Okuyingozi kakhulu: iiLwandle ze-Acid kunye nento emasiyenze

nguMark J. Spalding, uMongameli we-Ocean Foundation

Kwiveki ephelileyo bendiseMonterey, eCalifornia for the ISimpoziyam yaMazwe ngaMazwe yesi-3 eLwandle kwiLizwe eliPhezulu leCO2, eyayingaxeshanye kwi UMnyhadala weFilimu woLwandle oluBlu kwihotele esecaleni komnyango (kodwa lelinye ibali eliza kuxela). Kwi-symposium, ndajoyina amakhulu abanye ababekho ekufundeni malunga nemeko yangoku yolwazi kunye nezisombululo ezinokubakho ukujongana nemiphumo ye-carbon dioxide (CO2) ephakamileyo kwimpilo yeelwandle zethu kunye nobomi obungaphakathi. Sibiza iziphumo njenge-asidi yolwandle kuba i-pH yolwandle lwethu iye isiba sezantsi kwaye ngenxa yoko ineasidi ngakumbi, kunye nokwenzakala okubonakalayo kwiinkqubo zolwandle njengoko sizazi.

Ulwabiwo olwandle

Intlanganiso ye-CO2012 ye-2 yayiyi-leap enkulu ukusuka kwintlanganiso ye-2 eMonaco ngo-2008. Ngaphezulu kwe-500 yababekhona kunye nezithethi ze-146, ezimele iintlanga ze-37, zahlanganiswa ukuze zixoxe ngemiba ekhoyo. Ibandakanye ukubandakanywa kokuqala okuphambili kwezifundo zentlalo noqoqosho. Kwaye, ngelixa eyona ngqwalasela yayisekho kwiimpendulo zezinto eziphilayo zaselwandle kwi-asidi yolwandle kwaye oko kuthetha ukuthini kwinkqubo yolwandle, wonke umntu wayevumelana ukuba ulwazi lwethu malunga neziphumo kunye nezisombululo ezinokuthi ziqhubele phambili kakhulu kule minyaka mine idlulileyo.

Kwelam icala, ndahlala ndibambe ongezantsi njengoko isazinzulu esinye emva kwesinye sanikela ngembali yesayensi malunga ne-ocean acidification (OA), ulwazi malunga nemeko yangoku yolwazi lwesayensi malunga ne-OA, kunye ne-inklings yethu yokuqala yeenkcukacha malunga ne-ecosystem kunye neziphumo zoqoqosho. yolwandle olufudumeleyo oluneasidi ngakumbi kwaye lunamanqanaba asezantsi eoksijini.

Njengoko uGqirha Sam Dupont weZiko leSven Lovén leSayensi zaseLwandle - eKristineberg, eSweden wathi:

Sazi ntoni?

I-Acidification yoLwandle yinyani
Iphuma ngokuthe ngqo kukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yethu
Kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza
Impembelelo iqinisekile
Ukuphela kuqinisekileyo
Sele ibonakala kwiinkqubo
Utshintsho luya kwenzeka

Ukushisa, umuncu kunye nokuphefumla zonke iimpawu zesifo esifanayo.

Ingakumbi xa idibene nezinye izifo, iOA iba sisisongelo esikhulu.

Sinokulindela ukuguquguquka okuninzi, kunye neziphumo ezilungileyo nezimbi.

Ezinye iintlobo ziyakutshintsha indlela yokuziphatha phantsi kwe-OA.

Sazi ngokwaneleyo ukuba senze

Siyazi ukuba isiganeko esikhulu esiyintlekele siyeza

Siyayazi indlela yokuthintela

Siyayazi into esingayaziyo

Siyayazi into ekufuneka siyenzile (kwisayensi)

Siyayazi into esiza kugxila kuyo (ukuzisa izisombululo)

Kodwa, kufuneka sizilungiselele ezothusayo; siyiphazamise ngokupheleleyo inkqubo.

UGqr.

Andilotshantliziyo, ndingusonzululwazi. Kodwa, ndikwangutata onoxanduva.

Inkcazo yokuqala ecacileyo yokuba ukuqokelela kwe-CO2 elwandle kunokuba "nemiphumo enokwenzeka yentlekele yezinto eziphilayo" yapapashwa kwi-1974 (Whitfield, M. 1974. Ukuqokelelwa kwe-CO2 ye-fossil emoyeni naselwandle. Indalo 247:523-525.). Kwiminyaka emine emva koko, ngo-1978, unxibelelwano oluthe ngqo lwamafutha efosili ekubhaqweni kweCO2 elwandle lwamiselwa. Phakathi kwe-1974 kunye ne-1980, izifundo ezininzi zaqala ukubonisa utshintsho lwenyani kwi-alkalinity yolwandle. Kwaye, ekugqibeleni, ngo-2004, i-Specter of ocean acidification (OA) yamkelwa luluntu lwezenzululwazi ngokubanzi, kwaye i-symposia yokuqala ye-CO2 ephezulu yabanjwa.

Ngentlakohlaza elandelayo, abaxhasi ngezimali baselwandle banikwa amagqabantshintshi kwintlanganiso yabo yonyaka eMonterey, kubandakanywa nohambo lokuya kubona uphando olusemagqabini eMonterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI). Ndimele ndiqaphele ukuba uninzi lwethu kwafuneka sikhunjuzwe ukuba sithetha ntoni isikali se-pH, nangona wonke umntu wayebonakala ekhumbula ukusebenzisa iphepha le-litmus ukuvavanya ulwelo kumagumbi okufundela esayensi esikolweni esiphakathi. Ngethamsanqa, iingcali bezizimisele ukucacisa ukuba isikali se-pH sisuka kwi-0 ukuya kwi-14, kunye nesi-7 singathathi hlangothi. Xa iphantsi i-pH, ithetha i-alkalinity ephantsi, okanye i-asidi engaphezulu.

Kweli nqanaba, kuye kwacaca ukuba umdla wokuqala kwi-pH yolwandle uvelise iziphumo ezibambekayo. Sinezifundo zenzululwazi ezithembekileyo, ezisixelela ukuba njengoko i-pH yolwandle isihla, ezinye iintlobo ziya kukhula, ezinye ziphile, ezinye zitshintshwe, kwaye ezininzi ziyaphela (isiphumo esilindelekileyo kukulahleka kwezinto eziphilayo, kodwa ukugcinwa kwe-biomass). Esi sigqibo sibanzi sisiphumo sovavanyo lwaselebhu, imifuniselo yokuvezwa endle, uqwalaselo kwindawo yendalo ephezulu yeCO2, kunye nezifundo ezigxile kwiirekhodi zefosili ezivela kwiziganeko zangaphambili ze-OA kwimbali.

Esikwaziyo kwiMinyhadala ye-Acidification edlulileyo yoLwandle

Ngelixa sinokubona utshintsho kwimichiza yolwandle kunye nobushushu bolwandle lolwandle ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-200 ukusukela kwinguqu yezemveliso, kufuneka sibuyele umva ngexesha lokuthelekisa ulawulo (kodwa hayi kude kakhulu). Ngoko ixesha Pre-Cambrian (i-7/8s yokuqala yembali yoMhlaba wokwakheka komhlaba) ichongwe njenge-analog elungileyo kuphela yejoloji (ukuba akukho sizathu esinye ngaphandle kweentlobo ezifanayo) kwaye ibandakanya amaxesha athile ane-pH ephantsi. La maxesha angaphambili anamava afana nehlabathi le-CO2 ephezulu kunye ne-pH ephantsi, amanqanaba aphantsi e-oksijini, kunye namaqondo obushushu olwandle ashushu.

Nangona kunjalo, akukho nto kwingxelo yembali efana neyethu izinga lotshintsho lwangoku ye-pH okanye ubushushu.

Isiganeko sokugqibela esimangalisayo sokwenziwa kweasidi yolwandle saziwa ngokuba yi-PETM, okanye iPaleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, eyenzeka kwi-55 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye lolona luthelekiso lwethu. Yenzeka ngokukhawuleza (ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-2,000) yathatha iminyaka engama-50,000. Sinedatha eyomeleleyo / ubungqina bayo-kwaye ke izazinzulu ziyisebenzisa njengeyona analog yethu ifumanekayo yokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni enkulu.

Nangona kunjalo, ayisiyiyo i-analog egqibeleleyo. Silinganisa oku kukhutshwa kwiipetagrams. IPgC ziiPetagrams zekhabhoni: 1 petagram = 1015 grams = 1 billion yeetoni zeemetric. I-PETM imele ixesha apho i-3,000 PgC yakhululwa kwiminyaka engamawaka ambalwa. Okubalulekileyo lizinga lotshintsho kwiminyaka engama-270 edlulileyo (inguqu kwezoshishino), njengoko siye sampompa i-5,000 PgC yekhabhoni kwiatmosfera yesijikelezi-langa sethu. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukukhutshwa ngoko kwakuyi-1 PgC y-1 xa kuthelekiswa nenguqu yezoshishino, eyi-9 PgC y-1. Okanye, ukuba ungumfo womthetho wamazwe ngamazwe njengam, oku kuguqulela kubunyani obucacileyo bokuba into esiyenzileyo phantsi kweenkulungwane ezintathu. Amaxesha angama-10 amabi kunokuba yintoni ebangele iziganeko zokuphela kolwandle e-PETM.

Isiganeko se-PETM sokwenziwa kweasidi yolwandle sibangele utshintsho olukhulu kwiinkqubo zolwandle zehlabathi, kuquka nokutshabalala okuthile. Okubangela umdla kukuba, isayensi ibonisa ukuba i-biomass iyonke yahlala malunga, kunye neentyatyambo ze-dinoflagellate kunye neziganeko ezifanayo eziphelisa ilahleko yezinye iintlobo. Lilonke, ingxelo yokwakheka komhlaba ibonisa uluhlu olubanzi lweziphumo: iintyatyambo, ukuphela, ukuguquka, utshintsho lwezibalo, kunye nobuncinci. Ke, i-OA ibangela ukusabela okubalulekileyo kwebhayotiki naxa isantya sotshintsho sicotha kakhulu kunomlinganiselo wethu wangoku wokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni. Kodwa, ngenxa yokuba lalicotha kakhulu, “ikamva ngummandla ongachazwanga kwimbali yendaleko yezinto ezininzi eziphilayo zanamhlanje.”

Ke, esi siganeko se-anthropogenic OA siya kuba lula phezulu kwi-PETM kwimpembelelo. KWAYE, kufuneka silindele ukubona utshintsho kwindlela eyenzeka ngayo utshintsho kuba siyiphazamise kakhulu inkqubo. Inguqulelo: Lindela ukumangaliswa.

I-Ecosystem kunye ne-Species Response

Ukwenziwa kweasidi yolwandle kunye notshintsho lobushushu zombini zinekharbon diokside (CO2) njengomqhubi. Kwaye, ngelixa benokunxibelelana, abagijimi ngokuhambelana. Utshintsho kwi-pH lunomgca ngakumbi, kunye nokunxaxha okuncinci, kwaye zihambelana kakhulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zejografi. Iqondo lobushushu liyaguquguquka kakhulu, lineenxano ezibanzi, kwaye liyaguquguquka kakhulu ngokwesithuba.

Ubushushu ngoyena mqhubi wotshintsho elwandle. Ngaloo ndlela, akumangalisi ukuba utshintsho lubangela ukutshintshwa kokusasazwa kweentlobo ukuya kwinqanaba elinokuthi liziqhelanise nalo. Kwaye kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba zonke iintlobo zinemida kumthamo we-acclimation. Kakade ke, ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana zihlala zibuthathaka ngakumbi kunezinye ngenxa yokuba zinemida emxinwa yobushushu ezihlala kuzo. Kwaye, njengamanye ama-stressors, ukugqithiswa kweqondo lokushisa kwandisa uvakalelo kwimiphumo ye-CO2 ephezulu.

Indlela ibonakala ngolu hlobo:

Ukukhutshwa kweCO2 → OA → impembelelo yebhayoloji → ilahleko yeenkonzo ze-ikhosistim (umzekelo, ulwalwa luyafa, kwaye alusakwazi ukunqanda izandyondyo zesaqhwithi) → impembelelo kwezentlalo noqoqosho (xa uqhwithela lukhupha udonga lwedolophu)

Ukuqaphela kwangaxeshanye, loo mfuno yeenkonzo ze-ecosystem inyuka ngokukhula kwabemi kunye nokwanda kwengeniso (ubutyebi).

Ukujonga iziphumo, izazinzulu ziye zavavanya iimeko ezahlukeneyo zokunciphisa (amaxabiso ahlukeneyo otshintsho lwe-pH) xa kuthelekiswa nokugcina imeko ye-quo ebeka umngcipheko:

Ukwenziwa lula kweyantlukwano (ukuya kuma-40%), kwaye ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswa komgangatho we-ikhosistim
Kukho impembelelo encinci okanye akukho nto kubuninzi
I-avareji yobungakanani beentlobo ezahlukeneyo zehla ngama-50%
I-OA ibangela ukushenxa kulawulo lwezixhobo zokubala (izinto eziphilayo ezinolwakhiwo lwemathiriyeli esekwe kwikhalsiyam):

Akukho themba lokusinda kweekorale ezixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo emanzini kwi-pH ethile ukuze ziphile (kunye neekorale zamanzi abandayo, amaqondo obushushu ashushu aya kuyenza mandundu ingxaki);
I-Gastropods (iinkumba zaselwandle ezinamaqokobhe amancinci) zezona zinovakalelo kwiimollusks;
Kukho impembelelo enkulu kwi-exoskeleton-ethwala i-invertebrates yasemanzini, kubandakanywa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-mollusks, i-crustaceans, kunye ne-echinoderms (cinga iiclams, iilobster kunye neeurchins)
Ngaphakathi kolu didi lweentlobo, i-arthropods (efana ne-shrimp) ayibi kangako, kodwa kukho umqondiso ocacileyo wokuhla kwazo.

Ezinye izilwanyana ezingenamqolo ziziqhelanisa ngokukhawuleza (ezifana nejellyfish okanye iintshulube)
Iintlanzi, hayi kakhulu, kunye neentlanzi zisenokungabinayo indawo yokufudukela (umzekelo e-SE Australia)
Impumelelo ethile yezityalo zaselwandle ezinokukhula xa zisitya iCO2
Enye indaleko inokwenzeka kwizikali zexesha elifutshane ngokwentelekiso, nto leyo enokuthetha ithemba
Ukuhlangulwa kwemvelo luhlobo olunobuntununtunu obunganeno okanye inani labantu phakathi kweentlobo ukusuka kwimo eyahlukileyo yemfuza yokunyamezela i-pH (singakubona oku kwimifuniselo yokuzalanisa; okanye kwiinguqulelo ezintsha (ezinqabileyo))

Ngoko ke, umbuzo ongundoqo usahleli: Zeziphi iintlobo eziya kuchatshazelwa yi-OA? Sinombono omhle wempendulo: i-bivalves, i-crustaceans, amarhamncwa e-calcifiers, kunye namarhamncwa aphezulu ngokubanzi. Akukho nzima ukuba nombono weziphumo zezimali eziya kuba mbi kangakanani na kwi-shellfish, ukutya kwaselwandle, kunye noshishino lokhenketho lwe-dive kuphela, ngakumbi kwabanye kuthungelwano lwababoneleli kunye nenkonzo. Yaye ngenxa yobukhulu bengxaki, kunokuba nzima ukugxila kwizicombululo.

Kufuneka ibe yintoni na Impendulo yethu

Ukunyuka kwe-CO2 yingcambu engunobangela (yesifo) [kodwa njengokutshaya, ukufumana umtshayi ukuba ayeke kunzima kakhulu]

Kufuneka sinyange iimpawu [uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu, emphysema]
Kufuneka sinciphise ezinye izixinzelelo [sinciphise ukusela kunye nokutya kakhulu]

Ukunciphisa imithombo ye-asidi yolwandle kufuna iinzame ezizinzileyo zokunciphisa imithombo kumhlaba jikelele nakwindawo. Ukukhutshwa kwekharbon diokside yehlabathi ngoyena mqhubi mkhulu wokwenziwa kweasidi yolwandle kwisikali solwandle lwehlabathi, ngoko ke kufuneka sikunciphise. Ukongezwa kwendawo yenitrogen kunye nekhabhoni evela kwimithombo yamanqaku, imithombo engabonakaliyo, kunye nemithombo yendalo inokunyusa imiphumo ye-acidification yolwandle ngokudala iimeko ezikhawulezisa ukucutha kwe-pH. Ukubekwa kongcoliseko lomoya wendawo (ngokukodwa ikharbhon dayoksayidi, initrogen kunye nesulphur oxide) nako kunganegalelo ekucutheni ipH kunye neasidi. Isenzo sendawo sinokunceda ukucotha isantya se-asidi. Ke, kufuneka silinganise iinkqubo eziphambili ze-anthropogenic kunye nendalo ezinegalelo kwi-asidi.

Oku kulandelayo zizinto eziphambili, zexesha elikufutshane lokujongana ne-asidi yolwandle.

1. Ukunciphisa ngokukhawuleza nangokubonakalayo ukukhutshwa kwekharbon diokside ukuze kuthotywe kwaye kubuyiselwe umva iasidi yeelwandle zethu.
2. Nciphisa ukukhutshelwa kwezondlo ezingena kumanzi olwandle ukusuka kwiinkqubo zogutyulo ezincinci nezinkulu kwisiza, amanzi amdaka kamasipala, kunye nezolimo, ngaloo ndlela unciphisa uxinzelelo kubomi bolwandle ukuxhasa ukuziqhelanisa nokuphila.
3. Ukuzalisekisa uhlolo olusebenzayo lwamanzi acocekileyo kunye nezona ndlela zokulawula kakuhle, kunye nokuhlaziya imigangatho ekhoyo kunye/okanye yokwamkela imigangatho emitsha yobulunga bamanzi ukuze ihambelane ne-asidi yolwandle.
4. Phanda ngokuzaliswa okukhethiweyo ukwenzela ukunyamezela ubumuncu bolwandle kwiishellfish kunye nezinye iintlobo zaselwandle ezisesichengeni.
5. Chonga, ubeke iliso kwaye ulawule amanzi olwandle kunye neentlobo kwiindawo zokusabela ezinokubakho ukusuka kwi-asidi yolwandle ukuze zibe nokunyamezela uxinzelelo lwangaxeshanye.
6. Qonda unxulumano phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo zemichiza yamanzi kunye nokuveliswa koonokrwece kunye nokuphila kwindawo yokuqandusela kunye nakwindalo esingqongileyo, ukukhuthaza intsebenziswano phakathi kweenzululwazi, abaphathi, kunye nabavelisi beentlanzi ezinokrwece. Kwaye, misela isilumkiso sikaxakeka kunye nomthamo wokuphendula xa uhlolo lubonisa i-spike kumanzi e-pH ephantsi ebeka emngciphekweni indawo yokuhlala ebuthathaka okanye imisebenzi yoshishino lwe-shellfish.
7. Ukubuyisela ingca yolwandle, imango, ingca yodaka njl.njl. eya kuthatha kwaye ilungise ikhabhoni enyibilikisiweyo kumanzi olwandle kwaye ithintele (okanye icothe) utshintsho kwipH yaloo manzi olwandle.
8. Ukufundisa uluntu ngengxaki ye-asidi yolwandle kunye neziphumo zayo kwizinto eziphilayo zaselwandle, uqoqosho, kunye neenkcubeko.

Iindaba ezimnandi zezokuba inkqubela iyenziwa kuzo zonke ezi nkalo. Ehlabathini lonke, amashumi amawaka abantu asebenzela ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse (kuquka i-CO2) kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe, likazwelonke kunye nengingqi (Inqaku loku-1). Kwaye, e-USA, umba wesi-8 yeyona nto iphambili ekugxilwe kuyo yimanyano yee-NGOs eziququzelelwa ngabahlobo bethu e-Ocean Conservancy. Kwinqaku lesi-7, iinginginya ze-TOF umzamo wethu wokubuyisela amadlelo engca yolwandle eyonakeleyo. Kodwa, kuphuhliso oluchulumancisayo lwezinto 2-7, sisebenza kunye nabathathi-zigqibo abaphambili bakarhulumente kumazwe amane aselunxwemeni ukuphuhlisa, ukwabelana kunye nokwazisa umthetho oyilelwe ukujongana ne-OA. Iziphumo ezikhoyo ze-acidification yolwandle kwi-shellfish kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo zaselwandle e-Washington nase-Oregon emanzini aselunxwemeni ziye zakhuthaza isenzo ngeendlela ezininzi.

Zonke izithethi kwinkomfa zenze kwacaca ukuba ulwazi olungakumbi lufunekayo-ingakumbi malunga nalapho i-pH iguquka ngokukhawuleza, zeziphi iintlobo eziya kukwazi ukuphumelela, ukusinda, okanye ukulungelelanisa, kunye nezicwangciso zendawo kunye nezengingqi ezisebenzayo. Kwangaxeshanye, isifundo esithathayo yayisesokuba nangona singayazi yonke into esifuna ukuyazi malunga ne-asidi yolwandle, sinako kwaye kufuneka sithathe amanyathelo okunciphisa iziphumo zako. Siza kuqhubeka sisebenzisana nabaxhasi bethu, abacebisi bethu, kunye namanye amalungu oluntu lwe-TOF ukuxhasa izisombululo.