Ukujonga kwiiNkcukacha ezincinci

Ubumnyama obuMbala ka-Oktobha
Icandelo 4: Ukujonga iPasifiki Enkulu, Ukujonga kwiiNkcukacha ezincinci

nguMark J. Spalding

Ukusuka kwiSiqithi iBlock, ndaya ngasentshona ndinqumla ilizwe ndisingise eMonterey, eKhalifoniya, ndaza ukusuka apho ndaya kumabala eNkomfa aseAsilomar. I-Asilomar inesetingi esinqwenelekayo esinemibono emihle yePasifiki kunye neehambo ezinde zebhodi eziya kubakho kwiindunduma ezikhuselweyo. Igama elithi "Asilomar" libhekisela kwibinzana lesiSpanish asilo al mar, okuthetha indawo yokusabela ngaselwandle, kwaye izakhiwo zayilwa zaza zakhiwa ngumyili wodumo uJulia Morgan ngeminyaka yoo-1920 njengesixhobo se-YWCA. Yaba yinxalenye yenkqubo yeepaki kwiLizwe laseCalifornia ngowe-1956.

Ndandilapho kwisikhundla sam njengomntu ophezulu kwiziko iMiddlebury Institute for International Studies, Centre for the Blue Economy, ehlala eMonterey. Sasihlanganisene “kwi-Oceans in National Income Accounts: Ukufuna Imvumelwano Ngeenkcazelo Nemigangatho,” ingqungquthela eyayiquka abameli abangama-30 abavela kumazwe ali-10, * ukuze kuxoxwe ngokulinganisa uqoqosho lwaselwandle, kunye noqoqosho (olutsha) oluluhlaza (oluzinzileyo) awona magama asisiseko: ulwahlulo lwesizwe lobalo-mali lwemisebenzi yezoqoqosho. Undoqo kukuba asinayo inkcazo efanayo kuqoqosho lwaselwandle. Ke, besikhona sobabini socazulula kwaye ukungqinelanisa iNkqubo yoHlelo loShishino lwaseMntla Melika (ikhowudi ye-NAICS), kunye neenkqubo ezinxulumeneyo ezisuka kwezinye izizwe kunye nemimandla ukuqulunqa inkqubo apho uqoqosho lolwandle lulonke, kunye nemisebenzi yoqoqosho oluncomekayo yolwandle inokulandelelwa.

Injongo yethu ekugxininiseni kwii-akhawunti zesizwe kukulinganisa uqoqosho lwethu lolwandle kunye necandelwana elihlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwaye sikwazi ukubonisa idatha malunga nolo qoqosho. Ezo nkcukacha ziya kusivumela ukuba sibeke iliso kwinguquko ekuhambeni kwexesha kwaye siphembelele ukumiselwa komgaqo-nkqubo obalulekileyo kwiinkonzo zenkqubo yendalo yaselwandle neyonxweme ukuze kuxhamle abantu kunye nozinzo. Sifuna idatha esisiseko kuqoqosho lwethu lolwandle lwehlabathi ukulinganisa umsebenzi wendalo kunye notshintshiselwano lwentengiso kwimpahla kunye neenkonzo, kunye nendlela nganye etshintsha ngayo ngokuhamba kwexesha. Xa sele siyifumene le nto, kufuneka siyisebenzise ukukhuthaza iinkokeli zikarhulumente ukuba zithathe amanyathelo. Kufuneka sinikeze abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo ubungqina obuluncedo kunye nesikhokelo, kunye neeakhawunti zethu zelizwe sele imithombo yolwazi ethembekileyo. Siyazi ukuba zininzi izinto ezingaphathekiyo ezinxulumene nendlela abantu abaluxabisa ngayo ulwandle, ngoko ke asizukwazi ukulinganisa yonke into. Kodwa kufuneka silinganise kangangoko sinako kwaye sahlule phakathi kwezinto ezizinzileyo kunye nezingenakugcinwa (emva kokuvumelana malunga nokuba eli gama lithetha ukuthini) kuba, njengoko uPeter Drucker esithi "into oyilinganisayo yinto olawulayo."

Inkqubo yokuqala ye-SIC yasekwa yi-United States ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1930. Ngamafutshane, iikhowudi zokuhlela ishishini ziziidijithi ezine zokumelwa kwamanani amashishini amakhulu kunye namashishini. Iikhowudi zabelwe ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu eziqhelekileyo ezabelwana ngazo kwiimveliso, iinkonzo, imveliso kunye nenkqubo yokuhanjiswa kweshishini. Iikhowudi emva koko zinokuthi zibekwe ngokwamaqela abanzi ngokuqhubekayo: iqela loshishino, iqela elikhulu, kunye nolwahlulo. Ngoko ke ishishini ngalinye ukusuka kushishino lokuloba ukuya emigodini ukuya kwiivenkile ezithengisayo linekhowudi yokuhlela, okanye uthotho lweekhowudi, ezivumela ukuba zidityaniswe ngokwemisebenzi ebanzi kunye neentshukumo. Njengenxalenye yothethathethwano olukhokelela kwiSivumelwano soRhwebo oluKhululwa kuMntla Merika ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1990, iMelika, iCanada, kunye neMexico zavuma ngokudibeneyo ukudala indawo yenkqubo ye-SIC ebizwa ngokuba yiNkqubo yoHlelo lwezoShishino lwaseMntla Melika (NAICS) enika iinkcukacha ezithe chatha. ihlaziya i-SIC kumashishini amaninzi amatsha.

Sibuze ilizwe ngalinye kumazwe ali-10* ukuba ngawaphi amashishini abawabandakanyileyo “kuqoqosho lolwandle” kwiingxelo zabo zelizwe (njengomsebenzi obanzi ngolo hlobo); kunye nendlela esinokuluchaza ngayo uzinzo kulwandlekazi ukuze sibenakho ukulinganisa umsetyenzana (okanye icandelwana) loqoqosho lolwandle olwalulungile ukuba ulwandle lubizwe njengoqoqosho oluluhlaza. Ngoko kutheni zibalulekile? Ukuba umntu uzama ukulinganisa ukuba kubaluleke kangakanani indima yoshishino oluthile, okanye isibonelelo esithile, umntu ufuna ukwazi ukuba yeyiphi ikhowudi yoshishino yokudibanisa ukuze abonise ngokuchanekileyo ubungakanani okanye ububanzi bolu shishino. Kuphela emva koko sinokuthi siqale ukunika ixabiso kwizinto ezingabonakaliyo ezifana nempilo yemithombo, efana nendlela imithi okanye ezinye izixhobo ezidlala ngayo kumashishini athile afana nephepha, okanye amaplanga okanye ukwakha ikhaya.

Ukuchaza uqoqosho lolwandle akukho lula, kwaye ukuchaza uqoqosho lwe-blue ocean-positive kunzima. Sinokukopela kwaye sitsho ukuba onke amacandelo kwiiakhawunti zethu zelizwe axhomekeke elwandle ngandlela thile. Enyanisweni, kudala sisiva (enkosi kuGqr. Sylvia Earle) ukuba phantse zonke iindlela ezizilawulayo ezigcina esi sijikelezi-langa siphila zibandakanya ulwandle ngandlel' ithile. Ngaloo ndlela, sinokuwususa umthwalo wobungqina size sicele umngeni kwabanye ukuba balinganise ezo ngxelo zimbalwa zingaxhomekekanga kulwandle ngokwahlukileyo kolwethu. Kodwa, asinako ukuyitshintsha ngolo hlobo imithetho yomdlalo.

Ke, iindaba ezimnandi, ukuqala, zezokuba zonke izizwe ezilishumi zinento eninzi efana ngayo koko zikuluhlu njengoqoqosho lwazo lwaselwandle. Ukongeza, bonke babonakala bekwazi ukuvumelana ngokulula kwamanye amacandelo oshishino olongezelelweyo ayinxalenye yoqoqosho lolwandle olungenguye wonke umntu obambayo (kwaye ke ayinguye wonke umntu odwelisa). Kukho, nangona kunjalo, amanye amacandelo eshishini akwi-peripheral, angathanga ngqo okanye "ngokuyinxenye" ​​kuqoqosho lolwandle (kukhetho lwesizwe ngasinye) [ngenxa yokufumaneka kwedatha, umdla njl.]. Kukwakho namanye amacandelo avelayo (afana nokwembiwa kolwandle) angekhoyo ngokupheleleyo kwiscreen seradar okwangoku.

Umba ngowokuba umlinganiselo woqoqosho lwaselwandle unxulumana njani nozinzo? Siyazi ukuba imiba yezempilo yolwandle ibalulekile kwinkxaso yethu yobomi. Ngaphandle kolwandle olusempilweni akukho mpilo yomntu. Incoko nayo iyinyani; ukuba senza utyalo-mali kumashishini olwandle oluzinzileyo (uqoqosho oluluhlaza) siya kubona izibonelelo ezisebenzisanayo kwimpilo yoluntu kunye nokuphila. Siyenza njani le nto? Sinethemba lenkcazo yoqoqosho lwaselwandle kunye noqoqosho oluluhlaza, kunye/okanye isivumelwano malunga nokuba sibandakanya amashishini, ukwandisa umgangatho wento esilinganisa ngayo.

Kwinkcazo-ntetho yakhe, uMaria Corazon Ebarvia (umphathi weprojekthi yeNtsebenziswano kuLawulo lokusiNgqongileyo kwiiLwandle zaseMpuma Asia), unike inkcazo emangalisayo yoqoqosho oluluhlaza, olulungileyo njengoko sesibonile: sifuna ukugcinwa kolwandle imodeli yezoqoqosho eneziseko ezingundoqo ezisingqongileyo, ubugcisa kunye nezenzo. Omnye oqaphela ukuba ulwandle luvelisa amaxabiso ezoqoqosho aqhelekanga ukubalwa (njengokhuseleko lonxweme kunye nokuthinjwa kwekhabhoni); kunye, nokulinganisa ilahleko evela kuphuhliso olungazinzanga, kunye nokulinganisa iziganeko zangaphandle (iiqhwithi). Konke ke sinokwazi ukuba ingaba inkunzi yethu yendalo isetyenziswa ngokuzinzileyo na njengoko siqhuba ukukhula koqoqosho.

Inkcazo yokusebenza esiyize nayo yayilolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Uqoqosho oluluhlaza, lubhekiselele kwimodeli yoqoqosho oluzinzileyo olusekwe elwandle kwaye lusebenzisa iziseko eziphilileyo zokusingqongileyo, ubugcisa kunye nezenzo. loo nkxaso Uphuhliso oluphathekayo.

Asinamdla kwakudala xa kuthelekiswa nokutsha, sinomdla wokuzinza xa kuthelekiswa nokungagcinekiyo. Kukho abatsha abatsha kuqoqosho lolwandle oluluhlaza / oluzinzileyo, kwaye kukho amashishini emveli adala aqhelanisayo / aphucula. Ngokunjalo kukho abangeneli abatsha, abafana nokwembiwa kolwandle, loo nto isenokungagcineki.

Umceli mngeni wethu usahleli kukuba uzinzo aluhambelani lula neekhowudi zokuhlelwa kwamashishini. Umzekelo ukuloba nokusetyenzwa kweentlanzi kunokubandakanya abadlali abakhasayo, abazinzileyo kunye nabarhwebi abakhulu abazixhobo zabo okanye izenzo zabo ziyonakalisa, ziyinkcitho, kwaye azinakugcinwa ngokucacileyo. Ngokwembono yolondolozo, sazi okuninzi malunga nabadlali abahlukeneyo, izixhobo njl.njl. kodwa inkqubo yethu ye-akhawunti yesizwe ayilwanga ngenene ukuqaphela ezi nuances.

Sifuna ukuyeka ukuthabatha lula ulwandle kunye ne-ikhosistim yaselunxwemeni esinika izibonelelo kunye namathuba orhwebo anceda kakhulu impilo-ntle yabantu, ukhuseleko lokutya njl. Emva koko, ulwandle lusinika umoya esiwuphefumlayo. Ikwasibonelela ngeqonga lezothutho, ngokutya, ngamayeza, kunye nentaphane yezinye iinkonzo ezingenakuhlala zibalwa ngeekhowudi ezinedijithi ezine. Kodwa ezo khowudi kunye nezinye iinzame zokuqaphela uqoqosho oluluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye nokuxhomekeka kwethu kuyo kwenza indawo enye ukusuka kuyo ukulinganisa imisebenzi yabantu kunye nobudlelwane bayo nolwandle. Kwaye ngelixa sichithe ixesha lethu elininzi kunye ngaphakathi ezindlwini, sizama ukuqonda iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ngeelwimi ezahlukeneyo, iPasifiki yayilapho ukuze isikhumbuze ngonxibelelwano lwethu olufanayo, kunye noxanduva lwethu olufanayo.

Ekupheleni kweveki, savumelana ukuba sifuna umzamo wexesha elide 1) ukwakha isethi eqhelekileyo yeendidi, sebenzisa indlela eqhelekileyo kunye neejografi ezichazwe kakuhle ukulinganisa uqoqosho lwemarike yeelwandle; kunye 2) nokukhangela iindlela zokulinganisa inkunzi yendalo ukubonisa ukuba ukukhula koqoqosho kuzinzile na kwixesha elide (kunye nexabiso lempahla neenkonzo ze-ikhosistim), kwaye ngaloo ndlela kuvunyelwane neendlela ezifanelekileyo zomxholo ngamnye. Kwaye, kufuneka siqale ngoku kwiphepha lomncono kwimithombo yolwandle. 

Eli qela liza kucelwa kuphando oluza kuhanjiswa kungekudala, ukubonisa amaqela asebenzayo apho angathanda ukuthatha inxaxheba kulo nyaka uzayo, njengesandulela sokudala i-ajenda ye-2nd Annual Oceans kwi-Akhawunti yeSizwe kwintlanganiso e-China ngo-2016 .

Kwaye, siye savuma ukuvavanya oku ngokusebenzisana ekubhaleni ingxelo yokuqala eqhelekileyo kuwo onke amazwe. I-Ocean Foundation inebhongo ngokuba yinxalenye yale nzame yezizwe ngezizwe yokujongana nomtyholi kwiinkcukacha.

* IOstreliya, iKhanada, iTshayina, iFransi, iIndonesia, iIreland, iKorea, iiPhilippines, iSpain kunye neMelika