BUYELA KUPHANDO

Isiqulatho

1. intshayelelo
2. Ungaqala phi ukufunda nge-Deep Seabed Mining (DSM)
3. Izigrogriso ze-Deep Seabed Mining kwimo engqongileyo
4. Iingqwalasela zeGunya loLwandle lweHlabathi
5. IMigodi ye-Deep Seabed kunye neYantlukwano, uBulungisa, ukuBandakanya, kunye noBulungisa
6. ITekhnoloji kunye neMineral Marketing kuqwalaselwa
7. Inkxaso-mali, iiNgqwalasela zeESG, kunye neeNkathazo zokuHlaza
8. IiNgqwalasela zokuTyala kunye neMbuyekezo
9. Ukwembiwa kweNdawo eNzulu yoLwandle kunye neLifa leNkcubeko phantsi kwamanzi
10. ILayisensi yeNtlalo (iMinxeba yokuMiswa, isiThintelo sikaRhulumente, kunye neNgxelo yeMveli)

---

---

1. intshayelelo

Yintoni i-Deep Seabed Mining?

Ukumbiwa kolwandle olunzulu (DSM) lishishini elinokubakho lezorhwebo elizama ukugrumba iidipozithi zezimbiwa ukusuka kumgangatho wolwandle, ngethemba lokufumana izimbiwa ezinexabiso kurhwebo ezifana nemanganese, ubhedu, icobalt, i-zinc, kunye nezimbiwa zomhlaba ezinqabileyo. Nangona kunjalo, lo mgodi ulindeleke ukuba utshabalalise inkqubo yendalo echumayo neqhagamsheleneyo ebamba uluhlu olumangalisayo lwezinto ezahlukahlukeneyo eziphilayo: ulwandle olunzulu.

Iidipozithi zeminerali zomdla zifumaneka kwiindawo zokuhlala ezintathu ezikumgangatho wolwandle: amathafa abyssal, iintaba zolwandle, kunye neendawo zokuphuma kwamanzi. Amathafa e-Abyssal yimithamo emikhulu yomgangatho onzulu wolwandle ogqunywe yintlenga kunye neediphozithi zezimbiwa, ezikwabizwa ngokuba ngamaqhuqhuva epolymetallic. Ezi zezona njongo ziphambili zangoku ze-DSM, kugxilwe kuMmandla weClarion Clipperton (CCZ): ummandla wamathafa anzonzobila abanzi njengelizwekazi lase-United States, abekwe kumanzi ezizwe ngezizwe kwaye asuka kunxweme olusentshona yeMexico ukuya kumbindi welizwe. kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki, kumazantsi eZiqithi zaseHawaii.

Inokusebenza Njani i-Deep Seabed Mining?

I-DSM yoRhwebo ayikaqalisi, kodwa iinkampani ezahlukeneyo zizama ukwenza ukuba ibe yinyani. Iindlela ezicetywayo ngoku zokumbiwa kwamaqhuqhuva ziquka ukusasazwa kwe isithuthi semigodi, ngokuqhelekileyo umatshini omkhulu kakhulu ofana netrektara enemigangatho emithathu ubude, ukuya kumgangatho wolwandle. Xa sele iphantsi kolwandle, isithuthi siya kutyhutyha ii-intshi ezine eziphezulu kumhlaba wolwandle, sithumele intlenga, amatye, izilwanyana ezityumkileyo, namaqhuqhuva ukuya kwinqanawa elindele phezu komhlaba. Enqanaweni, iiminerali ziyahlelwa kwaye udaka oluseleyo lwamanzi amdaka lwentlenga, amanzi, kunye neearhente zokulungisa zibuyiselwa elwandle kusetyenziswa iplamu yokukhupha.

I-DSM ilindeleke ukuba ibe nefuthe kuwo onke amanqanaba olwandle, ukusuka kwinkunkuma elahlwe kuluhlu lwamanzi aphakathi ukuya emigodini ebonakalayo kunye nokugruzuka komgangatho wolwandle. Kukwakho umngcipheko kudaka olunokuba yityhefu (udaka = umxube wezinto ezixineneyo) amanzi alahlwe phezulu elwandle.

Njani i-Deep Seabed Mining isiSongelo kwindalo esingqongileyo?

Kuncinci okwaziwayo malunga nendawo yokuhlala kunye ne-ikhosistim yommandla onzulu wolwandle. Ngoko ke, phambi kokuba kuqhutywe uvavanyo lwempembelelo olululo, kufuneka kuqala kubekho ingqokelela yedatha esisiseko kubandakanywa uphando kunye nemephu. Nokuba olu lwazi lungekho, isixhobo siya kubandakanya ukugutyulwa komhlaba wolwandle, kubangele intlenga kuluhlu lwamanzi emva koko kuhlaliswe kwindawo engqongileyo. Ukukrwelwa komgangatho wolwandle ukukhupha amaqhuqhuva kuya kutshabalalisa iindawo zokuhlala elwandle ezinzulu zezilwanyana zaselwandle kunye nelifa lenkcubeko kulo mmandla. Siyazi ukuba imingxuma enzulu yolwandle iqulethe ubomi baselwandle obunokubaluleka ngokukodwa. Ezinye zezi ntlobo ziqhelaniswe ngokukodwa nokungabikho kwelanga kwaye uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwamanzi anzulu lunokuba luxabiseke kakhulu kuphando kunye nophuhliso lwamayeza, izixhobo zokukhusela, kunye nezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo. Akukho nto yaneleyo eyaziwayo malunga nezi ntlobo zezityalo, indawo yazo yokuhlala, kunye ne-ikhosistim enxulumene noko ukuseka isiseko esaneleyo apho kunokubakho uvavanyo olululo lokusingqongileyo, kungasathethwa ke ngokuphuhlisa imilinganiselo yokuzikhusela nokubeka iliso kwimpembelelo yokwembiwa kwemigodi.

Ulwandle aluyiyo yodwa indawo yolwandle eya kuva iimpembelelo zeDSM. Iintsinga zentlenga (ezaziwa ngokuba zizivunguvungu zothuli oluphantsi kwamanzi), kunye nengxolo kunye nongcoliseko lokukhanya, ziya kuchaphazela uninzi loluhlu lwamanzi. Iintsinga zentlenga, zombini ezivela kumqokeleli kunye namanzi amdaka asemva kokukhutshwa, zinokusasazeka Iikhilomitha ezingama-1,400 kwiindlela ezininzi. Amanzi amdaka anezinyithi kunye neetyhefu anokuthi achaphazele indalo ephakathi kwamanzi kubandakanywa ukuloba kunye nokutya kwaselwandle. Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, inkqubo yokwembiwa kwemigodi iya kubuyisela udaka lwentlenga, ii-arhente zokulungisa, kunye namanzi elwandle. Kuncinci kakhulu okwaziwayo malunga neziphumo zolu daka kokusingqongileyo, kubandakanywa: zeziphi izinyithi kunye nee-ejenti zokulungisa ezinokuxutywa eludaka ukuba udaka lunokuba netyhefu, kwaye kuya kwenzeka ntoni kuluhlu lwezilwanyana zaselwandle ezinokuthi zibe sesichengeni solwandle. iiplamu.

Uphando oluthe kratya luyafuneka ukuze kuqondwe ngokwenene iziphumo zolu daka kubume bemeko yolwandle olunzulu. Ukongezelela, imiphumo yesithuthi somqokeleli ayaziwa. Ukulinganisa kwemigodi yaselwandle kwenziwa kunxweme lwasePeru ngeminyaka yoo-1980 kwaye xa isiza saphinda sajongwa ngo-2020, indawo ayizange ibonise bungqina bokuchacha. Ngaloo ndlela nakuphi na ukuphazamiseka kunokwenzeka ukuba kube neziphumo zexesha elide zokusingqongileyo.

Kukwakho neLifa leMveli leNkcubeko engaphantsi kwamanzi (UCH) esemngciphekweni. Izifundo zamva nje zibonisa iintlobo ngeentlobo zelifa lenkcubeko phantsi kwamanzi kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki nakwimimandla yemigodi ecetywayo, kubandakanywa izinto zakudala kunye nendalo engqongileyo enxulumene nelifa lemveli lenkcubeko yeMveli, urhwebo lwaseManila Galleon, kunye neMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Uphuhliso olutsha lwemigodi ephantsi kolwandle lubandakanya ukwaziswa kobukrelekrele bokwenziwa obusetyenziselwa ukuchonga izimbiwa. I-AI ayikafundi ukuchonga ngokuchanekileyo iindawo ezibalulekileyo zembali kunye nezenkcubeko ezinokukhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni kweLifa leMveli leNkcubeko engaphantsi kwamanzi (UCH). Oku kukhathaza ngokukodwa ngokuqwalasela ukuvunywa okukhulayo kwe-UCH kunye nePhaseji ePhakathi kunye nokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba iindawo ze-UCH zingatshatyalaliswa ngaphambi kokuba zifunyenwe. Nasiphi na isiza selifa lemveli okanye lenkcubeko esibanjwe kwindlela yaba matshini basemigodini singatshatyalaliswa ngokufanayo.

nkolelo

Inani elandayo lemibutho kungoku nje lisebenza ukuthethelela ukhuseleko kubunzulu bolwandle Umanyano loLondolozo loLwandle oluNzulu (apho i-Ocean Foundation ililungu layo) yamkela isimo esipheleleyo sokuzibophelela kuMgaqo-siseko wokuQaphela kwaye ithetha ngeethoni ezimodyulisiweyo. I-Ocean Foundation ngumphathi wemali we Iphulo leMigodi yoLwandle olunzulu (DSMC), iprojekthi ejolise kwiimpembelelo ezinokuthi zibe kho ze-DSM kubomi bolwandle nonxweme kunye noluntu. Ingxoxo eyongezelelweyo yabadlali abaphambili inokufumaneka Apha.

Buyela phezulu

---

2. Ungaqala phi ukufunda nge-Deep Seabed Mining (DSM)

Isiseko soBulungisa beNdalo. Ukuya enzonzobileni: Indlela ukungxamela ukuya emigodini enzulu elwandle kubabeka emngciphekweni abantu kunye nesijikelezi-langa sethu. (2023). Ibuyiselwe ngoMatshi 14, 2023, ukusuka https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpJL_1EzAts

Isiseko soBulungisa beNdalo. (2023, Matshi 7). Ukuya enzonzobileni: Indlela ukungxamela ukuya emigodini enzulu elwandle kubabeka emngciphekweni abantu kunye nesijikelezi-langa sethu. Isiseko soBulungisa beNdalo. Ibuyiselwe ngoMatshi 14, 2023, ukusuka https://ejfoundation.org/reports/towards-the-abyss-deep-sea-mining

Ingxelo yobuchwephesha evela kwiSiseko soBulungisa beNdalo, ekhapha le vidiyo ingentla, iqaqambisa indlela imigodi enzulu yolwandle eyenziwa ngayo ukuze yonakalise indalo eyodwa yaselwandle.

IUCN (2022). Imiba emfutshane: Imigodi enzulu elwandle. IManyano yeHlabathi yoLondolozo lweNdalo. https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-brief/deep-sea-mining

Ingxelo emfutshane nge-DSM, iindlela ezicetywayo ngoku, imimandla yomdla wokuxhatshazwa kunye nenkcazo yeempembelelo ezintathu eziphambili zokusingqongileyo, kubandakanywa ukuphazamiseka komgangatho wolwandle, intlenga, kunye nongcoliseko. Le ngcaciso imfutshane ibandakanya iingcebiso zomgaqo-nkqubo wokukhusela lo mmandla, kubandakanywa unqumamiso olusekwe kumthetho-siseko wokhuseleko.

Imbler, S., & Corum, J. (2022, Agasti 29). Ubutyebi bolwandle olunzulu: Ukwembiwa kwenkqubo yendalo ekude. I ENew York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/08/
29/world/deep-sea-richs-mining-nodules.html

Eli nqaku lisebenzisanayo liqaqambisa ulwahlulo lwendalo enzulu yolwandle kunye neziphumo ezilindelekileyo zemigodi enzulu yolwandle. Sisixhobo esimangalisayo sokunceda ukuqonda ukuba kungakanani na okusingqongileyo kolwandle okuya kuchatshazelwa kukumbiwa kwemigodi enzulu yolwandle kwabo baqalayo ukufunda.

U-Amon, DJ, Levin, LA, Metaxas, A., Mudd, GM, Smith, CR (2022, Matshi 18) Ukuya kwinqanaba elinzulu ngaphandle kokukwazi ukubhukuda: Ngaba sifuna imigodi ye-deep-seabed? Umhlaba omnye. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2022.02.013

Inkcazo evela kwiqela lezenzululwazi ngeendlela ezizezinye zokujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-DSM. Iphepha liphikisa ingxabano yokuba i-DSM iyadingeka kwinguqu yamandla avuselelekayo kunye neebhetri, ukukhuthaza ukutshintshela kuqoqosho lwesetyhula. Umthetho wangoku wamazwe ngamazwe kunye neendlela ezisemthethweni eziya phambili nazo ziyaxoxwa.

Iphulo leDSM (2022, Oktobha 14). Iwebhusayithi yeBlue Peril. Ividiyo. https://dsm-campaign.org/blue-peril.

Luick, J. (2022, Agasti). Inqaku lobuGcisa: i-Oceanographic Modeling ye-Benthic kunye ne-Midwater Plumes eqikelelweyo kuMgodi oNzulu ocetywe yiNkampani yeeMetals kuMmandla weClarion Clipperton yoLwandlekazi lwePasifiki, https://dsm-campaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Blue-Peril-Technical-Paper.pdf

Inqaku lobugcisa elivela kwiProjekthi yeBlue Peril, ehamba nefilimu emfutshane yeBlue Peril. Eli nqaku lichaza uphando kunye nomzekelo osetyenzisiweyo ukulinganisa imigodi yemigodi ebonwe kwifilimu yeBlue Peril.

GEM. (2021). Uluntu lwasePacific, i-Geoscience, i-Eneji kunye neCandelo loLwandle. https://gem.spc.int

I-Ofisi kaNobhala woLuntu lwePasifiki, iGeoscience, Energy, kunye neCandelo laseLwandle libonelela ngothotho lwemathiriyeli edibanisa ijoloji, i-oceanographic, imiba yezoqoqosho, yezomthetho, kunye ne-ecological ye-SBM. Amaphepha ziyimveliso yomanyano lwaseYurophu / kwiPacific Community ishishini lentsebenziswano.

ULeal Filho, W.; uAbubakar, IR; uNunes, C.; Platje, J.; Ozuyar, PG; Intando, M.; Nagy, GJ; Al-Amin, AQ; Hunt, JD; Li, C. IMgodi ye-Deep Seabed: Inqaku kuManye aNgamandla kunye neeNgozi zokuMbiwa kweMinerali eZinzileyo kwiiLwandle. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 521. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9050521

Uphononongo olubanzi loncwadi lweDSM lwangoku olujonge imingcipheko, iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo, kunye nemibuzo yezomthetho kude kube kupapasho lwephepha. Eli phepha libonisa izifundo ezimbini zemingcipheko yokusingqongileyo kwaye likhuthaza uphando kunye nengqalelo kwimigodi ezinzileyo.

Miller, K., Thompson, K., Johnson, P. kunye noSantillo, D. (2018, ngoJanuwari 10). Isishwankathelo seMigodi yeSeabed equka iSimo sangoku soPhuhliso, iiMpembelelo zokusiNgqongileyo, kunye neMida yoLwazi lweMida kwiNzululwazi yaseLwandle. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00418

Ukusukela phakathi koo-2010, kuye kwakho umdla kwakhona kuphononongo lwemithombo yezimbiwa eziselwandle. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwemimandla echongiweyo yokwembiwa kolwandle kwixesha elizayo sele iqatshelwe njengenkqubo yaselwandle esengozini. Namhlanje, eminye imisebenzi yokumbiwa kwemigodi ephantsi kolwandle sele iqhubeka phakathi kwemimandla yeshelufu yelizwekazi lezizwe-zizwe, ngokubanzi kubunzulu obungekho nzulu, kwaye kwezinye kumanqanaba aphambili ocwangciso. Olu phononongo lubandakanya: imeko yangoku yophuhliso lwe-DSM, iziphumo ezinokubakho kokusingqongileyo, kunye nokungaqiniseki kunye nezikhewu kulwazi lwezenzululwazi nokuqonda olunika isiseko kunye novavanyo lweempembelelo ezinzima ngakumbi kulwandle olunzulu. Ngelixa inqaku ngoku lingaphezulu kweminyaka emithathu ubudala, luphononongo olubalulekileyo lwemigaqo-nkqubo ye-DSM yembali kwaye iqaqambisa ukutyhala kwangoku kwe-DSM.

IUCN. (2018, Julayi). Imiba emfutshane: Imigodi ye-Deep-Sea. IManyano yeHlabathi yoLondolozo lweNdalo. PDF. https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/deep-sea_mining_issues_brief.pdf

Njengoko ihlabathi lijongene nokuphela kweedipozithi zomhlaba zezimbiwa abaninzi bajonge kulwandle olunzulu ukufumana imithombo emitsha. Nangona kunjalo, ukukrazulwa komgangatho wolwandle kunye nongcoliseko olusuka kwiinkqubo zemigodi kunokucima zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana kwaye konakalise umgangatho wolwandle amashumi eminyaka - ukuba ayisekho. Iphepha leenyani lifuna amaphononongo asisiseko angaphezulu, uhlolo lwempembelelo yokusingqongileyo, ulawulo olwandisiweyo, kunye nophuhliso lobuchwepheshe obutsha obuthomalalisa ukwenzakala kokusingqongileyo okubangelwa kukumbiwa kolwandle.

Cuyvers, L. Berry, W., Gjerde, K., Thiele, T. kunye noWilhem, C. (2018). Ukwembiwa kwemigodi kubunzulu bolwandle: ngumngeni okhulayo wokusingqongileyo. Gland, eSwitzerland: IUCN kunye neGallifrey Foundation. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.16.en. PDF. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/ files/documents/2018-029-En.pdf

Ulwandle luqulethe ubutyebi obuninzi bemithombo yezimbiwa, ezinye zikwindawo eyodwa kakhulu. Izithintelo zomthetho kwiminyaka yoo-1970s kunye no-1980s zathintela uphuhliso lwemigodi enzulu elwandle, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha uninzi lwale mibuzo yomthetho yaphendulwa nge-International Seabed Authority ivumela ukukhula komdla kwimigodi enzulu yolwandle. Ingxelo ye-IUCN iqaqambisa iingxoxo zangoku ezijikeleze uphuhliso olunokubakho lweshishini lemigodi yaselwandle.

IMIDAS. (2016). Ukulawula iiMpembelelo zokuSebenziswa kobutyebi beNzulu yolwandle. Inkqubo yeSikhokelo seSixhenxe seEuropean Union yophando, uphuhliso lobuchwepheshe kunye nokubonisa, iSibonelelo seSibonelelo esinguNombolo 603418. I-MIDAS yaququzelelwa yiSeascape Consultants Ltd. http://www.eu-midas.net/

Iimpembelelo zoLawulo ezixhaswe kakuhle yi-EU ye-Deep-seA reSource exploitation (MIDAS) IProjekthi esebenzayo ukususela ngo-2013-2016 yayiyinkqubo yophando lwezifundo ezininzi ephanda iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo xa kutsalwa izimbiwa kunye nemithombo yamandla kwindawo engqonge ulwandle. Ngelixa i-MIDAS ingasasebenzi uphando lwabo lufundisa kakhulu.

Iziko leBiological Diversity. (2013). I-FAQ yeMigodi enzulu yoLwandle. Iziko leBiological Diversity.

Xa Centre for Biological Diversity wamangalela umngeni iimvume United State kwimigodi ukuhlola kwakhona wenza uluhlu olunamaphepha amathathu imibuzo edla ngokubuzwa kwi Deep Sea Mining. Imibuzo ibandakanya: Zixabisa malini iintsimbi ezinzulu zolwandle? (malunga ne-150 yeebhiliyoni zeedola), Ngaba i-DSM ifana nokuchithwa kwemigodi? (Ewe). Amanzi anzongonzongo alisenkangala, alinabomi na? (Hayi). Nceda uqaphele iimpendulo kwiphepha zinzulu kakhulu kwaye zifaneleke kakhulu kubaphulaphuli abafuna iimpendulo kwiingxaki ezinzima ze-DSM ezibekwe ngendlela elula ukuyiqonda ngaphandle kwemvelaphi yesayensi. Ulwazi oluninzi malunga nesimangalo ngokwalo sinokufunyanwa Apha.

Buyela phezulu

---

3. Izigrogriso ze-Deep Seabed Mining kwimo engqongileyo

Thompson, KF, Miller, KA, Wacker, J., Derville, S., Laing, C., Santillo, D., & Johnston, P. (2023). Uvavanyo olungxamisekileyo olufunekayo ukuvavanya iimpembelelo ezinokuthi zibe kho kwi-cetaceans evela kwimigodi enzulu yolwandle. Imida kwiSayensi yaseLwandle, i-10, i-1095930. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1095930

Imisebenzi ye-Deep Sea Mining ingabonisa imingcipheko ebalulekileyo nengenakulungiseka kwindalo esingqongileyo, ngakumbi kwizilwanyana zaselwandle. Izandi eziveliswayo kwimisebenzi yemigodi, ecetywayo ukuba iqhubeke iiyure ezingama-24 ngosuku kubunzulu obahlukeneyo, ziyadibana nee-frequencies ezinxibelelana neecetaceans. Iinkampani zemigodi ziceba ukusebenza kuMmandla weClarion-Clipperton, elikhaya leqela leecetaceans eziquka zombini ibaleen kunye neminenga enamazinyo. Uphando oluthe kratya luyafuneka ukufumanisa imiphumo kwizilwanyana zaselwandle ngaphambi kokuba naluphi na urhwebo lwe-DSM luqale. Ababhali bayaqaphela ukuba le ngenye yezifundo zokuqala eziphanda le mpembelelo, kwaye ikhuthaza imfuno yophando olongezelelweyo kwi-DSM yongcoliseko lwengxolo kwimikhomo kunye nezinye i-cetaceans.

Hitchin, B., Smith, S., Kröger, K., Jones, D., Jaeckel, A., Mestre, N., Ardron, J., Escobar, E., van der Grient, J., & Amaro, T. (2023). I-Thresholds kwimigodi ye-deep-seabed: I-primer yophuhliso lwabo. Umgaqo-nkqubo waseLwandle, 149, 105505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105505

I-Thresholds iya kuba yinxalenye yendalo yomthetho nolawulo lovavanyo lwemigodi yemigodi. I-threshold yimali, inqanaba, okanye umda wesalathisi esilinganisiweyo, esenziwe kwaye sisetyenziselwa ukunceda ukuphepha utshintsho olungafunekiyo. Kumxholo wolawulo lwendalo esingqongileyo, umda ubonelela ngomda othi, xa ufinyelelwe, ucebise ukuba umngcipheko uya – okanye ulindeleke – ube nobungozi okanye ungakhuselekanga, okanye unikeze isilumkiso kwangethuba sesehlo esinjalo. Umda we-DSM kufuneka ube yi-SMART (Ecacileyo, enokulinganiswa, efikelelekayo, efanelekile, emiselwe ixesha), iboniswe ngokucacileyo kwaye iqondeke, ivumele ukubonwa kotshintsho, inxibelelane ngokuthe ngqo nezenzo zolawulo kunye neenjongo/injongo zokusingqongileyo, ibandakanye ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo, ibonelele ngeenkqubo zokhuseleko. ukuthobela/ukunyanzeliswa kwamanyathelo, kwaye ubandakanywe.

Carreiro-Silva, M., Martins, I., Riou, V., Raimundo, J., Caetano, M., Bettencourt, R., Rakka, M., Cerqueira, T., Godinho, A., Morato, T ., & Colaço, A. (2022). Iimpembelelo zoomatshini kunye netyhefu yentlenga yentlenga yombiwa nzulu yolwandle kwindawo yokuhlala eyenza amanzi abandayo okthokorali. Imida kwiSayensi yaseLwandle, 9, 915650. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.915650

Uphononongo ngeempembelelo zentlenga enqunyanyisiweyo esuka kwi-DSM kwiikorali zamanzi abandayo, ukumisela iziphumo zoomatshini kunye netyhefu yentlenga. Abaphandi bavavanya ukusabela kweekorale ekuvezweni kwiincinci ze-sulfide kunye ne-quartz. Baye bafumanisa ukuba emva kokuvezwa ixesha elide, iikorali zafumana uxinzelelo lomzimba kunye nokudinwa kwe-metabolic. Ubuntununtunu beekorali kwintlenga bubonisa imfuneko yemimandla ekhuselweyo yaselwandle, imimandla ethintelweyo, okanye imimandla echongiweyo engeyiyo eyemigodi.

Amon, DJ, Gollner, S., Morato, T., Smith, CR, Chen, C., Christensen, S., Currie, B., Drazen, JC, TF, Gianni, M., et al. (2022). Uvavanyo lwezithuba zenzululwazi ezinxulumene nolawulo olusebenzayo lokusingqongileyo kwimigodi enzulu. Mar. Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105006.

Ukuze kuqondwe indawo enzulu yolwandle kunye nefuthe lemigodi ebomini, ababhali bolu pho nonongo baqhube uphononongo lweencwadi eziphononongwa ngoontanga kwi-DSM. Ngokuphononongwa okucwangcisiweyo kwamanqaku angaphezu kwama-300 ahlaziywe ngoontanga ukususela ngo-2010, abaphandi balinganisa imimandla ephantsi kolwandle kulwazi lwezenzululwazi kulawulo olusekelwe kubungqina, bafumanisa ukuba kuphela i-1.4% yemimandla enolwazi olwaneleyo lolawulo olunjalo. Bathetha ukuba ukuvala izithuba zenzululwazi ezinxulumene nokumbiwa kwemigodi kubunzulu bolwandle ngumsebenzi omkhulu oyimfuneko ekuzalisekiseni isibophelelo esikhulu sokuthintela umonakalo omkhulu kunye nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko olusebenzayo kwaye kuya kufuna umkhombandlela ocacileyo, izibonelelo ezininzi, kunye nolungelelwaniso oluqinileyo kunye nentsebenziswano. Ababhali baqukumbela inqaku ngokucebisa imephu yendlela ephezulu yemisebenzi ebandakanya ukucacisa iinjongo zokusingqongileyo, ukuseka i-ajenda yokufikelela kumazwe ngamazwe ukuvelisa idatha entsha, kunye nokudibanisa idatha ekhoyo ukuvala izikhewu eziphambili zenzululwazi ngaphambi kokuba naluphi na ukuxhaphazwa kuqwalaselwe.

van der Grient, J., & Drazen, J. (2022). Ukuphonononga ukuba semngciphekweni koluntu lwamanzi olwandle kwimigodi yemigodi kusetyenziswa iinkcukacha zamanzi angekho nzulu. Inzululwazi Yendalo Engqongileyo iyonke, 852, 158162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022. 158162.

Ukwembiwa kwemigodi kunzulu olwandle kunokuba neempembelelo ezinkulu kwi-ikhosistim kuluntu lwamanzi anzulu olwandle ukusuka kwinqwelo-mafutha eqokelelweyo kunye nentlenga yokukhupha iiplanga. Ngokusekwe kuphononongo lokwembiwa kwamanzi angekho nzulu, oku kugxininiswa kwentlenga kunokubangela ukuba izilwanyana zifuthaniseleke, zonakalise iiseli zazo, zitshintshe indlela eziziphethe ngayo, zonyuse izinga lokufa, zinciphise unxibelelwano lweentlobo, kwaye zinokubangela ukuba ezi zilwanyana zingcoliswe zisinyithi kulwandle olunzulu. Ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwendalo olusezantsi oluxhonywe kwintlenga kwindawo enzulu yolwandle, ukonyuka okuncinci kakhulu kwintlenga enqunyanyiswe ngokupheleleyo kunokubangela iziphumo ezibi. Ababhali bafumanise ukuba ukufana kuhlobo kunye nesalathiso seempendulo zezilwanyana ekunyukeni koxinzelelo lwentlenga olunqunyanyisiweyo kuzo zonke iindawo zokuhlala ezinamanzi angekho nzulu zibonisa iimpendulo ezifanayo kwiindawo zokuhlala ezingamelwanga kangako zinokulindelwa, kubandakanywa nolwandle olunzulu.

R. Williams, C. Erbe, A. Duncan, K. Nielsen, T. Washburn, C. Smith, Ingxolo evela kumgodi onzulu wolwandle isenokugubungela iindawo ezinkulu zolwandle, iSayensi, 377 (2022), https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science. abo2804

Uphando lwezenzululwazi ngempembelelo yengxolo evela kwimisebenzi yemigodi enzulu enzulu yolwandle kwindalo enzulu yolwandle.

IDOSI (2022). “Ikwenzela Ntoni Ulwandle Olunzulu?” Isishwankathelo soMgaqo-nkqubo we-Deep Ocean Stewardship Initiative. https://www.dosi-project.org/wp-content/uploads/deep-ocean-ecosystem-services- brief.pdf

Isishwankathelo somgaqo-nkqubo ongeenkonzo ze-ikhosistim kunye neenzuzo zolwandle olusempilweni kumxholo we-ikhosistim yolwandle olunzulu kunye neempembelelo ze-anthropogenic kwezi zixokelelwano zendalo.

UPaul E., (2021). Ukukhanyisa Kwiintlobo-ntlobo Zezinto Eziphilayo Zolwandle—INdawo Yendalo Esesichengeni NgokuPheleleyo Utshintsho Lwendalo, Imida Kwinzululwazi Yaselwandle, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.667048

Uphononongo lwendlela yokusebenza yokumisela ubunzulu bebhayoloji yolwandle kunye nokuba ezo ntlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana ziya kuchatshazelwa njani na luphazamiseko lwe-anthropogenic olufana nemigodi enzulu elwandle, ukuloba ngokugqithisileyo, ungcoliseko lweplastiki, kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu.

Miller, KA; Brigden, K; uSantillo, D; Currie, D; Johnston, P; Thompson, KF, (2021). Ukucela umngeni kwiSidingo soMgodi oNzulu woLwandle oluNxibelela kwiNdlela yokuBanga iMetal, iBiodiversity, iiNkonzo zeEcosystem, kunye noSabelwano ngeNzuzo, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.706161.

Kwiminyaka eliqela edlulileyo, ukombiwa kwezimbiwa kumhlaba wolwandle onzulu kwandisa umdla kubatyali-zimali kunye neenkampani zemigodi. Kwaye ngaphandle kwenyaniso yokuba akukho mgodi worhwebo wobunzulu owenziweyo kukho uxinzelelo olukhulu lokumbiwa kwezimbiwa ukuba kube yingxoxo yenyani yoqoqosho. Umbhali weli phepha ujonga iimfuno zokwenyani zezimbiwa ezinzulu zolwandle, imingcipheko kwizinto ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo kunye nomsebenzi we-ecosystem kunye nokungabikho kokwabelana ngenzuzo elinganayo kuluntu lwehlabathi ngoku nakwizizukulwana ezizayo.

Muñoz-Royo, C., Peacock, T., Alford, MH okqhubekayo. Ubungakanani bempembelelo yemingxuma engaphakathi kumbindi wamanzi olwandle iphenjelelwa kukulayishwa kwentlenga, isiphithiphithi kunye nemigubasi. Ummandla woMhlaba woLuntu 2, 148 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00213-8

Umsebenzi wophando lwemigodi ye-polymetallic ye-deep-sea inyuke kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kodwa inqanaba elilindelekileyo lempembelelo yokusingqongileyo lisamiselwa. Enye inkxalabo yokusingqongileyo kukukhutshwa kwentlenga kwikholamu ephakathi kwamanzi. Senze uphononongo oluzinikeleyo endle sisebenzisa intlenga evela kwiClarion Clipperton Fracture Zone. I-plume yajongwa kwaye yalandelelwa kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye nentsha, kubandakanywa imilinganiselo ye-acoustic kunye nesiphithiphithi. Uphononongo lwethu lwasendle lutyhila ukuba ukwenza imodeli kunokuqikelela ngokuthembekileyo iipropathi zombhobho ophakathi kwamanzi kwindawo yokukhutshelwa kwaye iziphumo zokudityaniswa kwentlenga azibalulekanga. Imodeli ye-plume isetyenziselwa ukuqhuba ukulinganisa kwamanani okusebenza kwinqanaba lezorhwebo kwiClarion Clipperton Fracture Zone. Izinto eziphambili ezithathwayo zezokuba isikali sempembelelo yomthi uphenjelelwe ngokuphawulekayo kumaxabiso amanqanaba amkelekileyo kokusingqongileyo, ubuninzi bentlenga ekhutshiweyo, kunye nokuphazamiseka kokuphazamiseka kwiZone yoKuqhekeka kweClarion Clipperton.

Muñoz-Royo, C., Peacock, T., Alford, MH okqhubekayo. Ubungakanani bempembelelo yemingxuma engaphakathi kumbindi wamanzi olwandle iphenjelelwa kukulayishwa kwentlenga, isiphithiphithi kunye nemigubasi. Ummandla woMhlaba woLuntu 2, 148 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00213-8. PDF.

Uphononongo ngempembelelo yokusingqongileyo yentlenga ephuma kumbindi we-polymetallic nodule wolwandle olunzulu. Abaphandi bagqibezele uvavanyo lwendawo elawulwayo ukufumanisa ukuba intlenga ihlala njani kwaye ilinganisa intlenga efana naleyo iya kwenzeka ngexesha lokumbiwa kwemigodi enzulu elwandle. Baye baqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwesoftware yabo yokwenza imodeli kwaye babonisa ukulinganisa kwamanani okusebenza kwesikali sokumbiwa kwemigodi.

Hallgren, A.; Hansson, A. IiNbali eziphikisanayo zeMigodi yoLwandle oluNzulu. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5261. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095261

Iingxelo ezine malunga nokumbiwa kolwandle olunzulu ziyajongwa kwaye zinikezelwe, kubandakanywa: ukusebenzisa i-DSM kwinguqu ezinzileyo, ukwabelana ngenzuzo, izikhewu zophando, kunye nokushiya izimbiwa zodwa. Ababhali bayavuma ukuba ibali lokuqala liphambili kwiingxoxo ezininzi ze-DSM kunye neengxabano kunye nezinye iingxelo ezikhoyo, kubandakanywa izikhewu zophando kunye nokushiya izimbiwa zodwa. Ukushiya izimbiwa zodwa kugxininiswe njengombuzo wokuziphatha kunye nowokunceda ukwandisa ukufikelela kwiinkqubo zokulawula kunye neengxoxo.

van der Grient, JMA, kunye neJC Drazen. "Indlela enokwenzeka yokuhlangana kweNdawo phakathi kwezokuLoba koLwandle oluPhezulu kunye neMigodi yoLwandle olunzulu kuManzi aMazwe ngamazwe." Umgaqo-nkqubo waseLwandle, vol. 129, Julayi 2021, iphe. 104564. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104564.

Uphononongo oluphonononga ukudityaniswa kwendawo yezivumelwano ze-DSM kunye neendawo zokuhlala zokuloba ityhuna. Uphononongo lubala ifuthe elibi elilindelweyo le-DSM ekulotyweni kweentlanzi kwi-RFMO nganye kwiingingqi ezinezivumelwano ze-DSM. Ababhali balumkisa ukuba iiplamu zemigodi kunye nokukhutshwa kunokuchaphazela kakhulu iintlanga zePasifiki.

de Jonge, DS, Stratmann, T., Lins, L., Vanreusel, A., Purser, A., Marcon, Y., Rodrigues, CF, Ravara, A., Esquete, P., Cunha, MR, Simon- Lledó, E., van Breugel, P., Sweetman, AK, Soetaert, K., & van Oevelen, D. (2020). Imodeli ye-abyssal yokutya-web ibonisa ukubuyiswa kokuhamba kwekhabhoni kunye nokuphazamiseka kwe-microbial loop kwiminyaka engama-26 emva kovavanyo lokuphazamiseka kwentlenga. Inkqubela phambili kwiOceanography, 189, 102446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102446

Ngenxa yemfuno eqikelelweyo yexa elizayo yezinyithi ezibalulekileyo, amathafa enzonzobila agqunywe ngamaqhuqhuva epolymetallic kungoku nje alindeleke ukuba enze imigodi enzulu elwandle. Ukuze ufunde ngakumbi malunga neziphumo zemigodi enzulu yolwandle, ababhali beli phepha bajonge iziphumo zexesha elide zovavanyo lwe-'DISturbance kunye ne-reCOLonization' (DISCOL) kwi-Basin yasePeru ebone uvavanyo lwekhuba elibukhali umgangatho wolwandle ngo-1989. Ababhali ke babonisa uqwalaselo lwe-benthic yokutya lwewebhu lwenziwa kwiindawo ezintathu ezihlukeneyo: ngaphakathi kwimizila yekhuba ye-26-year ubudala (IPT, ephantsi kwempembelelo ethe ngqo yokulima), ngaphandle kweendlela zokulima (OPT, ezivezwe ekuzinzeni yentlenga ephinde yamiswa), nakwiindawo zokukhangela (REF, akukho mpembelelo). Ukufumanisa ukuba zombini uqikelelo olupheleleyo lwenkqubo yokutyhutyha kunye ne-microbial loop cycling ziye zancitshiswa kakhulu (nge-16% kunye ne-35%, ngokulandelanayo) ngaphakathi kwimizila yekhuba xa kuthelekiswa nolunye ulawulo olubini. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukusebenza kwewebhu yokutya, kwaye ngakumbi i-loop ye-microbial, ayizange iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphazamise i-26 kwi-abyssal site.

UAlberts, EC (2020, Juni 16) "Imigodi yolwandle olunzulu: isisombululo sendalo okanye intlekele ezayo?" Iindaba zeMongabay. Ifunyenwe kwi: https://news.mongabay.com/2020/06/deep-sea-mining-an-environmental-solution-or-impending-catastrophe/

Ngelixa ukumbiwa kwemigodi enzulu elwandle kungekaqalisi nakweyiphi na indawo yehlabathi, iinkampani zemigodi ezili-16 zamazwe ngamazwe zinezivumelwano zokuphonononga ulwandle lwezimbiwa ngaphakathi kweClarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ) kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki eseMpuma, kwaye ezinye iinkampani zinezivumelwano zokuphonononga amaqhuqhuva. kuLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya nakuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki yaseNtshona. Ingxelo entsha ye-Deep Sea Mining Campaign kunye ne-Mining Watch Canada icebisa ukuba i-polymetallic nodule mining iya kuba nefuthe elibi kwi-ecosystem, i-biodiversity, ukuloba, kunye nentlalo kunye noqoqosho lwezizwe zeziqithi ze-Pacific, kwaye le migodi ifuna indlela yokukhusela.

Chin, A., kunye noHari, K., (2020). Ukuqikelela iimpembelelo zokumbiwa kwemigodi ye-polymetallic yolwandle enzulu kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki: Uphononongo loncwadi lweSayensi, i-Deep Sea Mining Campaign kunye neMiningWatch Canada, amaphepha angama-52.

Imigodi yolwandle enzulu kwiPasifiki inomdla okhulayo kubatyali-mali, iinkampani zemigodi, kunye noqoqosho oluthile lweziqithi, nangona kunjalo, incinci iyaziwa ngemiphumo yokwenyani ye-DSM. Ingxelo ihlalutya ngaphezulu kwamanqaku angama-250 aphonononge oontangandini benzululwazi efumanisa ukuba iimpembelelo zokumbiwa kwemigodi ye-polymetallic nodules zolwandle zinokuba zibanzi, zibe bukhali, kwaye zihlale kwizizukulwana, ezibangela ilahleko yeentlobo engenakulungiseka. Uphononongo lufumanisa ukuba imigodi yolwandle olunzulu iya kuba neziphumo ezibi nezihlala ixesha elide kumazantsi olwandle kwaye zinokubeka imingcipheko ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yendalo yaselwandle ngokunjalo nakushishino lokuloba, uluntu, kunye nempilo yabantu. Ubudlelwane beziqithi zePasifiki kulwandlekazi abudityaniswanga kakuhle kwiingxoxo zeDSM kwaye iimpembelelo zentlalo nezenkcubeko azaziwa ngelixa iinzuzo zoqoqosho zihlala zithandabuza. Esi sixhobo sinconywa kakhulu kubo bonke abaphulaphuli abanomdla kwi-DSM.

Drazen, JC, Smith, CR, Gjerde, KM, Haddock, SHD okqhubekayo. (2020) Uthungelwano lwendalo oluphakathi kumanzi aphakathi kufuneka luqwalaselwe xa kuvavanywa imingcipheko yokusingqongileyo kwimigodi enzulu elwandle. PNAS 117, 30, 17455-17460. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2011914117. PDF.

Uphononongo lweziphumo zokumbiwa kwemigodi enzulu elunxwemeni lolwandle kubume bendalo obuphakathi kwamanzi. I-ecosystems ephakathi kwamanzi iqulethe i-90% ye-biosphere kunye ne-fish stocks kurhwebo lokuloba kunye nokhuseleko lokutya. Iziphumo ezinokuthi zibe kho ze-DSM ziquka intlenga kunye neentsimbi ezinetyhefu ezingena kwikhonkco lokutya kwindawo yolwandle i-mesopelagic. Abaphandi bacebisa ukuba kuphuculwe imigangatho esisiseko yokusingqongileyo ukubandakanya izifundo zenkqubo yendalo ephakathi kwamanzi.

Christiansen, B., Denda, A., & Christiansen, S. Iziphumo ezinokubakho zemigodi enzulu yolwandle kwi-pelagic kunye ne-benthopelagic biota. Umgaqo-nkqubo waseLwandle 114, 103442 (2020).

Ukumbiwa kwemigodi enzulu kulwandle kunokwenzeka ukuba kuchaphazele ipelagic biota, kodwa ubungqongqo kunye nesikali zisahleli zingacacanga ngenxa yokunqongophala kolwazi. Olu phononongo lunwenwela ngaphaya kofundo lwe-benthic community (i-macroinvertibrates ezifana nee-crustaceans) kwaye lujonge kulwazi lwangoku lwemekobume ye-pelagic (ummandla ophakathi komphezulu wolwandle nangaphezulu nje komgangatho wolwandle) uphawula umonakalo kwizidalwa ezinokuthi zenzeke, kodwa azinakwenzeka. iqikelelwe ngeli xesha ngenxa yokunqongophala kolwazi. Oku kunqongophala kolwazi kubonisa ukuba ulwazi oluninzi luyafuneka ukuze kuqondwe kakuhle imiphumo emfutshane kunye neyexesha elide ye-DSM kwindawo yolwandle.

Orcutt, BN, okqhubekayo. Iimpembelelo zemigodi enzulu elwandle kwiinkonzo zemicrobial ecosystem. ILimnology kunye neOceanography 65 (2020).

Uphononongo malunga neenkonzo ze-ikhosistim ezibonelelwa ngabahlali bolwandle olunzulu kwimicrobial kumxholo wemigodi enzulu yolwandle kunye nolunye uphazamiseko lwe-anthropogenic. Ababhali baxoxa ngokulahleka koluntu lwe-microbial kwi-hydrothermal vents, iimpembelelo kwizakhono zokuhluthwa kwekhabhoni kwiindawo zamaqhuqhuva, kwaye zibonisa isidingo sophando olongezelelweyo kuluntu lwe-microbial kwiindawo ezingaphantsi kwamanzi. Uphando olongezelelweyo luyacetyiswa ukuseka isiseko se-biogeochemical for microorganisms phambi kokwazisa imigodi enzulu yolwandle.

B. Gillard et al., Iipropati zePhysical kunye ne-hydrodynamic zemigodi yolwandle enzulu-eveliswayo, intlenga yentlenga kwi-Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (empuma-mbindi wePasifiki). I-Elementa 7, 5 (2019), https://online.ucpress.edu/elementa/article/ doi/10.1525/elementa.343/112485/Physical-and-hydrodynamic-properties-of-deep-sea

Uphononongo lobuchwephesha kwiimpembelelo ze-anthropogenic zemigodi enzulu yolwandle, kusetyenziswa imifuziselo ukuhlalutya ukukhutshwa kwentlenga. Abaphandi bafumanise ukuba iimeko ezinxulumene nemigodi zidale intlenga ephuma emanzini eyenza imidibaniso emikhulu, okanye amafu, athe anda ngobungakanani obunemibhobho emikhulu. Babonisa ukuba intlenga iphinda igcine ngokukhawuleza kwindawo yokuphazamiseka ngaphandle kokuba yenziwe nzima yimisinga yolwandle.

Cornwall, W. (2019). Iintaba ezifihlwe kwinzulwini yolwandle ziindawo ezishushu zebhayoloji. Ngaba imigodi iya kubatshabalalisa? Inzululwazi. https://www.science.org/content/article/ mountains-hidden-deep-sea-are-biological-hot-spots-will-mining-ruin-them

Inqaku elifutshane ngembali kunye nolwazi lwangoku lwezintaba zolwandle, enye yeendawo zokuhlala ezintathu zebhayoloji enzulu esemngciphekweni wokumbiwa kwemigodi enzulu yolwandle. Izikhewu kuphando malunga neempembelelo zokumbiwa kwemigodi kwiimitha zolwandle zibangele izindululo ezitsha zophando kunye nophando, kodwa ibhayoloji yemitha yolwandle ihlala ingafundwanga kakuhle. Izazinzulu zisebenzela ukukhusela i-seamounts ngeenjongo zophando. Ukuloba iintlanzi sele konakalise ukuhlukahlukana kwezinto eziphilayo kwiindawo ezininzi zolwandle ezingenzulu ngokususa iikorale, kwaye izixhobo zemigodi kulindeleke ukuba zibe mandundu ngakumbi ingxaki.

I-Pew Charitable Trusts (2019). Ukumbiwa kweMigodi yoLwandle oluNzulu kwiiVenti zeHydrothermal Kubeka esichengeni iBiodiversity. I-Pew Charitable Trusts. IPDF.

Iphepha lenyani elinika iinkcukacha ngeziphumo zomgodi onzulu wolwandle kwimingxuma ephuma amanzi, enye yeendawo ezintathu zokuhlala eziphila phantsi kwamanzi ezisengozini yokwembiwa kwezorhwebo kubunzulu bolwandle. Iingcali zenzululwazi zinika ingxelo yokuba imingxuma esebenzayo yemigodi iya kusongela intlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezinqabileyo kwaye zinokuchaphazela i-ikhosistim yabamelwane. Amanyathelo alandelayo acetywayo okukhusela i-hydrothermal vents ibandakanya ukumisela imigaqo yeenkqubo ze-vent ezisebenzayo nezingasebenziyo, ukuqinisekisa ukungafihli kolwazi lwenzululwazi kubenzi bezigqibo ze-ISA kunye nokubeka iinkqubo zolawulo lwe-ISA kwiindawo ezisebenzayo ze-hydrothermal vents.

Ukufumana ulwazi oluthe vetshe nge-DSM, i-Pew inewebhusayithi egciniweyo yamaphepha eenyaniso ezongezelelweyo, amagqabantshintshi emigaqo, kunye namanqaku ongezelelweyo anokuba luncedo kwabo batsha kwi-DSM kunye noluntu ngokubanzi: https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/projects/seabed-mining-project.

D. Aleynik, ME Inall, A. Dale, A. Vink, Impembelelo yee-eddies ezenziwe kude kukusasazwa kweeplamu kwiindawo zemigodi enzonzobileyo kwiPasifiki. Sci. Rep. 7, 16959 (2017) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-16912-2

Uhlalutyo lwempembelelo ye-ocean counter currents (eddies) ekusasazekeni okunokubakho kwemibhobho yemigodi kunye nentlenga elandelayo. Ukwahluka kwangoku kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya amaza, imimoya engaphezulu, kunye neeeddies. Ukuhamba okunyukayo okuvela kwi-eddy currents kufunyenwe ukusasazeka kunye nokusabalalisa amanzi, kunye nentlenga enokuthi iqhutywe ngamanzi, ngokukhawuleza kwimigama emikhulu.

JC Drazen, TT Sutton, Dining enzulwini: I-ecology yokondla iintlanzi zolwandle olunzulu. Annu. UMfundisi Mar. Sci. 9, 337–366 (2017) doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060543

Uphononongo malunga noqhakamshelwano lwesithuba solwandle olunzulu ngokusetyenziswa kokutya kweentlanzi ezinzulu zolwandle. Kwicandelo lephepha elithi “Ii-Anthropogenic Effects”, ababhali baxoxa ngeempembelelo ezinokuthi zibekho emigodini enzulu yolwandle enokubakho kwiintlanzi zolwandle olunzulu ngenxa yonxulumano lwesithuba olungaziwayo lwemisebenzi ye-DSM. 

Iphulo leMigodi yoLwandle oluNzulu. (2015, Septemba 29). Isindululo sokuqala sehlabathi sombiwa nzulu elwandle asihoyi iziphumo zefuthe laso kwiilwandlekazi. Ukukhutshwa kweMedia. Iphulo leMigodi yoLwandle oluNzulu, i-Economist ku-Large, MiningWatch Canada, EarthWorks, Oasis Earth. IPDF.

Njengoko imboni yemigodi yolwandle olunzulu igxotha abatyali-mali kwi-Asia Pacific Deep Sea Mining Summit, i-critique entsha ye-Deep Sea Mining Campaign ityhila iimpazamo ezingenakukhuseleka kwi-Environmental and Social Benchmarking Analysis yeprojekthi ye-Solwara 1 egunyaziswe yiNautilus Minerals. Fumana ingxelo epheleleyo apha.

Buyela phezulu

---

4. Iingqwalasela zeGunya loLwandle lweHlabathi

IGunya loLwandle lweHlabathi. (2022). Malunga ne-ISA. IGunya loLwandle lweHlabathi. https://www.isa.org.jm/

I-International Seabed Authority, elona gunya liphambili kumhlaba wolwandle lasekwa nguMbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo phantsi kweNgqungquthela yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngo-1982 kuMthetho woLwandle (i-UNCLOS) kunye nolungiso ngendlela yeSivumelwano sika-1994 se-UNCLOS. Ukusukela ngo-2020, i-ISA inamazwe angamalungu ali-168 (kuquka iManyano yaseYurophu) kwaye igubungela i-54% yolwandle. I-ISA igunyaziswe ukuba iqinisekise ukhuseleko olusebenzayo lwemekobume yaselwandle kwiziphumo eziyingozi ezinokuvela kwimisebenzi enxulumene nolwandle. Iwebhusayithi ye-International Seabed Authority iyimfuneko kuwo omabini amaxwebhu asemthethweni kunye namaphepha enzululwazi kunye neengxoxo zeworkshop ezinempembelelo emandla ekwenziweni kwezigqibo kwe-ISA.

Morger, E., & Lily, H. (2022). Uthatho-nxaxheba loluntu kwi-International Seabed Authority: Uhlalutyo lwemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe yamalungelo oluntu. Uphononongo loMthetho weYurophu, uthelekiso kunye noMthetho wokusiNgqongileyo waMazwe ngaMazwe, I-31 (3), 374-388. https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12472

Uhlalutyo lomthetho lwamalungelo oluntu kuthethathethwano olubhekiselele kulawulo lwemigodi enzulu yolwandle kwi-International Seabed Authority. Eli nqaku liphawula ukunqongophala kwentatho nxaxheba yoluntu kwaye lixoxa ukuba umbutho awuzihoyanga izibophelelo zamalungelo oluntu enkqubo phakathi kweentlanganiso ze-ISA. Ababhali bacebisa uthotho lwamanyathelo okuphucula nokukhuthaza intatho-nxaxheba yoluntu ekwenzeni izigqibo.

Woody, T., & Halper, E. (2022, April 19). Ugqatso oluya ezantsi: Kugqatso lokugrumba kumphantsi wolwandle kwizimbiwa ezisetyenziswa kwiibhetri ze-EV, ngubani ojonge okusingqongileyo? Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-04-19/gold-rush-in-the-deep-sea-raises-questions-about-international-seabed-authority

Inqaku eliqaqambisa ukubandakanyeka kukaMichael Lodge, unobhala-jikelele we-International Seabed Authority, kunye neNkampani yeeMetals, enye yeenkampani ezinomdla wokwemba ubunzulu bolwandle.

Iingxelo ezinikezelwe ligqwetha le-International Seabed Authority. (2022, ngo-Epreli 19). Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/ 2022-04-19/statements-provided-by-attorney-for-international-seabed-authority

Ingqokelela yeempendulo zegqwetha eliqhagamshelwe ne-ISA kwizihloko eziquka: ukuzimela kwe-ISA njengombutho ongaphandle kwe-UN, ukubonakala kukaMichael Lodge, unobhala-jikelele we-ISA kwividiyo yentengiso ye-The Metals Company (TMC) , kunye neenkxalabo zezazinzulu zokuba i-ISA ayinako ukulawula nokuthatha inxaxheba emigodini.

Ngo-2022, i-NY Times yapapasha uluhlu lwamanqaku, amaxwebhu, kunye ne-podcast kubudlelwane phakathi kweNkampani yeeMetals, omnye wabanduleli betyhala imigodi enzulu yolwandle, kunye noMichael Lodge, unobhala-jikelele okhoyo ngoku we-International Seabed Authority. Ezi zicatshulwa zilandelayo ziqulathe uphando lweNew York Times kwimigodi enzulu yolwandle, abona badlali baphambili batyhala ukukwazi ukwenza umgodi, kunye nobudlelwane obuthandabuzekayo phakathi kwe-TMC kunye ne-ISA.

Lipton, E. (2022, Agasti 29). Idatha eyimfihlo, iziqithi ezincinci kunye nokufuna ubutyebi kumhlaba wolwandle. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/29/world/ deep-sea-mining.html

Ukutyhileka okunzulu kwiinkampani ezikhokela iinzame zemigodi enzulu kulwandle oluquka iThe Metals Company (TMC). Ubudlelwane obusondeleyo beminyaka emininzi be-TMC noMichael Lodge kunye noGunyaziwe weSeabed waMazwe ngaMazwe kuxoxiwe ngawo kunye neenkxalabo zolingano malunga nabaxhamli bemisebenzi enjalo ukuba umgodi ungenzeka. Eli nqaku liphanda imibuzo malunga nendlela inkampani yaseKhanada esekelwe ngayo, i-TMC, yaba ngumntu ohamba phambili kwiingxoxo ze-DSM xa imigodi yayicetywayo ekuqaleni ukunika uncedo lwezemali kwiintlanga ezihluphekileyo ze-Pacific Island.

Lipton, E. (2022, Agasti 29). Uphando lukhokelela ezantsi kwePasifiki. I-New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/29/insider/ mining-investigation.html

Inxalenye ye-NY Times "Ugqatso oluya kwikamva", eli nqaku liphonononga ngakumbi ubudlelwane phakathi kweNkampani yeZinyithi kunye namagosa ngaphakathi kweGunya leHlabathi leSeabed. Eli nqaku linika iinkcukacha ngeengxoxo kunye nonxibelelwano phakathi kwentatheli ephandayo kunye namagosa akwinqanaba eliphezulu kwi-TMC kunye ne-ISA, ukuhlola nokubuza imibuzo malunga nefuthe lemo engqongileyo ye-DSM.

Kitroeff, N., Reid, W., Johnson, MS, Bonja, R., Baylen, LO, Chow, L., Powell, D., & Wood, C. (2022, Septemba 16). Thembisa kunye nengozi emazantsi olwandle. I-New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/16/ podcasts/the-daily/electric-cars-sea-mining-pacific-ocean.html

I-podcast yemizuzu engama-35 udliwanondlebe no-Eric Lipton, intatheli ephandayo ye-NY Times ebilandela ubudlelwane phakathi kweNkampani yeeMetals kunye neGunya lehlabathi leSeabed.

Lipton, E. (2022) Seabed Mining Amaxwebhu akhethiweyo. https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/ 22266044-seabed-mining-selected-documents-2022

Uthotho lwamaxwebhu agcinwe yi-NY Times ebhala unxibelelwano lwangaphambili phakathi kukaMichael Lodge, unobhala-jikelele wangoku we-ISA, kunye neNautilus Minerals, inkampani efunyenwe yi-TMC ukuqala ngo-1999.

Ardron JA, Ruhl HA, Jones DO (2018). Ukufaka izinto elubala kulawulo lwemigodi enzulu kwingingqi engaphaya kolawulo lwesizwe. Mar. Pol. 89, 58–66. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2017.11.021

Uhlalutyo lowama-2018 lwe-International Seabed Authority lufumanise ukuba kufuneka elubala ngakumbi ukuphucula ukuphendula, ingakumbi malunga: nokufikelela kulwazi, ukunika ingxelo, ukuthatha inxaxheba koluntu, uqinisekiso lomgangatho, ulwazi lokuthotyelwa kunye nokuvunywa, kunye nokukwazi ukuphonononga kunye nokubonakala kwezigqibo.

Lodge, M. (2017, May 26). I-International Seabed Authority kunye ne-Deep Seabed Mining. UN Chronicle, uMqulu 54, ukukhutshwa kwe-2, iphepha 44-46. https://doi.org/10.18356/ea0e574d-en https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/journals/15643913/54/2/25

Umgangatho wolwandle, njengomhlaba osemhlabeni, wenziwe ngeempawu ezizodwa zejografi kunye nekhaya leediphozithi ezinkulu zezimbiwa, ezihlala zineendlela ezityetyisiweyo. Le ngxelo imfutshane nefikelelekayo iquka iziseko zokumbiwa kolwandle ngokwembono yeNgqungquthela yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngoMthetho woLwandle (i-UNCLOS) kunye nokusekwa kwemithetho yokulawula ukusetyenziswa kwezi zimbiwa.

IGunya loLwandle lweHlabathi. (2011, Julayi 13). Isicwangciso solawulo lokusiNgqongileyo kuMmandla weClarion-Clipperton, esamkelwe ngoJulayi 2012. IGunya leHlabathi leSeabed. IPDF.

Ngegunya elisemthethweni elinikwe yiNgqungquthela yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kuMthetho woLwandle, i-ISA yamisela isicwangciso solawulo lwendalo esingqongileyo kuMmandla weClarion-Clipperton, ummandla apho eyona migodi inzulu kakhulu iya kwenzeka khona nalapho uninzi lweemvume. kuba iDSM ikhutshiwe. Olu xwebhu lokulawula ukukhangela amaqhuqhuva emanganese kwiPasifiki.

IGunya loLwandle lweHlabathi. (2007, Julayi 19). Isigqibo seNdibano esiphathelele kwimimiselo yokukhangela kunye nokuhlola amaqhuqhuva e-polymetallic kwiNdawo. I-International Seabed Authority, iqalise kwakhona iSeshini yeshumi elinesithathu, eKingston, eJamaica, nge-9-20 Julayi ISBA/13/19.

Ngomhla we-19 kaJulayi, 2007 i-International Seabed Authority (ISA) yenza inkqubela kwimimiselo yesulfide. Olu xwebhu lubalulekile kuba lulungisa isihloko kunye nezibonelelo zommiselo 37 ukwenzela ukuba imimiselo yokuhlola ngoku ibandakanye izinto kunye neendawo ze-archaeological okanye zembali kwindalo. Olu xwebhu luxoxa ngakumbi ngezikhundla zamazwe ahlukeneyo ezibandakanya izimvo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zembali ezifana norhwebo lwamakhoboka kunye nengxelo efunekayo.

Buyela phezulu

---

5. IMigodi ye-Deep Seabed kunye neYantlukwano, uBulungisa, ukuBandakanya, kunye noBulungisa

Tilot, V., Willaert, K., Guilloux, B., Chen, W., Mulalap, CY, Gaulme, F., Bambridge, T., Peters, K., kunye noDahl, A. (2021). 'Imilinganiselo yesiNtu yoLawulo lweziBonelelo zeSeabed kuMxholo woMmbiwa weNzululwazi yoLwandle kwiPasifiki: Ukufunda kwiNdibaniselwano yeNtlalo nendalo phakathi koluntu lwaseSiqiwini kunye nommandla woLwandle', ngaphambili. Mar, Sci. 8: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.637938/full

Uphononongo lwezenzululwazi lweendawo zokuhlala zaselwandle kunye nelifa lemveli lenkcubeko elingaphantsi kwamanzi elaziwayo kwiZiqithi zePasifiki elilindeleke ukuba lichatshazelwe yiDSM. Olu phononongo lukhatshwa luhlalutyo lwezomthetho lwemigaqo-nkqubo yangoku yomthetho ukumisela ezona ndlela zilungileyo zokugcina nokukhusela i-ikhosistim kwiimpembelelo ze-DSM.

Bourrel, M., Thiele, T., Currie, D. (2018). Isiqhelo selifa lemveli loluntu njengendlela yokuvavanya nokuqhubela phambili ubulungisa kwimigodi enzulu yolwandle. Umgaqo-nkqubo waseLwandle, 95, 311-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.07.017. PDF.

Ukuqwalasela umgaqo welifa lemveli loluntu ngaphakathi kwimeko yawo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwi-UNCLOS kunye ne-ISA. Ababhali bachonga oorhulumente abasemthethweni kunye newonga elisemthethweni lelifa lemveli loluntu kunye nendlela elisetyenziswa ngayo kwi-ISA. Ababhali bacebisa uthotho lwamanyathelo athathwayo ukuba aphunyezwe kuwo onke amanqanaba omthetho wolwandle ukukhuthaza ukulingana, ubulungisa, ukuqaphela, kunye nokuqatshelwa kwezizukulwana ezizayo.

Jaeckel, A., Ardron, JA, Gjerde, KM (2016) Ukwabelana ngeenzuzo zelifa eliqhelekileyo loluntu - Ngaba ulawulo lwemigodi enzulu yolwandle lulungile? Umgaqo-nkqubo waseLwandle, 70, 198-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.03.009. PDF.

Ngelensi yelifa lemveli loluntu, abaphandi bachonga iindawo zophuculo lwe-ISA kunye nommiselo ngokubhekiselele kwilifa lemveli loluntu. Le mimandla ibandakanya ukungafihli, iinzuzo zemali, uShishino, ukugqithiselwa kobuchwephesha kunye nokuxhotyiswa ngezakhono, ukulingana phakathi kwezizukulwana, kunye nemithombo yemfuzo yaselwandle.

Rosembaum, uHelen. (2011, Okthobha). Okuphuma kubunzulu Bethu: Ukwemba imigodi kuMgangatho woLwandlekazi ePapua New Guinea. Imayini Watch Canada. IPDF.

Ingxelo inika iinkcukacha ngefuthe elibi lokusingqongileyo nentlalontle elilindelweyo ngenxa yemigodi engazange ibonwe kumgangatho wolwandle ePapua New Guinea. Iqaqambisa iziphene ezinzulu kwi-Nautilus Minerals EIS njengovavanyo olungonelanga yinkampani kubutyhefu benkqubo yayo kwiintlobo ze-vent, kwaye ayizange iqwalasele ngokwaneleyo iziphumo eziyityhefu kwizinto eziphilayo kwikhonkco lokutya kwaselwandle.

Cuyvers, L. Berry, W., Gjerde, K., Thiele, T. kunye noWilhem, C. (2018). Ukwembiwa kwemigodi kubunzulu bolwandle: ngumngeni okhulayo wokusingqongileyo. Gland, eSwitzerland: IUCN kunye neGallifrey Foundation. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.16.en. PDF. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/ files/documents/2018-029-En.pdf

Ulwandle luqulethe ubutyebi obuninzi bemithombo yezimbiwa, ezinye zikwindawo eyodwa kakhulu. Izithintelo zomthetho kwiminyaka yoo-1970s kunye no-1980s zathintela uphuhliso lwemigodi enzulu elwandle, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha uninzi lwale mibuzo yomthetho yaphendulwa nge-International Seabed Authority ivumela ukukhula komdla kwimigodi enzulu yolwandle. Ingxelo ye-IUCN iqaqambisa iingxoxo zangoku ezijikeleze uphuhliso olunokubakho lweshishini lemigodi yaselwandle.

Buyela phezulu

---

6. ITekhnoloji kunye neMineral Marketing kuqwalaselwa

Blue Climate Initiative. (Okthobha 2023). Isizukulwana esilandelayo seebhetri ze-EV ziphelisa iSidingo seMigodi enzulu yoLwandle. Blue Climate Initiative. Ibuyiselwe nge-30 ka-Okthobha, ngo-2023
https://www.blueclimateinitiative.org/sites/default/files/2023-10/whitepaper.pdf

Ukuqhubela phambili kwitekhnoloji yebhetri yemoto yombane (EV), kunye nokwamkelwa okukhawulezileyo kwezi teknoloji, kukhokelela ekutshintshweni kweebhetri ze-EV ezixhomekeke kwi-cobalt, nickel, kunye ne-manganese. Ngenxa yoko, ukugrunjwa kolwandle olunzulu kwezi zinyithi akuyomfuneko, kuluncedo kwezoqoqosho, okanye kucebiseke ngokusingqongileyo.

UMoana Simas, uFabian Aponte, kunye noKirsten Wiebe (i-SINTEF Industry), uQoqosho lweSetyhula kunye neeMinerali eziBalulekileyo zoTshintsho oluHlaza, iphe. 4-5. https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/ downloads/the_future_is_circular___sintef mineralsfinalreport_nov_2022__1__1.pdf

Uphononongo lukaNovemba ka-2022 lwafumanisa ukuba "ukwamkelwa kweekhemistri ezahlukeneyo zeebhetri zemoto yombane kunye nokusuka kude neebhetri ze-lithium-ion kwizicelo ezimileyo kunokunciphisa imfuno epheleleyo ye-cobalt, nickel, kunye ne-manganese nge-40-50% yemfuno eyongezelekayo phakathi kuka-2022 kunye 2050 xa kuthelekiswa neetekhnoloji zangoku kunye neemeko zoshishino njengesiqhelo.

Dunn, J., Kendall, A., Slattery, M. (2022) Isithuthi sombane se-lithium-ion ibhetri ehlaziyiweyo imigangatho yomxholo we-US - iinjongo, iindleko, kunye neempembelelo zokusingqongileyo. Izibonelelo, uLondolozo kunye nokuRecycling 185, 106488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022. 106488.

Ingxoxo enye ye-DSM kukuphucula inguqu kwi-green, x isixokelelwano sokurisayikilisha.

Miller, KA; Brigden, K; uSantillo, D; Currie, D; Johnston, P; Thompson, KF, Ukucela umngeni kwiSidingo seNdawo enzulu yoMbiwa kwiNdawo yoMba weMetal, iBiodiversity, iiNkonzo zeEcosystem, kunye nokwabelana ngeNzuzo, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.706161

Eli nqaku liphonononga ukungaqiniseki okukhoyo ngokunxulumene nokumbiwa nzulu kolwandle. Ngokukodwa, sinika imbono: (1) iingxoxo zokuba ukumbiwa nzulu elwandle kuyafuneka ukubonelela ngezimbiwa zotshintsho lwamandla ohlaza, kusetyenziswa ushishino lwebhetri yemoto yombane njengomzekeliso; (2) imingcipheko kwizinto ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo, umsebenzi we-ikhosistim kunye neenkonzo ze-ikhosistim ezinxulumeneyo; kunye (3) nokungabikho kokwabelana ngenzuzo ngokulinganayo kuluntu lwehlabathi ngoku nakwizizukulwana ezizayo.

Iphulo le-Deep Sea Mining (2021) iNgcebiso yabaninizabelo: Indibaniselwano yeshishini elicetywayo phakathi kwe-Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition Corporation kunye ne-DeepGreen. (http://www.deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org/ wp-content/uploads/Advice-to-SOAC-Investors.pdf)

Ukusekwa kweNkampani yeeMetals kwazisa i-Deep Sea Mining Campaign kunye neminye imibutho efana ne-Ocean Foundation, okubangele le ngcebiso yabanini-zabelo malunga nenkampani entsha esekwe kwi-Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition Corporation kunye ne-DeepGreen indibaniselwano. Ingxelo ixoxa ngokungazinzi kwe-DSM, ubume obuqikelelwayo bokumbiwa kwemigodi, amatyala, kunye nemingcipheko enxulumene nokudityaniswa nokufumana.

Yu, H. kunye neLeadbetter, J. (2020, Julayi 16) I-Bacterial Chemolihoautotrophy ngeManganese Oxidation. Indalo. I-DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2468-5 https://scitechdaily.com/microbiologists-discover-bacteria-that-feed-on-metal-ending-a-century-long-search/

Ubungqina obutsha bubonisa ukuba iibhaktheriya ezidla isinyithi kunye nenkunkuma yale bhaktheriya inokubonelela ngengcaciso enye yenani elikhulu leediphozithi zamaminerali kumgangatho wolwandle. Inqaku lixoxa ukuba izifundo ezininzi kufuneka zigqitywe ngaphambi kokuba ulwandle lombiwe.

IManyano yaseYurophu (2020) iSicwangciso sokuSebenza seSetyhula kuQoqosho: Ukwenzela iYurophu ecocekileyo nenokhuphiswano ngakumbi. Udibano lwaseyurophu. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/pdf/circular-economy/new_circular_economy_action_plan. pdf

IManyano yaseYurophu iqhubela phambili ekuphumezeni uqoqosho olujikelezayo. Le ngxelo ibonelela ngengxelo yenkqubela phambili kunye neengcinga zokudala isakhelo somgaqo-nkqubo wemveliso ezinzileyo, sigxininise amakhonkco exabiso lemveliso engundoqo, ukusebenzisa inkunkuma encinane kunye nokwandisa ixabiso, kunye nokwandisa ukusetyenziswa koqoqosho olujikelezayo kumntu wonke.

Buyela phezulu

---

7. Inkxaso-mali, iiNgqwalasela zeESG, kunye neeNkathazo zokuHlaza

INyathelo lezeMali leNkqubo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo (2022) Izitsalulo zaseLwandle eziNcincisayo: Ukuqonda imingcipheko kunye neempembelelo zokuxhasa ngemali amashishini atsalwayo angahlaziyekiyo. eGeneva. https://www.unepfi.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Harmful-Marine-Extractives-Deep-Sea-Mining.pdf

INkqubo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yokusiNgqongileyo (UNEP) ikhuphe le ngxelo ejoliswe kubaphulaphuli kwicandelo lezemali, njengeebhanki, ii-inshorensi, kunye nabatyali-zimali, kwezemali, kwibhayoloji, kunye neminye imingcipheko yokwembiwa kwemigodi enzulu elwandle. Ingxelo kulindeleke ukuba isetyenziswe njengesixhobo kumaziko emali ukwenza izigqibo malunga notyalo-mali lwemigodi enzulu yolwandle. Iqukumbela ngokubonisa ukuba i-DSM ayihambelani kwaye ayikwazi ukulungelelaniswa nenkcazo yoqoqosho oluzinzileyo oluluhlaza.

I-WWF (2022). I-Deep Seabed Mining: Isikhokelo se-WWF samaziko emali. https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/ wwf_briefing_financial_institutions_dsm.pdf

Iyilwe yi-World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), le memo emfutshane ichaza umngcipheko owenziwe yi-DSM kwaye ikhuthaza amaziko emali ukuba aqwalasele kwaye asebenzise imigaqo-nkqubo yokunciphisa umngcipheko wotyalo-mali. Ingxelo icebisa ukuba amaziko emali kufuneka azibophelele esidlangalaleni ukuba angatyali mali kwiinkampani zemigodi ye-DSM, asebenzisane necandelo, abatyali-mali, kunye neenkampani ezingezizo ezemigodi ezinokuvakalisa umnqweno wokusebenzisa izimbiwa ukuthintela i-DSM. Le ngxelo iphinda idwelise iinkampani, imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, kunye namaziko emali athe, ngokwengxelo, atyikitye isithintelo kunye/okanye enze umgaqo-nkqubo wokukhuphela ngaphandle i-DSM kwiipotfoliyo zabo.

Inyathelo lezeMali leNkqubo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo (2022) Izitsalulo zaseLwandle ezinobungozi: Ukuqonda imingcipheko kunye neempembelelo zokuxhasa ngemali amashishini adizayo angahlaziyekiyo. eGeneva. https://www.unepfi.org/publications/harmful-marine-extractives-deep-sea-mining/;/;

Uhlalutyo lweempembelelo zentlalo nezokusingqongileyo kutyalo-mali kunye namaziko enkxaso-mali kunye nomngcipheko we-DSM ewubekayo kubatyali-mali. Isishwankathelo sigxile ekuphuhliseni okunokwenzeka, ukusebenza, kunye nokuvalwa kwe-DSM kwaye iqukumbela ngeengcebiso zokutshintshela kwenye indawo ezinzileyo, ebonisa ukuba akukho ndlela yokumisela ngokufanelekileyo eli shishini ngenxa yokusilela kwingqiniseko yesayensi.

Bonitas Research, (2021, Okthobha 6) TMC the metals co. https://www.bonitasresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2021/10/ BonitasResearch-Short-TMCthemetalsco-Nasdaq-TMC-Oct-6-2021.pdf?nocookies=yes

Uphando kwiNkampani yeeMetals kunye nokusebenzelana kwayo kwangaphambili nasemva kokungena kwimarike yemasheya njengenkampani yoluntu. Olu xwebhu lucebisa ukuba i-TMC ibonelele ngentlawulo engaphezulu kubangaphakathi abangachazwanga beTonga Offshore Mining Limited (TOML), ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okungeyomfuneko kweendleko zokuhlola, ezisebenza ngelayisenisi esemthethweni ethandabuzekayo ye-TOML.

UBryant, C. (2021, Septemba 13). I-500 yezigidi zeedola ze-SPAC Imali Ephela Phantsi Kolwandle. IBloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/ 2021-09-13/tmc-500-million-cash-shortfall-is-tale-of-spac-disappointment-greenwashing?leadSource=uverify%20wall

Ukulandela i-stock market debut ye-DeepGreen kunye ne-Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition fusion, ukudala ukurhweba esidlangalaleni Inkampani ye-Metals, inkampani yafumana inkxalabo yangethuba kubatyali-mali abaye barhoxisa inkxaso yabo yezemali.

Izikali, H., Steeds, O. (2021, Juni 1). Bamba iSiqendu sethu se-Drift 10: Imigodi yolwandle olunzulu. Nekton Mission Podcast. https://catchourdrift.org/episode10 deepseamining/

Isiqephu se-podcast semizuzu engama-50 kunye neendwendwe ezikhethekileyo uDkt Diva Amon ukuba axoxe ngempembelelo yokusingqongileyo yemigodi enzulu yolwandle, kunye noGerrard Barron, uSihlalo kunye ne-CEO yeNkampani yeeMetals.

Singh, P. (2021, May).I-Deep Seabed Mining kunye neNjongo yoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo 14, W. Leal Filho et al. (eds.), Ubomi ngaphantsi kwamanzi, Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71064-8_135-1

Uphononongo ekudibaneni komgodi onzulu wolwandle kunye neNjongo yoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo 14, uBomi ngaphantsi kwamanzi. Umbhali ubonisa imfuneko yokulungelelanisa i-DSM kunye neNjongo yoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo lwe-UN, ngakumbi iNjongo ye-14, ukwabelana ngokuba "ukumbiwa kwemigodi enzulu elwandle kunokuphelisa ngakumbi imisebenzi yemigodi yomhlaba, okukhokelela kwiziphumo ezibi ezenzeka ngaxeshanye emhlabeni naselwandle." (iphepha 10).

I-BBVA (2020) Isakhelo sokusiNgqongileyo kunye neNtlalo. https://shareholdersandinvestors.bbva.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Environmental-and-Social-Framework-_-Dec.2020-140121.pdf.

I-BBVA's Environmental and Social Framework ijolise ukwabelana ngemigangatho kunye nezikhokelo zotyalo-mali ngaphakathi kwemigodi, ushishino lwezolimo, amandla, iziseko zophuhliso, kunye namacandelo okhuselo kunye nabaxumi abathatha inxaxheba kwiibhanki ze-BBVA kunye nenkqubo yotyalo-mali. Phakathi kweeprojekthi zokwembiwa kwemigodi ezithintelweyo, i-BBVA idwelisa imigodi ephantsi kolwandle, ebonisa ukungavumi ngokubanzi ukuxhasa abathengi ngemali okanye iiprojekthi ezinomdla kwi-DSM.

Levin, LA, Amon, DJ, kunye noLily, H. (2020) ., Imingeni ekuzinzeni kwemigodi enzulu yolwandle. Nat. Zixhase. 3, 784–794. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0558-x

Uphononongo lophando lwangoku kwimigodi enzulu yolwandle kumxholo wophuhliso oluzinzileyo. Ababhali baxoxa ngenkuthazo yemigodi enzulu yolwandle, ukuchaphazeleka kozinzo, iinkxalabo zomthetho kunye neengqwalasela, kunye neenqobo zokuziphatha. Inqaku liphela kunye nababhali ekuxhaseni uqoqosho olujikelezayo ukuphepha ukumbiwa kwemigodi enzulu yolwandle.

Buyela phezulu

---

8. IiNgqwalasela zokuTyala kunye neMbuyekezo

Proelss, A., Steenkamp, ​​RC (2023). Uxanduva Phantsi kweCandelo XI UNCLOS (Deep Seabed Mining). Ku: Gailhofer, P., Krebs, D., Proelss, A., Schmalenbach, K., Verheyen, R. (eds) Uxanduva lweNkampani yokuNxwema kwiNdawo eNxweme. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13264-3_13

Isahluko sencwadi sikaNovemba ka-2022 esafumanisa ukuba, "[g]izicelo kumthetho wasekhaya wangoku zinokubandakanya ukungathotyelwa kwe [UNCLOS] iSiqendu 235, esibandakanya ukusilela kwezibophelelo zeNkulumbuso zenkuthalo kwaye unakho ukubhengeza iLizwe kubutyala. ” Oku kufanelekileyo kuba bekukade kwaqinisekiswa ukuba ukwenza nje umthetho wasekhaya olawula i-DSM kwiNgingqi kunokukhusela amazwe axhasayo. 

Ezinye iingcebiso zibandakanya inqaku Uxanduva kunye neLityala lomonakalo ovela kwiMisebenzi kwiNdawo: I-Attribution of Liabilty, nayo nguTara Davenport: https://www.cigionline.org/publications/ responsibility-and-liability-damage-arising-out-activities-area-attribution-liability/

Craik, N. (2023). Ukumisela uMgangatho weTyala lokuNzakala kokuSingqongileyo ukusuka kwiMisebenzi yeMigodi ye-Deep Seabed, p. 5 https://www.cigionline.org/publications/ determining-standard-liability-environmental-harm-deep-seabed-mining-activities/

Imiba yeLiability yeprojekthi ye-Deep Seabed Mining yaphuhliswa yiZiko le-International Governance Innovation (CIGI), i-Secretariat ye-Commonwealth kunye ne-Secretariat ye-International Seabed Authority (ISA) ukuncedisa ekucaciseni imiba yomthetho yoxanduva kunye noxanduva oluxhasa uphuhliso lokuxhaphaza. imimiselo yobunzulu bolwandle. I-CIGI, ngokubambisana ne-ISA Secretariat kunye ne-Commonwealth Secretariat, kwi-2017, yamema iingcali zomthetho ezihamba phambili ukuba zenze iQela eliSebenzayo lezoMthetho malunga noButyala kwiNdawo yoBume beNdawo kwiMisebenzi kwiNdawo (LWG) ukuxoxa ngoxanduva olunxulumene nomonakalo wokusingqongileyo, ngenjongo. yokubonelela iKomishoni yoMthetho nobuGcisa, kunye namalungu e-ISA ngovavanyo olunzulu lwemiba enokubakho yezomthetho kunye neendlela.

Mackenzie, R. (2019, ngoFebruwari 28). Uxanduva loMthetho lokuNzakala kokusiNgqongileyo ukusuka kwiMisebenzi yeMigodi ye-Deep Seabed: Ukuchaza ukonakala kokuSingqongileyo. CIGI. https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/

Imiba yeLiability ye-Deep Seabed Mining iqulethe i-synthesis kunye nomboniso, kunye nohlalutyo lwesihloko esisixhenxe esinzulu. Le projekthi yaphuhliswa liZiko le-International Governance Innovation (CIGI), i-Secretariat ye-Commonwealth kunye ne-Secretariat ye-International Seabed Authority (ISA) ukuncedisa ekucaciseni imiba esemthethweni yoxanduva kunye noxanduva oluxhasa uphuhliso lwemimiselo yokusetyenziswa kwindawo enzulu yolwandle. I-CIGI, ngokubambisana ne-ISA Secretariat kunye ne-Commonwealth Secretariat, kwi-2017, yamema iingcali zomthetho ezikhokelayo ukuba zenze iQela eliSebenzayo lezoMthetho malunga noButyala boButyala beNdawo kwiMisebenzi kwiNdawo ukuxoxa ngoxanduva olunxulumene nomonakalo wokusingqongileyo, ngenjongo yokubonelela IKomishoni yoMthetho nobuGcisa, kunye namalungu e-ISA ngovavanyo olunzulu lwemiba enokubakho yezomthetho kunye neendlela.") 

Ukufumana ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga neMiba ye-Liability enxulumene ne-Deep Seabed Mining, nceda ubone i-Centre for International Governance Innovation's (CIGI) uchungechunge olunesihloko esithi: Imiba ye-Liability ye-Deep Seabed Mining Series, enokufikelela kuyo: https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/

Davenport, T. (2019, February 7). Uxanduva kunye noButyala bomonakalo ovela kwiMisebenzi kwiNdawo: Abanokubakho abaTyeleli kunye neFora enokwenzeka. CIGI. https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/

Eli phepha liphonononga imiba eyahlukahlukeneyo enxulumene nokuchonga abamangali abanomdla owaneleyo wezomthetho ukuzisa ibango lomonakalo ovela kwimisebenzi kwindawo engaphaya kolawulo lwesizwe (ukuma) nokuba ngaba abo babangayo banokufikelela kwiforum yokusombulula iingxabano ukugweba amabango anjalo. , nokuba yinkundla yamazwe ngamazwe, inkundla okanye iinkundla zelizwe (ukufikelela). Eli phepha lixoxa ngelithi owona mceli mngeni mkhulu kumxholo wemigodi enzulu yolwandle kukuba umonakalo unokuchaphazela zombini umdla womntu ngamnye kunye noluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe, ukwenza ukumisela ukuba ngowuphi umlingisi onomsebenzi onzima.

I-Seabed i-Chamber ye-ITLOS, uXanduva kunye neziBonelelo zaMazwe aBantu abaXhasa ngeMali kunye namaQumrhu ngokuPhatha kwiMisebenzi kwiNdawo (2011), iNgcebiso yeeNgcebiso, iNombolo ye-17 (uluvo lweNgcebiso ye-SDC ngo-2011) https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents /cases/case_no_17/17_adv_op_010211_en.pdf

Uluvo olusoloko lucatshulwa noluyimbali oluvumelanayo oluvela kwiNkundla yaMazwe ngaMazwe yoMthetho weSeabed Diputes Chamber, echaza amalungelo noxanduva lokuxhasa amazwe ngemali. Olu luvo lweyona migangatho iphezulu yenkuthalo ebandakanya isibophelelo somthetho sokusebenzisa isilumkiso, ezona ndlela zilungileyo zokusingqongileyo, kunye ne-EIA. Okubalulekileyo, ilawula ukuba amazwe asaphuhlayo anezibophelelo ezifanayo malunga nokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo njengamazwe aphuhlileyo ukunqanda ukuthengwa kweeforum okanye iimeko “zeflegi yoncedo”.

Buyela phezulu

---

9. Ukwembiwa kweSeabed kunye neLifa leMveli leNkcubeko engaphantsi kwamanzi

Ukusebenzisa i-lens ye-biocultural ukwakha i-pilina (Ubudlelwane) kwi-kai lipo (I-ecosystems yolwandle olunzulu) | I-Ofisi yeeNdawo zeSizwe zaseLwandle. (2022). Ibuyiselwe ngoMatshi 13, 2023, ukusuka https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/education/ teachers/utilizing-a-biocultural-lens-to-build-to-the-kai-lipo.html

I-webinar kaHōkūokahalelani Pihana, uKainalu Steward, kunye noJ. Hauʻoli Lorenzo-Elarco njengenxalenye ye-US National Marine Sanctuary Foundation series kwiPapahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. Olu ngcelele lujolise ekuqaqambiseni isidingo sokwandisa inxaxheba yaBantu boMthonyama kwinzululwazi yolwandle, iSTEAM (iSayensi, iTekhnoloji, ubuNjineli, ubugcisa, kunye nezibalo), kunye nemisebenzi kula macandelo. Izithethi zixoxa ngemephu yolwandle kunye neprojekthi yokuhlola ngaphakathi kweMonument kunye neJohnston Atoll apho abemi bomthonyama baseHawaii bathatha inxaxheba njengabaqeqeshwayo.

Tilot, V., Willaert, K., Guilloux, B., Chen, W., Mulalap, CY, Gaulme, F., Bambridge, T., Peters, K., kunye noDahl, A. (2021). 'Imilinganiselo yesiNtu yoLawulo lweziBonelelo zeSeabed kuMxholo woMmbiwa weNdawo eNzulu yoLwandle kwiPasifiki: Ukufunda kwiNdibaniselwano yeNtlalo nendalo phakathi koluntu lwaseSiqithini kunye nommandla woLwandle', Ngaphambili. Mar, Sci. 8: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.637938/full

Uphononongo lwezenzululwazi lweendawo zokuhlala zaselwandle kunye nelifa lemveli lenkcubeko elingaphantsi kwamanzi elaziwayo kwiZiqithi zePasifiki elilindeleke ukuba lichatshazelwe yiDSM. Olu phononongo lukhatshwa luhlalutyo lwezomthetho lwemigaqo-nkqubo yangoku yomthetho ukumisela ezona ndlela zilungileyo zokugcina nokukhusela i-ikhosistim kwiimpembelelo ze-DSM.

UJeffery, B., McKinnon, JF kunye noVan Tilburg, H. (2021). Ilifa lenkcubeko elingaphantsi kwamanzi kwiPasifiki: Imixholo kunye nezalathiso zexesha elizayo. Ijenali yeHlabathi yeZifundo zeAsia Pacific 17 (2): 135–168: https://doi.org/10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.6

Eli nqaku lichonga ilifa lenkcubeko elingaphantsi kwamanzi elibekwe ngaphakathi kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki kwiindidi zelifa lemveli lenkcubeko yeMveli, urhwebo lwaseManila Galleon, kunye nezinto zakudala ezivela kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiBini. Ingxoxo yezi ndidi zintathu ityhila udidi olubanzi lwexesha kunye nesithuba se-UCH kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki.

Turner, PJ, Cannon, S., DeLand, S., Delgado, JP, Eltis, D., Halpin, PN, Kanu, MI, Sussman, CS, Varmer, O., & Van Dover, CL (2020). Ukukhumbula uMda oPhakathi kulwandle lweAtlantiki kwiiNdawo eziNgaphaya koMmandla weSizwe. Umgaqo-nkqubo waseLwandle, 122, 104254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104254

Ukuxhasa ukuqatshelwa kunye nobulungisa kwi-International Decade yaBantu be-African Descent (2015-2024), abaphandi bafuna iindlela zokukhumbula kunye nokuhlonipha abo baye bafumana enye yeehambo ze-40,000 ukusuka e-Afrika ukuya eMelika njengamakhoboka. Uphononongo lwemithombo yezimbiwa kumhlaba wolwandle (“iNdawo”) kwi-Atlantic Basin sele luqhuba, lulawulwa nguGunyaziwe woLwandle lweHlabathi (i-ISA). NgeNgqungquthela yeZizwe eziManyeneyo Umthetho woLwandle (I-UNCLOS), amaZwe angamaLungu e-ISA anomsebenzi wokukhusela izinto ze-archaeological kunye nembali yendalo efumaneka kwiNdawo. Izinto ezinjalo zinokuba yimizekelo ebalulekileyo yelifa lenkcubeko yangaphantsi kwamanzi kwaye inokudityaniswa ilifa lenkcubeko engaphathekiyo, njengoko kungqinwa ngamakhonkco enkolo, izithethe zenkcubeko, ubugcisa kunye noncwadi. Imibongo yangoku, umculo, ubugcisa, kunye noncwadi ludlulisa ukubaluleka kolwandle lweAtlantiki kwinkumbulo yenkcubeko yaseAfrika, kodwa eli lifa lenkcubeko ayikavunywa ngokusesikweni yi-ISA. Ababhali bacebisa ukuba kwenziwe isikhumbuzo seendlela ezithathwe ziinqanawa njengelifa lenkcubeko yehlabathi. Ezi ndlela zidlula kwimimandla yolwandlekazi lwe-Atlantiki apho kukho umdla kwimigodi enzulu yolwandle. Ababhali batusa ukuqaphela iPhaseji ePhakathi ngaphambi kokuvumela i-DSM kunye nokuxhaphazwa kwamaminerali ukuba kwenzeke.

Evans, A no Keith, M. (2011, December). Ukuqwalaselwa kweeNdawo ze-Archaeological kwiMisebenzi yoKwemba i-oyile negesi. http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/ MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/Amanda%20M. %20Evans_Paper_01.pdf

EUnited States, iGulf of Mexico, i-oyile kunye ne-gas industry operators ifunwa yi-Bureau ye-Ocean Energy Management ukubonelela ngovavanyo lwezinto zakudala zezinto ezinokuthi zibe khona kwindawo yabo yeprojekthi njengemeko yenkqubo yesicelo semvume. Ngelixa olu xwebhu lugxile ekuhlolisweni kweoli negesi, olu xwebhu lunokusebenza njengesakhelo seemvume.

UBingham, B., Foley, B., Singh, H., kunye noCamilli, R. (2010, Novemba). Izixhobo zeRobhothi ze-Archaeology yamanzi anzulu: Ukuphonononga iNqanawa laMandulo kunye neThuthi engaphantsi kwamanzi eZimeleyo. Journal of Field Robotics DOI: 10.1002 / rob.20359. PDF.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezithuthi ezizimeleyo eziphantsi kwamanzi (AUV) zibuchwephesha obungundoqo obusetyenziselwa ukuchonga nokufunda iindawo zelifa lemveli lenkcubeko eziphantsi kwamanzi njengoko kuboniswe ngempumelelo luvavanyo lwesiza saseChios kuLwandle lweAegean. Oku kubonisa amandla obuchwepheshe be-AUV okufuneka busetyenziswe kuphando olwenziwe ziinkampani zeDSM ukunceda ukuchonga iindawo ezibalulekileyo ngokwembali nakwinkcubeko. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba le teknoloji ayisetyenziswanga kwintsimi ye-DSM ngoko kukho amandla anamandla okuba ezi ndawo zitshatyalaliswe ngaphambi kokuba zifunyenwe.

Buyela phezulu

---

10. ILayisensi yeNtlalo (iMinxeba yokuMiswa, isiThintelo sikaRhulumente, kunye neNgxelo yeMveli)

Kaikkonen, L., & Virtanen, EA (2022). Ukwembiwa kwamanzi angekho nzulu kujongela phantsi iinjongo zozinzo lwehlabathi. Iindlela eziqhubekayo kwi-Ecology kunye ne-Evolution, 37(11), 931-934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2022.08.001

Imithombo yezimbiwa engaselunxwemeni iyakhuthazwa njengokhetho oluzinzileyo lokuhlangabezana neemfuno ezandayo zesinyithi. Nangona kunjalo, imigodi yamanzi angekho nzulu iyaphikisana neenjongo zamazwe ngamazwe zolondolozo nozinzo kwaye umthetho olawulayo usaphuhliswa. Ngelixa eli nqaku lithetha ngokumbiwa kwamanzi angekho nzulu, ingxoxo yokuba akukho zizathu ezithethelela ukumbiwa kwamanzi angekho nzulu ingasetyenziswa kulwandle olunzulu, ngakumbi malunga nokunqongophala kothelekiso lweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokumbiwa kwemigodi.

Hamley, GJ (2022). Iimpembelelo zokumbiwa kolwandle kwiNdawo kwilungelo loluntu kwimpilo. Uphononongo loMthetho weYurophu, uthelekiso kunye noMthetho wokusiNgqongileyo waMazwe ngaMazwe, I-31 (3), 389-398. https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12471

Olu hlalutyo lomthetho lubonisa imfuneko yokuqwalasela impilo yomntu kwiingxoxo ezijikeleze imigodi enzulu yolwandle. Umbhali uphawula ukuba ininzi yeengxoxo kwi-DSM igxininise kwimiphumo yezemali kunye nokusingqongileyo kwesenzo, kodwa ukuba impilo yomntu iye yabonakala ingekho. Njengoko kwaxoxwa kweli phepha, “ilungelo lomntu kwimpilo, lixhomekeke kwizinto eziphilayo zaselwandle. Ngokwesi siseko, iMibuso iphantsi kwepakethe yezibophelelo phantsi kwelungelo lempilo malunga nokhuseleko lwezityalo nezilwanyana zaselwandle… ilungelo lempilo.” Umbhali unikezela ngeengcebiso malunga neendlela zokubandakanya impilo yoluntu kunye namalungelo oluntu kwiincoko malunga nokumbiwa kolwandle olunzulu e-ISA.

Umanyano loLondolozo loLwandle oluNzulu. (2020). I-Deep-sea Mining: iPhepha leNzululwazi kunye neeMpembelelo ezinokubakho 2. Imanyano yoLondolozo lwe-Deep Sea. http://www.deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org/ wp-content/uploads/02_DSCC_FactSheet2_DSM_ science_4pp_web.pdf

Ukunqunyanyiswa kwemigodi enzulu elwandle kubalulekile xa kujongwa iinkxalabo malunga nokuba sesichengeni kwenkqubo yendalo enzulu yolwandle, ukunqongophala kolwazi malunga neziphumo zexesha elide, kunye nesikali semisebenzi yemigodi kwinzulwini yolwandle. Iphetshana leenyani ezine lamaphepha liquka izoyikiso zokusingqongileyo zemigodi enzulu-nzulu yolwandle kumathafa abiyelweyo, iintaba zolwandle, kunye neendawo zokukhupha amanzi.

Mengerink, KJ, et al., (2014, May 16). Ikhwelo lobuNkokheli obunzulu boLwandlekazi. IForam yoMgaqo-nkqubo, iiLwandle. AAAS. Inzululwazi, uMqulu. 344. IPDF.

Ubunzulu bolwandle sele busongelwa kwinani lemisebenzi ye-anthropogenic kwaye ukumbiwa kolwandle sesinye isoyikiso esibalulekileyo esinokumiswa. Yiyo ke loo nto ingqokelela yeengcali zenzululwazi zaselwandle zenze isibhengezo esidlangalaleni sokubiza ubugosa bolwandle olunzulu.

Levin, LA, Amon, DJ, kunye noLily, H. (2020) ., Imingeni ekuzinzeni kwemigodi enzulu yolwandle. Nat. Zixhase. 3, 784–794. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0558-x

I-Ocean Foundation incoma ukuphonononga iibhili zomthetho zangoku, ezibandakanya i-California Seabed Mining Prevention Act, iWashington's Ngokubhekiselele ekukhuselweni kwemigodi yolwandle yezimbiwa ezinzima, kunye ne-Oregon's Prohibited izivumelwano zokuhlola izimbiwa ezinzima. Oku kunokunceda ukukhokela abanye ekuwiseni umthetho wokucutha umonakalo obangelwe kukugrunjwa kolwandle kuqaqambisa iindawo ezingundoqo zokuba imigodi yaselwandle ayihambelani nomdla woluntu.

• California - https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/ billCompareClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB1832& showamends=false
• Washington - https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?BillNumber=5145&Initiative=false &Year=2021
• Oregon - https://oregon.public.law/statutes/ors_ 274.610

i-Deepsea Conservation Coalition. (2022). Ukuchasana neMigodi yoLwandle olunzulu: oorhulumente kunye namaPalamente. https://www.savethehighseas.org/voices-calling-for-a-moratorium-governments-and-parliamentarians/

Ukusukela ngoDisemba ka-2022, amazwe ali-12 athathe amanyathelo ngokuchasene ne-Deep Seabed Mining. Amazwe amane enze umanyano lokuxhasa ukumiswa kwe-DSM (iPalau, iFiji, iFederated States of Micronesia, kunye neSamoa, amazwe amabini athi axhasa ukumiswa (iNew Zealand kunye nendibano yaseFrench Polynesia. Amazwe amathandathu axhase ukunqumama (eJamani, ICosta Rica, iChile, iSpain, iPanama, kunye ne-Ecuador), ngelixa iFransi ithethelele ukuvalwa.

i-Deepsea Conservation Coalition. (2022). Ukuchasana neMigodi yoLwandle olunzulu: oorhulumente kunye namaPalamente. https://www.savethehighseas.org/voices-calling-for-a-moratorium-fishing-sector/

I-Deepsea Conservation Coalition iqulunqe uluhlu lwamaqela kushishino lokuloba efuna ukumiswa kwe-DSM. Ezi ziquka: iManyano yase-Afrika yeMibutho yobuGcisa yokuLoba, amaBhunga aCebisayo e-EU, iSiseko sePole kunye neMizila yaMazwe ngaMazwe, iNorwegian Fisheries Association, iSouth African Tuna Association, kunye noMbutho waseMzantsi Afrika weHake Long Line.

Thaler, A. (2021, April 15). Iimveliso ezinkulu zithi Hayi kwiMigodi enzulu yolwandle, okwangoku. Umbukeli weDSM. https://dsmobserver.com/2021/04/major-brands-say-no-to-deep-sea-mining-for-the-moment/

Ngo-2021, uninzi lwetekhnoloji enkulu kunye neenkampani zeemoto zenza ingxelo yokuba ziyayixhasa i-DSM yokumiswa okwangoku. Ezi nkampani zibandakanya uGoogle, BMW< Volvo, kunye neSamsung SDI zonke zityikitye iWorld Wide Fund For Nature's Global Deep-sea Mining Moratorium Campaign. Ngelixa izizathu ezicacileyo zokuncwina zahlukene kwaye kwaphawulwa ukuba ezi nkampani zinokujongana nemingeni kwimeko yazo yokuzinza, ngenxa yokuba izimbiwa zolwandle ezinzulu aziyi kuyicombulula ingxaki yeziphumo ezinobungozi zokumbiwa kwemigodi kwaye ukumbiwa kwemigodi elwandle bekungenakwenzeka ukunciphisa imiba eyayanyaniswa noku. imigodi yasemhlabeni.

Iinkampani ziqhubekile nokusayina kwiPhulo, kubandakanya iPatagonia, iScania, kunye neTriodos Bank, ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluthe kratya. https://sevenseasmedia.org/major-companies-are-pledging-against-deep-sea-mining/.

Urhulumente waseGuam (2021). I MINA'TRENTAI SAIS NA LIHESLATURAN GUÅHAN IZIGQIBO. INdlu yoWiso-mthetho yaseGuam yama-36 – iMithetho yoLuntu. (2021). ukusuka https://www.guamlegislature.com/36th_Guam _Legislature/COR_Res_36th/Res.%20No.% 20210-36%20(COR).pdf

I-Guam ibe yinkokeli yotyhalo lokurhoxiswa kwemigodi kwaye yakhuthaza urhulumente wase-US ukuba awise umthetho wokurhoxiswa kwindawo yabo yezoQoqosho oluKhethekileyo, kunye neGunya leZizwe ngeZizwe le-Seabed ukuba limisele ukumiswa kulwandle olunzulu.

Oberle, B. (2023, Matshi 6). Ileta evulelekile yoMlawuli Jikelele we-IUCN eya kuMalungu e-ISA malunga nokwembiwa kwemigodi enzulu elwandle. IUCN DG Statement. https://www.iucn.org/dg-statement/202303/iucn-director-generals-open-letter-isa-members-deep-sea-mining

Kwi-2021 IUCN Congress eMarseille, Amalungu e-IUCN avotele ukuba amkele Isisombululo 122 ibiza ukumiswa kombiwa kwemigodi enzulu elwandle ngaphandle kokuba kwaye kude kube kuqondwa kakuhle imingcipheko, uvavanyo olungqongqo noluselubala lwenziwa, umgaqo ohlawula umngcolisi uyaphunyezwa, oqinisekisa ukuba kuthathwa indlela yoqoqosho olujikelezayo, uluntu luyabandakanyeka, kunye nesiqinisekiso sokuba ulawulo ye-DSM iselubala, inoxanduva, iyabandakanya, iyasebenza, kwaye inoxanduva lokusingqongileyo. Esi sigqibo siphinde saqinisekiswa kwileta yoMlawuli Jikelele we-IUCN, uGqr Bruno Oberle ukuba inikezelwe kwintlanganiso ye-March 2023 International Seabed Authority eyayibanjelwe eJamaica.

Umanyano lwe-Deep Sea Conservation (2021, Novemba 29). Ubunzulu Kakhulu: Iindleko eziyiNyaniso zokumbiwa kweNzululwazi yoLwandle oluNzulu. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OuUjDkcINOE

Buyela phezulu | BUYELA KUPHANDO