad Pettinger, uMlawuli oyiNtloko, iKhomishoni ye-Oregon Trawl uMat Tinning, uMlawuli oyiNtloko, iNethiwekhi yoLondolozo lweentlanzi zaseLwandle

Ngaba kuya kubakho isizukulwana esilandelayo sokuloba? Nangona kukho impumelelo ebonisa ukuba kuya kubakho iintlanzi ezixhatshazwayo kwixesha elizayo, imiba emininzi ihleli (iConathan). Ilahleko yendawo yokuhlala kunye nokunqongophala kolwazi malunga nokufumaneka kwendawo yokuhlala ngumceli mngeni yiFlorida Keys. Isiseko esivakalayo sezenzululwazi kunye neenkcukacha ezilungileyo ziyafuneka kulawulo olusebenzayo lwe-ecosystem. Abalobi kufuneka bathathe inxaxheba kwaye bafundiswe malunga nale datha (Adams). Ukuphendula kwabalobi kufuneka kuphuculwe. Ngokusetyenziswa kwethekhinoloji efana neekhamera kunye ne-elektroniki logbooks, izenzo ezizinzileyo zinokuqinisekiswa. Amashishini okuloba angalahliyo afanelekile njengoko ephucula ubuchule bokuloba kwaye kufuneka afunelwe kubalobi bolonwabo kunye norhwebo. Esinye isixhobo esisebenzayo kushishino lokuloba eFlorida ibe zizabelo zokubambisa (Cochrane). Amashishini okuzonwabisa okuloba anokuba nempembelelo embi kakhulu kwaye afune ulawulo oluphuculweyo. Ukusetyenziswa kokuloba kunye nokukhulula ukuloba, umzekelo, kufuneka kuxhomekeke kwiintlobo zezilwanyana kwaye kuthintelwe kwimimandla, kuba ayikhuseli ubungakanani babemi kuzo zonke iimeko (Adams).

Ukufumana idatha ephilileyo yokwenza izigqibo kubalulekile, kodwa uphando luhlala lulinganiselwe ngenkxaso-mali. Isiphene sesenzo se-Magnuson-Stevens kukuxhomekeka kwayo kwisixa esikhulu sedatha kunye ne-NOAA yokubamba izabelo ukuze isebenze. Ukuze ishishini lokuloba libe nekamva, likwafuna ingqiniseko kwinkqubo yolawulo (Pettinger).

Imiba eyongameleyo ngumkhwa okhoyo ngoku weshishini wokubonelela ngemfuno yesixa kunye nokwakhiwa kokutya kwaselwandle, kunokuba ukhokelwe kubonelelo lwezibonelelo kunye nokwahluka okubonelelwayo. Iimarike kufuneka zidalelwe iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ezinokulotywa ngokuzinzileyo (iJeans).

Nangona ukuloba ngokugqithisileyo bekuyeyona nto iphambili ekulondolozweni kolwandle e-US amashumi eminyaka, inkqubela phambili enkulu ekulawuleni nasekubuyiselweni kwesitokhwe senziwe, njengoko kubonisiwe yiNgxelo yoNyaka ye-NOAA yeSimo sokuLoba. Noko ke, oku akunjalo kwamanye amazwe amaninzi, ingakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo. Kubalulekile ke ngoko ukuba imodeli eyimpumelelo yase-US isetyenziswe kumazwe aphesheya ukusukela ukuba i-91% yokutya kwaselwandle e-US kuthathwa ngaphandle (Tinning). Imimiselo, ukubonakala kunye nokubekwa emgangathweni kwenkqubo kufuneka kuphuculwe ukuze kwaziwe umthengi malunga nemvelaphi kunye nomgangatho wokutya kwaselwandle. Ukubandakanywa kunye negalelo lezibonelelo ngabachaphazelekayo abohlukeneyo kunye noshishino, njengeNgxowa-mali yeProjekthi yokuPhucula iFishery Improvement, inceda inkqubela phambili yokwandisa elubala (iJeans).

Ishishini lokuloba liye lafumana ukuthandwa ngenxa yeendaba ezilungileyo zeendaba (Cochrane). Izenzo zolawulo ezilungileyo zinembuyekezo ephezulu kutyalo-mali (Tinning), kwaye ishishini kufuneka lityale imali kuphando, kunye nolondolozo, njengoko kusenziwa ngoku nge-3% yengeniso yabalobi eFlorida (Cochrane).

I-aquaculture ibambe amandla njengomthombo wokutya osebenzayo, ukubonelela "iprotheyini yentlalontle" kunokuba ukutya kwaselwandle okusemgangathweni (Cochran). Nangona kunjalo inxulunyaniswa nemiceli mngeni ye-ecosystem yokuvunwa kweentlanzi zefula njengesondlo kunye nokukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka (Adams). Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kubangela imingeni eyongezelelweyo ye-asidi yolwandle kunye nokutshintsha kwempahla. Ngelixa amanye amashishini, afana noshishino lokuloba oonokrwece, ehlupheka (Tinning), amanye akunxweme lwaseNtshona axhamle ngokubanjiswa ngokuphindwe kabini ngenxa yamanzi abandayo (Pettinger).

AmaBhunga oLawulo lokuLoba eNgingqi ngamaqumrhu olawulo asebenzayo abandakanya abachaphazelekayo abohlukeneyo kwaye abonelela ngeqonga lokwabelana ngolwazi (iTinning, iJeans). Urhulumente womdibaniso akayi kusebenza, ngakumbi kwinqanaba lendawo (i-Cochrane), kodwa ukusebenza kwamaBhunga kusenokuphuculwa. Intsingiselo ephathelele kukukhula kokubekwa phambili kwezolonwabo ngaphezu koshishino lokuloba eFlorida (Cochrane), kodwa la macala mabini anokhuphiswano oluncinane kushishino lokuloba lwePasifiki (Pettinger). Abalobi kufuneka basebenze njengoonozakuzaku, kufuneka bamelwe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye imiba yabo kufuneka iqwalaselwe nguMthetho iMagnus-Stevens Act (Tinning). Amabhunga kufuneka abeke iinjongo ezicacileyo (Tinning) kwaye athathe amanyathelo ukuze alungise imiba yexesha elizayo (Adams) kwaye aqinisekise ngekamva lamashishini okuloba ase-US.

Ukunciphisa uMngcipheko kuBantu kunye neNdalo: Uhlaziyo oluvela kwiGulf yaseMexico kunye neArctic

INTSHAYELELO: UHloniphekileyo uMark Begich PANEL:Larry McKinney | UMlawuli, i-Harte Research Institute ye-Gulf of Mexico Studies, i-Texas A&M University Corpus Christi Jeffrey W. Mfutshane | I-Environmental Chemist, i-JWS Consulting, LLC

Le semina inike ingqiqo malunga nokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwendalo yonxweme ye-Gulf of Mexico kunye ne-Arctic kwaye yaxoxa malunga neendlela ezinokuthi zijongane neengxaki eziza kunyuka ngenxa yokufudumala kwehlabathi kule mimandla mibini.

IGulf yaseMexico yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwilizwe lonke ngoku. Kuthatha ukuxhatshazwa okukhulu kwilizwe liphela njengoko phantse yonke inkunkuma yesizwe iqukuqela ukuya kutsho kwiGulf of Mexico. Isebenza njengendawo enkulu yokulahla inkunkuma yelizwe. Kwangaxeshanye, ixhasa ulonwabo kunye nophando lwenzululwazi kunye noshishino kunye nemveliso. Ngaphezulu kwe-50% yokuloba ngokuzonwabisa e-United States kwenzeka kwiGulf of Mexico, amaqonga e-oyile negesi axhasa ishishini lezigidi ngezigidi zeedola.

Nangona kunjalo, isicwangciso esizinzileyo asibonakali sifakwe kwisenzo sokusebenzisa iGulf yaseMexico ngobulumko. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukufunda malunga neepatheni zokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye namanqanaba olwandle kwiGulf of Mexico ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke nayiphi na intlekele kwaye oku kufuneka kwenziwe ngokufunda imbali kunye neepatheni eziqikelelweyo zokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nobushushu kulo mmandla. Enye yeengxaki ezinkulu ngoku kukuba phantse zonke izixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza iimvavanyo kufundo lwaselwandle umphezulu kuphela. Kukho imfuneko enkulu yophononongo olunzulu lweGulf of Mexico. Okwangoku, wonke umntu welizwe kufuneka abe ngumthathi-nxaxheba kwinkqubo yokugcina iGulf of Mexico iphila. Le nkqubo kufuneka igxile ekudaleni imodeli enokuthi isetyenziswe zizizukulwana zangoku kunye nezexesha elizayo. Le modeli kufuneka ibonise zonke iintlobo zomngcipheko kulo mmandla ngokucacileyo njengoko oko kuya kwenza kube lula ukuqonda indlela kunye nendawo yokutyala imali. Ngaphezulu kwayo yonke into, kukho imfuneko ekhawulezileyo yenkqubo yokujonga ejonga iGulf of Mexico kunye nemeko yayo yendalo kunye notshintsho kuyo. Oku kuya kudlala indima ephambili ekudaleni inkqubo eyakhiwe ngamava kunye nokuqwalaselwa kunye nokuphumeza ngokuchanekileyo iindlela zokubuyisela (McKinney).

IArctic, kwelinye icala, ibaluleke ngokulinganayo njengeGulf of Mexico. Ngandlela thile, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba iGulf of Mexico. IArctic ibonelela ngamathuba afana nokuloba, ukuhambisa ngenqanawa kunye nemigodi. Ngokukodwa ngenxa yokunqongophala komkhenkce omninzi wonyaka, kubekho amathuba amaninzi avulekayo mva nje. Ukuloba kwimizi-mveliso kuyanda, ishishini lokuthumela ngenqanawa likufumana kulula kakhulu ukuthumela iimpahla eYurophu kwaye uhambo lwe-oyile negesi lunyuke kakhulu. Ukufudumala kwehlabathi kunendima enkulu emva kwayo yonke le nto. Kwangoko ngo-2018, kuqikelelwa ukuba akusayi kubakho mkhenkce wonyaka konke konke kwi-arctic. Nangona oku kunokuvula amathuba, kuza nosoyikiso olukhulu. Oku kuya kukhokelela kumonakalo omkhulu wendawo yokuhlala phantse kuzo zonke iintlanzi kunye nezilwanyana ze-arctic. Sele kukho iimeko zokurhaxwa kweebhere zePolar njengokungabikho komkhenkce kulo mmandla. Kutshanje, kukho imithetho emitsha kunye nemigaqo eye yaziswa ukulwa nokunyibilika komkhenkce kwi-arctic. Noko ke, le mithetho ayitshintshi ngokukhawuleza imo yezulu namaqondo obushushu. Ukuba i-arctic iphelelwa ngumkhenkce ngokusisigxina, oko kuya kubangela ukwanda okukhulu kweqondo lobushushu bomhlaba, iintlekele zokusingqongileyo kunye nokudodobala kwemozulu. Ekugqibeleni oku kunokukhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni okusisigxina kobomi baselwandle emhlabeni (Mfutshane).

UGqaliselo kuLuntu lwaseluNxwemeni: IiMpendulo zeNgingqi kwiMingeni yeHlabathi

Intshayelelo: uCylvia Hayes, iNenekazi lokuqala laseOregon Moderator: Brooke Smith, Izithethi zeCOMPASS: Julia Roberson, Ocean Conservancy Briana Goldwin, Oregon Marine Debris Team Rebecca Goldburg, PhD, The Pew Charitable Trusts, Ocean Science Division John Weber, Northeast Regional Ocean Council Council Boze Hancock, uLondolozo lweNdalo

UCylvia Hayes uvule iphaneli ngokugqamisa iingxaki ezintathu eziphambili ezijongene noluntu lwaselunxwemeni lwasekuhlaleni: 1) ukudityaniswa kweelwandle, ukudibanisa abantu basekuhlaleni kwinqanaba lehlabathi; 2) i-asidi yolwandle kunye "ne-canary kumgodi wamalahle" okuMntla-ntshona wePasifiki; kunye 3) nesidingo sokuguqula imodeli yethu yangoku yezoqoqosho ukuze sigxile kuhlaziyo, hayi ukubuyisela, ukugcina nokubeka iliso kwimithombo yethu nokubala ngokuchanekileyo ixabiso leenkonzo ze-ikhosistim. Imodareyitha u-Brooke Smith ubethelele le mixholo ngelixa echaza utshintsho lwemozulu “njengecala” kwezinye iiphaneli nangona iziphumo zokwenyani zivakala kwisikali sasekhaya kunye neziphumo zabathengi bethu, uluntu lweplastiki kuluntu oluselunxwemeni. UNksz Smith ugxininise kwingxoxo kwiinzame zasekhaya zongeza iimpembelelo zehlabathi kwakunye nesidingo soqhagamshelwano olungakumbi kwimimandla, koorhulumente, imibutho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente, kunye necandelo labucala.

UJulia Roberson ubethelele imfuneko yenkxaso-mali ukuze iinzame zasekuhlaleni “zinyuke.” Uluntu lwasekuhlaleni lubona imiphumo yotshintsho lwehlabathi, ngoko ke amazwe athatha inyathelo ukukhusela izixhobo zabo kunye nokuphila. Ukuqhubeka nale nzame, inkxaso-mali iyafuneka, kwaye ke ngoko kukho indima yenkxaso yabucala yenkqubela phambili yezobuchwepheshe kunye nezisombululo kwiingxaki zasekhaya. Ephendula umbuzo wokugqibela owawuthetha ngokuziva uxinezelekile nokuba imigudu kabani yobuqu ayinamsebenzi, uNks. Roberson wagxininisa ukubaluleka kokuba yinxalenye yoluntu oluphangaleleyo nokuthuthuzeleka kokuziva ubandakanyeke ngokobuqu nokwenza konke okusemandleni ubani anokukwenza.

UBriana Goodwin yinxalenye yenyathelo lobutyobo baselwandle, kwaye wajolisa kwingxoxo yakhe kuqhakamshelwano loluntu lwasekuhlaleni ngokusebenzisa iilwandlekazi. Inkunkuma yaselwandle idibanisa umhlaba kunye nonxweme, kodwa umthwalo wokucoca kunye neziphumo ezibi zibonwa kuphela luluntu lwaselunxwemeni. UNksz Goodwin ugxininise udibaniso olutsha olwenziwa kulo lonke uLwandle lwePasifiki, lufikelela kurhulumente waseJapan kunye nee-NGOs ukubeka iliso kunye nokunciphisa inkunkuma yaselwandle ehlala kuNxweme oluseNtshona. Xa ebuzwa malunga nolawulo olusekelwe kwindawo okanye, uNksz Goodwin ugxininise ulawulo olusekelwe kwindawo olulungiselelwe iimfuno ezithile zoluntu kunye nezisombululo zasekhaya. Iinzame ezinjalo zifuna igalelo kumashishini nakwicandelo labucala ukuxhasa nokuququzelela amavolontiya asekuhlaleni.

UGqr. Rebecca Goldburg ugxininise kwindlela “ubunzima” boshishino lokuloba olutshintsha ngayo ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu, ushishino lokuloba luhambela phambili kwaye iintlanzi ezintsha zixhatshazwa. UGqr. Goldburg ukhankanya iindlela ezintathu zokulwa olu tshintsho, kuquka:
1. Ukujolisa ekudambiseni uxinzelelo olungaguquguqukiyo lwemozulu ukuze kugcinwe iindawo zokuhlala ezinokomelela,
2. Ukubeka iindlela zokulawula ushishino olutsha phambi kokuba lulobe, kunye
3. Ukutshintshela kulawulo lokuloba olusekwe kwi-ikhosistim (EBFM) njengohlobo olulodwa lwenzululwazi yokuloba iyawohloka.

UGqr. Goldburg wabeka uluvo lwakhe lokuba ukuziqhelanisa asiyondlela nje “yokuncedisa ibhanti”: ukuze uphucule ukomelela kwendawo yokuhlala kufuneka uziqhelanise neemeko ezintsha kunye nokuguquguquka kwendawo.

UJohn Weber wayila intatho-nxaxheba yakhe malunga nonobangela kunye nobudlelwane besiphumo phakathi kwemiba yehlabathi kunye neempembelelo zasekhaya. Ngelixa unxweme, uluntu lwasekuhlaleni lujongene neziphumo, akukho nto ingako yenziwayo malunga neendlela ezibangelayo. Ugxininise indlela indalo “engayikhathaleli ngayo imida yethu yolawulo oluqhelekileyo”, ngoko ke kufuneka sisebenze ngokubambisana kuzo zombini izizathu zehlabathi kunye neziphumo zasekhaya. UMnu Weber uphinde wakhetha ukuba uluntu lwasekuhlaleni aludingi ukulinda ukubandakanyeka kwe-federal kwingxaki yendawo, kwaye izisombululo zinokuvela kwi-co-ops yendawo yabachaphazelekayo. Isihluthulelo sokuphumelela, kuMnu Weber, kugxininise kwingxaki enokuthi ixazululwe ngexesha elifanelekileyo kwaye ivelise umphumo wekhonkrithi endaweni yolawulo olusekelwe kwindawo okanye kwimiba. Ukukwazi ukulinganisa lo msebenzi kunye nemveliso yomzamo onjalo yenye inkalo ebalulekileyo.

UBoze Hancock uchaze iindima ezithile kurhulumente wobumbano ukukhuthaza kunye nokukhokela iinzame zoluntu lwasekhaya, abathi nabo basebenzise inzondelelo yengingqi kunye nothando kwisikhundla sotshintsho. Ukulungelelaniswa komdla onjalo kunokudala utshintsho lwehlabathi kunye nokutshintsha kweparadigm. Ukubeka iliso kunye nokulinganisa iyure nganye okanye idola echithwe ekusebenzeni kulawulo lwendawo yokuhlala kuya kunceda ukunciphisa ukucwangciswa okugqithisileyo kunye nokukhuthaza ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokuvelisa iziphumo ezibonakalayo, ezinokulinganiswa kunye neemetriki. Eyona ngxaki yolawulo lolwandle kukuphulukana neendawo zokuhlala kunye nemisebenzi yazo kwi-ikhosistim kunye neenkonzo kuluntu lwengingqi.

Ukukhuthaza ukuKhula kwezoQoqosho: Ukudalwa kweMisebenzi, uKhenketho lwaseluNxwemeni, kunye noLonwabo lwaseLwandle

Intshayelelo: oHloniphekileyo uSam Farr Moderator: Isabel Hill, iSebe lezoRhwebo lase-US, i-Ofisi yokuHamba kunye nezithethi zoKhenketho: uJeff Grey, iThunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary uRick Nolan, iBoston Harbour Cruises uMike McCartney, iGunya loKhenketho laseHawaii uTom Schmid, eTexas State Aquarium Pat. Maher, iHotele yaseMelika kunye noMbutho wokuHlala

Ukwazisa ngengxoxo yephaneli, iCongressman uSam Farr ucaphule idatha ebeka "izilwanyana zasendle ezibukelekayo" ngaphezu kwayo yonke imidlalo yelizwe ekungeniseni ingeniso. Eli nqaku ligxininise umxholo omnye wengxoxo: kufuneka kubekho indlela yokuthetha "kwimigaqo yaseWall Street" malunga nokukhuselwa kolwandle ukufumana inkxaso yoluntu. Iindleko zokhenketho kunye neenzuzo, ezifana nokudala imisebenzi, kufuneka zibalwe. Oku kwaxhaswa ngumodareyitha u-Isabel Hill, owakhankanya ukuba ukukhuselwa kwendalo kudla ngokucingelwa njengokungavisisani nophuhliso loqoqosho. Ukhenketho kunye nohambo, nangona kunjalo, lugqithise iinjongo ezichazwe kwi-Executive Order ukudala isicwangciso sohambo lwesizwe; eli candelo lezoqoqosho lihamba phambili ekuhlaziyeni kwakhona, lidlula umndilili wohlumo loqoqosho ngokubanzi ukususela oko kudodobala koqoqosho.

Emva koko iipaneli zaxoxa ngesidingo sokutshintsha iimbono malunga nokukhuselwa kwendalo, ukuguquka kwinkolelo yokuba ukukhuselwa kuthintela ukukhula koqoqosho ngokubhekiselele kumbono wokuba "indawo ekhethekileyo" yendawo inenzuzo kwimpilo. Esebenzisa iThunder Bay National Sanctuary njengomzekelo, uJeff Grey uchaze indlela iimbono ezinokutshintsha ngayo kwiminyaka embalwa. Ngo-1997, i-referendum yokudala indawo engcwele yavotelwa phantsi yi-70% yabavoti e-Alpina, MI, idolophu yoshishino lwe-extractive ibethwe kakhulu kukudodobala koqoqosho. Ngo-2000, ingcwele yamkelwa; ngo-2005, uluntu luvotele kungekuphela nje ukugcina indawo engcwele kodwa nokuyandisa ngokuphindwe ka-9 kubukhulu bokuqala. U-Rick Nolan uchaze utshintsho lweshishini losapho lwakhe ukusuka kwishishini lokuloba iintlanzi ukuya ekubukeleni iminenga, kunye nendlela olu lwalathiso lutsha oluye lwakwandisa ngayo ulwazi kunye nomdla wokukhusela "iindawo ezikhethekileyo".

Isitshixo kolu tshintsho lunxibelelwano ngokukaMike McCartney kunye namanye amaphaneli. Abantu baya kufuna ukukhusela indawo yabo ekhethekileyo ukuba baziva bebandakanyeka kwinkqubo kwaye bayamanyelwa - ukuthembana okwakhiwa ngezi ndlela zonxibelelwano kuya kuqinisa impumelelo yemimandla ekhuselweyo. Into ezuzwayo kolu nxibelelwano yimfundo kunye nokuqonda okubanzi kokusingqongileyo kuluntu.

Kunye nonxibelelwano kuza nesidingo sokukhuselwa ngokufikelela ukuze uluntu lukwazi ukuba alunqunyulwanga kwizinto zalo. Ngale ndlela unokujongana neemfuno zezoqoqosho zoluntu kwaye unciphise amaxhala malunga nokudodobala koqoqosho ngokudala indawo ekhuselweyo. Ngokuvumela ukufikelela kumalwandle akhuselweyo, okanye ngokuvumela irenti ye-jet ski ngeentsuku ezithile kwindawo ethile yokuthwala, indawo ekhethekileyo yendawo inokukhuselwa kwaye isetyenziswe ngaxeshanye. Ukuthetha "kwimigaqo yeWall Street," iirhafu zehotele zingasetyenziselwa ukucoca ulwandle okanye zisetyenziselwa ukuxhasa ngemali uphando kwindawo ekhuselweyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukwenza iihotele kunye namashishini aluhlaza ngokunciphisa amandla kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanzi kunciphisa iindleko zeshishini kunye nokugcina ubutyebi ngokunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo. Njengoko iiphaneli zibonisile, kufuneka utyale imali kwisixhobo sakho kunye nokhuseleko lwaso ukuze uqhube ishishini - gxila kuphawu, hayi ukuthengisa.

Ukuqukumbela ingxoxo, iiphaneli zagxininisa ukuba "injani" imicimbi - ukuzibandakanya ngokwenene kunye nokuphulaphula uluntu ekumiseni indawo ekhuselekileyo kuya kuqinisekisa impumelelo. Ugxininiso kufuneka lube kumfanekiso obanzi - ukudibanisa bonke abachaphazelekayo kunye nokuzisa wonke umntu etafileni ukuba abe ngabanini bokwenene kunye nokuzibophelela kwingxaki efanayo. Logama wonke umntu emelwe kwaye nemimiselo ephilileyo ibekiwe, nkqu nophuhliso - nokuba lukhenketho okanye ukuhlola amandla - lungenzeka ngaphakathi kwenkqubo elungeleleneyo.

Iindaba eziBlue: Yintoni eFundiweyo, kwaye kutheni

Intshayelelo: USenator Carl Levin, Michigan

Umodareyitha: I-Sunshine Menezes, i-PhD, i-Metcalf Institute, i-URI i-Graduate School of Oceanography Izithethi: uSeth Borenstein, i-Associated Press uCurtis Brainard, i-Columbia Journalism Review uKevin McCarey, i-Savannah College yoBugcisa kunye noYilo uMark Schleifstein, NOLA.com kunye neThe Times-Picayune

Ingxaki kubuntatheli bendalo kukungabikho kwamabali empumelelo abaliswayo – abaninzi abebezimase iqela leBlue News kwiCapitol Hill Oceans Week baphakamise izandla zabo bevumelana nengxelo enjalo. USenator uLevin wazisa ingxoxo ngeengqinisekiso ezininzi: ukuba ubuntatheli bubi kakhulu; ukuba kukho amabali empumelelo anokubaliswa kulondolozo lolwandle; nokuba abantu kufuneka baxelelwe ngale mpumelelo ukuze baqonde imali, ixesha, nomsebenzi ochithwa kwimibandela yemekobume akulolize. Yayiziingcinga ezaziza kugxekwa xa uNdlunkulu ephumile kweso sakhiwo.

Ingxaki nge-journalism yokusingqongileyo ngumgama - iiphaneli, ezimele uluhlu lwamajelo eendaba, zilwela ukwenza imiba yokusingqongileyo isebenze kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Njengoko umongameli uGqr. Sunshine Menezes wabonisayo, iintatheli zidla ngokufuna ukunikela ingxelo ngeelwandlekazi zehlabathi, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, okanye ukwanda kweasidi kodwa azikwazi. Abahleli kunye nomdla wabafundi bahlala bethetha ukuba inzululwazi ayichazwanga kangako kumajelo eendaba.

Nangona iintatheli zinokubeka ii-ajenda zazo - umkhwa okhulayo ngokufika kweeblogi kunye nokupapashwa kwe-intanethi - ababhali kusafuneka benze imiba emikhulu ibe yinyani kwaye ibambeke kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukucwangcisa utshintsho lwemozulu kunye neebhere ze-polar okanye i-acidification kunye nezixhobo ze-coral ezinyamalalayo, ngokutsho kukaSeth Borenstein kunye noGqr. Ngokusebenzisa i-charismatic megafauna, iingcali zokusingqongileyo zidala umgama phakathi kweMiba eMikhulu kunye nomntu.

Ukungavumelani okuthile kwavela ngeli nqanaba, njengoko uKevin McCarey wagxininisa ukuba le miba idinga "Ukufumana i-Nemo" uhlobo lomlingiswa othi, ekubuyeleni kwakhe kwi-reef, afumane ukuba kutshatyalaliswa kwaye kuthotywa. Ezo zixhobo zinokunxulumanisa ubomi babantu emhlabeni wonke zize zincede abo bangekachatshazelwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu okanye ukukhukuliseka kolwandle ukuba babe nombono wendlela obunokuchaphazeleka ngayo ubomi babo. Into ekuvunyelwene ngayo ngumba ngamnye wephaneli ngumba wokuqulunqa - makubekho umbuzo otshisayo oza kuwubuza, kodwa ungaphenduli ngokuyimfuneko - kufuneka kubekho ubushushu - ibali kufuneka libe ziindaba "EZINTSHA".

Ukubuyela emva kumazwi okuvula kaSenator uLevin, uMnu. Borenstein ugxininise ukuba iindaba mazisuke kwela gama lengcambu, “elitsha.” Ngolu hlobo, naziphi na iimpumelelo zowiso-mthetho oluwisiweyo okanye iindawo zogcino ezisebenzayo ngokubandakanyeka koluntu “azizondaba.” Awukwazi ukunika ingxelo ngebali lempumelelo unyaka nonyaka; ngendlela efanayo, awukwazi kunika ingxelo kwimiba emikhulu efana nokutshintsha kwemozulu okanye iasidi yolwandle kuba zilandela iindlela ezifanayo. Ziindaba ezisoloko zisiba mbi nezingahlukanga. Akukho nto itshintshileyo kulo mbono.

Umsebenzi weentatheli zokusingqongileyo, ke ngoko, kukugcwalisa izikhewu. KuMark Schleifstein we-NOLA.com kunye neThe Times Picayune kunye noCurtis Brainard we-Columbia Journalism Review, ukunika ingxelo ngeengxaki kunye noko kungenziwa kwiCongress okanye kwinqanaba lendawo yindlela ababhali bendalo abagcina ngayo uluntu lunolwazi. Yiyo ke le nto ibangela ukuba ubuntatheli bezendalo bubonakale bungalunganga – abo babhala ngemiba yokusingqongileyo bajonge imiba, yintoni engenziwayo okanye enokwenziwa ngcono. Ngomzekeliso onemibala, uMnu. Borenstein wabuza ukuba kangaphi abaphulaphuli banokufunda ibali elichaza indlela i-99% yeenqwelomoya ezihlala ngayo ngokukhuselekileyo kwindawo yazo efanelekileyo - mhlawumbi kube kanye, kodwa hayi kanye ngonyaka. Ibali lilele kwinto engahambi kakuhle.

Kwalandela ezinye iingxoxo malunga neeyantlukwano kumaziko osasazo – iindaba zemihla ngemihla vs. UMnu McCarey kunye noMnu Schleifstein bagxininisa indlela ababandezeleka ngayo kwezinye iziphene ezifanayo besebenzisa imizekelo ethile - abantu abaninzi baya kucofa ibali malunga neenkanyamba kunomthetho ophumeleleyo ovela kwiNduli nje ngokuba iziqwenga zendalo ezinomdla malunga neengwenkala ziba zijijekile kwi-Killer Katz show. kujoliswe kumadoda aneminyaka eli-18-24 ubudala. Ukuchukumiseka kubonakala kuxhaphakile. Nangona kunjalo iincwadi kunye namaxwebhu - xa enziwe kakuhle - angenza impembelelo ehlala ixesha elide kwiinkumbulo zamaziko kunye neenkcubeko kunamajelo eendaba, ngokutsho kukaMnu. Brainard. Okubalulekileyo, imovie okanye incwadi kufuneka iphendule imibuzo evuthayo ebuzwa apho iindaba zemihla ngemihla zinokushiya le mibuzo ivulekile. Ezi zitolo ke ngoko zithatha ixesha elide, zibiza kakhulu, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zincinci zinomdla kunokufunda okufutshane malunga nentlekele yamva nje.

Zombini iintlobo zemidiya, nangona kunjalo, kufuneka zifumane indlela yokunxibelelana nesayensi kumntu obambeleyo. Oku kunokuba ngumsebenzi onzima kakhulu. Imiba emikhulu kufuneka iqulunqwe ngabalinganiswa abancinci - umntu onokuthi abambe ingqalelo kwaye ahlale eqondakala. Ingxaki eqhelekileyo phakathi kwabadlali bephaneli, eqondwa ngokuhleka kunye nokuqengqeleka kwamehlo, isuka kudliwanondlebe nososayensi kwaye ibuza ukuba "utheni?" Kukho ungquzulwano lwendalo phakathi kwenzululwazi nobuntatheli, oluchazwe nguMnu. McCarey. Amaxwebhu kunye namabali eendaba afuna iingxelo ezimfutshane, eziqinisekisayo. Izazinzulu, nangona kunjalo, zisebenzisa umgaqo wokhuseleko kwintsebenziswano yazo. Ukuba bathe bathetha gwenxa okanye bazimela kakhulu ngombono othile, uluntu lwenzululwazi lunokubaqhawula; okanye umntu okhuphisana naye unokufunxa ingcamango. Olo khuphiswano luchongwe ngabadlali bephaneli luyayida indlela isazinzulu esinokuba mnandi kwaye sibhengeze ngayo.

Olunye ungquzulwano olucacileyo lubushushu obufunekayo kwi-journalism kunye nenjongo - funda, "ukoma," - yesayensi. Kwiindaba "EZINTSHA", kufuneka kubekho impixano; kwinzululwazi, kufuneka kubekho ukutolikwa okunengqiqo kwezibakala. Kodwa nangaphakathi kolu ngquzulwano kukho isiseko esivumelanayo. Kuyo yomibini le mimandla kukho umbuzo ojikeleze umba wobugqwetha. Uluntu lwenzululwazi lwahlulahlulwe malunga nokuba kungcono ukufuna izibakala kodwa ungazami ukuphembelela umgaqo-nkqubo okanye ukuba ufuna izibakala unyanzelekile ukuba ufune utshintsho. Amalungu ephaneli nawo ayeneempendulo ezahlukahlukeneyo kumbuzo wokuthethelela kubuntatheli. UMnu. Borenstein waqinisekisa ukuba ubuntatheli abukho malunga nokukhuthaza; imalunga nokuba yintoni eyenzekayo okanye engenzekiyo ehlabathini, ingeyiyo ekumele ukuba yenzeka.

UMnu. McCarey uye wachaza ngokufanelekileyo ukuba ubuntatheli kufuneka bube neenjongo zabo; Iintatheli ke ngoko ziba ngabathetheleli benyaniso. Oku kuthetha ukuba iintatheli zihlala "zisecaleni" kwisayensi kwiinyani - umzekelo, kwiinyani zesayensi zokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ngokuba ngabathetheleli benyaniso, abacholacholi beendaba nabo baba ngabathetheleli bokhuseleko. KuMnu. Brainard, oku kukwathetha ukuba abacholacholi beendaba maxa wambi babonakala becinezelekile kwaye kwiimeko ezinjalo babe ziibhokhwe zoluntu - bayahlaselwa kwamanye amaziko osasazo okanye kumacandelo ezimvo kwi-intanethi ukuze bathethe inyaniso.

Ngelizwi elifanayo lesilumkiso, iipaneli zagubungela iindlela ezintsha zokusingqongileyo, kubandakanya nenani elandayo leentatheli "ze-intanethi" okanye "ezizimeleyo" endaweni "yabasebenzi" bemveli. Iiphaneli zakhuthaza isimo sengqondo esithi "umthengi qaphela" xa efunda imithombo kwiwebhu njengoko kukho i-advocacy enhle evela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo kunye nenkxaso-mali kwi-intanethi. Ukuqhakaza kwemithombo yeendaba zentlalo efana noFacebook kunye noTwitter kukwathetha ukuba iintatheli zinokukhuphisana neenkampani okanye imithombo yolwazi yokuqala ukuze kusasazwe iindaba. UMnu Schleifstein ukhumbule ukuba ngexesha lokuchithwa kweoli ye-BP iingxelo zokuqala zivela kwi-BP Facebook kunye namaphepha e-Twitter ngokwabo. Kungathatha isixa esibalulekileyo sophando, inkxaso-mali, kunye nokunyuswa ukuze kuhoywe kwangoko, iingxelo ezisuka ngqo kumthombo.

Umbuzo wokugqibela owenziwe nguGqirha Menezes ugxile kwindima yee-NGOs - ingaba le mibutho ingazalisa izikhewu zikaRhulumente kunye nezobuntatheli kuzo zombini izenzo kunye nengxelo? Amalungu ephaneli avumelene ukuba ii-NGOs zingenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo wokunika ingxelo ngokusingqongileyo. Zinqanaba eligqibeleleyo lokuqulunqa ibali elikhulu ngomntu omncinci. UMnu. Schleifstein wenze igalelo kumzekelo wee-NGOs ezikhuthaza isayensi yabemi enika ingxelo malunga ne-oyile ye-oyile kwi-Gulf of Mexico kwaye idlulisela olo lwazi kwenye i-NGO eqhuba i-fly-overs ukuvavanya ukuchithwa kunye nokuphendula kukarhulumente. Abaphathi bephaneli bonke bavumelana noMnu. Brainard kumgangatho wobuntatheli be-NGO ngokwayo, becaphula iimagazini ezininzi eziphambili ezixhasa imigangatho engqongqo yobuntatheli. Eyona nto ifunwa ngabadlali bephaneli xa benxibelelana neeNGOs linyathelo – ukuba iNGO ijonge ukuhoywa kwabeendaba kufuneka ibonise isenzo kunye nesimilo. Kufuneka bacinge ngebali eliza kubaliswa: uthini umbuzo? Ngaba kukho into eguqukayo? Ngaba kukho idatha yobungakanani obunokuthi ithelekiswe kwaye ihlalutywe? Ngaba kukho iipateni ezintsha ezivelayo?

Ngamafutshane, ngaba ziindaba "EZINTSHA"?

Unxulumano olunomdla:

Umbutho weeNtatheli zeNdalo, http://www.sej.org/ - icetyiswa ngamalungu ephaneli njengeqonga lokufikelela kwiintatheli okanye ukupapasha imisitho kunye neeprojekthi

Ubusazi? IiMPA ziSebenza kwaye zixhasa uQoqosho oluQoqoshoyo

Izithethi: uDan Benishek, uLois Capps, uFred Keeley, uJerald Ault, uMichael Cohen

I-US House of Representatives uDan Benishek, MD, isithili sokuqala saseMichigan kunye noLouis Capps, isithili samashumi amabini anesine sanika iintshayelelo ezimbini ezixhasayo kwingxoxo yemimandla ekhuselweyo yaselwandle (MPA.) UCongressman Benishek usebenze ngokusondeleyo kunye nommandla okhuselweyo waselwandle weThunder Bay (MPA) ) yaye ikholelwa ukuba ingcwele “yeyona nto ilungileyo ekhe yenzeka kulo mmandla waseUnited States.” UCongresswoman Capps, ummeli kwimfundo yezilwanyana zasendle zaselwandle, ubona ukubaluleka kweeMPA njengesixhobo sezoqoqosho kwaye ukhuthaza ngokupheleleyo iNational Marine Sanctuary Foundation.

UFred Keeley, imodareyitha yale ngxoxo, wayesakuba nguSomlomo pro Tempore kwaye umele indawo yaseMonterey Bay kwiNdibano yeSizwe yaseCalifornia. Ukukwazi kweCalifornia ukuchaphazela ukutyhala okuqinisekileyo kweendawo ezihlala elwandle kunokubonwa njengenye yeendlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokukhusela okusingqongileyo kunye noqoqosho lwekamva lethu.

Umbuzo omkhulu ngowokuba, ulawula njani ukunqongophala kobutyebi obusuka elwandle ngendlela enenzuzo? Ngaba kunge-MPAs okanye enye into? Ukukwazi koluntu lwethu ukubuyisela idatha yenzululwazi kulula ngokufanelekileyo kodwa ngokwezopolitiko umsebenzi obandakanyekayo ekwenzeni uluntu lutshintshe indlela yokuphila ludala iingxaki. Urhulumente udlala indima ephambili ekuvulweni kwenkqubo yokhuseleko kodwa uluntu lwethu kufuneka luwathembe la manyathelo ukuze kugcinwe ikamva lethu kwiminyaka ezayo. Singahamba ngokukhawuleza neeMPAs kodwa asizukuzuza ukukhula koqoqosho ngaphandle kwenkxaso yesizwe sethu.

Ukunika ingqiqo kutyalo-mali kwiindawo ezikhuselweyo zaselwandle nguGqr. Jerald Ault, unjingalwazi webhayoloji yaselwandle kunye nokuloba kwiYunivesithi yaseMiami kunye noMichael Cohen, uMnini / uMlawuli weNkampani ye-Santa Barbara Adventure. Aba babini bajongana nesihloko semimandla ekhuselweyo yaselwandle kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kodwa babonisa indlela abasebenzisana ngayo ukukhuthaza ukukhuselwa kwendalo.

UGqr. Ault yiNzululwazi yezokuloba eyaziwayo kwihlabathi esebenze ngokusondeleyo neFlorida Keys coral reefs. Ezi ngqaqa zizisa ngaphezulu kwe-8.5 yeebhiliyoni kwindawo kunye neshishini lezokhenketho kwaye azinakukwenza oku ngaphandle kwenkxaso yeeMPAs. Amashishini kunye namashishini okuloba anako kwaye aya kubona izibonelelo zale mimandla kwisithuba seminyaka emi-6. Utyalo-mali ekukhuseleni izilwanyana zaselwandle lubalulekile kuzinzo. Uzinzo aluveli nje ngokujonga kushishino lwezorhwebo lubandakanya necala lolonwabo. Kufuneka sikhusele iilwandle kunye kwaye ukuxhasa ii-MPAs yenye yeendlela zokwenza oku ngokuchanekileyo.

UMichael Cohen ungusomashishini kunye nomfundisi weChannel Islands National Park. Ukubona okusingqongileyo kuqala yindlela eluncedo kakhulu yokukhuthaza ukhuseleko lwaselwandle. Ukuzisa abantu kwindawo yaseSanta Barbara yindlela yakhe yokufundisa, abantu abangaphezu kwe-6,000 ngonyaka, kubaluleke kangakanani ukukhusela izilwanyana zaselwandle. Ishishini lezokhenketho alisayi kukhula eMelika ngaphandle kweeMPAs. Akusayi kubakho nto inokubonwa ngaphandle kocwangciso lwexesha elizayo nto leyo eya kuthi icuthe ukwanda koqoqosho lwesizwe sethu. Kufuneka kubekho umbono wekamva kwaye iindawo ezikhuselweyo zaselwandle zisisiqalo.

Ukukhuthaza ukuKhula kwezoQoqosho: ukujongana neeRicks kumaZibuko, uRhwebo, kunye namaTyayini oBonelelo

Izithethi: oHloniphekileyo u-Alan Lowenthal: uMmeli weNdlu yase-US, CA-47 Richard D. Stewart: U-Co-Director: i-Great Lakes Maritime Research Institute u-Roger Bohnert: uSekela Mlawuli oDityanisiweyo, i-Ofisi yoPhuhliso lweNkqubo ye-Intermodal, uLawulo lwezoLwandle uKathleen Broadwater: uSekela Mlawuli oyiNtloko. , Ulawulo lwePort yaseMaryland uJim Haussener: UMlawuli oyiNtloko, iNkomfa yeMicimbi yezaseLwandle yaseCalifornia kunye neNkomfa yokuHamba uJohn Farrell: UMlawuli oyiNtloko we-US Arctic Research Commission

OHloniphekileyo u-Alan Lowenthal uqale ngentshayelelo malunga nemingcipheko ethathwa luluntu lwethu ngokuphuhlisa amazibuko kunye namakhonkco obonelelo. Utyalo-mali kwiziseko ezingundoqo zamazibuko namachweba asingomsebenzi olula. Umsebenzi obandakanyekayo ekwakhiweni kwezibuko elincinane kakhulu uneendleko ezigqithisileyo. Ukuba izibuko aligcinwanga kakuhle liqela elisebenzayo liya kuba neengxaki ezininzi ezingafunekiyo. Ukubuyiselwa kwamazibuko aseMelika kunganceda ukukhulisa uqoqosho lwethu ngorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Imodareyitha yale ngxoxo, uRichard D. Stewart, uzisa imvelaphi enomdla kunye namava kwiinqanawa zolwandle ezinzulu, ulawulo lweenqwelo, umhloli, umphathi wechweba kunye ne-cargo expediter kwaye okwangoku uMlawuli weYunivesithi yaseWisconsin's Transportation and Logistics Research Centre. Njengoko unokubona umsebenzi wakhe kwishishini lokurhweba ubanzi kwaye uchaza indlela ukwanda kwemfuno yeempahla ezahlukeneyo kubeka uxinzelelo kumazibuko ethu kunye nekhonkco lokubonelela. Kufuneka sandise ukuxhathisa okuncinci kwiinkqubo zethu zokuhambisa ngokulungisa iimeko ezithile zamazibuko aselunxwemeni kunye namakhonkco okubonelela ngothungelwano olunzima. Ayingomqobo olula. Ingqwalasela kumbuzo ovela kuMnu. Stewart yayikukufumanisa ukuba urhulumente wobumbano kufuneka abandakanyeke kuphuhliso kunye nokubuyiselwa kwamazibuko?

I-subtopic evela kumbuzo oyintloko inikwe nguJohn Farrell oyinxalenye yekhomishini ye-arctic. UGqr. Farrell usebenza kunye nee-arhente zesebe elilawulayo ukuseka isicwangciso sophando lwesizwe se-arctic. I-Arctic iya isiba lula ukuyigqithisa ngeendlela ezisemantla idala intshukumo yoshishino kummandla. Ingxaki kukuba ngokwenene akukho siseko e Alaska ukwenza kube nzima ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo. Ummandla awulungiselelanga ukwanda okungako ngoko ke ucwangciso kufuneka luqale ukusebenza ngokukhawuleza. Ukujonga kakuhle kubalulekile kodwa asinakwenza naziphi na iimpazamo kwi-arctic. Yindawo eethe-ethe kakhulu.

Ukuqonda ukuba uKathleen Broadwater osuka eMaryland Port Administrator wazisa kwingxoxo malunga nokuba kubaluleke kangakanani na amatyathanga okukhangela ukuya kumazibuko anokuthi abe nefuthe lokuhamba kwempahla. Ukucoca yeyona nto iphambili xa kufikwa ekugcineni amazibuko kodwa kufuneka kubekho indawo yokugcina yonke inkunkuma ebangelwa kukubiwa. Enye indlela kukugcina ubutyobo ngokukhuselekileyo kwimigxobhozo idala indlela elungele ukusingqongileyo yokulahla inkunkuma. Ukuhlala sikhuphisana nehlabathi singakwazi ukulungelelanisa izixhobo zethu zamazibuko ukuze sigxile kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nothungelwano lokubonelela. Singasebenzisa izibonelelo zikarhulumente kodwa kubalulekile ukuba kwizibuko ukusebenza ngokuzimeleyo. URoger Bohnert usebenza kunye neOfisi yoPhuhliso lweNkqubo ye-Intermodal kwaye ujonga ingcamango yokuhlala ekhuphisana nehlabathi. I-Bohnert ibona izibuko elihlala malunga neminyaka engama-75 ngoko ke ukuphuhlisa ezona ndlela zilungileyo kunye nenkqubo yokubonelela ngeenkonzo zingenza okanye zaphule inkqubo yangaphakathi. Ukunciphisa umngcipheko wophuhliso lwexesha elide kunokunceda kodwa ekugqibeleni sifuna isicwangciso seziseko ezisebenzayo.

Owokugqibela ukuthetha, uJim Haussener, udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni nasekugcineni amazibuko onxweme olusentshona eCalifornia. Usebenza neCalifornia Marine Affairs and Navigation Conference emele amazibuko amathathu ezizwe ngezizwe elunxwemeni. Ukugcina isakhono sokusebenza kwamazibuko kunokuba nzima kodwa imfuno yethu yehlabathi yempahla ayinakusebenza ngaphandle kokuba izibuko ngalinye lisebenza ngokuzeleyo. Izibuko elinye alinakuyenza lilodwa ngoko ke ngeziseko zophuhliso zamazibuko ethu singasebenzisana ukwakha uthungelwano oluzinzileyo. Isiseko samazibuko sizimele kuzo zonke izithuthi zomhlaba kodwa ukuphuhlisa ikhonkco lokubonelela kunye neshishini lezothutho kunokunyusa ukukhula koqoqosho lwethu. Ngaphakathi kwamasango echweba kulula ukuseka iinkqubo ezisebenzayo ezisebenza ngokufanayo kodwa ngaphandle kweendonga iziseko zinokuba nzima. Inzame edibeneyo phakathi kwamaqela e-federal kunye nabucala ngokubeka iliso kunye nokugcina kubalulekile. Umthwalo wekhonkco lonikezelo lwehlabathi laseMelika wahluliwe kwaye kufuneka uqhubeke ngolu hlobo ukugcina ukukhula koqoqosho lwethu.