I-Titanic njengenxalenye yeLifa leMveli yethu yoLwandle

Njengoko sisondela kwi-110^th isikhumbuzo sokutshona kwe Titanic (ubusuku be14^th - 15^th Epreli ngo-1912), kufuneka kucingelwe ngakumbi ukhuseleko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko elingaphantsi kwamanzi lokuqhekeka okuhlala nzulu eAtlantiki. Ilifa lenkcubeko eliphantsi kwamanzi ibhekisa kwiziza zaselwandle ezinembali okanye ngokwenkcubeko ebalulekileyo kubandakanywa izinto eziphathekayo (izinto zakudala zembali) kunye nezinto ezingaphathekiyo (ixabiso lenkcubeko) zezo sayithi, njengezinto zakudala zakudala okanye uqaqa olubalulekileyo ngokwenkcubeko kuluntu lwasekuhlaleni. Kwimeko ye I-Titanic, indawo yenkxwaleko ibalulekile ngokwembali kwaye ibalulekile ngokwenkcubeko ngenxa yelifa lale ndawo njengeyona nqanawa idumileyo ehlabathini. Ngaphezu koko, i-wreck isebenze njenge-catalyst yomthetho kunye nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ezilawula umthetho wezolwandle wamazwe ngamazwe namhlanje njengoKhuseleko loBomi eLwandle lweNgqungquthela, ukusekwa kwe-International Maritime Organisation, kunye nokukhuselwa kwelifa lenkcubeko elingaphantsi kwamanzi). Ukusukela oko yafunyaniswa, iingxoxo zisaqhuba malunga nendlela yokulondoloza ngokugqwesileyo le ntlekele yenzeke ngoku nakwizizukulwana ezizayo.

Ifanele igcinwe njani iTitanic?

Njengendawo ekhethekileyo yelifa lemveli phantsi kwamanzi, i TitanicUkhuseleko lukwingxoxo-mpikiswano. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, malunga nama-5,000 ezinto zakudala ezithe zagcinwa kwindawo yenkxwaleko yaye ziye zalondolozwa njengengqokelela ecocekileyo, uninzi lwayo lufumaneka kwiimyuziyam okanye kumaziko okufikeleleka kuwo uluntu. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, malunga nama-95% e Titanic iyagcinwa endaweni yokuhlala njengesikhumbuzo saselwandle. Endaweni yokuhlala - ngokoqobo kwindawo yokuqala - yinkqubo apho indawo yelifa lemveli yenkcubeko yangaphantsi kwamanzi ishiywe ingaphazanyiswa ukuze igcinwe ixesha elide kunye nokunciphisa umonakalo kwisiza. 

Nokuba ngaba Titanic igcinwe kwindawo okanye izama ukulondoloza ukuvumela ukuqokelelwa okunyiniweyo ukukhuthaza ukufikelela koluntu, ukonakala kufuneka kukhuselwe kwabo banethemba lokuxhaphaza intlekele. Ingcamango yohlangulo lwenzululwazi echazwe ngasentla ichasene ngokuthe ngqo nabo babizwa ngokuba ngabazingeli bobutyebi. Abazingeli bobutyebi abazisebenzisi iindlela zenzululwazi zokubuyisela izinto ezenziweyo ngokufuthi befuna inzuzo yemali okanye udumo. Olu hlobo loxhatshazo kufuneka luphetshwe ngazo zonke iindleko ngenxa yomonakalo omkhulu kwiziza zelifa lemveli zenkcubeko eziphantsi kwamanzi kunye nokwenzakala kwi-ikhosistim yolwandle engqongileyo.

Yeyiphi iMithetho ekhusela iTitanic?

Ukusukela kwindawo yokonakala kwe Titanic yafunyanwa ngo-1985, iye yaba liziko lengxoxo malunga nokugcinwa kwendawo. Okwangoku, izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemithetho yasekhaya ziye zamiselwa ukunciphisa ukuqokelelwa kwezinto zakudala ezivela kwi- Titanic kwaye ugcine ukonakala in situ.

Ukusukela ngo-2021, i Titanic ikhuselwe phantsi kwe US-UK International Agreement kwi Titanic, iUNESCO INgqungquthela yowama-2001 yoKhuseleko lweLifa leMveli leNkcubeko phantsi kwamanzi, kwaye i Umthetho woLwandle. Zizonke ezi zivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe zixhasa intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe ukukhusela kunye nokuxhasa ingcamango yokuba uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe lunomsebenzi wokukhusela iingozi zembali, kuquka Titanic.

Kukwakho nemithetho yasekhaya ekhusela ingozi. EUnited Kingdom, i Titanic ikhuselwe nge Ukukhuselwa kweeNdawo eziNgqongileyo (RMS Titanic) Iodolo yowama-2003. Ngaphakathi eUnited States, iinzame zokukhusela Titanic iqalile nge RMS Titanic UMthetho weSikhumbuzo saseLwandle we-1986, eyayibiza isivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe kunye nezikhokelo ze-NOAA ezipapashwe kwi-2001, kunye ICandelo le-113 loMthetho oyi-Consolidated Appropriations, wowama-2017. UMthetho ka-2017 uthi “akukho mntu uya kwenza naluphi na uphando, uphononongo, ukusindisa, okanye omnye umsebenzi onokuthi uguqule ngokwasemzimbeni okanye uphazamise indawo eyonakeleyo okanye eyonakeleyo ye-RMS. Titanic ngaphandle kokuba ugunyaziswe nguNobhala wezoRhwebo.” 

Impikiswano engokwembali malunga namaLungelo okusindisa kwi-Titanic kunye ne-Artifacts yayo

Ngelixa i-Admiralty courts orders (iinkundla zaselwandle) zikhusela umdla woluntu Titanic ngomthetho wokusindisa elwandle (jonga ngasentla icandelo), ukhuseleko kunye nezithintelo ekuqokeleleni ukusindisa kwakungasoloko kuqinisekiswa. Kwimbali yowiso-mthetho yoMthetho ka-1986, kwakukho ubungqina obuvela kumfumani uBob Ballard – owafumanisa Titanic - ukuba njani Titanic kufuneka igcinwe kwindawo (in situ) njengesikhumbuzo saselwandle kwabo baphulukana nobomi babo ngobo busuku buyingozi. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha lobungqina bakhe, u-Ballard waqaphela ukuba kukho izinto zakudala kwintsimi ye-debris phakathi kweenxalenye ezimbini ezinkulu ze-hull ezinokuthi zilungele ukubuyiswa ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokugcinwa kwingqokelela ekhoyo kuluntu. UGeorge Tulloch we Titanic Amaphulo (kamva i-RMS Titanic I-Inc. okanye i-RMST) idibanise le ngcebiso kwisicwangciso sakhe sohlangulo esiphunyeziweyo kunye nabadibanisi kwiFrench Institute IFREMIR phantsi komqathango wokuba izinto zakudala ziya kugcinwa kunye njengengqokelela engaguqukiyo. UTulloch ke wathembisa ukunceda iRMST ifumane amalungelo okusindisa Titanic kwiSithili esiseMpuma saseVirginia ngo-1994. Umyalelo wenkundla olandelayo owalela ukugqojozwa kwenxalenye yesiqu senqanawa ukusindisa izinto zakudala wadityaniswa kwisiVumelwano Titanic ukumisa ukungeniswa kwe-wreck kunye nokuqokelela kokusindiswa ngaphakathi I-Titanic isiqu. 

Ngo-2000, i-RMST yayiphantsi kolawulo olunobutshaba ngabaninizabelo abathile ababefuna ukusindisa ngaphakathi kwinxalenye ye-hull kwaye bamangalela uRhulumente wase-US ukuba amthintele ekutyikityeni iSivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe. Titanic (jonga kumhlathi wesibini). Isimangalo sachithwa, kwaye inkundla yakhupha omnye umyalelo okhumbuza i-RMST ukuba akuvumelekanga ukugqobhoza i-hull kunye ne-artifacts yokusindisa. Iinzame ze-RMST zokwandisa umdla wokwenza imali ngokusindiswa kwazo azikhange ziphumelele isihloko phantsi komthetho wokufunyanwa kodwa zikwazile ukufumana ibhaso lokuqokelelwa kwezinto zakudala eziphantsi kweminqophiso ethile kunye neemeko ukubonisa umdla woluntu Titanic.  

Emva kokuba i-RMST iyekile iinzame zokuthengisa yonke okanye inxalenye yengqokelela ye Titanic izinto zakudala, labuyela kwisicwangciso sokugqobhoza inqanawa ukuze kuhlangulwe unomathotholo (obizwa ngokuba sisixhobo sikaMarconi) owathumela umqondiso wonxunguphalo ngobo busuku bentlekele. Ngoxa ekuqaleni yeyisela iSithili saseMpuma saseVirginia ukuba senze into eyahlukileyo kumyalelo wayo wowama-2000 wokuwugunyazisa ukuba “ubuncinane . . . ukusika kwingozi kuphela njengoko kuyimfuneko ukufikelela kwiMarconi Suite, kunye nokususa ekonakaleni isixhobo esingenazingcingo sikaMarconi kunye nezinto ezinxulumene nazo” 4^th INkundla yeSibheno yeSekethe yawutshitshisa lo myalelo. Ngokwenza njalo, yaqaphela igunya lenkundla esezantsi yokukhupha lo myalelo kwixa elizayo kodwa emva kokuqwalasela iingxoxo zikaRhulumente wase-US zokuba uMthetho ka-2017 ufuna ugunyaziso oluvela kwiSebe lezoRhwebo NOAA oluhambelana neSivumelwano saMazwe ngaMazwe. Titanic.

Ekugqibeleni, inkundla yawuxhasa uluvo lokuba nangona kusenokubakho umdla othile eluntwini ekufumaneni kwakhona izinto ezenziweyo kwinxalenye yesakhiwo, nayiphi na imishini kufuneka iqhube inkqubo eya kubandakanya amasebe alawulayo e-United Kingdom ne-United States, kwaye kufuneka ihloniphe kwaye itolike imithetho yeNkongolo kunye nezivumelwano eliyinxalenye yazo. Ngoko ke, i Titanic ukwaphuka kwenqanawa kuya kuhlala kukhuselwe in situ njengoko kungekho mntu okanye umbutho unokuguqula okanye uphazamise Titanic Ukwaphuka kwenqanawa ngaphandle kokuba unikwe imvume eyodwa kubo bobabini oorhulumente base-US nase-UK.

Njengoko siphinda sisondela kwisikhumbuzo sokutshona mhlawumbi kweyona nqanawa idumileyo ehlabathini, kuzisa ekukhanyeni imfuneko yokhuseleko oluqhubekayo lwelifa lethu lolwandle kuquka nelifa lenkcubeko eliphantsi kwamanzi. Ngolwazi olongezelelweyo kwi Titanic, I-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) igcina amaphepha ewebhu kwiSivumelwano, iziKhokelo, inkqubo yokuGunyanyiswa, iSalvage, kunye umthetho onxulumene ne Titanic eUnited States. Ngolwazi oluthe kratya malunga nomthetho kunye nesimangalo malunga Titanic bonayo IBhunga eliCebisayo kwi-Underwater Archaeology yeengcamango ezinzulu.