I-MMPA: Iminyaka eyi-45 yoKhuselo lwezilwanyana ezanyisayo zaseLwandle

Ngo-Okthobha, siye sabhiyozela iminyaka engama-45 yokhuseleko lweminenga, amahlengesi, iiporpoise, iintini, iingonyama zolwandle, iimanatee, iidugongs, iiwalrus, ii<em>sea otters, nee<em>polar bear, nto leyo eyalandela ukuba uMongameli Nixon atyikitye uMthetho woKhuseleko lweSilwanyana saseLwandle ukuba ube ngumthetho. Xa sikhangela emva, sinokubona umgama esele siwuhambile.

"IMelika yayiyeyokuqala, kunye nenkokeli, kwaye iseyinkokeli namhlanje ekukhuselweni kwezilwanyana zaselwandle"
– UPatrick Ramage, iNgxowa-mali yaMazwe ngaMazwe yeNtlalontle yeZilwanyana

Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1960, kwacaca ukuba inani lezilwanyana ezanyisayo zaselwandle laliphantsi ngokuyingozi kuwo onke amanzi aseUnited States. Uluntu luye lwaqonda ngakumbi ukuba izilwanyana zaselwandle zaziphathwa kakubi, zizingelwa ngokugqithiseleyo, kwaye zisemngciphekweni omkhulu wokuphela. Uphando olutsha luye lwavela lubalaselisa ubukrelekrele kunye neemvakalelo zezilwanyana zasemanzini ezanyisayo, nto leyo eyabangela umsindo wokuphathwa kakubi kwazo kumatsha-ntliziyo amaninzi okusingqongileyo kunye namaqela entlalontle yezilwanyana. I-monk seal yaseCaribbean yayingazange ibonwe emanzini aseFlorida ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi. Ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana nazo zazisemngciphekweni wokunyamalala ngokupheleleyo. Ngokucacileyo kukho into ekufuneka yenziwe.

I-US Marine Mammal Protection Act, okanye i-MMPA, yamiselwa ngo-1972 ukuphendula ukuhla kwenani leentlobo zezilwanyana ezanyisayo zaselwandle ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu. Lo Mthetho waziwa kakhulu ngeenzame zawo zokushenxisa ugqaliselo lolondolozo lwendalo lusiwe kwi-ikhosistim, kwaye lusuke ekubeni lungasebenziyo lube lukhuseleko. Lo Mthetho umisele umgaqo-nkqubo ojolise ekuthinteleni inani lezilwanyana ezanyisayo zaselwandle ekuncipheni kangangokuba uhlobo oluthile okanye abemi bayeke ukuba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokusebenza kwendalo. Ke, i-MMPA ikhusela zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana ezanyisayo eziselwandle kumanzi ase-United States. Ukuxhatshazwa, ukutyisa, ukuzingela, ukubamba, ukuqokelela, okanye ukubulala izilwanyana zaselwandle ezanyisayo akuvumelekanga ngokungqongqo phantsi koMthetho. Ngo-2022, i-Marine Mammal Protection Act iya kufuna i-US ukuba ithintele ukuthengwa kwezilwanyana zaselwandle ezivela kumazwe angaphandle ezibulala izilwanyana zaselwandle kwinqanaba elingaphezu kwento ebekwe e-US ekuvunyelweni ukubanjwa.

Okushiyiweyo kule misebenzi yalelweyo ibandakanya uphando lwezenzululwazi oluvunyiweyo kunye nokuboniswa koluntu kumaziko alayisenisiweyo (afana neendawo ezihlala emanzini okanye amaziko ezenzululwazi). Ukongeza, ukumiswa kokubanjwa akusebenzi kubemi baseAlaska abaselunxwemeni, abavunyelweyo ukuzingela kwaye bathathe iminenga, itywina, kunye ne-walrus ukuze baziphilise kunye nokwenza kunye nokuthengisa imisebenzi yezandla. Imisebenzi exhasa ukhuseleko lwase-United States, njengaleyo iqhutywa nguMkhosi waManzi wase-US, nayo inokukhululwa kwizithintelo eziphantsi kwesenzo.

Ii-arhente ezahlukeneyo ngaphakathi kurhulumente womdibaniso zinoxanduva lokulawula iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ezikhuselweyo phantsi kwe-MMPA.

INkonzo yeSizwe yokuLoba eLwandle (kwiSebe lezoRhwebo) inoxanduva lokulawula iminenga, amahlengesi, iiporpoises, seal, kunye neengonyama zolwandle. Inkonzo yase-US yeeNtlanzi kunye neZilwanyana zaseNdle, ngaphakathi kwiSebe lezangaphakathi, inoxanduva lokulawula i-walrus, i-manatee, i-dugongs, i-otters, kunye neebhere ze-polar. I-Fish & Wildlife Service ikwanoxanduva lokuxhasa ukunyanzeliswa kokuvalwa kokuthuthwa okanye ukuthengiswa kwezilwanyana ezanyisayo zaselwandle okanye iimveliso ezingekho mthethweni ezenziwe ngazo. INkonzo yoHlolo lweMpilo yeziLwanyana kunye neZityalo, kwiSebe lezoLimo, inoxanduva lwemithetho echaphazela ulawulo lwezibonelelo eziqulethe izilwanyana zaselwandle ezivalelweyo.

I-MMPA ikwafuna ukuba i-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) iqhube uphononongo lwesitokhwe sonyaka seentlobo zezilwanyana ezanyisayo zaselwandle. Besebenzisa olu phando lwabemi, abaphathi kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba izicwangciso zabo zolawulo ziyayixhasa injongo yokunceda zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana ezizinzileyo (OSP).

Ngoko kutheni kufuneka sikhathalele i-MMPA? Ngaba ngokwenene iyasebenza?

I-MMPA ngokuqinisekileyo ibe yimpumelelo kumanqanaba amaninzi. Imeko yangoku yezilwanyana ezanyisayo ezininzi zaselwandle ibhetele ngokulinganiswa kunowe-1972. Izilwanyana zaselwandle ezanyisayo kumanzi ase-US ngoku zineentlobo ezimbalwa kwiindidi ezisemngciphekweni ngakumbi kwiindidi “zezona zixhaphakileyo.” Ngokomzekelo, kuye kwakho ukuchacha okumangalisayo kwezinja zasezibukweni nezingwevu eNew England nakwiingonyama zaselwandle zaseKhalifoniya, iintini zeendlovu, neentini zasezibukweni kuNxweme lwePasifiki. Ukubukela iminenga e-US ngoku lishishini leebhiliyoni zeerandi kuba iMMPA (kunye ne-Moratorium yaMazwe ngaMazwe eyalandelayo ekulobeni) iye yanceda i-Pacific blue whale, kunye ne-Atlantic kunye ne-Pacific humpbacks kwakhona.

Omnye umzekelo wempumelelo ye-MMPA useFlorida apho ezinye izilwanyana zaselwandle ezaziwayo-kakuhle ziquka ihlengesi lebhotile, i-Florida manatee, kunye neNorth Atlantic right whale. Ezi zilwanyana zanyisayo zithembele kakhulu kumanxweme aseFlorida aphantsi kwetropiki, zihamba zisiya emanzini aseFlorida ukuzala, ukutya, kunye nekhaya ngexesha leenyanga zasebusika. Imisebenzi yokhenketho lwendalo ixhomekeke kumtsalane wobuhle bezi zilwanyana zanyisayo zaselwandle nasekuziboneni endle. Abo bahlukeneyo bokuzonwabisa, abakhenkethi, kunye nabanye abatyeleli banokuthembela ekuboneni izilwanyana zaselwandle ukukhulisa amava abo angaphandle. EFlorida ngokuthe ngqo, inani labemi lonyuke laya kutsho malunga nama-6300 ukusukela ngo-1991, xa bekuqikelelwa ukuba ngabantu abayi-1,267. Kwi-2016, le mpumelelo ibangele i-US Fish and Wildlife Service ukuba iphakamise ukuba isimo sabo esisengozini sibekwe phantsi-luhlu olusongelo.

Ngelixa abaphandi abaninzi kunye noosonzululwazi banokubala iimpumelelo phantsi kwe-MMPA, oko akuthethi ukuba i-MMPA ayinazingxaki. Imingeni ngokuqinisekileyo ishiyekile kwiqela leentlobo. Ngokomzekelo, i-North Pacific kunye ne-Atlantic right whales baye babona ukuphuculwa kancinci kwaye bahlala besengozini enkulu yokufa kwimisebenzi yabantu. Kuqikelelwa ukuba inani le-whale ye-Atlantiki liye lafikelela kwincopho ngo-2010, kwaye abantu basetyhini ababaninzi ngokwaneleyo ukugcina amazinga okuzala. Ngokutsho kweKomishoni yoLondolozo lweeNtlanzi zaseFlorida kunye neWildlife, i-30% yokufa kwe-Atlantic right whale kwenzeka ngenxa yokungqubana kwenqanawa kunye nokubanjwa komnatha. Ngelishwa, izixhobo zokurhweba ngokuloba kunye nemisebenzi yokuthumela ngenqanawa ayiphetshwa lula yiminenga elungileyo, nangona i-MMPA ibonelela ngenkuthazo ethile yokuphuhlisa amaqhinga kunye nobuchwepheshe ukunciphisa unxibelelwano.

Kwaye ezinye izoyikiso kunzima ukuzifezekisa ngenxa yokufuduka kwezilwanyana zaselwandle kunye nemingeni yokunyanzeliswa kolwandle ngokubanzi. Urhulumente wobumbano ukhupha iimvume phantsi kwe-MMPA enokuvumela amanqanaba athile "okuthatha ngengozi" ngexesha lemisetyenzana efana novavanyo lwenyikima ye-oyile negesi-kodwa iziphumo zokwenyani zovavanyo lwenyikima zihlala zidlula kakhulu uqikelelo lweshishini. ISebe lezifundo zemo yendalo esingqongileyo zangaphakathi ziqikelela ukuba izindululo zenyikima kutsha nje ziphantsi koqwalaselo zingadala ngaphezulu kwe-31 yezigidi zeziganeko zokwenzakala kwizilwanyana zaselwandle kwi-Gulf kunye ne-13.5 yezigidi zonxibelelwano eziyingozi kunye nezilwanyana zaselwandle e-Atlantiki, ezinokubulala okanye zonakalisa i-138,000 dolphin kunye neminenga - kubandakanya. iminenga elithoba elisesichengeni sokuphela kweNorth Atlantic, eneendawo zokuzala ezikunxweme lwaseFlorida.

Ngokunjalo, ummandla weGulf of Mexico uthathwa njengendawo yolwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene namahlengesi e-bottlenose nangona i-MMPA iyakwalela ukuxhatshazwa okanye nayiphi na ingozi kwizilwanyana zaselwandle. Amanxeba eembumbulu, iintolo, neebhombu zemibhobho zezinye zomonakalo ongekho mthethweni ofunyanwa kwizidumbu eziselunxwemeni, kodwa ezaphuli-mthetho ziphelile kudala. Abaphandi baye bafumanisa ubungqina bokuba izilwanyana zaselwandle ziye zanqunyulwa kwaye zashiywa ukuba zondle ookrebe kunye nezinye izilwanyana kunokuba zichazwe njengento ebanjwe ngengozi njengoko i-MMPA ifuna-kuya kuba nzima ukubamba ulwaphulo-mthetho ngalunye.

Ukongeza, lo Mthetho awukhange usebenze kakuhle ekujonganeni neempembelelo ezingathanga ngqo (ingxolo ye-anthropogenic, ukuncipha kwamaxhoba, i-oyile kunye nokunye ukuchitheka okuyityhefu, kunye nezifo, ukubala ezimbalwa). Amanyathelo olondolozo lwangoku akakwazi ukuthintela umonakalo ekuchithekeni kweoli okanye enye intlekele yongcoliseko. Amanyathelo angoku olondolozo lolwandle akanakoyisa utshintsho kwintlanzi edla inyama kunye nezinye iindawo zokutya ezifumaneka kwezinye izizathu ngaphandle kokuloba ngokugqithisileyo. Kwaye imilinganiselo yangoku yokulondoloza ulwandle ayinakunqanda ukufa ngenxa yetyhefu evela kwimithombo yamanzi ahlaziyekileyo njengecyanobacteria eyabulala iiotter zaselwandle ngamakhulu kuNxweme lwethu lwePasifiki. Singasebenzisa i-MMPA njengeqonga lokujongana nezi zoyikiso.

Asinakulindela ukuba i-Marine Mammal Protection Act ikhusele zonke izilwanyana. Into eyenzayo ibaluleke ngakumbi. Inika zonke izilwanyana ezincancisayo zaselwandle imeko ekhuselweyo yokukwazi ukufuduka, ukondla, kunye nokuzala ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa ngabantu. Kwaye, apho kukho ingozi kwimisebenzi yabantu, inika inkuthazo yokuza nezisombululo kunye nokohlwaya abo baphula umthetho ngokuphatha kakubi ngabom. Singakwazi ukunqanda ukubaleka okungcolisekileyo, sinciphise amanqanaba engxolo evela kwimisebenzi yabantu, sandise inani lamaxhoba entlanzi, kwaye siphephe imingcipheko eyaziwayo efana nokuphononongwa kwe-oyile nerhasi ngokungeyomfuneko kumanzi ethu olwandle. Izilwanyana ezanyisayo zaselwandle ezisempilweni zidlala indima ekulinganiseni ubomi kulwandle lwethu, nakumandla olwandle okugcina ikhabhoni. Sonke sinokudlala indima ekusindeni kwabo.

Imithombo:

http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/what-we-do/rescue/marine-mammal-protection-act.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/

http://www.joeroman.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/The-Marine-Mammal-Protection-Act-at-40-status-recovery-and-future-of-U.S.-marine-mammals.pdf      (iphepha elilungileyo elijonge impumelelo/ukwehla koMthetho kwiminyaka engama-40).

"Izilwanyana ezanyisayo zasemanzini," iKhomishini yaseFlorida yoLondolozo lweeNtlanzi kunye neZilwanyana zasendle, http://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/mammals/aquatic/

Ingxelo yeNdlu No. 92-707, "1972 MMPA Legislative History," Animal Legal and Historical Centre, https://www.animallaw.info/statute/us-mmpa-legislative-history-1972

"UMthetho woKhuseleko lweMammal yaseLwandle we-1972, uLungisiweyo we-1994," iZiko leMammal yaseLwandle, http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/what-we-do/rescue/marine-mammal-protection-act.html

“Abemi beManatee Baphinde Baphindaphindeka Ngama-500 Epesenti, Abasekho Sesichengeni,”

Uthungelwano lweNdaba eziLungileyo, epapashwe nge-10 kaJanuwari 2016, http://www.goodnewsnetwork.org/manatee-population-has-rebounded-500-percent/

"I-North Atlantic Right Whale," iKhomishini yoLondolozo lwentlanzi yaseFlorida kunye neWildlife, http://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/mammals/aquatic/

“UMnenga waseMntla weAtlantiki ujongene nokutshabalala, nguElizabeth Pennisi, iSayensi. ”http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/11/north-atlantic-right-whale-faces-extinction

"Umbono jikelele weziganeko ezikhulayo ze-Bottlenose Harassment kwi-Gulf kunye nezisombululo ezinokwenzeka" nguCourtney Vail, iWhale & Dolphin Conservation, iPlymouth MA. 28 Juni 2016  https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2016.00110/full

“Ukuchitheka kweOli ye-Deepwater Horizon: Iimpembelelo zeXesha elide kwiiFudo zaseLwandle, iZilwanyana ezanyisayo zaseLwandle,” 20 April 2017 National Ocean Service  https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/news/apr17/dwh-protected-species.html