Isiqulatho

1. intshayelelo
2. Imvelaphi ngamaLungelo oLuntu kunye noLwandle
3. Imithetho kunye neMithetho
4. IUU yokuLoba kunye namaLungelo oLuntu
5. IziKhokelo zokuSetyenziswa kokutya kwaselwandle
6. Ukufuduswa kunye nokuVinjwa
7. Ulawulo loLwandle
8. Ukwaphulwa kwenqanawa kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwamaLungelo oLuntu
9. Izisombululo ezicetywayo

1. intshayelelo

Ngelishwa, ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu akwenzeki emhlabeni kuphela kodwa naselwandle. Ukurhweba ngabantu, urhwaphilizo, ukuxhaphaza, kunye nolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho olungekho mthethweni, kudityaniswa nokungabikho kwamapolisa kunye nokunyanzeliswa ngokufanelekileyo kwemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe, yinyaniso ebuhlungu yezenzo ezininzi zaselwandle. Obu bukho bukhulayo bokunyhashwa kwamalungelo abantu elwandle kunye nempatho-mbi ethe ngqo nengathanga ngqo yolwandle iyahamba kunye. Enoba kukuloba ngokungekho mthethweni okanye ukubaleka ngenkani kwamazwe akwiziqithi ezisemazantsi ukusuka ukuphakama kolwandle, ulwandle luzele lulwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukusetyenziswa kwethu kakubi kwemithombo yolwandle kunye nokwanda kwemveliso yokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kuye kwandise ubukho bemisebenzi yolwandle engekho mthethweni. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu okubangelwa ngabantu kuye kwabangela ukuba amaqondo obushushu olwandle afudumale, ukunyuka kolwandle, kwanezaqhwithi, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba abantu abahlala ngaselunxwemeni bawashiye amakhaya abo baze bafune iindlela zokuphila kwezinye iindawo ngoncedo oluncinane lwemali okanye lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ukuloba ngokugqithisileyo, njengempendulo kwimfuno ekhulayo yokutya kwaselwandle okunexabiso eliphantsi, kuye kwanyanzela abalobi basekuhlaleni ukuba bahambe umgama omde ukuze bafumane iintlanzi ezinokufumaneka okanye bakhwele iinqanawa zokuloba ezingekho mthethweni befumana umvuzo omncinane okanye bangahlawulwa kwaphela.

Ukungabikho kokunyanzeliswa, ukulawulwa, kunye nokubeka iliso kulwandle akungomxholo omtsha. Ibe ngumceli mngeni othe gqolo kwimibutho yamazwe ngamazwe ebambe uxanduva lokuhlola ulwandle. Ukongezelela, oorhulumente basaqhubeka bengayinanzi imbopheleleko yokuthintela ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo baze banikele inkxaso kula mazwe abhangayo.

Inyathelo lokuqala ekufumaneni isisombululo kwintabalala yokuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo oluntu elwandle kukwazisa. Apha siye saqulunqa ezinye zezona zixhobo ezifanelekileyo zihambelana nesihloko samalungelo oluntu kunye nolwandle.

INtetho Yethu ngoMsebenzi oNyanzelwayo kunye nokuThenjiswa koLuntu kwiCandelo lezokuLoba

Kangangeminyaka, abantu baselwandle baye baqonda ngakumbi ukuba abalobi bahlala besesichengeni sokuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo abantu kwiinqanawa zokuloba. Abasebenzi banyanzelwa ukuba benze umsebenzi onzima kwaye ngamanye amaxesha onobungozi iiyure ezinde befumana umvuzo ophantsi kakhulu, besongelwa ngokunyanzelwa okanye ngokubotshwa ngamatyala, okukhokelela ekuxhatshazweni ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo kwanokufa. Njengoko ingxelo yoMbutho wezaBasebenzi waMazwe ngaMazwe, amashishini okuloba anelona zinga liphezulu lokufa kwabantu emhlabeni. 

Ngokutsho UMgaqo wokuRhweba we-UN, ukurhweba ngabantu kubandakanya izinto ezintathu:

• ukufunwa kwabantu ngenkohliso okanye ngobuqhophololo;
• lula intshukumo ukuya kwindawo yoxhatshazo; kwaye
• ukuxhatshazwa kwindawo ekusingwa kuyo.

Kwicandelo lezokuloba, ukusebenza ngenkani kunye nokurhweba ngabantu kokubini kunyhasha amalungelo oluntu kwaye kusongela uzinzo lolwandle. Xa kujongwe ukuthungelana kwezi zimbini, indlela eneenkalo ezininzi iyafuneka kwaye iinzame ezigxile kuphela ekulandeleleni ikhonkco lokubonelela azanelanga. Uninzi lwethu eYurophu nase-United States nabo basenokuba ngabafumana ukutya kwaselwandle okubanjwe phantsi kweemeko zokusebenza ngenkani. Uhlalutyo olunye ukutya kwaselwandle kumazwe angaphandle eYurophu nase-US icebisa ukuba xa intlanzi ethengiswa kumazwe angaphandle kunye nelokubanjiswa kweli lizwe zidityanisiwe kwiimarike zasekuhlaleni, umngcipheko wokuthengwa kwezilwanyana zaselwandle ezingcoliswe kukusetyenziswa kobukhoboka bale mihla unyuka malunga nezihlandlo ezisi-8.5, xa kuthelekiswa neentlanzi ezibanjiswe ekhaya.

I-Ocean Foundation iwuxhasa ngamandla uMbutho wezaBasebenzi weZizwe ngezizwe “INkqubo yeGlobal Action echasene nokunyanzeliswa kwabasebenzi kunye nokurhweba ngabalobi elwandle” (GAPfish), equka: 

• Ukuphuhliswa kwezisombululo ezizinzileyo zokuthintela ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu nabasebenzi kubalobi kwiindawo zokugaya nezothutho;
• Ukwandiswa kwamandla amazwe eflegi ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe neyesizwe kwiinqanawa eziphephezelisa iflegi yazo ukuthintela ukusebenza ngenkani;
• Ukunyuka kwamandla ombuso wamazibuko ukujongana nokusabela kwiimeko zokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi wokuloba; kwaye 
• Ukusekwa kwesiseko esinolwazi ngakumbi sabathengi sokunyanzeliswa kwabasebenzi kushishino lokuloba.

Ukuze kungaqhubi ukunyanzeliswa komsebenzi kunye nokurhweba ngabantu kwicandelo lokuloba, i-Ocean Foundation ayiyi kusebenzisana okanye isebenze kunye (1) namaqumrhu anokuthi abe nomngcipheko ophezulu wobukhoboka bale mihla kwimisebenzi yabo, ngokusekelwe kwingcaciso evela kwi-Global Slavery Index. phakathi kweminye imithombo, okanye (2) namaqumrhu angazibophelelekanga eluntwini ekwandiseni ukulandeleka nokungafihli nto kulo lonke unikezelo ngokutya kwaselwandle. 

Nangona kunjalo, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kulo lonke ulwandle kuhlala kunzima. Nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka yakutshanje kusetyenziselwa ubugcisa obutsha ukulandelela iinqanawa kunye nokulwa nokurhweba ngabantu ngeendlela ezintsha. Imisebenzi emininzi kwiilwandle eziphakamileyo ilandela i-1982 UMthetho woLwandle weZizwe eziManyeneyo echaza ngokusemthethweni usetyenziso lweelwandle kunye nolwandle ngenzuzo yomntu ngamnye kunye nenye, ngokukodwa, iseke imimandla yezoqoqosho eyodwa, amalungelo enkululeko yokukhangela, kwaye idale i-International Seabed Authority. Kule minyaka mihlanu idlulileyo, kuye kwakho ukutyhala kwi- Isibhengezo saseGeneva malunga namaLungelo oLuntu eLwandle. Ukusukela nge-26 kaFebruwari^th, 2021 inguqulelo yokugqibela yesiBhengezo iyaphononongwa kwaye iza kunikezelwa kwiinyanga ezizayo.

2. Imvelaphi ngamaLungelo oLuntu kunye noLwandle

Vithani, P. (2020, Disemba 1). Ukujongana nokuNcitshiswa kwamaLungelo oLuntu kubalulekile kuBomi obuZinzileyo eLwandle nasemhlabeni. IForam yezoQoqosho yeHlabathi.  https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/12/how-tackling-human-rights-abuses-is-critical-to-sustainable-life-at-sea-and-on-land/

Ulwandle lukhulu nto leyo eyenza kube nzima kakhulu emapoliseni. Njengoko imisebenzi engekho mthethweni nengekho mthethweni ixhaphakile kwaye uluntu oluninzi kwihlabathi jikelele lubona ifuthe kuqoqosho lwalo lwengingqi kunye neendlela zokuphila zemveli. Lo mbhalo umfutshane ubonelela ngentshayelelo ebalaseleyo ekwinqanaba eliphezulu kwingxaki yokuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo oluntu ekulobeni kwaye icebisa amayeza afana nokunyuka kotyalo-mali kubuchwepheshe, ukwanda kokubekwa kweliso, kunye nemfuno yokujongana neengcambu ze-IUU yokuloba.

ISebe likaRhulumente. (2020). Ingxelo yokurhweba ngabantu. I-Ofisi yeSebe leLizwe lokuBeka iliso kunye nokuLwa ukuRhweba ngabantu. PDF. https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-trafficking-in-persons-report/.

INgxelo yokurhweba ngabantu ngokungekho mthethweni (TIP) yingxelo yonyaka epapashwe liSebe leLizwe lase-United States equka uhlalutyo lokurhweba ngabantu kwilizwe ngalinye, izenzo ezithembisayo zokulwa ukurhweba ngabantu ngokungekho mthethweni, amabali amaxhoba, kunye nemikhwa yangoku. I-TIP ichonge iBurma, iHaiti, iThailand, iTaiwan, iKhambodiya, i-Indonesia, iSouth Korea, iChina njengamazwe ajongene nokurhweba ngabantu ngokungekho mthethweni nokusebenza ngenkani kwicandelo lezokuloba. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ingxelo ye-TIP ka-2020 yachaza iThailand njengeNqanaba lesi-2, nangona kunjalo, amanye amaqela axhasayo aphikisa ngelithi iThailand kufuneka ithotywe kuLuhlu lokuJonga lweSigaba sesi-2 njengoko bengenzanga ngokwaneleyo ukulwa nokurhweba ngabasebenzi abafudukayo.

Urbina, I. (2019, Agasti 20). I-Outlaw Ocean: iiNdwendwe ezinqumla kuMda wokuGqibela ongagungqiyo. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.

Ulwandle likhulu kakhulu kumapolisa anemimandla emikhulu engenagunya licacileyo lamazwe ngamazwe. Uninzi lwale mimandla mikhulu izaliswe lulwaphulo-mthetho oluxhaphakileyo ukusuka kubarhwebi ukuya kubaphangi, abarhwebi ukuya koonogada, abazingeli abangekho mthethweni ukuya kwabo babanjwe ngamakhamandela. Umbhali, uIan Urbina, usebenzela ukutsalela ingqalelo kwiingxwabangxwaba ezikuMzantsi-mpuma Asia, eAfrika nangaphaya. Incwadi ethi Outlaw Ocean isekwe kwingxelo ka-Urbina yeNew York Times, amanqaku akhethiweyo anokufumaneka apha:

1. "IiStowaways kunye noLwaphulo-mthetho kwinqanawa yeScofflaw." The New York TimesNge-17 kaJulayi 2015.
   Isebenza njengombono wehlabathi elichas' umthetho lolwandle oluphezulu, eli nqaku ligxile kwibali labakhweli ababini abakhwele kwinqanawa ye-scofflaws iDona Liberty.
2.  "Ukubulala elwandle: kubanjwe kwividiyo, kodwa ababulali bayakhululeka." The New York Times, 20 Julayi 2015.
   Umzobo wamadoda amane angaxhobanga abulewe kumbindi wolwandle ngezizathu ezingaziwayo.
3. ” ‘Amakhoboka Olwandle:’ Inkxwaleko Yoluntu Ekondla Izilwanyana Zasekhaya Nemfuyo.” The New York Times, 27 Julayi 2015.
   Udliwano-ndlebe lwamadoda abaleke ebukhobokeni ngamaphenyane okuloba. Babalisa ukubetha kwabo kwaye okubi ngakumbi njengoko imanetha iphoswa ukubambisa okuya kuba kukutya kwezilwanyana zasekhaya kunye nokutya kwemfuyo.
4. "I-Renigade Trawler, Izingelwe ii-10,000 leeMayile ngabaVigilantes." The New York Times, 28 Julayi 2015.
   Ibali leentsuku ezili-110 apho amalungu ombutho wendalo esingqongileyo, iSea Shepherd, elandela umlotha odume kakubi ngokuloba ngokungekho mthethweni.
5.  “Uqhathiwe kwaye unetyala emhlabeni, uxhatshaziwe okanye ulahliwe elwandle. ” IThe New York Times, nge-9 kaNovemba ka-2015.
   “Ii-arhente zolawulo” ezingekho mthethweni zikhohlisa abahlali bakwiiPhilippines ngezithembiso zobuxoki zemivuzo ephezulu kwaye zibathumele kwiinqanawa ezidume kakubi ngokhuseleko olubi kunye neerekhodi zabasebenzi.
6. "I-Maritime 'Repo Men': Indawo yokuGqibela yeeNqanawa ezibiweyo." INew York Times, nge-28 kaDisemba 2015.
   Amawaka amaphenyane ayabiwa nyaka ngamnye, yaye amanye afunyanwa kusetyenziswa utywala, oonongogo, amagqirha nezinye iindlela zobuqhophololo.
7. "I-Palau vs. Abazingeli ngokungekho mthethweni." I-New York Times MagazineNgomhla we-17 kuFebruwari 2016.
   I-Paula, ilizwe elikwanti elimalunga nobukhulu bePhiladelphia, linoxanduva lokugada ulwandle olulingana nobukhulu beFransi, kwingingqi ezele ziintlanzi ezinkulu, iinqanawa ezixhaswa ngurhulumente zabazingeli abangekho mthethweni, iminatha eyimayile ubude kunye nabatsali beentlanzi ezidadayo abaziwa ngokuba ziiFADs. . Indlela yabo endlongondlongo inokumisela umgangatho wokunyanzelisa umthetho elwandle.

Tickler, D., Meeuwig, JJ, Bryant, K. okqhubekayo. (2018). Ubukhoboka bale mihla kunye nogqatso lweentlanzi. Nature Communications Vol. 9,4643 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07118-9

Kwiminyaka emininzi edlulileyo kuye kwakho umkhwa wokuncipha kwembuyekezo kushishino lokuloba. Besebenzisa iGlobal Slavery Index (GSI), ababhali baxoxa ukuba amazwe anempatho-gadalala yabasebenzi ebhaliweyo abelana ngamanqanaba aphezulu okuloba kumanzi akude kunye nengxelo yokubambisa kakubi. Ngenxa yokuncipha kwembuyekezo, kukho ubungqina bokusetyenziswa kakubi kwabasebenzi kunye nobukhoboka bale mihla obuxhaphaza abasebenzi ukunciphisa iindleko.

I-Associated Press (2015) i-Associated Press Investigation kuMakhoboka eLwandle kuMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia, uthotho oluneenxalenye ezilishumi. [ifilimu]. https://www.ap.org/explore/seafood-from-slaves/

Uphando lwe-Associated Press 'yayiyeyokuqala kophando olunzulu kushishino lokutya kwaselwandle, e-US nakwamanye amazwe. Kwisithuba seenyanga ezilishumi elinesibhozo, iintatheli ezine ze-Associated Press zalanda umkhondo iinqanawa, zafumana amakhoboka, zaza zachwechwela iilori ezifakwe efrijini ukuze zibhentsise izenzo ezigwenxa zoshishino lokuloba kuMzantsi-mpuma Asia. Uphando luye lwakhokelela ekukhululweni kwamakhoboka angaphezu kwe-2,000 kunye nokusabela ngokukhawuleza kwabathengisi abakhulu kunye norhulumente wase-Indonesia. Iintatheli ezine ziphumelele iMbasa yeGeorge Polk yeNgxelo yaNgaphandle ngoFebruwari 2016 ngomsebenzi wabo. 

Amalungelo oluntu eLwandle. (2014). Amalungelo oluntu eLwandle. eLondon, eUnited Kingdom. https://www.humanrightsatsea.org/

AmaLungelo oLuntu eLwandle (HRAS) avele njengeqonga elizimeleyo lamalungelo oluntu olwandle. Ukusukela ekusungulweni kwayo ngo-2014, i-HRAS iye yamela ngokuqatha ukuphunyezwa kunye noxanduva lokubonelela ngamalungelo oluntu asisiseko phakathi koomatiloshe, abalobi, kunye nezinye iindlela zokuphila ezisekelwe elwandle kwihlabathi jikelele. 

Ngokwentlanzi. (2014, Matshi). ITraficked II – IsiShwankathelo esiHlaziyiweyo sokuGwatywa kwamaLungelo oLuntu kuShishino lokutya kwaselwandle. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/Trafficked_II_FishWise_2014%20%281%29.compressed.pdf

ITraficked II yiFishWise inika isishwankathelo semiba yamalungelo oluntu kwikhonkco lokubonelela ngokutya kwaselwandle kunye nemingeni yokuguqula ishishini. Le ngxelo ingasebenza njengesixhobo sokudibanisa ii-NGO zolondolozo kunye neengcali zamalungelo oluntu.

Treves, T. (2010). Amalungelo oluntu kunye noMthetho woLwandle. Ijenali yeBerkeley yoMthetho waMazwe ngaMazwe. Umqulu 28, iNkupho yoku-1. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/Human%20Rights%20and%20the%20Law%20of%20the%20Sea.pdf

Umbhali uTillio Treves uqwalasela uMthetho weeLwandle ngokwembono yomthetho wamalungelo oluntu omisela ukuba amalungelo oluntu anxulunyaniswa noMthetho woLwandle. I-Treves idlula kumatyala asemthethweni abonelela ngobungqina bokusebenzisana koMthetho woLwandle kunye namalungelo abantu. Liyinqaku elibalulekileyo kwabo bafuna ukuqonda imbali yomthetho emva kokuphulwa kwamalungelo oluntu ngoku njengoko ibeka kwimeko indlela uMthetho weeLwandle owenziwe ngayo.

3. Imithetho kunye neMithetho

IKhomishini yoRhwebo yaMazwe ngaMazwe eMelika. (2021, ngoFebruwari). Ukutya kwaselwandle okuFumaneka ngokuLoba ngokungekho mthethweni, okungaxelwanga, kunye nokungaLawulwanga: Ukuthengwa kwamanye amazwe kwe-US kunye neMpembelelo yezoQoqosho kuShishino lwezoRhwebo lwase-US. I-United States ye-International Trade Commission Publication, iNombolo ye-5168, i-332-575 yoPhando. https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/pub5168.pdf

IKomishini yoRhwebo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe yase-US ifumanise ukuba phantse i-2.4 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zomsebenzi wokungeniswa kwemveliso yaselwandle evela kumazwe angaphandle ithathwe kukuloba kwe-IUU ngo-2019, ikakhulu unonkala wokuqubha, ishrimps ebanjwe zasendle, ityhuna ye-yellowfin, kunye neskwidi. Abona bathengisi baphambili borhwebo lwaselwandle lwe-IUU luphuma e-China, eRashiya, eMexico, eVietnam nase-Indonesia. Le ngxelo ibonelela ngohlalutyo olucokisekileyo lokuloba kwe-IUU kunye nenqaku elithile lokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu kumazwe aphuma kuwo imveliso yaselwandle yase-US. Okuqaphelekayo, ingxelo yafumanisa ukuba i-99% yeenqanawa zaseTshayina ze-DWF e-Afrika zaqikelelwa ukuba ziyimveliso yokuloba kwe-IUU.

Ulawulo lweSizwe loLwandlekazi kunye ne-Atmospheric. (2020). Ingxelo kwiNkongolo yokuThenjiswa koLuntu kwi-Seafood Supply Chain, iCandelo 3563 loMthetho wokuGunyanyiswa koKhuseleko lweSizwe kuNyaka weMali we-2020 (PL 116-92). ISebe lezoRhwebo. https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/2020-12/DOSNOAAReport_HumanTrafficking.pdf?null

Ngaphantsi kolwalathiso lweCongress, i-NOAA yapapasha ingxelo malunga nokurhweba ngabantu kwikhonkco lokubonelela ngokutya kwaselwandle. Ingxelo idwelisa amazwe angama-29 asemngciphekweni omkhulu wokurhweba ngabantu kwicandelo lokutya kwaselwandle. Izindululo zokulwa ukurhweba ngabantu kwicandelo lokuloba ziquka ukufikelela kumazwe adwelisiweyo, ukukhuthaza iinzame zokulandela umkhondo kwihlabathi jikelele kunye namanyathelo amazwe ngamazwe okujongana nokurhweba ngabantu, kunye nokomeleza intsebenziswano kunye noshishino ukujongana nokurhweba ngabantu kwikhonkco lokubonelela ngokutya kwaselwandle.

Uxolo oluluhlaza. (2020). UShishino lweFish: Indlela uThutho eLwandle oluLuququzelela ngayo ukuloba ngokungekho mthethweni, okungaxelwanga, kunye nokungaLawulwayo okutshabalalisa iiLwandle zethu. IGreenpeace International. PDF. https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-international-stateless/2020/02/be13d21a-fishy-business-greenpeace-transhipment-report-2020.pdf

IGreenpeace ichonge iinqanawa ezingama-416 “ezinomngcipheko” ezisebenza kulwandle oluphezulu kwaye ziququzelele ukuloba kwe-IUU ngelixa zijongela phantsi amalungelo abasebenzi abakhweleyo. IGreenpeace isebenzisa idatha evela kwiGlobal Fishing Watch ukubonisa ngokomlinganiselo ukuba iinqanawa zoosolwandle zibandakanyeka njani kurhwebo kunye nokusebenzisa iiflegi ezilula ukuya kulawulo lwesiketi kunye nemigangatho yokhuseleko. Izikhewu eziqhubekayo kulawulo zivumela ubugwenxa kumanzi ezizwe ngezizwe ukuba kuqhubeke. Le ngxelo ithethelela iSivumelwano soLwandle lweHlabathi ukubonelela ngenkqubo ebanzi ngakumbi kulawulo lolwandle.

eOceana. (2019, Juni). Ukuloba ngokungekho mthethweni kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwamaLungelo oLuntu eLwandle: Ukusebenzisa iTekhnoloji ukuze kugxininiswe ukuziphatha okukrokrelayo. 10.31230/osf.io/juh98. PDF.

Ukuloba ngokungekho mthethweni, okungaxelwanga, kunye nokungalawulwayo (IUU) ngumba onzima kulawulo loshishino lokuloba nolondolozo lolwandle. Njengoko ushishino lokuloba lusanda, isitokhwe seentlanzi siyehla njengokuba kunjalo ngokuloba kwi-IUU. Ingxelo ye-Oceana ibandakanya izifundo zezifundo ezintathu, eyokuqala ngokutshona kwe-Oyang 70 kunxweme lwaseNew Zealand, eyesibini kwi-Hung Yu inqanawa yaseTaiwan, neyesithathu inqanawa yempahla efrijiweyo Renown Reefer eyayisebenza kunxweme lwaseSomalia. Xa zizonke ezi zifundo zixhasa iingxoxo zokuba iinkampani ezinembali yokungathobeli, xa zidibene nokugadwa okulambathayo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ebuthathaka yezomthetho yamazwe ngamazwe, zenza ukuba ushishino lokuloba lube sesichengeni sokwenza izinto ezingekho mthethweni.

I-Human Rights Watch. (2018, ngoJanuwari). Amatyathanga afihlakeleyo: Ukuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo kunye nokunyanzelwa kweMisebenzi kuShishino lokuLoba lwaseThailand. PDF.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iThailand ayikathathi manyathelo aneleyo okujongana neengxaki zokuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo oluntu kushishino lokuloba lwaseThailand. Le ngxelo ichaza ukunyanzeliswa komsebenzi, iimeko zokusebenza ezimbi, iinkqubo zokugaya, kunye nemiqathango yengqesho eyingxaki edala iimeko zokuxhatshazwa. Ngelixa izenzo ezininzi ziye zaqaliswa ukususela ekupapashweni kwengxelo ngo-2018, uphononongo luyimfuneko ukuba lufundwe kuye nabani na onomdla wokufunda ngakumbi ngamaLungelo oLuntu kushishino lokuloba lwaseThailand.

Umbutho wamazwe ngamazwe wokufuduka (2017, ngoJanuwari 24). Ingxelo ngoRhwebo loLuntu, uMsebenzi oNyanzelwayo kunye noLwaphulo-mthetho lokuLoba kwiShishini lokuLoba lase-Indonesia. I-IOM Mission eIndonesia. https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/country/docs/indonesia/Human-Trafficking-Forced-Labour-and-Fisheries-Crime-in-the-Indonesian-Fishing-Industry-IOM.pdf

Ummiselo omtsha karhulumente osekelwe kuphando lwe-IOM malunga nokurhweba ngabantu kushishino lokuloba e-Indonesia uya kujongana nokuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo oluntu. Le yingxelo edibeneyo yoMphathiswa weMicimbi yase-Indonesia yeMicimbi yaseLwandle kunye nezokuLoba (i-KKP), i-Indonesia ye-Presidential Task Force yokulwa nokuLoba ngokungekho mthethweni, i-International Organisation for Migration (IOM) yase-Indonesia, kunye neYunivesithi yaseCoventry. Ingxelo icebisa ukupheliswa kokusetyenziswa kweFlegi yokuLula ngokuLoba kunye neMithombo yeNkxaso yokuLoba, ukuphucula ubhaliso lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye neenkqubo zokuchongwa kweenqanawa, ukuphuculwa kweemeko zokusebenza e-Indonesia naseThailand, kunye nokwandisa ulawulo lweenkampani zokuloba ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwamalungelo abantu, ukunyuka kokulandeleka. kunye nokuhlolwa, ukubhaliswa okufanelekileyo kwabafuduki, kunye nemigudu elungelelanisiweyo kwii-arhente ezahlukeneyo.

Braestrup, A., Neumann, J., kunye neGolide, M., Spalding, M. (ed), Middleburg, M. (ed). (2016, ngo-Epreli 6). Amalungelo oluntu kunye noLwandle: Ubukhoboka kunye neShrimp kwiPlate yakho. Iphepha leNgcaciso yoMgaqo-nkqubo. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/SlaveryandtheShrimponYourPlate1.pdf

Lixhaswa yiNgxowa-mali yobuNkokheli be-Ocean ye-Ocean Foundation, eli phepha laveliswa njengenxalenye yoluhlu oluvavanya unxibelelwano phakathi kwamalungelo oluntu kunye nolwandle olusempilweni. Njengenxalenye yesibini yolu chungechunge, eli phepha limhlophe liphonononga ukuxhatshazwa okudibeneyo koluntu kunye nenkunzi yendalo eqinisekisa ukuba abantu base-US nase-UK banokudla ngokuphindwe kane i-shrimp njengoko benza kumashumi amahlanu eminyaka edlulileyo, kunye nesiqingatha sexabiso.

U-Alifano, A. (2016). Izixhobo ezitsha zoShishino lokutya kwaselwandle ukuqonda imingcipheko yamaLungelo oLuntu kunye nokuphucula ukuThotyelwa kweNtlalo. Ngokwentlanzi. Seafood Expo kuMntla Melika. PDF.

Amaqumrhu ayanda phantsi koqwalaselo loluntu ngokuphathwa gadalala kwabasebenzi, ukujongana noku, iFishwise iboniswe kwi-2016 Seafood Expo kuMntla Melika. Inkcazo-ntetho ibandakanya ulwazi oluvela kwiFishwise, Humanity United, Verite, kunye neSeafish. Ugxininiso lwabo luselwandle-lokubambisa kwaye lukhuthaze imithetho yezigqibo ezicacileyo kunye nokusebenzisa idatha efumaneka esidlangalaleni evela kwimithombo eqinisekisiweyo.

Ngokwentlanzi. (2016, Juni 7). UHLAZIYO: Ukwazisa ngoRhwebo loLuntu kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwiSibonelelo seShrimp saseThailand. Ngokwentlanzi. ISanta Cruise, eCalifornia. PDF.

Ekuqaleni koo-2010 iThailand ibiphantsi koqwalaselo olukhulayo malunga namatyala amaninzi abhaliweyo okulandela umkhondo kunye nokunyhashwa kwabasebenzi. Ngokukodwa, kukho uxwebhu lwamaxhoba athengiswa ngokungekho mthethweni anyanzelwa ukuba akhwele izikhephe kude kude nonxweme ukuze abambise iintlanzi ukuze afumane ukutya kweentlanzi, iimeko ezinjengobukhoboka kumaziko okulungisa intlanzi, kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwabasebenzi ngokubanjwa kwamatyala kunye nabaqeshi babambe amaxwebhu. Ngenxa yobunzima bokuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo oluntu abachaphazelekayo abahlukeneyo baye baqala ukuthatha inyathelo lokuthintela ukuphulwa kwabasebenzi kwiintambo zokubonelela ngokutya kwaselwandle, nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kwenziwe okungakumbi.

Ukuloba ngokungekho mthethweni: Zeziphi iiNdidi zeentlanzi eziseMngciphekweni oPhezulu wokuLoba ngokungekho mthethweni nokuNgaxelwanga? (2015, Okthobha). World Wildlife Fund. PDF. https://c402277.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/publications/834/files/original/Fish_Species_at_Highest_Risk_ from_IUU_Fishing_WWF_FINAL.pdf?1446130921

I-World Wildlife Fund ifumanise ukuba ngaphezu kwe-85% yeentlanzi ezilotywayo zinokugqalwa zisemngciphekweni omkhulu wokuloba okungekho mthethweni, okungaxelwanga, nokungalawulwayo (IUU). Ukuloba kwe-IUU kuxhaphakile kuzo zonke iintlobo kunye nemimandla.

Couper, A., Smith, H., Ciceri, B. (2015). Abalobi nabaphangi: Ubusela, ubukhoboka kunye nokuLoba eLwandle. Pluto Cinezela.

Le ncwadi igxile ekuxhatshazweni kweentlanzi nabalobi ngokufanayo kwishishini lehlabathi elinganikeli ngqalelo encinane kulondolozo okanye kumalungelo abantu. U-Alastair Couper naye wabhala incwadi ye-1999, Uhambo lokuxhatshazwa: abaSebenzi baseLwandle, amaLungelo oLuntu, kunye nokuThunyelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe.

Isiseko soBulungisa beNdalo. (2014). Ubukhoboka eLwandle: Ingxaki eqhubekayo yabafuduki abaThunyiweyo kwiShishini lokuLoba laseThailand. ELondon. https://ejfoundation.org/reports/slavery-at-sea-the-continued-plight-of-trafficked-migrants-in-thailands-fishing-industry

Ingxelo ye-Environmental Justice Foundation ijonga nzulu kushishino lokutya kwaselwandle lwaseThailand kunye nokuxhomekeka ekurhwebeni ngabantu ngokusebenza. Le yingxelo yesibini ye-EJF ngalo mbandela, epapashwe emva kokuba iThailand yasiwa kuluhlu lweSigaba sesi-3 seNgxelo yokuRhweba ngabantu kwiSebe lase-US. Yenye yeengxelo ezilungileyo kwabo bazama ukuqonda ukuba ukurhweba ngabantu kuye kwaba yinxalenye enkulu kangakanani kushishino lokuloba nokuba kutheni kuncinane okuye kwaphunyezwa ukukunqanda.

Intsimi, M. (2014). Ukubanjiswa: IiNkampani eziLobayo ziBuyisela kwakhona ubukhoboka kunye nokuphanga iiLwandle. AWA Press, Wellington, NZ, 2015. PDF.

Umcholacholi wexesha elide uMichael Field uqalise ukufumanisa ukurhweba ngabantu kushishino lokuloba lwaseNew Zealand, ebonisa indima enokudlalwa ngamazwe azizityebi ekuqhubeleni phambili indima yobukhoboka ekulobeni ngokugqithisileyo.

Amazwe adbeneyo. (2011). Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluQuquzelweyo lweZizwe ngezizwe kuShishino lokuLoba. IOfisi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yeZiyobisi kunye noLwaphulo-mthetho. eVienna. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/TOC_in_the_Fishing%20Industry.pdf

Olu phononongo lwe-UN lujonga unxibelelwano phakathi kolwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye noshishino lokuloba. Ichonga izizathu ezininzi zokuba ishishini lokuloba libe sesichengeni solwaphulo-mthetho olucwangcisiweyo kunye neendlela ezinokwenzeka zokulwa nobo buthathaka. Yenzelwe abaphulaphuli beenkokeli zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemibutho enokuthi ihlangane kunye ne-UN ukulwa nokuphulwa kwamalungelo oluntu okubangelwa ulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo.

Agnew, D., Pearce, J., Pramod, G., Peatman, T. Watson, R., Beddington, J., kunye noPitcher T. (2009, Julayi 1). Ukuqikelela uMyinge weHlabathi jikelele wokuLoba ngokungekho mthethweni. I-PLOS enye.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004570

Phantse isinye esithathwini sokulotywa kwezilwanyana zaselwandle zehlabathi ziziphumo ze-IUU zokuloba ezilingana nama-56 eebhiliyoni zeeponti zokutya kwaselwandle ngonyaka. Amanqanaba aphezulu ngolo hlobo okuloba kwe-IUU athetha ukuba uqoqosho lwehlabathi jikelele lujongene nelahleko phakathi kwe-10 kunye ne-23 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngonyaka. Amazwe asakhasayo ngawona asemngciphekweni. I-IUU yingxaki yehlabathi echaphazele isixa esikhulu sayo yonke intlanzi etyiwayo yaselwandle esetyenzisiweyo kwaye iphazamisa iinzame zozinzo kunye nokwandisa ukuphathwa kakubi kobutyebi baselwandle.

UConathan, M. kunye noSiciliano, A. (2008) Ikamva loKhuseleko lokutya kwaselwandle - Ukulwa nokuLoba ngokungekho mthethweni kunye noBuqhetseba bokutya kwaselwandle. Iziko lenkqubela phambili yaseMelika. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/IllegalFishing-brief.pdf

UMthetho woLondolozo noLawulo lweMagnuson-Stevens ka-2006 ube yimpumelelo enkulu, kangangokuba ukuloba ngokugqithisileyo kuphele ngokusebenzayo kumanzi ase-US. Nangona kunjalo, abantu baseMelika basatya izigidi zeetoni zokutya kwaselwandle ezibanjwa ngokungazinzanga minyaka le - zivela phesheya.

4. IUU yokuLoba kunye namaLungelo oLuntu

Iqela eliSebenzayo kuRhwebo loLuntu ngokuLoba kuManzi aMazwe ngamazwe. (2021, ngoJanuwari). Iqela eliSebenzayo kuRhwebo loLuntu ngokuLoba kuManzi aMazwe ngamazwe. Ingxelo kwiCongress. PDF.

Ukujongana nengxaki ekhulayo yokurhweba ngabantu kushishino lokuloba i-United States Congress yagunyazisa uphando. Isiphumo singumbutho we-interagency ophonononga ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu kwicandelo lokuloba ukusuka ngo-Okthobha 2018 ukuya ku-Agasti 2020. Le ngxelo ibandakanya umthetho okwinqanaba eliphezulu le-27 kunye nezindululo zomsebenzi ezibandakanya, ukwandisa ubulungisa ngokunyanzeliswa kwabasebenzi, ukugunyazisa izohlwayo ezitsha kubaqeshi abafunyenwe benazo ebandakanyeka kwizenzo ezixhaphazayo, ethintela umrhumo ohlawulweyo wabasebenzi kwimikhumbi yokuloba yase-US, ibandakanye izenzo zonyamezelo, amaqumrhu ekujoliswe kuwo aqhagamshelene nokurhweba ngabantu ngokusebenzisa izohlwayo, aphuhlise kwaye amkele isixhobo sokuhlola ukurhweba ngabantu kunye nesikhokelo sokubhekisela, ukomeleza ukuqokelelwa kwedatha, ifuse, kunye nohlalutyo. , nokuphuhlisa uqeqesho lwabahloli beenqanawa, abakhi-mkhanyo, kunye nabalingane bamazwe angaphandle.

ISebe lezoBulungisa. (2021). Itheyibhile yaMagunya kaRhulumente wase-US aNxulumene nokuThenjiswa koLuntu ekuLobeni kuManzi aMazwe ngamazwe. https://www.justice.gov/crt/page/file/1360371/download

Itheyibhile yamaGunya kaRhulumente wase-US aNxulumene nokuThenjiswa koLuntu ngokuLoba kuManzi aMazwe ngaMazwe iqaqambisa imisebenzi eqhutywe ngurhulumente wase-United States ukujongana neenkxalabo zamalungelo oluntu kwikhonkco lokubonelela ngokutya kwaselwandle. Ingxelo yohlulwe liSebe kwaye inika isikhokelo kugunyaziwe we-arhente nganye. Itheyibhile ibandakanya iSebe lezoBulungisa, iSebe lezeMisebenzi, iSebe lezoKhuseleko lweLizwe, iSebe lezoRhwebo, iSebe likaRhulumente, i-Ofisi yoMmeli woRhwebo wase-United States, iSebe likaNondyebo, kunye neNkonzo yeNgeniso yangaphakathi. Itheyibhile ikwabandakanya ulwazi kwi-arhente ye-federal, igunya elilawulayo, uhlobo lwegunya, inkcazo, kunye nobubanzi bolawulo.

Amalungelo oluntu eLwandle. (2020, Matshi 1). Inqaku laMalungelo oLuntu eLwandle: Ngaba iMigaqo-siseko yesiKhokelo ye-UN ka-2011 isebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwaye isetyenziswa ngokungqongqo kuShishino lwaseLwandle.https://www.humanrightsatsea.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/HRAS_UN_Guiding_Principles_Briefing_Note_1_March_2020_SP_LOCKED.pdf

Imigaqo yokuKhokela ye-UN ye-2011 isekelwe kwisenzo senkampani kunye nombuso kunye nengcamango yokuba iinkampani zinoxanduva lokuhlonipha amalungelo oluntu. Le ngxelo ijonge emva kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo kwaye ibonelela ngohlalutyo olufutshane lweempumelelo kunye nemimandla ekufuneka ilungiswe ukuze kuphunyezwe ukukhuselwa nokuhlonitshwa kwamalungelo oluntu. Ingxelo iphawula ukunqongophala kwangoku komanyano oluhlangeneyo kunye notshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo ekuvunyelwene ngalo lunzima kwaye ummiselo kunye nokunyanzeliswa kuyafuneka. Ulwazi oluninzi kwi IMigaqo yokuKhokela ye-UN ka-2011 inokufumaneka apha.

Teh LCL, Caddell R., Allison EH, Finkbeiner, EM, Kittinger JN, Nakamura K., et al. (2019). Indima yamaLungelo oLuntu ekuPhumezelweni kokutya kwaseLwandle okuThatha uXanduva lweNtlalo. PLoS ONE 14(1): e0210241. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210241

Imigaqo yokutya kwaselwandle enoxanduva loluntu kufuneka isekelwe kwizibophelelo ezicacileyo ezisemthethweni kwaye zixhaswe sisikhundla esaneleyo kunye nentando yezopolitiko. Ababhali bafumanise ukuba imithetho yamalungelo oluntu ihlala ijongana namalungelo oluntu nawezopolitiko, kodwa inendlela ende yokushukuxa amalungelo ezoqoqosho, ezentlalo, kunye nenkcubeko. Ngokuzoba kwizixhobo zamazwe ngamazwe oorhulumente banokupasisa imigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe yokuphelisa ukuloba kwe-IUU.

Amazwe adbeneyo. (1948). IsiBhengezo seHlabathi samaLungelo oLuntu. https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights

ISibhengezo samaLungelo oLuntu seZizwe eziManyeneyo simisela umgangatho wokhuseleko lwamalungelo oluntu asisiseko nokhuseleko lwawo lwehlabathi. Olu xwebhu lunamaphepha asibhozo luvakalisa ukuba bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile yaye belingana ngesidima nangamalungelo, ngaphandle kocalucalulo, yaye abasayi kubanjwa ebukhobokeni, okanye baphathwe ngenkohlakalo, ngokungenabuntu, okanye kwimpatho ethob’ isidima, phakathi kwamanye amalungelo. Isibhengezo sikhuthaze izivumelwano ezingamashumi asixhenxe zamalungelo oluntu, ziguqulelwe kwiilwimi ezingaphezu kwe-500 kwaye ziyaqhubeka nokukhokela umgaqo-nkqubo kunye nezenzo namhlanje.

5. IziKhokelo zokuSetyenziswa kokutya kwaselwandle

Nakamura, K., Bishop, L., Ward, T., Pramod, G., Thomson, D., Tungpuchayakul, P., kunye noSrakaew, S. (2018, Julayi 25). Ukubona ubukhoboka kwiiChayini zoBonelelo lokutya kwaselwandle. Ukuqhubela phambili kwezeNzululwazi, E1701833. https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/7/e1701833

Ikhonkco lokubonelela ngokutya kwaselwandle lahlulahlulwe kakhulu uninzi lwabasebenzi abaqeshwe njengeekontraka ezingaphantsi okanye ngeebrokhwe okwenza kube nzima ukumisela imithombo yokutya kwaselwandle. Ukujongana noku, abaphandi benza isakhelo kwaye baphuhlisa indlela yokuvavanya umngcipheko wokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi kumakhonkco okubonelela ngokutya kwaselwandle. Isikhokelo esinamanqaku amahlanu, esibizwa ngokuba yiLabour Safe Screen, safumanisa ukuba ulwazi oluphuculweyo ngeemeko zabasebenzi ukuze iinkampani zokutya zikwazi ukulungisa ingxaki.

Inkqubo yeNereus (2016). Iphepha leNgcaciso: I-Slavery Fisheries kunye ne-Japan Seafood Consumption. I-Nippon Foundation-iYunivesithi yaseBritish Columbia. PDF.

Ukunyanzelwa komsebenzi nobukhoboka bale mihla yingxaki egqugqisileyo kushishino lokuloba lwezizwe ngezizwe namhlanje. Ukwazisa abathengi, iNippon Foundation yenze isikhokelo esiqaqambisa iintlobo zokuxhaphazwa kwabasebenzi ezixeliweyo kushishino lokuloba olusekelwe kwilizwe lemvelaphi. Esi sikhokelo sifutshane siqaqambisa amazwe ekunokwenzeka ukuba athumele amanye amazwe iintlanzi eziyimveliso yokunyanzeliswa kwabasebenzi ngaxa lithile kwikhonkco lokubonelela. Ngelixa isikhokelo sijolise kubafundi baseJapan, sipapashwa ngesiNgesi kwaye sibonelela ngolwazi olulungileyo kuye nabani na onomdla wokuba ngumthengi onolwazi ngakumbi. Abona benzi bobubi kakhulu, ngokwesikhokelo, yiThailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, kunye neMyanmar.

UWarne, K. (2011) Bayeke batye i-Shrimp: Ukunyamalala okubuhlungu kwamahlathi emvula olwandle. Island Press, 2011.

Ukuveliswa kwe-shrimp emhlabeni jikelele kuye kwabangela umonakalo omkhulu kwi-mangrove yonxweme yemimandla eshushu kunye ne-subtropical yehlabathi-kwaye ineempembelelo ezimbi kubomi bonxweme kunye nobuninzi bezilwanyana zaselwandle.

6. Ukufuduswa kunye nokuVinjwa

I-Ofisi yoMkomishinala oPhakamileyo weZizwe eziManyeneyo wamaLungelo oLuntu (ngo-2021, ngoMeyi). Ukungahoywa kweLethal: Ukukhangela kunye nokuHlangula kunye nokuKhuselwa kwabafudukayo kuLwandle lweMeditera oluphakathi. Amalungelo Oluntu eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Migration/OHCHR-thematic-report-SAR-protection-at-sea.pdf

Ukusukela ngoJanuwari 2019 ukuya kuDisemba 2020, iOfisi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yamaLungelo oLuntu yadlan’ indlebe nabafuduki, iingcali, kunye nabachaphazelekayo ukuze bafumanise ukuba imithetho ethile, imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nezenzo eziye zaluchaphazela kakubi ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu abafudukela kwamanye amazwe. Ingxelo igxile kwiinzame zokukhangela kunye nokuhlangula njengoko abafuduki bedlula eLibya kunye nolwandle oluphakathi lweMeditera. Ingxelo iqinisekisa ukuba ukungabikho kokukhuselwa kwamalungelo oluntu kuye kwenzeka okukhokelela kumakhulu okufa okunokuthintelwa elwandle ngenxa yenkqubo engaphumelelanga yokufuduka. Amazwe aseMeditera kufuneka aphelise imigaqo-nkqubo eququzelele okanye eyenza ukuphulwa kwamalungelo oluntu kwaye kufuneka athathe izenzo eziza kuthintela ukusweleka kwabantu abaninzi elwandle.

Vinke, K., Blocher, J., Becker, M., Ebay, J., Fong, T., kunye neKambon, A. (2020, Septemba). Imihlaba yaseKhaya: Ukwenziwa koMgaqo-nkqubo weSiqithi kunye naMazwe aseArchipelagic wokuHamba koLuntu kuMxholo woTshintsho lweMozulu. Intsebenziswano yaseJamani. https://disasterdisplacement.org/portfolio-item/home-lands-island-and-archipelagic-states-policymaking-for-human-mobility-in-the-context-of-climate-change

Iziqithi kunye nemimandla yonxweme ijongene neenguqu ezinkulu ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu kubandakanywa: ukunqongophala komhlaba wokulima, ukude, ukulahlekelwa komhlaba, kunye nemingeni yokufumana uncedo ngexesha leentlekele. Obu bunzima bunyanzela abaninzi ukuba bafuduke kumazwe abo. Ingxelo iquka izifundo zecala kwi-Eastern Caribbean (Anguilla, Antigua & Barbuda, Dominica, kunye neSt. Lucia), iPacific (iFiji, iKiribati, iTuvalu, neVanuatu), kunye nePhilippines. Ukujongana noku kuzwelonke kunye nabadlali bengingqi kufuneka bamkele imigaqo-nkqubo yokulawula ukufuduka, ukucwangcisa ukufuduka, kunye nokujongana nokufuduswa ukunciphisa imingeni enokubakho yokuhamba kwabantu.

INgqungquthela yeNkqubo-sikhokelo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngoTshintsho lweMozulu (UNFCCC). (2018, Agasti). Ukwenza iMaphu yokuHamba koLuntu (Ukufuduka, ukufuduka kunye nokuThuthwa okucwangcisiweyo) kunye noTshintsho lweMozulu kwiiNkqubo zamazwe ngamazwe, imigaqo-nkqubo kunye neZikhokelo zoMthetho. Umbutho waMazwe ngaMazwe wokuFudukela (IOM). PDF.

Njengoko utshintsho lwemozulu lunyanzela abantu abaninzi ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo, kuye kwavela iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho kunye nezenzo. Ingxelo ibonelela ngomxholo kunye nohlalutyo lwee-ajenda zomgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe ngamazwe ezifanelekileyo kunye nezicwangciso zomthetho ezikhoyo ezinxulumene nokufuduka, ukufuduka, kunye nokufuduka okucwangcisiweyo. Le ngxelo sisiphumo seNgqungquthela yeNkqubo-sikhokelo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kuMsebenzi woMsebenzi wokuTshintsha kweMozulu malunga nokuFuduka.

Greenshack Dotinfo. (2013). Iimbacu zeMozulu: I-Alaska ikwi-Edge njengoko abahlali baseNewtok Babaleka ukumisa iLali ewela eLwandle. [Ifilimu].

Le vidiyo iquka isibini esisuka eNewtok, eAlaska esichaza utshintsho kwindalo yabo: ukunyuka komgangatho wolwandle, izaqhwithi ezinobundlobongela, kunye nokutshintsha iipatheni zeentaka ezifudukayo. Baxoxa ngesidingo sabo sokufuduselwa kwindawo ekhuselekileyo, ephakathi kwelizwe. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yeengxaki zokufumana iimpahla kunye noncedo, balinde iminyaka ukuba bafudukele.

Puthucherril, T. (2013, April 22). Ukutshintsha, ukuPhakamisa kweNqanaba loLwandle kunye noKhuseleko loLuntu lwaseluNxwemeni oluDibeneyo: Izisombululo ezinokwenzeka. Ijenali yeHlabathi yoMthetho wokuthelekisa. Umqulu. 1. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/sea%20level%20rise.pdf

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuya kuba nemiphumo enzulu kubomi bezigidi. Eli phepha lichaza iimeko ezimbini zokufuduka okubangelwa kukunyuka komphakamo wolwandle kwaye licacisa ukuba udidi “lwembacu yemozulu” alunamthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Ibhalwe njengophononongo lomthetho, eli phepha lichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba kutheni abo bafuduswa kukutshintsha kwemozulu bengayi kunikwa amalungelo abo asisiseko.

Isiseko soBulungisa beNdalo. (2012). Isizwe esiphantsi koMngcipheko: Iimpembelelo zoTshintsho lweMozulu kumaLungelo oLuntu kunye nokuFuduka okunyanzelwayo eBangladesh. ELondon. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/A_Nation_Under_Threat.compressed.pdf

I-Bangladesh isesichengeni sokutshintsha kwemozulu ngenxa yokuxinana kwabantu abaninzi kunye nezixhobo ezinqongopheleyo, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Le ngxelo yeSiseko soBulungisa beNdalo senzelwe abo banezikhundla kulondolozo lwendawo kunye nemibutho yamalungelo oluntu, kunye nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe. Icacisa ukunqongophala koncedo kunye nokuqatshelwa ngokusemthethweni 'kweembacu zemozulu' kwaye ixhasa uncedo olukhawulezileyo kunye nezixhobo ezitsha ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni ukuze ziqatshelwe.

Isiseko soBulungisa beNdalo. (2012). Akukho ndawo ifana neKhaya-Ukukhusela ukuNakwa, ukuKhuselwa kunye noNcedo lwaBabaleki beMozulu. ELondon.  https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/NPLH_briefing.pdf

Iimbacu zemozulu zijongene neengxaki zokuqondwa, ukukhuselwa, kunye nokungabikho koncedo ngokubanzi. Le ngcaciso emfutshane yeSiseko soBulungisa beNdalo sixoxa ngemingeni ejongene nabo bangayi kuba namandla okuziqhelanisa neemeko eziwohlokayo zokusingqongileyo. Le ngxelo ijoliswe kubaphulaphuli ngokubanzi abafuna ukuqonda ukuphulwa kwamalungelo oluntu, njengokulahlekelwa komhlaba, okubangelwa utshintsho lwemozulu.

Bronen, R. (2009). UkuFuduka okunyanzelwayo koLuntu lwase-Alaska ngenxa yoTshintsho lweMozulu: Ukudala iMpendulo yamaLungelo oLuntu. IYunivesithi yaseAlaska, iNkqubo yoBuyiselo kunye noKuqhelanisa. PDF. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/forced%20migration%20alaskan%20community.pdf

Ukufuduka ngenkani ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu kuchaphazela uluntu lwaseAlaska. Umbhali uRobin Bronen unika iinkcukacha ngendlela urhulumente waseAlaska aphendule ngayo ekufudukeni ngenkani. Eli phepha linika imizekelo yezihloko kulabo bafuna ukufunda ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo oluntu e-Alaska kwaye ichaza isakhelo seziko lokuphendula ukufuduka kwabantu okubangelwa yimozulu.

UClaus, CA kunye noMascia, MB (2008, Meyi 14). Indlela yamaLungelo ePropati yokuQonda ukuFuduka koLuntu kwiiNdawo eziKhuselweyo: Ityala leMimandla yaseLwandle eKhuselweyo. Ibhayoloji yoLondolozo, iWorld Wildlife Fund. PDF. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/A%20Property%20Rights%20Approach%20to% 20Understanding%20Human%20Displacement%20from%20Protected%20Areas.pdf

IiNdawo zaseLwandle eziKhuselweyo (MPAs) zingundoqo kwizicwangciso ezininzi zolondolozo lweentlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayo kwakunye nesithuthi sophuhliso loluntu oluzinzileyo kunye nomthombo weendleko zentlalo ukongeza kubuchule bolondolozo lwezityalo nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo. Iimpembelelo zokwabiwa ngokutsha kwamalungelo kwizibonelelo ze-MPA ziyahluka ngaphakathi naphakathi kwamaqela oluntu, kubangela utshintsho eluntwini, kwiipatheni zokusetyenziswa kobutyebi, kunye nokusingqongileyo. Esi sincoko sisebenzisa iindawo zaselwandle ezikhuselweyo njengesikhokelo sokuphonononga iimpembelelo zokwabiwa kwamalungelo okubangela ukufuduswa kwabantu bendawo. Icacisa ubunzima kunye nempikiswano ejikeleze amalungelo epropathi njengoko ephathelene nokufuduswa.

Alisopp, M., Johnston, P., kunye noSantillo, D. (2008, January). Ukucela umngeni kuShishino lwezaseLwandle kuZinzo. Inqaku lobuchwephesha leLabhoratri yaseGreenpeace. PDF. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/Aquaculture_Report_Technical.pdf

Ukukhula kwemveliso yasemanzini yorhwebo kunye neendlela ezandisiweyo zokuvelisa kukhokelele kwiziphumo ezibi kakhulu kokusingqongileyo kunye noluntu. Le ngxelo ijoliswe kwabo banomdla ekuqondeni ukuntsonkotha koshishino lwezilwanyana zasemanzini kwaye inika imizekelo yemiba eyayanyaniswa nokuzama isisombululo somthetho.

Lonergan, S. (1998). Indima yokuthotywa kokusiNgqongileyo ekufudusweni kwabemi. Ingxelo yeProjekthi yoTshintsho nokuKhuseleka kokusiNgqongileyo, umba 4:5-15.  https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/The%20Role%20of%20Environmental%20Degradation% 20in%20Population%20Displacement.pdf

Inani labantu abaye bafuduswa kukonakala kwemekobume likhulu kakhulu. Ukucacisa izinto ezintsonkothileyo ezikhokelela kwingxelo enjalo le ngxelo ibonelela ngeqela lemibuzo kunye neempendulo malunga neentshukumo zokufuduka kunye nendima yokusingqongileyo. Iphepha liqukumbela ngeengcebiso zomgaqo-nkqubo ngokugxininisa ukubaluleka kophuhliso oluzinzileyo njengendlela yokhuseleko lwabantu.

7. Ulawulo loLwandle

Gutierrez, M. kunye noJobbins, G. (2020, Juni 2). I-China's Distanti-water Fishing Fleet: Isikali, iMpembelelo, kunye noLawulo. Iziko loPhuhliso lwaNgaphesheya. https://odi.org/en/publications/chinas-distant-water-fishing-fleet-scale-impact-and-governance/

Ukuncipha kweentlanzi zasekhaya kubangela ukuba amanye amazwe ahambele phambili ukuhlangabezana nemfuno ekhulayo yokutya kwaselwandle. Eyona inkulu kwezi nqanawa zamanzi ezikude (DWF) yinqanawa yaseChina, enenombolo ye-DWF esondele kwiinqanawa ze-17,000, Ingxelo yakutshanje yafumanisa ukuba le nqanawa yayiphindwe ka-5 ukuya kwe-8 enkulu kunokuba ichazwe ngaphambili kwaye ubuncinane iinqanawa ze-183 zirhanelwa ukuba zibandakanyeka. ekulobeni IUU. Iinqanawa zokuloba zezona zixhaphakileyo, kwaye malunga ne-1,000 leenqanawa zamaTshayina ezibhalisiweyo kumazwe angaphandle kweTshayina. Ukucaca ngakumbi kunye nolawulo luyafuneka ngokunjalo nolawulo olungqongqo kunye nokunyanzeliswa. 

Amalungelo oluntu eLwandle. (2020, Julayi 1). Ukubhubha koMkhanyo wezokuLoba eLwandle, amaLungelo oLuntu kunye nendima kunye noxanduva lwemibutho yezokuloba.. PDF. https://www.humanrightsatsea.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/HRAS_Abuse_of_Fisheries_Observers_REPORT_JULY-2020_SP_LOCKED-1.pdf

Ayipheleli nje ekuxhalabeleni ngamalungelo oluntu kubasebenzi kwicandelo lezokuloba kukho iinkxalabo zaBakhi-mkhanyo bezokuLoba abasebenzela ukujongana nokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu elwandle. Ingxelo ihlaba ikhwelo lokhuseleko olungcono lwabo bobabini abasebenzi bokuloba kunye nabaQondisi bezokuLoba. Ingxelo iqaqambisa uphando oluqhubekayo lokusweleka kwabakhi-mkhanyo bezokuLoba kunye neendlela zokuphucula ukhuseleko lwabo bonke abakhi-mkhanyo. Le ngxelo yeyokuqala kuthotho oluveliswe ngamaLungelo oLuntu eLwandle ingxelo yesibini yolu thotho, eyapapashwa ngoNovemba ka-2020, iya kugxila kwiingcebiso ezinokusetyenzwa.

Amalungelo oluntu eLwandle. (2020, Novemba 11). Ukuphuhliswa kweNgcebiso kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo kwiNkxaso yoKhuseleko lwabaBakhi-mkhanyo bezokuLoba, uKhuseleko kunye neMpilo-ntle. PDF.

AmaLungelo oLuntu eLwandle avelise uthotho lweengxelo ukujongana neenkxalabo zabakhi-mkhanyo bezokuloba ngeenzame zokwazisa uluntu. Le ngxelo igxininisa kwizindululo zokujongana neenkxalabo eziphawulwe kulo lonke uthotho. Izindululo ziquka: iinkcukacha zenkqubo yokubeka iliso yeenqanawa ezifumaneka esidlangalaleni (VMS), ukukhuselwa kwabakhi-mkhanyo kwishishini lokuloba kunye ne-inshorensi echubekileyo, ukubonelela ngezixhobo zokhuseleko ezomeleleyo, uqwalaselo olwandisiweyo nokubekwa kweliso, ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo oluntu kurhwebo, ingxelo yoluntu, uphando olwandisiweyo noluselubala, kwaye ekugqibeleni kuqwalaselwe imbono yokungohlwaywa kubulungisa kwinqanaba likarhulumente. Le ngxelo ilandelela amaLungelo oLuntu eLwandle, Ukubhubha koMkhanyo wezokuLoba eLwandle, amaLungelo oLuntu kunye nendima kunye noxanduva lwemibutho yezokuloba. yapapashwa ngoJulayi 2020.

Isebe leLizwe laseMelika. (2016, Septemba). Ukuguqula iTide: UkuSebenzisa uTshintsho kunye neNtsebenziswano yokuLwa uRhwebelwano loLuntu kwiCandelo lokutya kwaselwandle. IOfisi yokuBeka iliso kunye nokuLwa ukuRhweba ngabaNtu. PDF.

ISebe leSizwe, kwingxelo yalo yokuThengisa ngabantu ngo-2016 yokuba amazwe angaphezu kwama-50 aye aqaphela iinkxalabo zokunyanzelwa komsebenzi ekulobeni, ekusetyenzweni kwezilwanyana zaselwandle, okanye ukufuywa kwezilwanyana zasemanzini okuchaphazela amadoda, abafazi, nabantwana kuyo yonke imimandla yehlabathi. Ukulwa nale mibutho emininzi yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nee-NGOs kwi-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia zisebenzela ukubonelela ngoncedo oluthe ngqo, ukubonelela ngoqeqesho loluntu, ukuphucula amandla eenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zobulungisa (kubandakanywa neThailand kunye ne-Indonesia), ukwandisa ukuqokelela idatha yexesha langempela, kunye nokukhuthaza ukubonelela ngoxanduva olungakumbi.

8. Ukwaphulwa kwenqanawa kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwamaLungelo oLuntu

UDaems, E. kunye noGoris, G. (2019). Uhanahaniso lweelwandle eziNgcono: Ukuqhekeka kweenqanawa eIndiya, abanini beenqanawa eSwitzerland, befuna uncedo eBelgium. I-NGO yokuQhubela iiNqanawa. MO Magazine. PDF.

Ekupheleni kobomi benqanawa, iinqanawa ezininzi zithunyelwa kumazwe asakhasayo, zikhukuliswe elunxwemeni, zize zonakaliswe, zizele yityhefu, zize zincothulwe kunxweme lwaseBangladesh, eIndiya nasePakistan. Abasebenzi abaqhekeza iinqanawa bahlala besebenzisa izandla zabo ezingenanto kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo kunye neetyhefu ezibangela umonakalo wentlalo kunye nokusingqongileyo kunye neengozi ezibulalayo. Imarike yeenqanawa ezindala i-opaque kunye neenkampani zeenqanawa, ezininzi ezizinze eSwitzerland nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, zihlala zifumana ixabiso eliphantsi ukuthumela iinqanawa kumazwe asakhasayo nangona kukho ingozi. Ingxelo yenzelwe ukuzisa ingqwalasela kumbandela wokuqhekezwa kweenqanawa kunye nokukhuthaza utshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo ukujongana nokuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo oluntu kwiilwandle eziqhekezayo. Isihlomelo sengxelo kunye noluhlu lwamagama yintshayelelo emangalisayo kwabo banomdla wokufunda isigama esingaphezulu kunye nomthetho onxulumene nokwaphulwa kwenqanawa.

Heidegger, P., Jenssen, I., Reuter, D., Mulinaris, N. kunye noCarlsson, F. (2015). Yintoni eyenziwa nguMahluko owenziwe yiflegi: Kutheni uxanduva lwaBanini beeNqanawa ukuze baqinisekise ukuba uKhuseleko lweNqanawa oluZinzileyo lufuna ukuya ngaphaya koLawulo lweFlegi. I-NGO yokuQhubela iiNqanawa. PDF. https://shipbreakingplatform.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/FoCBriefing_NGO-Shipbreaking-Platform_-April-2015.pdf

Nyaka ngamnye iinqanawa ezinkulu ezingaphezu kwe-1,000, eziquka iitanki, iinqanawa zomthwalo, iinqanawa zabakhweli, kunye nezixhobo ze-oyile, zithengiswa ukuze kudilizwe i-70% yazo iphele ikwiyadi zaselwandle eIndiya, eBangladesh, okanye ePakistan. IManyano yaseYurophu yeyona marike inkulu yokuthumela iinqanawa zokuphela kobomi kwiinqanawa ezimdaka neziyingozi. Ngelixa i-European Union iphakamise amanyathelo okulawula iinkampani ezininzi zibhinqe le mithetho ngokubhalisa inqanawa kwelinye ilizwe elinemithetho ethambileyo. Lo mkhuba wokutshintsha iflegi yenqanawa kufuneka utshintshe kwaye ezinye izixhobo zomthetho nezemali ukohlwaya iinkampani zeenqanawa kufuneka zamkelwe ukuze kunqandwe amalungelo oluntu kunye nokuxhatshazwa kokusingqongileyo kweelwandle eziqhekezayo.

Heidegger, P., Jenssen, I., Reuter, D., Mulinaris, N., kunye noCarlsson, F. (2015). Onjani Umahluko Owenziwe Yiflegi. I-NGO yokuQhubela iiNqanawa. EBrussels, eBelgium. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/FoCBriefing_NGO-Shipbreaking-Platform_-April-2015.pdf

IPlatform yokuQhutywa kweenqanawa icebisa ngomthetho omtsha ojolise ekulawuleni ukurisayikilishwa kweenqanawa, umfuziselo wemigaqo efanayo ye-EU. Baxoxa ukuba umthetho osekelwe kwiiflegi zoncedo (i-FOC) iya kujongela phantsi amandla okulawula ukwaphuka kwenqanawa ngenxa yemingxuma ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yeFOC.

Lipman, Z. (2011). URhwebo ngeNkunkuma eyiNgozi: UbuLungisa bokuSingqongileyo xa kuthelekiswa nokuKhula koQoqosho. UbuLungisa bokuSingqongileyo kunye neNkqubo yoMthetho, iYunivesithi yaseMacquarie, eOstreliya. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/Trade%20in%20Hazardous%20Waste.pdf

INgqungquthela yaseBasel, ejonge ukunqanda ukuthuthwa kwenkunkuma eyingozi isuka kumazwe aphuhlileyo isiwe kumazwe asakhasayo asebenzisa iimeko zokusebenza ezingakhuselekanga nahlawula kakhulu abasebenzi bawo, yingqwalasela yeli phepha. Icacisa imiba yomthetho enxulumene nokuyeka ukuqhekeza iinqanawa kunye nemingeni yokuzama ukufumana iSivumelwano sivunywe ngamazwe aneleyo.

UDann, B., Gold, M., Aldalur, M. kunye noBraestrup, A. (umhleli wechungechunge), uMdala, L. (ed), uNeumann, J. (ed). (2015, Novemba 4). Amalungelo oluntu kunye noLwandle: Ukuqhawuka kweenqanawa kunye neeToxin.  IPhepha leNgcacisonkqubo. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/TOF%20Shipbreaking%20White%20Paper% 204Nov15%20version.compressed%20%281%29.pdf

Lixhaswa yiNgxowa-mali yobuNkokheli be-Ocean ye-Ocean Foundation, eli phepha laveliswa njengenxalenye yoluhlu oluvavanya unxibelelwano phakathi kwamalungelo oluntu kunye nolwandle olusempilweni. Njengenxalenye yolu luhlu, eli phepha limhlophe liphonononga iingozi zokuba ngumqhekezi wenqanawa kunye nokungabikho kolwazi lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wokulawula ishishini elikhulu kangaka.

I-International Federation yaMalungelo oLuntu. (2008). Iiyadi zokuQothulwa kwabantwana: Ukusetyenzwa kwabantwana kwiShishini lokuRisayikilishwa kweeNqanawa e-Bangladesh. I-NGO yokuQhubela iiNqanawa. PDF. https://shipbreakingplatform.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Report-FIDH_Childbreaking_Yards_2008.pdf

Abaphandi abaphonononga iingxelo zokulimala kwabasebenzi kunye nokufa ekuqaleni kwe-2000s bafumanisa ukuba ababukeli baqaphela ngokuphindaphindiweyo abantwana phakathi kwabasebenzi kunye nokubandakanyeka ngokunyanisekileyo kwimisebenzi yokuqhekeza inqanawa. Ingxelo - eyaqhuba uphando oluqala ngo-2000 kwaye iqhubela phambili ngo-2008 - igxininise kwiyadi yokuqhekeza iinqanawa e-Chittagong, e-Bangladesh. Bafumanise ukuba abantwana kunye nolutsha olungaphantsi kweminyaka eli-18 benza i-25% yabo bonke abasebenzi kunye nemithetho yasekhaya ebeka iliso kwiiyure zokusebenza, ubuncinane bomvuzo, imbuyekezo, uqeqesho, kunye nobuncinci beminyaka yokusebenza yayingahoywa. Ukutyhubela iminyaka utshintsho luza ngamatyala asenkundleni, kodwa kusekuninzi ekufuneka kwenziwe ukunyanzelisa imigaqo-nkqubo ekhusela abantwana abaxhatshazwayo.

IGreenpeace kunye neManyano yeHlabathi yamaLungelo oLuntu. (2005, Disemba).Ukuphela kweeNqanawa zoBomi-Iindleko zoMntu zokuqhawula iinqanawa.https://wayback.archive-it.org/9650/20200516051321/http://p3-raw.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/planet-2/report/2006/4/end-of-life-the-human-cost-of.pdf

Ingxelo edibeneyo ye-Greenpeace kunye ne-FIDH ichaza i-ship breaking industry ngokusebenzisa ii-akhawunti zomntu ezivela kubasebenzi abaqhekeza iinqanawa e-Indiya nase-Bangladesh. Le ngxelo ijongiswe njengekhwelo lokuba bathathe amanyathelo abo babandakanyekayo kushishino lwenqanawa ukuba balandele imimiselo nemigaqo-nkqubo emitsha elawula izenzo zeshishini.

BUYELA KUPHANDO