BUYELA KUPHANDO

Isiqulatho

1. intshayelelo
2. Iziseko zoTshintsho lweMozulu kunye noLwandle
3. Ukufuduka kweZilwanyana eziseluNxwemeni naseLwandle ngenxa yoTshintsho lweMozulu
4. I-Hypoxia (IiNdawo ezifileyo)
5. Iimpembelelo zamanzi afudumeleyo
6. Ilahleko yeZilwanyana ezahlukahlukeneyo zaseLwandle ngenxa yoTshintsho lweMozulu
7. Iimpembelelo zoTshintsho lweMozulu kuLwandle lweCoral
8. Iimpembelelo zoTshintsho lweMozulu kwi-Arctic ne-Antarctic
9. Ukususwa kweCarbon Dioxide eSekwe eLwandle
10. Ukutshintsha kweMozulu kunye neYantlukwano, uBulungisa, ukuBandakanya, kunye noBulungisa
11. UMgaqo-nkqubo noshicilelo lukaRhulumente
12. Izisombululo ezicetywayo
13. Ufuna Okungakumbi? (Izixhobo ezongezelelweyo)

Ulwandle njengoMncedisi kwizisombululo zeMozulu

Funda malunga neyethu #KhumbulaULwandlekazi iphulo lemozulu.

Funda ngoku
Ixhala leMozulu: Umntu oselula oselwandle

1. intshayelelo

Ulwandle lwenza i-71% yesijikelezi-langa kwaye lubonelela ngeenkonzo ezininzi eluntwini ukusuka ekuthomalaliseni imozulu egqithileyo ukuya ekuveliseni ioksijini esiyiphefumlayo, ukusuka ekuveliseni ukutya esikutyayo ukuya ekugcineni icarbon dioxide egqithisileyo esiyivelisayo. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zokunyuka kwegesi ye-greenhouse ibeka emngciphekweni indalo engaselunxwemeni naselwandle ngotshintsho kubushushu bolwandle kunye nokunyibilika komkhenkce, nto leyo echaphazela imisinga yolwandle, imozulu kunye nomgangatho wolwandle. Kwaye, ngenxa yokuba umthamo wokutshona kwekhabhoni yolwandle ugqithisiwe, sikwabona utshintsho lwemichiza yolwandle ngenxa yokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yethu. Ngapha koko, uluntu lunyuse iasidi yolwandle lwethu ngama-30% kwezi nkulungwane zimbini zidlulileyo. (Oku kugutyungelwe kwiPhepha lethu loPhando Ulwabiwo olwandle). Ulwandle kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu zidityanisiwe.

Ulwandle ludlala indima ebalulekileyo ekudambiseni utshintsho lwemozulu ngokusebenza njengobushushu obukhulu kunye nesinki yekhabhoni. Ulwandle lukwathwele ubunzima bokutshintsha kwemozulu, njengoko kungqinwa lutshintsho lwamaqondo obushushu, imisinga kunye nokunyuka komgangatho wolwandle, konke oku kuchaphazela impilo yezilwanyana zaselwandle, unxweme olukufuphi nolwandle olunzulu. Njengoko iinkxalabo malunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu zikhula, ubudlelwane phakathi kolwandle kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu kufuneka kuqatshelwe, kuqondwe, kwaye kufakwe kwimigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente.

Ukusukela kwiRevolution Revolution, isixa sekhabhon dayoksayidi kwiatmosfera yethu sinyuke ngaphezulu kwama-35%, ikakhulu ukusuka ekutshisweni kwamafutha efosili. Amanzi olwandle, izilwanyana zaselwandle, kunye neendawo zokuhlala zaselwandle zonke zinceda ulwandle ukuba lufunxe inxalenye ebalulekileyo yekharbon diokside evela kwimisebenzi yabantu. 

Ulwandlekazi lwehlabathi sele lufumana impembelelo ebalulekileyo yokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye neziphumo ezikhaphayo. Ziquka ukufudumala kobushushu bomoya namanzi, utshintsho lwamaxesha onyaka, ukutshiza kweekorale, ukunyuka komgangatho wolwandle, ukukhukuliseka konxweme, ukhukuliseko lwaselunxwemeni, iintyatyambo ezinobulwelwe obuyingozi, iindawo ezine-hypoxic (okanye ezifileyo), izifo zaselwandle ezitsha, ilahleko yezilwanyana ezincancisayo zaselwandle, utshintsho kumanqanaba ezilwanyana. imvula, noshishino lokuloba luyehla. Ukongeza, sinokulindela iziganeko zemozulu ezigqithisileyo (imbalela, izikhukhula, izivunguvungu), ezichaphazela iindawo zokuhlala kunye neentlobo ezifanayo. Ukukhusela indalo yethu exabisekileyo yaselwandle, kufuneka senze okuthile.

Isisombululo esipheleleyo solwandle kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu kukunciphisa kakhulu ukukhutshwa kweegesi ze-greenhouse. Esona sivumelwano samva nje samazwe ngamazwe sokujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, iSivumelwano saseParis, siqale ukusebenza ngowama-2016. Ukuhlangabezana neethagethi zesiVumelwano saseParis kuya kufuna ukuba kwenziwe amanyathelo kumazwe ngamazwe, kuzwelonke, kwingingqi nakuluntu kwihlabathi jikelele. Ukongezelela, i-carbon eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka inokubonelela ngendlela yokuhluthwa kwexesha elide kunye nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni. I-“Blue Carbon” yikharbon dayoksayidi ebanjwa lulwandle lwehlabathi kunye ne-ikhosistim yonxweme. Le khabhoni igcinwe ngohlobo lwebhayomass kunye nentlenga evela kwimangrove, imigxobhozo, kunye namadlelo engca yolwandle. Ulwazi oluninzi malunga neBlue Carbon ingaba fu maneka apha.

Kwangaxeshanye, kubalulekile kwimpilo yolwandle-kunye nathi-ukuba izoyikiso ezongezelelweyo ziphetshwe, kwaye i-ecosystem yethu yaselwandle ilawulwe ngokucingisisayo. Kukwacacile ukuba ngokunciphisa uxinzelelo olukhawulezileyo olusuka kwimisebenzi yabantu egqithisileyo, sinokonyusa ukomelela kweentlobo zolwandle kunye ne-ecosystem. Ngale ndlela, sinokutyala imali kwimpilo yolwandle kunye “nenkqubo yalo yamajoni omzimba” ngokususa okanye ngokunciphisa inkitha yezifo ezincinci eziphathwa zizo. Ukubuyisela intaphane yezinto eziphila elwandle—imithi ye<em>mangrove, yamadlelo engca, eekorale, emahlathini ashinyeneyo, eentlanzi, nazo zonke izinto eziphila elwandle—kuya kunceda ulwandle luqhubeke lunikela iinkonzo ezixhomekeke kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo.

I-Ocean Foundation isebenze kwiilwandle kunye nemiba yokutshintsha kwemozulu ukususela ngo-1990; kwi-Ocean Acidification ukususela ngo-2003; nakwimiba enxulumene “nekhabhoni ezuba” ukusukela ngo-2007. I-Ocean Foundation ibambe i-Blue Resilience Initiative efuna ukuqhubela phambili umgaqo-nkqubo ophakamisa indima edlalwa yindalo yaselunxwemeni kunye ne-ecosystem njengokutshona kwekhabhoni yendalo, oko kukuthi i-carbon eblue kwaye yakhupha iBlue Carbon Offset yokuqala. Ikhartyhuleyitha ngo-2012 ukuze ibonelele ngeemali zekhabhoni zesisa kubaxhasi ngabanye, iziseko, amaqumrhu, kunye neziganeko ngokubuyiselwa kunye nolondolozo lweendawo zokuhlala ezibalulekileyo eziselunxwemeni ezihlutha kunye nokugcina ikhabhoni, kubandakanywa amadlelo engca yolwandle, amahlathi eengrove, kunye namachweba engca e-saltmarsh. Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi, nceda ubone Inyathelo le-Blue Resilience ye-Ocean Foundation ngolwazi malunga neeprojekthi eziqhubekayo kunye nokufunda ukuba ungacoca njani unyawo lwakho lwekhabhoni usebenzisa iTOF's Blue Carbon Offset Calculator.

Abasebenzi be-Ocean Foundation basebenza kwibhodi yeengcebiso yeZiko leNtsebenziswano yeeLwandle, iMozulu noKhuseleko, kwaye i-Ocean Foundation lilungu le Ulwandle kunye neQonga leMozulu. Ukusukela ngowama-2014, i-TOF ibonelele ngeengcebiso eziqhubekayo zobuchwephesha kwi-Global Environmental Facility (i-GEF) indawo egxile kuManzi aMazwe ngaMazwe eye yavumela iProjekthi ye-GEF Blue Forests ukuba ibonelele ngovavanyo lokuqala lwehlabathi lwemilinganiselo enxulumene nekhabhoni yonxweme kunye neenkonzo ze-ecosystem. I-TOF ngoku ikhokela iprojekthi yokubuyisela ingca yolwandle kunye nemithi yemithi kwi-Jobos Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve ibambisene neSebe lezeNdalo nokusiNgqongileyo lasePuerto Rico.

Buyela Phezulu

2. Iziseko zoTshintsho lweMozulu kunye noLwandle

UTanaka, K., kunye noVan Houtan, K. (2022, ngoFebruwari 1). Ukwenziwa kwesiqhelo kwakutshanje koBubushushu baseLwandle obuGqibeleleyo. Imozulu ye-PLOS, 1(2), e0000007. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000007

IMonterey Bay Aquarium ifumanise ukuba ukusukela ngo-2014 ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sobushushu bomhlaba wolwandle buthe gqolo ukogqitha umyinge wembali yobushushu obugqithisileyo. Ngo-2019, i-57% yamanzi olwandle abonisa ubushushu obugqithisileyo. Ngokuthelekisa, ngexesha lenguqu yesibini yezoshishino, yi-2% kuphela yemigangatho erekhoda amaqondo obushushu anjalo. La maza obushushu agqithisileyo adalwe kukutshintsha kwemozulu abeka emngciphekweni i-ikhosistim yolwandle kwaye abeka emngciphekweni amandla azo okubonelela ngemithombo kuluntu lwaselunxwemeni.

Garcia-Soto, C., Cheng, L., Caesar, L., Schmidtko, S., Jewett, EB, Cheripka, A., ... & Abraham, JP (2021, Septemba 21). Isishwankathelo seZalathi zoTshintsho lweMozulu yoLwandle: Ubushushu boLwandle, i-Ocean Heat Content, i-Ocean pH, i-Oxygen Concentration, i-Arctic Sea Extent ye-Ice Extent, i-Thickness and Volume, iNqanaba loLwandle kunye namandla e-AMOC (i-Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation). Imida kwiNzululwazi yaseLwandle. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.642372

Iimpawu ezisixhenxe zokutshintsha kwemozulu yolwandle, iTemperature yoLwandle oluPhezulu, i-Ocean Heat Content, i-Ocean pH, i-Oxygen Concentration, i-Arctic Sea Ice Extent, i-Thickness, kunye neVolume, kunye namandla e-Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation ngamanyathelo aphambili okulinganisa utshintsho lwemozulu. Ukuqonda izalathi zembali kunye nezangoku zokutshintsha kwemozulu kubalulekile ukuze uqikelele iintsingiselo zexesha elizayo kunye nokukhusela iinkqubo zethu zaselwandle kwiimpembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu.

Umbutho weMeteorological weHlabathi. (2021). IiNkonzo zeMozulu zowama-2021: Amanzi. Umbutho weMeteorological World. PDF.

I-World Meteorological Organisation ivavanya ukufikeleleka kunye nobuchule bababoneleli beenkonzo zemozulu ezinxulumene namanzi. Ukufezekisa iinjongo zokulungelelanisa kumazwe asakhulayo kuya kufuna inkxaso-mali eyongezelelweyo eyongezelelweyo kunye nezibonelelo zokuqinisekisa ukuba uluntu lwabo luyakwazi ukulungelelanisa neempembelelo ezinxulumene namanzi kunye nemingeni yokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo ezifunyenweyo le ngxelo inika iingcebiso ezintandathu zobuchule zokuphucula iinkonzo zemozulu yamanzi kwihlabathi jikelele.

Umbutho weMeteorological weHlabathi. (2021). Ukudityaniswa kweNzululwazi ngo-2021: Ukudityaniswa kweNqanaba eliPhezulu leMibutho eMininzi yeNzululwazi yeMozulu yamva nje. Umbutho weMeteorological World. PDF.

I-World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ifumanise ukuba utshintsho lwakutsha nje kwinkqubo yemozulu alunakuze lubonwe ngaphambili kunye nezinto ezikhutshwayo eziqhubeka zinyuka zinyusa iingozi zempilo kwaye zinokuthi zikhokelele kwimozulu embi kakhulu (jonga apha ngasentla infographic ngeziphumo eziphambili). Ingxelo epheleleyo iqulunqa idatha ebalulekileyo yokuhlolwa kwemozulu enxulumene nokukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse, ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu, ungcoliseko lomoya, izehlo zemozulu ezimandundu, ukunyuka komphakamo wolwandle, kunye neempembelelo zonxweme. Ukuba ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse kuqhubeleka nokunyuka kulandela lo mkhwa wangoku, ukunyuka komphakamo womhlaba wolwandle kuya kuba phakathi kwe-0.6-1.0 yeemitha ngo-2100, okubangela iziphumo eziyingozi kuluntu oluselunxwemeni.

IZiko leSizwe leSayensi. (2020). Ukutshintsha kweMozulu: Ubungqina kunye neeMbangela zokuHlaziywa ngo-2020. Washington, DC: I-National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25733.

Inzululwazi icacile, abantu bayayitshintsha imozulu yomhlaba. Ingxelo ye-US yeSizwe yeSayensi yeSayensi kunye ne-UK Royal Society ixela ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu lwexesha elide luya kuxhomekeka kwisixa esipheleleyo se-CO.2 – kunye nezinye iigesi zegreenhouse (GHGs) – ezikhutshwa ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu. Ii-GHG eziphezulu ziya kukhokelela kulwandle olushushu, ukunyuka komphakamo wolwandle, ukunyibilika komkhenkce we-Arctic, kunye nokunyuka kwamaza obushushu.

Yozell, S., Stuart, J., kunye noRouleau, T. (2020). ISalathiso soMngcipheko weMozulu kunye noLwandle. IMozulu, uMngcipheko woLwandle, kunye neProjekthi yokuZimela. Iziko le-Stimson, iNkqubo yoKhuseleko lweNdalo. PDF.

I-Climate and Ocean Risk Vulnerability Index (CORVI) sisixhobo esisetyenziselwa ukuchonga imingcipheko yezemali, yezopolitiko, kunye ne-ikholoji ebangelwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu kwizixeko eziselunxwemeni. Le ngxelo isebenzisa indlela ye-CORVI kwizixeko ezibini zeCaribbean: iCastries, iSaint Lucia kunye neKingston, Jamaica. I-Castries ifumene impumelelo kushishino lokuloba, nangona ijongene nomngeni ngenxa yokuthembela kakhulu kukhenketho kunye nokungabikho kolawulo olusebenzayo. Inkqubela phambili iyenziwa sisixeko kodwa kusekuninzi ekufuneka kwenziwe ukuphucula ucwangciso lwesixeko ingakumbi kwizikhukula neziphumo zezikhukula. I-Kingston inoqoqosho olwahlukeneyo oluxhasa ukuthembela okwandisiweyo, kodwa ukufudukela kwabantu ezidolophini ngokukhawuleza kusongela uninzi lwezalathisi ze-CORVI, iKingston ibekwe kwindawo entle yokujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu kodwa inokongamela ukuba imiba yentlalontle ibambisene neenzame zokunciphisa imozulu ingalungiswa.

Figueres, C. kunye noRivett-Carnac, T. (2020, ngoFebruwari 25). Ikamva Esilikhethayo: Ukusinda kwiNgxaki yeMozulu. Upapasho lweVintage.

Ikamva esilikhethayo sisilumkiso samakamva amabini oMhlaba, imeko yokuqala yinto enokwenzeka ukuba siyasilela ukufikelela kwiinjongo zeSivumelwano saseParis kwaye imeko yesibini ijonga ukuba umhlaba ungajongeka njani ukuba iinjongo zokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni. wadibana. I-Figueres kunye no-Rivett-Carnac baqaphela ukuba okokuqala kwimbali sinenkunzi, iteknoloji, imigaqo-nkqubo, kunye nolwazi lwezenzululwazi ukuqonda ukuba thina njengoluntu kufuneka sibe nesiqingatha sokukhutshwa kwethu ngo-2050. Izizukulwana ezidlulileyo azizange zibe nalo olu lwazi kwaye lizakuba lihambile ixesha kubantwana bethu, ixesha lokuba senze ngoku.

Lenton, T., Rockström, J., Gaffney, O., Rahmstorf, S., Richardson, K., Steffen, W. kunye neSchellnhuber, H. (2019, Novemba 27). Amanqaku eNgcebiso yeMozulu-KuseMngciphekweni kakhulu ukuBheja ngokuchaseneyo: Uhlaziyo luka-Epreli ka-2020. Iphephancwadi leNdalo. PDF.

Amanqaku okunika iingcebiso, okanye izehlo apho inkqubo yoMhlaba ingenako ukuphinda iphinde ibuye, zinokwenzeka kakhulu kuneengcinga ezinokukhokelela kutshintsho olungenakuguqulwa lwexesha elide. Ukuwa komkhenkce kwi-cryosphere kunye noLwandle lwase-Amundsen eNtshona ye-Antarctic inokuba sele idlulile iindawo zabo zokukhawulela. Ezinye iindawo zokunika iingcebiso-ezifana nokugawulwa kwamahlathi eAmazon kunye neziganeko zokwenziwa kwebleach kwiGreat Barrier Reef yaseOstreliya - ziyasondela ngokukhawuleza. Uphando olongezelelekileyo kufuneka lwenziwe ukuphucula ukuqonda kolu tshintsho luqatshelweyo kunye nokuba nokwenzeka kweziphumo ze-cascading. Ixesha lokuthatha amanyathelo ngoku liphambi kokuba uMhlaba udlule kwindawo ekungabuyi kubuyelwa kuyo.

Peterson, J. (2019, Novemba). UNxweme olutsha: Amacebo okuSabela kwizaqhwithi ezitshabalalisayo kunye noKunyuka kwamaLwandle. Island Press.

Imiphumo yezaqhwithi ezinamandla kunye nokunyuka kweelwandle azibonakali kwaye kuya kuba yinto engenakwenzeka ukuyihoya. Umonakalo, ilahleko yepropathi, kunye nokusilela kweziseko zophuhliso ngenxa yezaqhwithi eziselunxwemeni kunye nokunyuka kolwandle akunakuphepheka. Nangona kunjalo, isayensi iye yaqhubela phambili kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje kwaye kuninzi kunokwenziwa ukuba urhulumente wase-United States uthatha amanyathelo akhawulezayo kunye neengcamango zokuziqhelanisa. Unxweme luyatshintsha kodwa ngokwandisa umthamo, ukuphumeza imigaqo-nkqubo elumkileyo, kunye nokuxhasa ngemali iinkqubo zexesha elide imingcipheko inokulawulwa kwaye iintlekele zinokuthintelwa.

Kulp, S. kunye noStrauss, B. (2019, Okthobha 29). Uqikelelo olutsha lweData yoMphakamo kaThathu woKusesichengeni kweHlabathi ukuya kuPhakamiso loMphakamo woLwandle kunye neZikhukula zoNxweme. Unxibelelwano lweNdalo 10, 4844. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12808-z

U-Kulp kunye no-Strauss bacebisa ukuba ukukhutshwa okuphezulu okuhambelana nokutshintsha kwemozulu kuya kukhokelela ekuphakameni okungaphezulu kunokokulindelekileyo kwinqanaba lolwandle. Baqikelela ukuba abantu abayibhiliyoni baya kuchatshazelwa zizikhukula zonyaka ngo-2100, kwabo, abazizigidi ezingama-230 bahlala kumhlaba okwimitha enye yemigca yamanzi aphezulu. Uninzi loqikelelo lubeka i-avareji yomgangatho wolwandle kwi-2 yeemitha kwinkulungwane ezayo, ukuba i-Kulp kunye ne-Strauss ichanekile ngoko amakhulu ezigidi zabantu baya kuba semngciphekweni wokuphulukana namakhaya abo elwandle.

Powell, A. (2019, Okthobha 2). Iiflegi eziBomvu ziphakama kwi-Global Warming kunye neeLwandle. IGazethi yaseHarvard. PDF.

Ingxelo ye-Intergovernmental Panel kwi-Climate Change (IPCC) malunga noLwandle kunye neCryosphere - epapashwe ngo-2019 - yalumkisa malunga nemiphumo yokutshintsha kwemozulu, nangona kunjalo, oonjingalwazi baseHarvard baphendule ukuba le ngxelo inokuthi igxininise ukungxamiseka kwengxaki. Uninzi lwabantu ngoku luxela ukuba lukholelwa kutshintsho lwemozulu nangona kunjalo, uphando lubonisa ukuba abantu banenkxalabo malunga nemiba exhaphake kakhulu kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla njengemisebenzi, ukhathalelo lwempilo, iziyobisi, njl. okubaluleke kakhulu njengoko abantu befumana amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, izaqhwithi eziqatha, kunye nemililo exhaphakileyo. Iindaba ezilungileyo kukho ulwazi oluninzi loluntu ngoku kunanini ngaphambili kwaye kukho intshukumo ekhulayo "esezantsi-phezulu" yokutshintsha.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Caldeira, K., Chopin, T., Gaines, S., Haugan, P., Hemer, M., ..., & Tyedmers, P. (2019, 23 Septemba) Ulwandle njengesisombululo ukuya kuTshintsho lweMozulu: Amathuba amahlanu okuSebenza. IPhaneli yeNqanaba eliPhezulu loQoqosho loLwandle oluZinzileyo. Ibuyisiwe kwi: https://dev-oceanpanel.pantheonsite.io/sites/default/files/2019-09/19_HLP_Report_Ocean_Solution_Climate_Change_final.pdf

Isenzo semozulu esekwe elwandle sinokudlala indima enkulu ekunciphiseni ubukho bekhabhoni yehlabathi ngokuzisa ukuya kutsho kuma-21% okunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yobushushu bonyaka njengoko bekubhambathiswe siSivumelwano saseParis. Ipapashwe yiPhaneli ekwiNqanaba eliPhezulu loQoqosho lwaseLwandle oluZinzileyo, iqela leentloko zamazwe ali-14 kunye noorhulumente kwiNgqungquthela yokuSebenza kweMozulu yeZizwe eziManyeneyo le ngxelo inzulu ibonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kolwandle kunye nemozulu. Le ngxelo ithi thaca imimandla emihlanu yamathuba equka amandla ahlaziyekayo aselwandle; uthutho olusekwe elwandle; imixokomelwano yaselunxwemeni neyaselwandle; ukuloba, i-aquaculture, kunye nokutya okutshintshayo; kunye nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni kwindawo yolwandle.

Kennedy, KM (2019, Septemba). Ukubeka ixabiso kwiKhabhoni: Ukuvavanya iXabiso leKhabhoni kunye neMigaqo-nkqubo eFanayo ye-1.5 degree Celsius. World Resources Institute. Ibuyisiwe kwi: https://www.wri.org/publication/evaluating-carbon-price

Kuyimfuneko ukubeka ixabiso kwikhabhoni ukwenzela ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kumanqanaba abekwe yiSivumelwano saseParis. Ixabiso lekhabhoni yintlawulo esetyenziswa kumaqumrhu avelisa ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse ukususa iindleko zokutshintsha kwemozulu ukusuka eluntwini ukuya kumaziko anoxanduva lokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo ngeli lixa ekwabonelela ngenkuthazo yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo. Imigaqo-nkqubo eyongezelelweyo kunye neenkqubo zokuvuselela izinto ezintsha kunye nokwenza ezinye iindlela zekhabhoni zasekhaya zibe nomtsalane ngakumbi kwezoqoqosho nazo ziyimfuneko ukuphumeza iziphumo zexesha elide.

Macreadie, P., Anton, A., Raven, J., Beaumont, N., Connolly, R., Friess, D., …, & Duarte, C. (2019, Septemba 05) Ikamva leBlue Carbon Science. Unxibelelwano ngeNdalo, 10(3998). Ifunyenwe kwi: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-11693-w

Indima yeBlue Carbon, uluvo lokuba indalo eselunxwemeni enezityalo inegalelo elikhulu ngokulinganayo lokuhluthwa kwekhabhoni yehlabathi, idlala indima enkulu ekuthotyweni nasekuziqhelaniseni nokutshintsha kwemozulu kumazwe ngamazwe. Isayensi yeBlue Carbon iyaqhubeka nokukhula kwinkxaso kwaye inokwenzeka ukuba yande kakhulu ngokomgangatho ophezulu kunye novavanyo olongezelelekileyo kunye novavanyo kunye nokwanda kwenzululwazi yezifundo ezininzi ezivela kwiintlanga ezahlukeneyo.

Heneghan, R., Hatton, I., & Galbraith, E. (2019, May 3). Iimpembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu kwi-ikhosistim yolwandle nge-lens yobukhulu bobukhulu. Imixholo ekhulayo kwiiNzululwazi zoBomi, 3(2), 233-243. Ifunyenwe kwi: http://www.emergtoplifesci.org/content/3/2/233.abstract

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu ngumba ontsonkothileyo oqhuba iinguqu ezininzi kwihlabathi jikelele; ngakumbi ibangele iinguqu ezimandundu kubume kunye nomsebenzi we-ikhosistim yolwandle. Eli nqaku lihlalutya indlela i-lens engasetyenziswanga yobungakanani bobuninzi be-spectrum enokubonelela ngesixhobo esitsha sokuhlola ukulungiswa kwe-ecosystem.

Woods Hole Oceanographic Iziko. (2019). Ukuqonda Ukunyuka kweNqanaba loLwandle: Ukujongwa nzulu kwizinto ezintathu ezinegalelo ekunyukeni komphakamo wolwandle ngase-US East Coast kunye nendlela oosonzululwazi abayifunda ngayo le nto. Iveliswe ngeNtsebenziswano kunye noChristopher Piecuch, iWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution. I-Woods Hole (MA): WHOI. I-DOI 10.1575/1912/24705

Ukusukela kwinkulungwane yama-20 amaqondo olwandle anyuke ama-intshi ezintandathu ukuya kwezisibhozo kwihlabathi jikelele, nangona eli zinga lingazange lihambelane. Ukwahluka kokunyuka komphakamo wolwandle kusenokwenzeka ukuba kungenxa yokubuyela emva komkhenkce, utshintsho kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki, kunye nokunyibilika koMkhenkce weAntarctic. Oosonzululwazi bayavumelana ukuba amanqanaba amanzi ehlabathi aya kuqhubeka enyuka kangangeenkulungwane, kodwa uphando oluninzi luyafuneka ukuze kulungiswe izikhewu zolwazi kunye nokuqikelela ngcono ubungakanani bokunyuka komgangatho wolwandle kwixesha elizayo.

Rush, E. (2018). Ukunyuka: Ukuhanjiswa okuvela kuNxweme olutsha lwaseMelika. Canada: Milkweed Editions. 

Exelwa ngomntu wokuqala, umbhali u-Elizabeth Rush uxoxa ngeziphumo uluntu olusesichengeni abajamelana nalo kutshintsho lwemozulu. Ingxelo yohlobo lobuntatheli idibanisa amabali ayinyani abantu baseFlorida, eLouisiana, eRhode Island, eCalifornia, naseNew York abathe bafumana iziphumo ezibi zezitshingitshane, imozulu embi, kunye nokunyuka kwamaza ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu.

Leiserowitz, A., Maibach, E., Roser-Renouf, C., Rosenthal, S. kunye noCutler, M. (2017, Julayi 5). Ukutshintsha kweMozulu kwiNgqondo yaseMelika: ngoMeyi 2017. Inkqubo yaseYale kuNxibelelwano loTshintsho lweMozulu kunye neZiko leYunivesithi yaseGeorge Mason yoNxibelelwano ngoTshintsho lweMozulu.

Uphononongo oludibeneyo lweYunivesithi yaseGeorge Mason kunye neYale yafumanisa ukuba i-90 ipesenti yabantu baseMerika abaqondi ukuba kukho ukuvumelana phakathi koluntu lwezenzululwazi ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu olubangelwa ngumntu luyinyani. Nangona kunjalo, uphando luye lwavuma ukuba malunga ne-70% yabantu baseMelika bakholelwa ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu luyenzeka kwinqanaba elithile. Kuphela i-17% yabantu baseMerika "bakhathazeke kakhulu" malunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu, i-57% "ixhalabile," kwaye uninzi lubona ukufudumala kwehlabathi njengesongelo esikude.

Goodell, J. (2017). Amanzi aya kuza: Iilwandle ezinyukayo, iidolophu ezitshonayo, kunye nokulungiswa kwakhona kwehlabathi eliphucukileyo. ENew York, eNew York: Incinci, iBrown, kunye neNkampani. 

Ebaliswa ngebali lobuqu, umbhali uJeff Goodell ujonga ukunyuka kwamaza kwihlabathi liphela kunye neziphumo zawo zekamva. Ephefumlelwe yiNkanyamba uSandy eNew York, uphando lukaGoodell lumthatha emhlabeni wonke ukuba athathele ingqalelo inyathelo elimangalisayo elifunekayo ukuziqhelanisa nokunyuka kwamanzi. Kwintshayelelo, uGoodell uchaza ngokuchanekileyo ukuba le asiyoncwadi yabo bafuna ukuqonda unxibelelwano phakathi kwemozulu kunye nekharbon diokside, kodwa amava omntu aya kujongeka njani njengoko amaqondo olwandle enyuka.

Laffoley, D., & Baxter, JM (2016, Septemba). Ukuchaza ukufudumeza koLwandle: oonobangela, isikali, iziphumo, kunye neziphumo. Ingxelo epheleleyo. Gland, eSwitzerland: IManyano yeHlabathi yoLondolozo lweNdalo.

IManyano yaMazwe ngaMazwe yoLondolozo lweNdalo inikezela ngengxelo eneenkcukacha esekelwe kwinyani malunga nemeko yolwandle. Ingxelo ifumanisa ukuba iqondo lobushushu phezu kolwandle, ubushushu bolwandlekazi, ukunyuka komphakamo wolwandle, ukunyibilika komkhenkce kunye namashidi omkhenkce, ukukhutshwa kweCO2 kunye nokugxila emoyeni kuyanda ngesantya esikhawulezayo esineziphumo ezibalulekileyo kuluntu kunye neentlobo zaselwandle kunye ne-ecosystem yolwandle. Ingxelo icebisa ukuqondwa kobuzaza balo mba, inyathelo lomgaqo-nkqubo odibeneyo wokukhusela ulwandle olubanzi, uhlaziyo lovavanyo lomngcipheko, ukulungisa izikhewu kwiimfuno zenzululwazi kunye nesakhono, ukusebenza ngokukhawuleza, kunye nokuphumeza ukucuthwa okukhulu kweegesi ze-greenhouse. Umba wokufudumala kolwandle ngumba onzima oya kuba neziphumo ezibanzi, ezinye zinokuba luncedo, kodwa uninzi lweziphumo ziya kuba zibi ngeendlela ezingekaqondwa ngokupheleleyo.

Poloczanska, E., Burrows, M., Brown, C., Molinos, J., Halpern, B., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., ..., & Sydeman, W. (2016, May 4). IiMpendulo zeZilwanyana zaseLwandle kuTshintsho lweMozulu kulo lonke uLwandle. Imida kwiSayensi yaseLwandle. Ibuyisiwe kwi: doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00062

Iintlobo zaselwandle zisabela kwimiphumo yokukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu ngeendlela ezilindelekileyo. Ezinye iimpendulo zibandakanya iinguqu ezinzulu nezinzulu zokusasazwa, ukuhla ekubaleni, ukwanda kobuninzi beentlobo zamanzi ashushu, kunye nokulahleka kwenkqubo yendalo iphela (umz. iingqaqa zekorale). Ukwahluka kwempendulo kubomi baselwandle kutshintsho ekubaleni, idemografi, ubuninzi, ukusasazwa, i-phenology kusenokwenzeka ukuba ikhokelele kuhlengahlengiso lwenkqubo yendalo kunye notshintsho kumsebenzi odinga uphononongo olongezelelweyo. 

Albert, S., Leon, J., Grinham, A., Church, J., Gibbes, B., kunye noC. Woodroffe. (2016, Meyi 6). Ukudibana phakathi kweNqanaba lokuPhakamisa koLwandle kunye nokuVezwa kwamaza kwiReef Island Dynamics kwiiSolomon Islands. Iileta zoPhando lokusiNgqongileyo Vol. 11 No. 05.

Iziqithi ezihlanu (ihektare enye ukuya kwentlanu ngobukhulu) kwiiSolomon Islands ziye zalahleka ngenxa yokunyuka komphakamo wolwandle kunye nokukhukuliseka konxweme. Obu yayibubungqina bokuqala benzululwazi befuthe lokutshintsha kwemozulu kumanxweme nakubantu. Kukholelwa ukuba amandla amaza adlale indima emiselayo kukhukuliseko lwesi siqithi. Ngeli xesha ezinye iziqithi ezilithoba ezilulwalwa zikhukulisekile kakhulu kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba zinyamalale kwiminyaka ezayo.

Gattuso, JP, Magnan, A., Billé, R., Cheung, WW, Howes, EL, Joos, F., & Turley, C. (2015, Julayi 3). Ukuthelekisa amakamva olwandle kunye noluntu oluvela kwiimo ezahlukeneyo zokukhupha i-CO2 ye-anthropogenic. Sayensi, i349(6243). Ifunyenwe kwi: doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4722 

Ukuze ukwazi ukuziqhelanisa nokutshintsha kwemozulu yeanthropogenic, ulwandle kuye kwafuneka lutshintshe ngokunzulu ifiziksi yalo, ikhemistri, i-ecology, kunye neenkonzo. Uqikelelo lwangoku lokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo luza kuyitshintsha ngokukhawuleza inkqubo yendalo esingqongileyo abantu abaxhomekeke kuyo kakhulu. Ukhetho lolawulo lokujongana nokutshintsha kolwandle ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu ecuthekileyo njengoko ulwandle luqhubeka nokufudumala kunye neasidi. Eli nqaku lidibanisa ngempumelelo utshintsho lwamva nje nolwexesha elizayo kulwandlekazi nakwinkqubo yalo yokuphilisana kwendalo, kunye nempahla kunye neenkonzo ezo zinikiweyo yi-ikhosistim ebantwini.

Iziko loPhuhliso oluZinzileyo kunye noBudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe. (2015, Septemba). Ulwandle oluDibeneyo kunye neMozulu: Iimpembelelo kuThethathethwano lweMozulu yeHlabathi. Imozulu – iiLwandle kunye neMimandla engaseluNxwemeni: iNgcaciso yoMgaqo-nkqubo. Ibuyisiwe kwi: https://www.iddri.org/en/publications-and-events/policy-brief/intertwined-ocean-and-climate-implications-international

Ukubonelela ngesishwankathelo somgaqo-nkqubo, lo mfutshane uchaza indalo edibeneyo yolwandle kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ibiza ukunciphisa ngokukhawuleza ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2. Eli nqaku lichaza ukubaluleka kolu tshintsho lunxulumene nemozulu elwandle kwaye lithetha ngokuncitshiswa kokukhutshwa kwe-ambitious kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe, njengoko ukunyuka kwe-carbon dioxide kuya kuba nzima ukulwa nayo. 

Stocker, T. (2015, Novemba 13). Iinkonzo ezithe cwaka zolwandlekazi lwehlabathi. Sayensi, i350(6262), 764-765. Ifunyenwe kwi: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/350/6262/764.abstract

Ulwandle lubonelela ngeenkonzo ezibalulekileyo emhlabeni nakubantu ezibalulekileyo kwihlabathi, zonke ezize nexabiso elonyukayo elibangelwa yimisebenzi yabantu kunye nokunyuka kokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni. Umbhali ugxininisa ukuba imfuneko yokuba abantu bathathele ingqalelo iimpembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu elwandle xa beqwalasela ukuziqhelanisa nokunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu ye-anthropogenic, ngakumbi yimibutho ephakathi koorhulumente.

Levin, L. & Le Bris, N. (2015, Novemba 13). Ulwandle olunzulu phantsi kokutshintsha kwemozulu. Inzululwazi, 350(6262), 766-768. Ifunyenwe kwi: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/350/6262/766

Ulwandle olunzulu, ngaphandle kweenkonzo ezibalulekileyo ze-ecosystem, luhlala lungahoywa kwindawo yokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokunciphisa. Kubunzulu beemitha ezingama-200 nangaphantsi, ulwandle lufunxa izixa ezikhulu zekharbon diokside kwaye lufuna ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo kunye nokwanda kophando ukukhusela ingqibelelo nexabiso layo.

IYunivesithi yaseMcGill. (2013, Juni 14) Uphononongo Lwexesha elidlulileyo le-Oceans' liphakamisa ixhala malunga nekamva labo. Nzululwazi yonke imihla. Ibuyisiwe kwi: sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130614111606.html

Abantu batshintsha isixa senitrogen esifumanekayo ekulobeni elwandle ngokwandisa umlinganiselo weCO2 emoyeni wethu. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba kuya kuthatha iinkulungwane ukuba ulwandle lulungelelanise umjikelo wenitrogen. Oku kuphakamisa iinkxalabo malunga nezinga langoku le-CO2 engena kwi-atmosfera yethu kwaye ibonisa indlela ulwandle olunokuthi lutshintshe ngayo ngokwekhemikhali ngeendlela ebesingazilindelanga.
Eli nqaku lingasentla libonelela ngentshayelelo emfutshane kubudlelwane phakathi kwe-acidification yolwandle kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ngolwazi oluthe vetshe nceda ujonge amaphepha emithombo ye-Ocean Foundation I-Acidification yoLwandle.

UFagan, B. (2013) Ulwandle Oluhlaselo: Ixesha Elidlulileyo, Elikhoyo, kunye neSuture yokunyuka kwamaNqanaba oLwandle. Bloomsbury Press, eNew York.

Ekubeni amanqanaba olwandle okugqibela e-Ice Age anyuke ngeemitha ezili-122 kwaye aya kuqhubeka nokunyuka. I-Fagan ithatha abafundi kwihlabathi jikelele ukusuka kwi-Doggerland yamandulo kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba yi-North Sea, ukuya eMesopotamiya yamandulo kunye ne-Egypt, i-colonial Portugal, i-China, kunye ne-United States yanamhlanje, i-Bangladesh kunye ne-Japan. Uluntu lwabazingeli lwaluhamba kakhulu kwaye lwalukwazi ukuhambisa iindawo zokuhlala kwiindawo eziphakamileyo, kodwa bajongana nokuphazamiseka okukhulayo njengoko abantu babesiya bexinana ngakumbi. Namhlanje izigidi zabantu kwihlabathi liphela kulindeleke ukuba bajamelane nokufuduswa kule minyaka ingamashumi amahlanu izayo njengoko amaqondo olwandle eqhubeka enyuka.

UDoney, S., Ruckelshaus, M., Duffy, E., Barry, J., Chan, F., IsiNgesi, C., …, & Talley, L. (2012, January). Iimpembelelo zoTshintsho lweMozulu kuBume beNdawo yaseLwandle. Uphononongo loNyaka lweNzululwazi yaseLwandle, 4, 11-37. Ifunyenwe kwi: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-marine-041911-111611

Kwi-ecosystems yaselwandle, utshintsho lwemozulu lunxulunyaniswa nokutshintsha kwangaxeshanye kwiqondo lobushushu, ukujikeleza, ukuhluma, igalelo lezondlo, umxholo weoksijini, kunye ne-asidi yolwandle. Kukwakho unxulumano olomeleleyo phakathi kwemozulu kunye nokusasazwa kweentlobo, i-phenology, kunye nedemografi. Ezi ekugqibeleni zinokuchaphazela ukusebenza kwenkqubo yendalo iphela kunye neenkonzo elixhomekeke kuzo ihlabathi.

Vallis, GK (2012). Imozulu kunye noLwandle. IPrinceton, eNew Jersey: iPrinceton University Press.

Kukho unxulumano olomeleleyo oluthungelanayo phakathi kwemozulu nolwandle olubonakaliswa ngolwimi olucacileyo kunye nemizobo yeengqikelelo zenzululwazi kuquka iinkqubo zomoya nemisinga ngaphakathi kolwandle. Yenziwe njengomfanekiso wokuqala, Imozulu kunye noLwandle isebenza njengentshayelelo kwindima yolwandle njengomodareyitha wenkqubo yemozulu yoMhlaba. Incwadi ivumela abafundi ukuba benze izigwebo zabo, kodwa ngolwazi lokuqonda ngokubanzi isayensi emva kwemozulu.

Spalding, MJ (2011, May). Ngaphambi kokutshona kwelanga: Ukutshintsha iKhemistri yoLwandle, iZibonelelo zaselwandle zeHlabathi, kunye neMida yeZixhobo zethu ezisemthethweni zokulungisa umonakalo. Incwadana yeNdaba yeKomiti yoMthetho wokusiNgqongileyo yaMazwe ngaMazwe, 13(2). PDF.

Ikhabhon diokside ifunxwa lulwandle kwaye ichaphazela ipH yamanzi kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yiasidi yolwandle. Imithetho yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemithetho yasekhaya e-United States, ngexesha lokubhala, inamandla okubandakanya imigaqo-nkqubo ye-acidification yolwandle, kuquka i-UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, i-UN Convention kwiMithetho yoLwandle, i-London Convention kunye neProtocol, kunye ne-US Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Act (FOARAM) Act. Iindleko zokungasebenzi ziya kudlula kakhulu iindleko zezoqoqosho zokwenza, kwaye amanyathelo akhoyo ayimfuneko.

Spalding, MJ (2011). Uguquko loLwandle oluGxekileyo: ILifa leNkcubeko elingaphantsi kwamanzi eLwandle lijongene noTshintsho lweMichiza kunye noMzimba. UPhononongo lweLifa leNkcubeko nobuGcisa, 2(1). PDF.

Iindawo eziphantsi kwamanzi zenkcubeko yelifa zisongelwa yiasidi yolwandle kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuyanda ekuguquleni ubume bolwandle, ukunyuka kwamaqondo olwandle, ukufudumala kwamaqondo obushushu olwandle, ukuguquguquka kwemisinga kunye nokwanda kokuguquguquka kwemozulu; zonke ezichaphazela ukugcinwa kweendawo zembali ezintywiliselwe emanzini. Ukwenzakala okungenakulungiseka kunokwenzeka, nangona kunjalo, ukubuyisela inkqubo yendalo engaselunxwemeni, ukunciphisa ungcoliseko olusekelwe kumhlaba, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kweCO2, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwaselwandle, ukwandisa ukubeka iliso kwisiza esiyimbali kunye nokuphuhlisa amaqhinga asemthethweni kunokunciphisa ukutshatyalaliswa kweendawo zelifa lenkcubeko ezingaphantsi kwamanzi.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., & Bruno, J. (2010, Juni 18). Impembelelo yoTshintsho lweMozulu kwiiNdawo zoLwandle lweHlabathi. Sayensi, i328(5985), 1523-1528. Ifunyenwe kwi: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523

Ukukhutshwa ngokukhawuleza kwegesi ye-greenhouse kuqhubela ulwandle kwiimeko ezingazange zibonwe kwizigidi zeminyaka kwaye kubangela iziphumo eziyingozi. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, utshintsho lwemozulu ye-anthropogenic lubangele ukwehla kwemveliso yolwandle, ukuguqulwa kokutya kwewebhu, ukunciphisa ubuninzi beentlobo ezenza indawo yokuhlala, ukuhanjiswa kweentlobo eziguqukayo, kunye neziganeko ezinkulu zezifo.

Spalding, MJ, & de Fontaubert, C. (2007). Usombululo lweNgxaki yokuJongana noTshintsho lweMozulu kunye neeProjekthi zokuTshintsha uLwandle. Iindaba zoHlaziyo loMthetho wokusiNgqongileyo kunye noHlahlelo. Ibuyisiwe kwi: https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/ocean_climate_3.pdf

Kukho ulungelelwaniso olunenyameko phakathi kweziphumo zasekhaya kunye neenzuzo zehlabathi, ngakumbi xa kuqwalaselwa iziphumo ezinobungozi zeeprojekthi zamandla omoya namaza. Kukho imfuneko yokusetyenziswa kweendlela zokusombulula ungquzulwano kwiiprojekthi eziselunxwemeni naselwandle ezinokuthi zibe nokonakalisa imekobume yengingqi kodwa ziyimfuneko ukunciphisa ukuthembela kumafutha efosili. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kufuneka kuqwalaselwe kwaye ezinye zezisombululo ziya kwenzeka kwiindawo ezihlala emanzini naselunxwemeni, ukunciphisa iingxoxo zeengxabano kufuneka zibandakanye abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo, amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni, imibutho yoluntu, kunye nakwizinga lamazwe ngamazwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba izenzo ezifanelekileyo ezikhoyo ziya kuthathwa.

Spalding, MJ (2004, Agasti). Ukutshintsha kweMozulu kunye neeLwandle. IQela lothethwano ngeBiological Diversity. Ibuyisiwe kwi: http://markjspalding.com/download/publications/peer-reviewed-articles/ClimateandOceans.pdf

Ulwandle lubonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi ngokwezixhobo, ukumodareyitha kwemozulu, kunye nobuhle bobuhle. Nangona kunjalo, ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse evela kwimisebenzi yabantu kuqikelelwa ukuba iya kuguqula indalo eselunxwemeni naselwandle kwaye yandise iingxaki zaselwandle (ukuloba ngokugqithisileyo kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwendawo yokuhlala). Nangona kunjalo, likhona ithuba lotshintsho ngenkxaso yobubele ukuhlanganisa ulwandle kunye nemozulu ukuze kwandiswe ukomelela kwenkqubo yendalo esemngciphekweni wokutshintsha kwemozulu.

IBigg, GR, Jickells, TD, Liss, PS, & Osborn, TJ (2003, Agasti 1). Indima yeeLwandle kwiMozulu. Ijenali yeHlabathi yeClimatology, 23, 1127-1159. Ifunyenwe kwi: doi.org/10.1002/joc.926

Ulwandle yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yemozulu. Kubalulekile kutshintshiselwano lwehlabathi kunye nokwabiwa ngokutsha kobushushu, amanzi, iigesi, amasuntswana, kunye nomfutho. Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwamanzi ahlaziyekileyo olwandle luyehla kwaye luyinto ephambili kwisidanga kunye nobomi obude bokutshintsha kwemozulu.

Dore, JE, Lukas, R., Sadler, DW, & Karl, DM (2003, Agasti 14). Utshintsho oluqhutywa yimozulu kwi-atmospheric CO2 itshona kuLwandlekazi lwaseMntla wePasifiki. Indalo, 424(6950), 754-757. Ifunyenwe kwi: doi.org/10.1038/nature01885

Ukufunxwa kwekharbhon dayokhsayidi emanzini olwandle kunokuphenjelelwa ngamandla lutshintsho lwemvula kwingingqi kunye neepateni zokumka komphunga eziziswe kukuguquguquka kwemozulu. Ukusukela ngo-1990, kuye kwakho ukwehla okubonakalayo kumandla e-CO2 isinki, okubangelwa kukwanda koxinzelelo lwenxenye yolwandle lwe-CO2 olubangelwa kukumka komphunga kunye noxinzelelo olukhaphayo lwe-solutes emanzini.

Revelle, R., & Suess, H. (1957). Utshintshiselwano lweCarbon Dioxide phakathi kwe-Atmosphere kunye noLwandle kunye nombuzo wokunyuka kwe-Atmospheric CO2 kwiminyaka edlulileyo. La Jolla, California: Iziko leScripps leOceanography, kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia.

Isixa se-CO2 emoyeni, iireyithi kunye neendlela zotshintshiselwano lwe-CO2 phakathi kolwandle nomoya, kunye nokuguquguquka kwekhabhoni ye-organic yaselwandle kuye kwafundwa ukususela kungekudala emva kokuqala kwe-Industrial Revolution. Ukutshiswa kwepetroli kwimizi-mveliso ukususela ekuqaleni kweNguquko yezoShishino, ngaphezu kweminyaka eli-150 eyadlulayo, kubangele ukwanda komndilili wobushushu bolwandle, ukuncipha komthamo wekhabhoni yomhlaba, kunye notshintsho kwisixa sezinto eziphilayo elwandle. Olu xwebhu lusebenze njengembali ephambili kuphononongo lokutshintsha kwemozulu kwaye lunempembelelo enkulu kwizifundo zenzululwazi kwisiqingatha senkulungwane ukususela ekupapashweni kwalo.

Buyela phezulu

3. UkuFudukela kweZilwanyana eziseluNxwemeni naseLwandle ngenxa yeZiphumo zoTshintsho lweMozulu

Hu, S., Sprintall, J., Guan, C., McPhaden, M., Wang, F., Hu, D., Cai, W. (2020, February 5). Ukukhawulezisa okufikelele nzulu kweGlobal Mean Ocean Circulation kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo. Ukuqhubela phambili kwezeNzululwazi. EAAX7727. https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/6/eaax7727

Ulwandle luqalise ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza kule minyaka ingama-30 idlulileyo. Ukonyuka kwamandla ekinetic emisinga yolwandle kungenxa yokwanda komoya ophuma phezu komhlaba ophenjelelwa ngamaqondo obushushu ashushu, ngakumbi ajikeleze iitropiki. Intsingiselo inkulu kakhulu kunoko nakuphi na ukuguquguquka kwendalo okucebisa ukonyuka kwezantya zangoku kuya kuqhubeka kwixesha elide.

Whitcomb, I. (2019, Agasti 12). Iindidi zee-Blacktip Shark ziseHlotyeni eLong Island okokuqala. Ubomi beSayensi. Ibuyisiwe kwi: livescience.com/sharks-vacation-in-hamptons.html

Rhoqo ngonyaka, iblacktip sharks ifudukela emantla ehlotyeni ifuna amanzi apholileyo. Ngaphambili, ookrebe babeza kuchitha ihlobo labo kunxweme lwaseCarolinas, kodwa ngenxa yamanzi ashushu olwandle, kufuneka bahambe baye emantla ukuya eLong Island ukuze bafumane amanzi apholileyo ngokwaneleyo. Ngexesha lokupapashwa, ukuba ookrebe bafudukela emantla bodwa okanye balandela amaxhoba abo ukuya emantla akwaziwa.

Uloyiko, D. (2019, Julayi 31). Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuya kubangela ukuba kubekho oononkala. Kuya kufuduka emazantsi amarhamncwa, azidle; IWashington Post. Ibuyisiwe kwi: https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2019/07/31/climate-change-will-spark-blue-crab-baby-boom-then-predators-will-relocate-south-eat-them/?utm_term=.3d30f1a92d2e

Oononkala abaluhlaza bayachuma kumanzi ashushu eChesapeake Bay. Ngeendlela zangoku zamanzi ashushu, kungekudala oononkala abaluhlaza abasayi kuphinda bafune ukugrumba ebusika ukuze baphile, nto leyo eya kubangela ukuba abantu banyuke. Ukunyuka kwabemi kunokutsalela amanye amarhamncwa kumanzi amatsha.

Furby, K. (2018, Juni 14). Utshintsho lwemozulu luhambisa iintlanzi ngokukhawuleza kunokuba imithetho inokusingatha, uphando luthi. IWashington Post. Ibuyisiwe kwi: washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2018/06/14/climate-change-is-moving-fish-around-faster-than-laws-can-handle-study-says

Iintlobo zentlanzi ezibalulekileyo ezifana ne-salmon kunye ne-mackerel zifudukela kwimimandla emitsha efuna ukwanda kwentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe ukuqinisekisa ubuninzi. Eli nqaku libonisa ungquzulwano olunokuthi lubekho xa iintlobo zezilwanyana ziwela imida yelizwe ngokwembono yendibaniselwano yomthetho, umgaqo-nkqubo, uqoqosho, i-oceanography, kunye ne-ecology. 

Poloczanska, ES, Burrows, MT, Brown, CJ, García Molinos, J., Halpern, BS, Hoegh-Guldberg, O., … & Sydeman, WJ (2016, May 4). IiMpendulo zeZilwanyana zaseLwandle kuTshintsho lweMozulu kuLwandlekazi lonke. Imida kwiNzululwazi yaseLwandle, 62. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00062

Uvimba weDatha weeMpembelelo zokuTshintsha kweMozulu yaseLwandle (i-MCID) kunye neNgxelo yoVavanyo yeSihlanu yePhaneli yoRhulumente kuTshintsho lweMozulu iphonononga utshintsho lwenkqubo yendalo yaselwandle oluqhutywa kukutshintsha kwemozulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iimpendulo zeentlobo zokutshintsha kwemozulu zihambelana nokulindelweyo, kubandakanywa ukutshintshwa kwe-poleward kunye nenzulu yokusabalalisa, ukuqhubela phambili kwi-phenology, ukwehla ekubaleni, kunye nokwanda kobuninzi beentlobo zamanzi ashushu. Imimandla kunye neentlobo ezingenazo iimpembelelo ezibhaliweyo ezinxulumene nokutshintsha kwemozulu, azithethi ukuba azichaphazeleki, koko kusekho izikhewu kuphando.

Ulawulo lweSizwe loLwandlekazi kunye ne-Atmospheric. (2013, Septemba). Izinto Ezimbini Ezithathwa Kutshintsho LweMozulu eLwandle? INkonzo yoLwandle lweSizwe: iSebe lezoRhwebo lase-United States. Ibuyisiwe kwi: http://web.archive.org/web/20161211043243/http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2013/09/9_30_13two_takes_on_climate_change_in_ocean.html

Ubomi baselwandle kuzo zonke iindawo zekhonkco lokutya zitshintshela kwiipali ukuze zihlale zipholile njengoko izinto zifudumala kwaye olu tshintsho lunokuba nemiphumo ebalulekileyo yezoqoqosho. Iintlobo ezitshintshayo esithubeni kunye nexesha azenzeki zonke ngesantya esifanayo, ngoko ke kuphazamisa iwebhu yokutya kunye neepateni ezibuthathaka zobomi. Ngoku kunanini na ngaphambili kubalulekile ukuthintela ukuloba ngokugqithisileyo kwaye uqhubeke nokuxhasa iinkqubo zokubeka iliso ixesha elide.

Poloczanska, E., Brown, C., Sydeman, W., Kiessling, W., Schoeman, D., Moore, P., …, & Richardson, A. (2013, Agasti 4). Impembelelo yehlabathi yokutshintsha kwemozulu kubomi baselwandle. Ukutshintsha kweMozulu yeNdalo, 3, 919-925. Ifunyenwe kwi: https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1958

Kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, kuye kwakho utshintsho oluxhaphakileyo lwenkqubo kwiphenology, idemografia, kunye nokusasazwa kweentlobo zezinto eziphilayo zaselwandle. Olu phononongo ludibanise zonke izifundo ezikhoyo zoqwalaselo lwendalo yaselwandle ngokulindelekileyo phantsi kokutshintsha kwemozulu; baye bafumana iimpendulo zebhayoloji zaselwandle ezili-1,735 ezinokuthi zibe ngumthombo wenguqu yasekhaya okanye yemozulu yehlabathi.

BUYELA Phezulu

4. I-Hypoxia (IiNdawo ezifileyo)

I-Hypoxia ngamaqondo aphantsi okanye aphelelwe yioksijini emanzini. Ihlala inxulunyaniswa nokukhula kwe-algae ekhokelela ekuphelelweni kweoksijini xa i-algae isifa, ishone phantsi, kwaye ibole. I-Hypoxia nayo yongezwa ngamanqanaba aphezulu ezondlo, amanzi ashushu, kunye nolunye ukuphazamiseka kwe-ecosystem ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu.

Slabosky, K. (2020, Agasti 18). Ngaba uLwandle lunokuphelelwa yioksijini?. TED-Ed. Ifunyenwe kwi: https://youtu.be/ovl_XbgmCbw

Ividiyo enopopayi ichaza indlela i-hypoxia okanye iindawo ezifileyo ezenziwe ngayo kwiGulf of Mexico nangaphaya. Ukukhutshwa kwezondlo zezolimo kunye nezichumiso kunegalelo elikhulu kwiindawo ezifileyo, kwaye iindlela zokulima ngokutsha kufuneka ziqaliswe ukukhusela imijelo yethu yamanzi kunye nomngcipheko wendalo yaselwandle. Nangona ingakhankanywanga kwividiyo, amanzi ashushu adalwe lutshintsho lwemozulu nawo andisa ukuphindaphindeka kunye nokuqina kweendawo ezifileyo.

Bates, N., kunye noJohnson, R. (2020) Ukukhawulezisa ukufudumala kwe-Ocean, i-Salinization, i-Deoxygenation kunye ne-Acidification kwi-Surface Subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. Unxibelelwano loMhlaba kunye nokusiNgqongileyo. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00030-5

Iikhemikhali zaselwandle kunye neemeko zomzimba ziyatshintsha. Amanqaku edatha aqokelelwe kuLwandle lwaseSargasso ngexesha le-2010s anikezela ngolwazi olubalulekileyo kwiimodeli zolwandle-moya kunye novavanyo lwedatha yeminyaka elishumi ukuya kwelishumi kumjikelo wekhabhoni yehlabathi. UBates noJohnson bafumanise ukuba amaqondo obushushu kunye netyuwa kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki eSubtropical kuMntla weAtlantiki zahluka kwiminyaka engamashumi amane edlulileyo ngenxa yotshintsho lwamaxesha onyaka kunye notshintsho kwialkalinity. Amanqanaba aphezulu e-CO2 kunye ne-acidification yolwandle yenzeka ngexesha le-CO ebuthathaka kakhulu2 ukukhula.

Ulawulo lweSizwe loLwandlekazi kunye ne-Atmospheric. (2019, Meyi 24). Yintoni uMmandla ofileyo? INkonzo yoLwandle lweSizwe: iSebe lezoRhwebo lase-United States. Ibuyisiwe kwi: oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/deadzone.html

Indawo efileyo ligama eliqhelekileyo le-hypoxia kwaye libhekisa kwinqanaba elincitshisiweyo le-oksijini emanzini akhokelela kwiintlango zebhayoloji. Ezi zowuni ziyenzeka ngokwendalo, kodwa ziyandiswa kwaye zomelezwa yimisebenzi yabantu ngamaqondo obushushu bamanzi ashushu okubangwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu. Izondlo ezigqithisileyo eziphuma emhlabeni nakwimizila yamanzi ngoyena nobangela wokwanda kweendawo ezifileyo.

I-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo. (2019, ngo-Epreli 15). Ungcoliseko lweZondlo, Iziphumo: Okusingqongileyo. I-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo yase-United States. Ibuyisiwe kwi: https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/effects-environment

Ungcoliseko lwezondlo lubasa ukukhula kwezityalo eziyingozi ze-algal (HABs), ezineempembelelo ezingalunganga kwi-ikhosistim yasemanzini. Ngamanye amaxesha ii-HABs zinokudala ityhefu etyiwa ziintlanzi ezincinci kwaye zisebenze ngendlela yazo zonyusa ikhonkco lokutya kwaye zibe yingozi kubomi baselwandle. Nokuba azidali i-toxins, zivimba ukukhanya kwelanga, zivale iintlanzi zeentlanzi, kwaye zidale iindawo ezifileyo. Iindawo ezifileyo ziindawo ezisemanzini ezineoksijini encinci okanye ezingenayo eyenziwayo xa iintyatyambo zealgal zisebenzisa ioksijini njengoko zisifa zibangela ukuba ubomi baselwandle bushiye indawo echaphazelekayo.

Blaszczak, JR, Delesantro, JM, Urban, DL, Doyle, MW, & Bernhardt, ES (2019). Ikhukulisiwe okanye ifuthaniswe: Iinkqubo zemijelo yasezidolophini zihamba phakathi kwe-hydrologic kunye nokugqithiswa kweoksijini enyibilikileyo. ILimnology kunye neOceanography, 64 (3), 877-894. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11081

Imimandla engaselunxwemeni ayikuphela kweendawo apho iimeko ezifana neendawo ezifileyo zisanda ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu. Imijelo yasezidolophini kunye nemilambo ekhupha amanzi kwiindawo ezithengiswa kakhulu ziindawo eziqhelekileyo ze-hypoxic zones ezifileyo, ezishiya umfanekiso ongemfiliba kwizinto eziphilayo zamanzi ahlambulukileyo ezibiza imizila yasezidolophini ekhaya. Izaqhwithi ezinamandla zidala amachibi okubaleka okugcwele izondlo ezihlala zine-hypoxic de isaqhwithi esilandelayo sikhuphe amadama.

Breitburg, D., Levin, L., Oschiles, A., Grégoire, M., Chavez, F., Conley, D., ..., & Zhang, J. (2018, January 5). Ukuncipha kweoksijini kulwandlekazi lwehlabathi nakumanzi onxweme. Sayensi, i359(6371). Ifunyenwe kwi: doi.org/10.1126/science.aam7240

Ubukhulu becala ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu eye yanyusa ubushushu behlabathi jikelele kunye nesixa sezondlo ezikhutshelwa emanzini aselunxwemeni, umxholo weoksijini kulwandle lulonke uye wehla ubuncinci iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu edlulileyo. Ukuhla kweqondo leoksijini elwandle kuneziphumo zebhayoloji nezendalo kuzo zombini izikali zengingqi nehlabathi.

Breitburg, D., Grégoire, M., & Isensee, K. (2018). Ulwandle luphulukana nomoya walo: Ukuncipha kweoksijini kulwandle lwehlabathi nakumanzi onxweme. IOC-UNESCO, i-IOC Technical Series, i-137. Ibuyisiwe kwi: https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/232562/1/Technical%20Brief_Go2NE.pdf

Ioksijini iyancipha elwandle kwaye abantu ngoyena nobangela. Oku kwenzeka xa ioksijini engaphezulu isetyenzisiwe kunokuzaliswa kwakhona apho ukufudumala kunye nokwanda kwezondlo kubangela amanqanaba aphezulu okusetyenziswa kwe-microbial ye-oksijini. I-Deoxygenation inokuba mandundu ngenxa ye-aquaculture exineneyo, ekhokelela ekukhuleni okuncitshisiweyo, ukuguquka kwendlela yokuziphatha, ukwanda kwezifo, ngakumbi kwi-finfish kunye ne-crustaceans. I-Deoxygenation iqikelelwa ukuba iya kuba nzima kwiminyaka ezayo, kodwa amanyathelo anokuthathwa ukulwa nesi songelo kuquka ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse, kunye nokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni emnyama kunye nezondlo.

UBryant, L. (2015, April 9). Ulwandle 'kwiindawo ezifileyo' yintlekele ekhulayo kwiintlanzi. IPhoto.org. Ibuyisiwe kwi: https://phys.org/news/2015-04-ocean-dead-zones-disaster-fish.html

Ngokwembali, imigangatho yolwandle ithathe iwaka leminyaka ukuba ibuyele kumaxesha adlulileyo eoksijini ephantsi, ekwabizwa ngokuba ziindawo ezifileyo. Ngenxa yezinto ezenziwa ngabantu kunye nokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu iindawo ezifileyo okwangoku zenza i-10% kunye nokunyuka komphezulu wolwandle lwehlabathi. Ukusetyenziswa kweAgrochemicals kunye neminye imisebenzi yabantu ikhokelela ekunyukeni kwamanqanaba e-phosphorus kunye ne-nitrogen emanzini ondla iindawo ezifileyo.

BUYELA Phezulu

5. Iimpembelelo zamanzi afudumeleyo

Schartup, A., Thackray, C., Quershi, A., Dassuncao, C., Gillespie, K., Hanke, A., & Sunderland, E. (2019, Agasti 7). Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokuloba ngokugqithisileyo kwandisa i-neurotoxicant kumarhamncwa aselwandle. Indalo, 572, 648-650. Ifunyenwe kwi: doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1468-9

Intlanzi ngowona mthombo uphambili wokuvezwa kwabantu kwi-methylmercury, enokuthi ikhokelele kukusilela kwe-neurocognitive ixesha elide kubantwana abaqhubeka bebadala. Ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1970s kukho ukonyuka okuqikelelwa kwi-56% kwi-tissue methylmercury kwi-tuna ye-Atlantic bluefin ngenxa yokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu olwandle.

Smale, D., Wernberg, T., Oliver, E., Thomsen, M., Harvey, B., Straub, S., …, & Moore, P. (2019, Matshi 4). Amaza obushushu olwandle abeka emngciphekweni intlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo zehlabathi kunye nokubonelela ngeenkonzo ze-ikhosistim. Ukutshintsha kweMozulu yeNdalo, 9, 306-312. Ifunyenwe kwi: nature.com/articles/s41558-019-0412-1

Ulwandle luye lwafudumala kakhulu kwinkulungwane edlulileyo. Amaza obushushu olwandle, amaxesha okufudumeza okugqithisileyo kwengingqi, achaphazele ngokukodwa iintlobo zesiseko ezibalulekileyo ezifana neekorale kunye neengca zolwandle. Njengoko utshintsho lwemozulu ye-anthropogenic lusiba luqilima, ukufudumala kolwandle kunye namaza obushushu anamandla okuhlengahlengisa i-ikhosistim kunye nokuphazamisa ukunikezelwa kwempahla kunye neenkonzo ze-ikholoji.

Sanford, E., Sones, J., Garcia-Reyes, M., Goddard, J., & Largier, J. (2019, Matshi 12). Ukutshintshwa ngokubanzi kwi-biota yonxweme enyakatho yeKalifornia ngexesha le-2014-2016 ye-heatwaves yolwandle. Iingxelo zeSayensi, i-9(4216). Ifunyenwe kwi: doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40784-3

Ukusabela kumaza obushushu olwandle ixesha elide, ukwanda kokusasazeka kweentlobo zezidalwa kunye notshintsho olugqithisileyo kubushushu bolwandle bunokubonwa kwixesha elizayo. Amaza obushushu obunzulu olwandle abangele ukufa kwabantu abaninzi, ukudumba kwealgal okuyingozi, ukuncipha kweebhedi ze-kelp, kunye notshintsho olukhulu kulwabiwo lwejografi lweentlobo.

Pinsky, M., Eikeset, A., McCauley, D., Payne, J., & Sunday, J. (2019, April 24). Ukuba sesichengeni okukhulu kukufudumala kolwandle xa kuthelekiswa neectotherms zasemhlabeni. Indalo, 569, 108-111. Ifunyenwe kwi: doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1132-4

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba zeziphi iintlobo kunye ne-ecosystems eziza kuchaphazeleka kakhulu kukufudumala ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ulawulo olusebenzayo. Amazinga aphezulu obuntununtunu kubushushu kunye namazinga akhawulezayo okwenziwa kwamakholoni kwi-ikhosistim yolwandle acebisa ukuba ukucima kuya kubakho rhoqo kwaye ukuguquka kweentlobo ngokukhawuleza elwandle.

Morley, J., Selden, R., Latour, R., Frolicher, T., Seagraves, R., & Pinsky, M. (2018, Meyi 16). Kulindeleke utshintsho kwindawo yokuhlala eshushu kwiintlobo ezingama-686 kwishelufu yelizwekazi laseMntla Melika. I-PLOS ENYE. Ibuyisiwe kwi: doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196127

Ngenxa yokutshintsha kwamaqondo obushushu olwandle, iintlobo zezilwanyana ziqalisa ukutshintsha ukusasazeka kwazo ngokwejografi ukuya kwiipali. Uqikelelo lwenziwa kwiintlobo zezilwanyana zaselwandle ezingama-686 ezinokuthi zichatshazelwe kukutshintsha kwamaqondo obushushu olwandle. Uqikelelo lotshintsho lwejografi lwexesha elizayo luye lwaba sezantsi kwaye lwalandela unxweme kwaye lwanceda ukuchonga ukuba zeziphi iintlobo ezisengozini yokutshintsha kwemozulu.

Laffoley, D. & Baxter, JM (abahleli). (2016). Ukuchaza ukufudumala koLwandle: oonobangela, isikali, iziphumo kunye neziphumo. Ingxelo epheleleyo. Gland, eSwitzerland: IUCN. 456 iphe. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2016.08.en

Ukufudumala kwe-Ocean ngokukhawuleza kuba sesinye sezoyikiso ezinkulu kwisizukulwana sethu njengoko i-IUCN icebisa ukwanda kokuqondwa kobunzima bempembelelo, isenzo somgaqo-nkqubo wehlabathi, ukhuseleko olubanzi kunye nolawulo, ukuhlolwa komngcipheko ohlaziyiweyo, ukuvala izikhewu kuphando kunye neemfuno zokukwazi, kunye nokwenza ngokukhawuleza ukwenza ukucuthwa okukhulu kokukhutshwa kwegesi yegreenhouse.

Hughes, T., Kerry, J., Baird, A., Connolly, S., Dietzel, A., Eakin, M., Heron, S., ..., & Torda, G. (2018, April 18). Ukufudumala kwehlabathi kuguqula ukudityaniswa kwee-coral reef. Indalo, 556, 492-496. Ifunyenwe kwi: nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0041-2?dom=scribd&src=syn

Ngo-2016, i-Great Barrier Reef yafumana irekhodi eliqhekeza i-heatwave yaselwandle. Uphononongo lunethemba lokuvala umsantsa phakathi kwethiyori kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokuvavanya imingcipheko yokuwa kwe-ecosystem ukuqikelela ukuba iziganeko zokufudumala kwexesha elizayo zinokuchaphazela njani uluntu lwe-coral reef. Bachaza amanqanaba ahlukeneyo, bachonge umqhubi omkhulu, kwaye baseke imida yokuwa kobungakanani. 

Gramling, C. (2015, Novemba 13). Indlela Ukufudumala KwamaLwandle Okwawukhulula Ngayo Umsinga Womkhenkce. Sayensi, i350(6262), 728. Ifunyenwe kwi: DOI: 10.1126 / isayensi.350.6262.728

Umkhenkce waseGreenland uphalaza iikhilomitha zomkhenkce elwandle minyaka le njengoko amanzi olwandle ashushu esingela phantsi. Into eyenzekayo phantsi komkhenkce iphakamisa eyona nkxalabo, njengoko amanzi olwandle afudumeleyo ekhukulise umkhenkce kude ngokwaneleyo ukuba awususe kwi-sill. Oku kuya kubangela ukuba umkhenkce ubuye umva ngokukhawuleza kwaye kudala i-alam enkulu malunga nokunyuka komphakamo wolwandle okunokwenzeka.

Precht, W., Gintert, B., Robbart, M., Fur, R., & van Woesik, R. (2016). Ukubhubha kweCoral okuNxulumana neSifo okungazange kubonwe ngaphambili eMzantsi-mpuma weFlorida. Iingxelo zeSayensi, i-6(31375). Ifunyenwe kwi: https://www.nature.com/articles/srep31374

Ukukhanya kwe-coral, izifo ze-coral, kunye neziganeko zokufa kwee-coral ziyanda ngenxa yokushisa kwamanzi aphezulu okubangelwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu. Ukujonga amanqanaba aphezulu ngokungaqhelekanga esifo se-coral esithathelwanayo kumzantsi-mpuma weFlorida kuyo yonke i-2014, eli nqaku lidibanisa inqanaba eliphezulu lokufa kwe-coral kwiikholoni ze-coral ezigxininisekileyo.

Friedland, K., Kane, J., Hare, J., Lough, G., Fratantoni, P., Fogarty, M., & Nye, J. (2013, Septemba). Izithintelo zendawo yokuhlala eshushu kwiintlobo zooplankton ezinxulumene ne-Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) kwiShelufu ye-US ekuMntla-mpuma welizwekazi. Inkqubela kwiOceanography, 116, 1-13. Ifunyenwe kwi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.05.011

Kwi-ecosystem ye-US Northeast Continental Shelf kukho iindawo zokuhlala ezishushu ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ukwanda kwamaqondo obushushu amanzi kuchaphazela ubuninzi bezi ndawo zokuhlala. Izixa zeendawo zokuhlala ezifudumeleyo nezingaphezulu zonyukile ngelixa iindawo zokuhlala ezihlala emanzini apholileyo zehlile. Oku kunamandla okuthoba kakhulu imiyinge ye-Atlantic Cod njengoko i-zooplankton yokutya ichatshazelwa kukutshintsha kobushushu.

BUYELA Phezulu

6. Ilahleko yeZilwanyana ezahlukahlukeneyo zaseLwandle ngenxa yoTshintsho lweMozulu

Brito-Morales, I., Schoeman, D., Molinos, J., Burrows, M., Klein, C., Arafeh-Dalmau, N., Kaschner, K., Garilao, C., Kesner-Reyes, K. , kunye noRichardson, A. (2020, Matshi 20). Isantya seMozulu siDiza ukonyuka koMtyhilelo lweZilwanyana zeNdalo eNzulu yolwandle kuKufudumeza kweKamva. Indalo. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0773-5

Abaphandi bafumanise ukuba isantya semozulu yangoku-amanzi ashushu-ayakhawuleza kulwandle olunzulu kunaphezu komhlaba. Uphononongo ngoku luqikelela ukuba phakathi kwe-2050 kunye ne-2100 ukufudumala kuya kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kuwo onke amanqanaba oluhlu lwamanzi, ngaphandle kwendawo. Ngenxa yokufudumala, i-biodiversity iya kusongelwa kuwo onke amanqanaba, ngakumbi kubunzulu obuphakathi kwe-200 kunye ne-1,000 yeemitha. Ukunciphisa izinga lokufudumala kwemilinganiselo kufuneka kubekwe ekuxhatshazweni kobutyebi bolwandle olunzulu ngeenqwelo zokuloba kunye nemigodi, i-hydrocarbon kunye neminye imisebenzi yokucoca. Ukongeza, inkqubela inokwenziwa ngokwandisa uthungelwano lweeMPA ezinkulu kulwandlekazi olunzulu.

Riskas, K. (2020, Juni 18). I-Shellfish yaseFama ayikhuselekanga kuTshintsho lweMozulu. INzululwazi yoNxweme kunye nemibutho yeHakai Magazine. PDF.

Iibhiliyoni zabantu kwihlabathi jikelele bafumana iiprotheyini zabo kwimo engqongileyo yaselwandle, ukanti ukuloba endle kolulwa. I-aquaculture iya ivala umsantsa kwaye imveliso elawulwayo inokuphucula umgangatho wamanzi kwaye inciphise izondlo ezigqithisileyo ezibangela ukuqhakaza kwe-algal eyingozi. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko amanzi esiba neasidi ngakumbi kwaye njengoko ukufudumala kwamanzi kuguqula ukukhula kweplankton, ukuveliswa kwezilwanyana zasemanzini kunye nemollusk zisengozini. I-Riskas iqikelela ukuba i-mollusk aquaculture iya kuqalisa ukwehla kwimveliso ngo-2060, kunye namanye amazwe achaphazelekayo ngaphambili, ngakumbi amazwe asakhulayo kunye namazwe angaphuhliswanga kancinci.

Record, N., Runge, J., Pendleton, D., Balch, W., Davies, K., Pershing, A., …, & Thompson C. (2019, May 3). Iinguqu eziKhawulezayo zokujikeleza kweMozulu eziKhuselisa ukuLondolozwa kweMinenga yaseMntla yeAtlantiki eseMngciphekweni yokuTshabalala. I-Oceanography, i-32(2), 162-169. Ifunyenwe kwi: doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2019.201

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kubangela ukuba i-ecosystem itshintshe ngokukhawuleza amazwe, nto leyo eyenza ukuba izicwangciso ezininzi zolondolozo ezisekelwe kwiipateni zembali zingasebenzi. Ngokufudumeza kwamanzi anzulu kumazinga aphindwe kabini kunawo amanzi aphezu komhlaba, iintlobo ezifana neCalanus finmarchicus, ukutya okubalulekileyo kwiminenga yaseMntla yeAtlantiki, zitshintshile iipatheni zazo zokufuduka. Iminenga yaseNyakatho yeAtlantiki ilandela ixhoba labo ngaphandle kwendlela yabo yembali yokufuduka, itshintsha ipateni, kwaye ngaloo ndlela ibabeka emngciphekweni wokuhlaselwa kweenqanawa okanye ukuphonswa kwezixhobo kwiindawo zobuchule bolondolozo abazikhuseli.

Díaz, SM, Settele, J., Brondízio, E., Ngo, H., Guèze, M., Agard, J., … & Zayas, C. (2019). INgxelo yoVavanyo lweHlabathi kwiiNkonzo zeBiodiversity kunye ne-Ecosystem: Isishwankathelo sabaqulunqi bemigaqo-nkqubo. IPBES. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3553579.

Phakathi kwesiqingatha sesigidi nesigidi iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo zisengozini yokubhanga ehlabathini lonke. Elwandle, izenzo zokuloba ezingazinzanga, utshintsho kumhlaba oselunxwemeni nolwandle, kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu kukhokelela ekulahlekeni kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ulwandle lufuna ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo kunye nokhuseleko lweNdawo yaseLwandle eKhuselweyo ngakumbi.

Abreu, A., Bowler, C., Claudet, J., Zinger, L., Paoli, L., Salazar, G., kunye neSunagawa, S. (2019). Isilumkiso seNzululwazi ngeNtsebenziswano phakathi kwe-Ocean Plankton kunye noTshintsho lweMozulu. Isiseko seTara Ocean.

Izifundo ezimbini ezisebenzisa idatha eyahlukileyo zombini zibonisa ukuba impembelelo yokutshintsha kwemozulu ekusasazeni kunye nobuninzi beentlobo zeplanktonic ziya kuba zikhulu kwimimandla ye-polar. Oku kunokwenzeka ngenxa yokuba amaqondo obushushu aphezulu olwandle (ajikeleze i-ikhweyitha) akhokelela ekwandeni kweendidi zeplanktonic ezinokuthi ziphile ngokutshintsha kwamaqondo obushushu bamanzi, nangona zombini uluntu lweplanktonic lunokuziqhelanisa. Ngaloo ndlela, utshintsho lwemozulu lusebenza njengento eyongezelelweyo yoxinzelelo kwiintlobo. Xa kudityaniswa nolunye utshintsho kwiindawo zokuhlala, iwebhu yokutya, kunye neentlobo zokusasazwa koxinzelelo olongezelelweyo lokutshintsha kwemozulu kunokubangela utshintsho olukhulu kwiipropati ze-ecosystem. Ukujongana nale ngxaki ikhulayo kufuneka kuphuculwe unxibelelwano lwesayensi/lomgaqo-nkqubo apho imibuzo yophando iyilwe zizazinzulu kunye nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo kunye.

Bryndum-Buchholz, A., Tittensor, D., Blanchard, J., Cheung, W., Coll, M., Galbraith, E., ..., & Lotze, H. (2018, Novemba 8). Iimpembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye kubomi bezilwanyana zaselwandle kunye nokwakheka kwe-ikhosistim kwiilwandle zolwandle. Global Change Biology, 25(2), 459-472. Ifunyenwe kwi: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14512 

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuchaphazela indalo yaselwandle ngokunxulumene nemveliso yokuqala, ubushushu bolwandle, ukusasazwa kweentlobo, kunye nobuninzi kwizikali zasekhaya nezehlabathi. Olu tshintsho lutshintsha ngokuphawulekayo ubume kunye nomsebenzi we-ecosystem yolwandle. Olu phononongo luhlalutya iimpendulo ze-biomass yezilwanyana zaselwandle ekuphenduleni ezi zixinzelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu.

Niiler, E. (2018, Matshi 8). Ookrebe Abangakumbi Bayekisa ukuFuduka koNyaka njengokufudumala koLwandle. National Geographic. Ibuyisiwe kwi: nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/03/animals-sharks-oceans-global-warming/

Ookrebe abangamadoda ngokwembali baye bafudukela emazantsi ngeenyanga ezibandayo zonyaka ukuya kutshata nabasetyhini kunxweme lwaseFlorida. Aba krebe babalulekile kwi-ecosystem yaseFlorida yaselunxwemeni: Ngokutya iintlanzi ezibuthathaka nezigulayo, banceda ukulungelelanisa uxinzelelo kwiingqaqa zekorale kunye nengca yolwandle. Kutshanje, ookrebe abangamadoda baye bahlala kude lee emantla njengoko amanzi angasentla esiba shushu. Ngaphandle kokufudukela emazantsi, amadoda akayi kukhwelana okanye akhusele i-ecosystem yaseFlorida.

Worm, B., & Lotze, H. (2016). Ukutshintsha kweMozulu: Iimpembelelo eziQwalaselelweyo kwiPlanethi yoMhlaba, iSahluko se-13 – iZilwanyana zeNdalo yaseLwandle kunye noTshintsho lweMozulu. ISebe leBiology, iYunivesithi yaseDalhousie, iHalifax, NS, eCanada. Ifunyenwe kwi: sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444635242000130

Iintlanzi zexesha elide kunye nedatha yokubeka iliso yeplankton ibonelele ngobungqina obuninzi bokutshintsha kwemozulu kwiindibano zeentlobo. Isahluko sigqibezela ukuba ulondolozo lwezityalo nezilwanyana zaselwandle lunokubonelela ngesona sithintelo singcono ngokuchasene nokutshintsha kwemozulu ngokukhawuleza.

McCauley, D., Pinsky, M., Palumbi, S., Estes, J., Joyce, F., & Warner, R. (2015, ngoJanuwari 16). I-Marine defaunation: Ilahleko yezilwanyana kulwandlekazi lwehlabathi. Sayensi, i347(6219). Ifunyenwe kwi: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6219/1255641

Abantu bazichaphazele ngokunzulu izilwanyana zaselwandle kunye nomsebenzi kunye nokwakheka kolwandle. Ukutshatyalaliswa kolwandle, okanye ukulahleka kwezilwanyana okubangelwa ngumntu elwandle, kwavela kuphela kumakhulu eminyaka eyadlulayo. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kusongela ukukhawulezisa ukonakaliswa kolwandle kwinkulungwane ezayo. Enye yezona zinto ziqhuba ilahleko yezilwanyana zaselwandle kukuthotywa kweendawo zokuhlala ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu, nto leyo enokuthi ithintelwe ngongenelelo olukhawulezileyo kunye nokubuyiselwa.

Deutsch, C., Ferrel, A., Seibel, B., Portner, H., & Huey, R. (2015, Juni 05). Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuqinisa umqobo wokutshintsha kwemetabolism kwiindawo zokuhlala zaselwandle. Sayensi, i348(6239), 1132-1135. Ifunyenwe kwi: science.sciencemag.org/content/348/6239/1132

Kokubini ukufudumala kolwandle kunye nokulahleka kweoksijini enyibilikileyo kuya kuyitshintsha kakhulu inkqubo yendalo yaselwandle. Kule nkulungwane, isalathiso semetabolism yolwandle olungasentla kuqikelelwa ukuba siza kuncipha ngama-20% kwihlabathi jikelele kunye nama-50% kwimimandla yobude obungasentla. Oku kunyanzelisa ukuncipha kunye nokuthotywa okuthe nkqo kweendawo zokuhlala eziphila ngokwasemzimbeni kunye noluhlu lweentlobo. Ithiyori yemetabolism ye-ecology ibonisa ukuba ubungakanani bomzimba kunye namaqondo obushushu anempembelelo kumazinga ometabolism wezinto eziphilayo, nto leyo enokuthi ichaze utshintsho kwintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo zezilwanyana xa ubushushu buguquka ngokubonelela ngeemeko ezilunge ngakumbi kwizinto eziphilayo.

Marcogilese, DJ (2008). Impembelelo yokutshintsha kwemozulu kwii-parasites kunye nezifo ezosulelayo zezilwanyana zasemanzini. Uphononongo lwezeNzululwazi kunye nobuGcisa kwi-Ofisi ye-International des Epizooties (Paris), i-27(2), 467-484. Ifunyenwe kwi: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/219d/8e86f333f2780174277b5e8c65d1c2aca36c.pdf

Ukusasazwa kwee-parasites kunye ne-pathogens kuya kuchatshazelwa ngokuthe ngqo nangokungathanga ngqo kukufudumala kwehlabathi, okunokuthi kwenzeke kwi-webs yokutya kunye nemiphumo ye-ecosystems yonke. Amazinga okudluliselwa kwee-parasites kunye ne-pathogens zihambelana ngokuthe ngqo kwiqondo lokushisa, ukunyuka kwamaqondo okushisa kukwandisa izinga losulelo. Obunye ubungqina bukwacebisa ukuba ubugwenxa bunxibelelene ngokuthe ngqo ngokunjalo.

Barry, JP, Baxter, CH, Sagarin, RD, & Gilman, SE (1995, February 3). Utshintsho olunxulumene nemozulu, ixesha elide kwindalo kwindawo yaseCalifornia enamatye aphakathi kwamaza. Sayensi, i267(5198), 672-675. Ifunyenwe kwi: doi.org/10.1126/science.267.5198.672

Izilwanyana ezingenamqolo kwindawo yaseCalifornia enamatye aphakathi kwamaza atshintshele emantla xa kuthelekiswa amaxesha amabini okufunda, elinye lisuka ngo-1931-1933 kwaye elinye ukusukela ngo-1993-1994. Olu tshintsho lusiya emantla luyahambelana noqikelelo lotshintsho olunxulunyaniswa nokufudumala kwemozulu. Xa kuthelekiswa amaqondo obushushu ukusuka kumaxesha okufunda amabini, amaqondo obushushu aphezulu asehlotyeni ngexesha lika-1983-1993 ayeshushu nge-2.2˚C kunowona mlinganiselo mkhulu wamaqondo obushushu ehlobo ukususela ngo-1921-1931.

BUYELA Phezulu

7. Iimpembelelo zoTshintsho lweMozulu kuLwandle lweCoral

Figueiredo, J., Thomas, CJ, Deleersnijder, E., Lambrechts, J., Baird, AH, Connolly, SR, & Hanert, E. (2022). Ukufudumala kwehlabathi kunciphisa uQhagamshelwano phakathi kwabemi beCoral. Uhlobo lweTshintsho lwemozulu, 12 (1), 83-87

Ukunyuka kobushushu behlabathi kubulala iikorali kunye nokuncipha koqhagamshelwano lwabemi. Uqhagamshelwano lwekorale yindlela iikorali zomntu ngamnye kunye nofuzo lwazo olutshintshiselwana ngayo phakathi kwabantu abazahlulwe ngokwejografi, nto leyo inokuchaphazela kakhulu amandla eekorale ukuba abuyele emva kokuphazamiseka (okufana noko kubangelwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu) kuxhomekeke kakhulu ekudibaneni kolwandle. Ukwenza ukhuseleko izithuba ezisebenzayo phakathi kweendawo ezikhuselweyo kufuneka zincitshiswe ukuqinisekisa uqhagamshelo lolwalwa.

Uthungelwano lweGlobal Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN). (2021, Okthobha). Isimo seSithandathu seeCorals zeHlabathi: Ingxelo yowama-2020. GCRMN. PDF.

Ukugquma kweekorale zolwandle kuye kwehle nge-14% ukusukela ngo-2009 ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu. Oku kwehla kungunobangela wenkxalabo enkulu njengoko iikorali zingenalo ixesha elaneleyo lokubuyela phakathi kweziganeko zobunzima bokukhanya.

Principe, SC, Acosta, AL, Andrade, JE, & Lotufo, T. (2021). Utshintsho oluqikelelweyo kuLwabiwo lwe-Atlantic Reef-Building Corals kuBujane boTshintsho lweMozulu. Imida kwiNzululwazi yaseLwandle, 912.

Iintlobo ezithile ze-coral zidlala indima ekhethekileyo njengabakhi be-reef, kwaye utshintsho ekusasazeni kwabo ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu kuza kunye nemiphumo ye-ecosystem. Olu phononongo lubandakanya uqikelelo lwangoku nolwexesha elizayo lweentlobo ezintathu zomakhi we-Atlantic reef eziyimfuneko kwimpilo ye-ecosystem iyonke. Izixhobo ze-coral ngaphakathi kolwandle lwe-Atlantiki zifuna amanyathelo olondolozo olungxamisekileyo kunye nolawulo olungcono ukuqinisekisa ukuphila kunye nokuvuselela ngokutshintsha kwemozulu.

UBrown, K., Bender-Champ, D., Kenyon, T., Rémond, C., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., & Dove, S. (2019, February 20). Iziphumo zexeshana zokufudumala kolwandle kunye ne-asidi kukhuphiswano lwe-coral-algal. Iingqaqa zeCoral, 38(2), 297-309. Ifunyenwe kwi: ikhonkco.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00338-019-01775-y 

Iingqaqa zekorale kunye ne-algae zibalulekile kwi-ikhosistim yolwandle kwaye zikhuphisana ngenxa yobuncwane obunqongopheleyo. Ngenxa yokufudumala kwamanzi kunye neasidi ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu, olu khuphiswano luyatshintshwa. Ukuphelisa iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo zokufudumeza kolwandle kunye ne-asidi, iimvavanyo zenziwa, kodwa kunye ne-photosynthesis ephuculweyo yayinganelanga ukuphelisa iziphumo kwaye zombini iikorale kunye ne-algae ziye zanciphisa ukusinda, ukubala, kunye nobuchule be-photosynthetic.

Bruno, J., Côté, I., & Toth, L. (2019, January). Ukutshintsha kweMozulu, iLahleko yeCoral, kunye neCase Curious Case yeParrotfish Paradigm: Kutheni iMimandla yoLwandle eKhuselweyo ingakuphuculi ukuZinzisa iiReef? Uphononongo loNyaka lweNzululwazi yaseLwandle, i-11, 307-334. Ifunyenwe kwi: yearreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-marine-010318-095300

Iikorale ezakha uqaqa ziyatshatyalaliswa kukutshintsha kwemozulu. Ukuze kuliwe noku, kwamiselwa iindawo ezikhuselweyo zaselwandle, kwaza kwalandela ukukhuselwa kweentlanzi ezitya utyani. Abanye bathi ezi zicwangciso zinempembelelo encinci kwi-coral ukomelela ngokubanzi kuba eyona nto ibangela uxinzelelo kukunyuka kobushushu bolwandle. Ukusindisa iikorale ezakha ulwalwa, kufuneka iinzame zidlule kwinqanaba lasekuhlaleni. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu ye-anthropogenic kufuneka kujongwe ngqo njengoko ingunobangela wokuhla kwekorale yehlabathi.

Cheal, A., MacNeil, A., Emslie, M., & Sweatman, H. (2017, Januwari 31). Isoyikiso kwiingqaqa zekorale ezivela kwiinkanyamba eziqatha ngakumbi phantsi kokutshintsha kwemozulu. Global Change Biology. Ibuyisiwe kwi: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.13593

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu konyusa amandla eenkanyamba ezibangela ukutshatyalaliswa kweekorale. Ngelixa i-cyclone frequency ingenako ukunyuka, ukuqina kwenkanyamba kuya kuba ngenxa yokufudumala kwemozulu. Ukonyuka koxinzelelo lwenkanyamba kuya kukhawulezisa ukutshatyalaliswa kwee-coral reef kunye nokucotha ukuchacha emva kwenkanyamba ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kwebhayoloji yendalo eyahlukeneyo. 

Hughes, T., Barnes, M., Bellwood, D., Cinner, J., Cumming, G., Jackson, J., & Scheffer, M. (2017, May 31). Iingqaqa zekorale kwiAnthropocene. Indalo, 546, 82-90. Ifunyenwe kwi: nature.com/articles/nature22901

IiReef ziwohloka ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yothotho lwabaqhubi be-anthropogenic. Ngenxa yoku, ukubuyisela iingqaqa kuqwalaselo lwazo lwangaphambili asiyondlela yokukhetha. Ukulwa nokuthotywa kolwalwa, eli nqaku lifuna utshintsho olumandla kwisayensi kunye nolawulo lokulawula uqaqa ngeli xesha ngelixa ligcina umsebenzi wazo webhayoloji.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Poloczanska, E., Skirving, W., & Dove, S. (2017, Meyi 29). I-Coral Reef Ecosystems phantsi koTshintsho lweMozulu kunye ne-Ocean Acidification. Imida kwiSayensi yaseLwandle. Ibuyisiwe kwi: frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2017.00158/full

Uphononongo luye lwaqala ukuqikelela ukupheliswa kwamanzi amaninzi ashushu ama-coral reefs ngo-2040-2050 (nangona iikorale zamanzi abandayo zisengozini ephantsi). Baqinisekisa ukuba ngaphandle kokuba kwenziwe inkqubela ekhawulezileyo ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo, uluntu oluxhomekeke kwiingqaqa zekorale ukuze luphile lunokujongana nobuhlwempu, ukuphazamiseka kwentlalo kunye nokungakhuseleki kwengingqi.

Hughes, T., Kerry, J., & Wilson, S. (2017, Matshi 16). Ukufudumala kwehlabathi kunye ne-bleaching mass mass of corals. Indalo, 543, 373-377. Ifunyenwe kwi: nature.com/articles/nature21707?dom=icopyright&src=syn

Iziganeko zamva nje eziphindaphindiweyo zokuxutywa kwe-coral ziye zahluka kakhulu ngobunzima. Ukusebenzisa uphando lwamanxweme ase-Australia kunye namaqondo okushisa olwandle, eli nqaku lichaza ukuba umgangatho wamanzi kunye noxinzelelo lokuloba lube nefuthe elincinci kwi-bleaching kwi-2016, ebonisa ukuba iimeko zendawo zibonelela ngokhuseleko oluncinci kumaqondo okushisa aphezulu.

Torda, G., Donelson, J., Aranda, M., Barshis, D., Bay, L., Berumen, M., …, & Munday, P. (2017). Iimpendulo ezikhawulezayo zokutshintsha kwemozulu kwiikorali. Indalo, 7, 627-636. Ifunyenwe kwi: nature.com/articles/climate3374

Ukukwazi ukujongana neemeko ze-coral kukutshintsha kwemozulu kuya kuba yimfuneko ekuboniseni ikamva lolwalwa. Eli nqaku lintywila kwi-plastiki ye-transgenerational phakathi kwee-corals kunye nendima ye-epigenetics kunye ne-coral-associated microbes kwinkqubo.

Anthony, K. (2016, Novemba). IiCoral Reefs Phantsi koTshintsho lweMozulu kunye neAcidation yoLwandle: Imingeni kunye namaThuba oLawulo kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo. Uphononongo loNyaka lweNdawo kunye neZibonelelo. Ibuyisiwe kwi: yearreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085610

Ukuqwalasela ukuthotywa ngokukhawuleza kwee-coral reefs ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye ne-acidification yolwandle, eli nqaku libonisa iinjongo ezinokwenene kwiinkqubo zolawulo lwengingqi kunye neendawo ezinokuthi ziphucule imilinganiselo yokuzinza. 

Hoey, A., Howells, E., Johansen, J., Hobbs, JP, Messmer, V., McCowan, DW, & Pratchett, M. (2016, Meyi 18). Inkqubela phambili yakutsha nje ekuqondeni iimpembelelo zoTshintsho lweMozulu kwiMimandla yeCoral. Ukwahluka. Ibuyisiwe kwi: mdpi.com/1424-2818/8/2/12

Ubungqina bubonisa ukuba ii-coral reefs zinokuba namandla okusabela kukufudumala, kodwa akucaci ukuba ezi zilungelelaniso zinokuhambelana nesantya esikhulayo sokutshintsha kwemozulu. Nangona kunjalo, iimpembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu zixutywa ngolunye uhlobo lokuphazamiseka kwe-anthropogenic okwenza kube nzima ukuba iikorale ziphendule.

Ainsworth, T., Heron, S., Ortiz, JC, Mumby, P., Grech, A., Ogawa, D., Eakin, M., & Leggat, W. (2016, April 15). Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kukhubaza ukhuseleko lwe-coral bleaching kwiGreat Barrier Reef. Sayensi, i352(6283), 338-342. Ifunyenwe kwi: science.sciencemag.org/content/352/6283/338

Ubume bangoku bokufudumala kweqondo lobushushu, okuthintela ukunyuswa, kubangele ukwanda kwe-bleaching kunye nokufa kwe-coral organisms. Ezi ziphumo bezigqithise kakhulu kwi-2016 ye-El Nino unyaka.

Graham, N., Jennings, S., MacNeil, A., Mouillot, D., & Wilson, S. (2015, February 05). Uqikelelo lwenkqubo yolawulo oluqhutywa yimozulu lutshintsha ngokuchasene nokubanakho ukuphinda kubuyele kwiingqaqa zekorale. Indalo, 518, 94-97. Ifunyenwe kwi: nature.com/articles/nature14140

Ukwenziwa mhlophe kwekorale ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu yenye yezoyikiso ezinkulu ezijongene neingqaqa zekorale. Eli nqaku liqwalasela iimpendulo zexesha elide leengxondorha kwimozulu enkulu-eyenziwe i-coral bleaching ye-Indo-Pacific corals kwaye ichonge iimpawu zengqaqa ezithanda ukuphinda zibuyele. Ababhali bajonge ukusebenzisa oko bakufumanisileyo ukwazisa ezona nkqubo zilungileyo zolawulo kwixesha elizayo. 

Spalding, MD, & B. Brown. (2015, Novemba 13). Iingqaqa zekorale zamanzi ashushu kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Sayensi, i350(6262), 769-771. Ifunyenwe kwi: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/350/6262/769

Iingqaqa zekorale zixhasa iinkqubo ezinkulu zobomi baselwandle kwakunye nokubonelela ngeenkonzo ezibalulekileyo zenkqubo yendalo kwizigidi zabantu. Nangona kunjalo, izoyikiso ezaziwayo ezinjengokuloba ngokugqithisileyo kunye nokungcoliseka kwendalo zongezwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu, ngakumbi ukufudumala kunye neasidi yolwandle ukwandisa umonakalo kwiingqaqa zekorale. Eli nqaku linika isishwankathelo esicacileyo sempembelelo yokutshintsha kwemozulu kwiingqaqa zekorale.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Eakin, CM, Hodgson, G., Ukuthengiswa, PF, & Veron, JEN (2015, December). Ukutshintsha kweMozulu Kubeka esichengeni uKuphila kweeNqaqa zeCoral. INgxelo yeMvumelwano ye-ISRS malunga nokuBolekwa kweCoral kunye noTshintsho lweMozulu. Ibuyisiwe kwi: https://www.icriforum.org/sites/default/files/2018%20ISRS%20Consensus%20Statement%20on%20Coral%20Bleaching%20%20Climate%20Change%20final_0.pdf

Iingqaqa zekorale zibonelela ngempahla kunye neenkonzo ezixabisa ubuncinci i-US$30 yeebhiliyoni ngonyaka kwaye zixhasa ubuncinane abantu abazizigidi ezingama-500 kwihlabathi jikelele. Ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu, iingqaqa ziphantsi kwesoyikiso esibi ukuba amanyathelo okuthintela ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kwihlabathi jikelele akathathwa ngokukhawuleza. Le nkcazo ikhutshwe ngokuhambelana neNkomfa yaseParis yoTshintsho lweMozulu ngoDisemba ka-2015.

BUYELA Phezulu

8. Iimpembelelo zoTshintsho lweMozulu kwi-Arctic ne-Antarctic

Sohail, T., Zika, J., Irving, D., kunye neCawa, J. (2022, ngoFebruwari 24). Ukuqwalaselwa koThutho lwaManzi asePoleward ukusukela ngo-1970. indalo. Umqulu. 602, 617-622. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04370-w

Phakathi kwe-1970 kunye ne-2014 ubukhulu bomjikelo wamanzi wehlabathi bunyuke ukuya kuthi ga kwi-7.4%, apho imodeli yangaphambili iphakamisa uqikelelo lokunyuka kwe-2-4%. Amanzi ashushu acocekileyo atsalwa ukuya kwiipali ezitshintsha ubushushu bolwandle lwethu, umthamo wamanzi ahlaziyekileyo, kunye netyuwa. Ukutshintsha kwamandla okwandayo kumjikelo wamanzi wehlabathi kunokwenzeka ukuba zenze iindawo ezomileyo zome neendawo ezimanzi zibemanzi.

Inyanga, TA, ML Druckenmiller., kunye RL Thoman, Eds. (2021, Disemba). Ikhadi leNgxelo yeArctic: Uhlaziyo luka-2021. NOAA. https://doi.org/10.25923/5s0f-5163

IKhadi leNgxelo ye-Arctic ka-2021 (i-ARC2021) kunye nevidiyo eqhotyoshelweyo ibonisa ukuba ukufudumala okukhawulezileyo nokuchazwayo kuyaqhubeka kudala ukuphazamiseka okungahambi kakuhle kubomi baselwandle baseArctic. Imikhwa ebanzi ye-Arctic ibandakanya uhlaza lwe-tundra, ukwanda kokuphuma kwemilambo ye-Arctic, ukuphulukana nomthamo womkhenkce wolwandle, ingxolo yolwandle, ukwandiswa koluhlu lweebhiva, kunye neengozi zomkhenkce womkhenkce.

Strycker, N., Wethington, M., Borowicz, A., Forrest, S., Witharana, C., Hart, T., kunye noH. Lynch. (2020). UVavanyo lwaBami behlabathi be-Chinstrap Penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica). Ingxelo yeNzululwazi Vol. 10, iSiqendu 19474. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76479-3

Oonombombiya beChinstrap baqhelene ngokukodwa nemekobume yabo ye-Antarctic; nangona kunjalo, abaphandi banika ingxelo yokuncitshiswa kwabantu kwi-45% yeekholoni zepenguin ukususela ngo-1980. Abaphandi bafumene abanye abantu abangama-23 ee-chinstrap penguin ezihambileyo ngexesha lohambo ngoJanuwari ka-2020. Nangona uhlolo oluchanekileyo lungafumaneki ngeli xesha, ubukho beendawo ezishiyiweyo zokuzalela bubonisa ukuba ukwehla kuxhaphakile. Kukholelwa ukuba amanzi ashushu anciphisa umkhenkce wolwandle kunye nephytoplankton leyo ikrill ixhomekeke ekutyeni ukutya okuphambili kweechinstrap penguin. Kucetyiswa ukuba iasidi yolwandle inokuchaphazela amandla kanombombiya ekuveliseni kwakhona.

Smith, B., Fricker, H., Gardner, A., Medley, B., Nilsson, J., Paolo, F., Holschuh, N., Adusumilli, S., Brunt, K., Csatho, B., Harbeck, K., Markus, T., Neumann, T., Siegfried M., kunye noZwally, H. (2020, April). I-Pervasive Ice Sheet Ilahleko enkulu ibonakalisa uKhuphiswano lweNkqubo yoLwandle kunye ne-Atmosphere. Imagazini yeNzululwazi. I-DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz5845

I-NASA ye-Ice, iLifu kunye nomhlaba weSatellite-2, okanye i-ICESat-2, eyasungulwa ngo-2018, ngoku ibonelela ngedatha yoguquko kwi-glacial melt. Abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba phakathi kwe-2003 kunye ne-2009 umkhenkce owaneleyo wanyibilika ukuphakamisa amanqanaba olwandle nge-14 millimeters ukusuka eGreenland kunye ne-Antarctic ice sheets.

Rohling, E., Hibbert, F., Grant, K., Galaasen, E., Irval, N., Kleiven, H., Marino, G., Ninnemann, U., Roberts, A., Rosenthal, Y., Schulz, H., Williams, F., kunye no-Yu, J. (2019). IAsynchronous Antarctic kunye neGreenland Ice-volume Contributions to Last Interglacial Sea-ice Highstand. Unxibelelwano lweNdalo 10: 5040 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12874-3

Ixesha lokugqibela imiphakamo yolwandle inyuka ngaphezu kwinqanaba langoku yayilixesha lokugqibela lokuhlangana komkhenkce, malunga ne-130,000-118,000 yeminyaka eyadlulayo. Abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba indawo ephakamileyo yomgangatho wolwandle yokuqala (ngaphezu kwe-0m) kwi ~ 129.5 ukuya ~ ~ 124.5 ka kunye ne-intra-last interglacial yolwandle-level iyanyuka kunye ne- event-mean rates yokunyuka kwe-2.8, 2.3, kunye ne-0.6mc-1. Ukunyuka komphakamo wolwandle kwixesha elizayo kunokuqhutywa yilahleko ekhawulezayo yobuninzi obuvela kwi-West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Kukho ukwanda okunokwenzeka kokunyuka okugqithisileyo komphakamo wolwandle kwixesha elizayo ngokusekwe kwidatha eyimbali ukusuka kwixesha lokugqibela lokuhlangana komkhenkce.

Iimpembelelo zoTshintsho lweMozulu kwiintlobo zeArctic. (2019) Iphepha leenyani ukusuka Iziko le-Aspen kunye ne-SeaWeb. Ibuyisiwe kwi: https://assets.aspeninstitute.org/content/uploads/files/content/upload/ee_3.pdf

Iphepha lenyani elinemifanekiso eliqaqambisa imiceli mngeni yophando lwe-Arctic, ixesha elifutshane ngokwentelekiso yophando lweentlobo zezityalo ezenziweyo, kunye nokubeka iziphumo zokulahleka komkhenkce wolwandle kunye nezinye iziphumo zokutshintsha kwemozulu.

UmKristu, C. (2019, ngoJanuwari) Ukutshintsha kweMozulu kunye ne-Antarctic. i-Antarctic kunye ne-Southern Ocean Coalition. Kubuyiselwa https://www.asoc.org/advocacy/climate-change-and-the-antarctic

Eli nqaku lisisishwankathelo libonelela ngombono obalaseleyo wempembelelo yokutshintsha kwemozulu kwi-Antarctic kunye nefuthe layo kwiintlobo zaselwandle apho. I-West Antarctic Peninsula yenye yezona ndawo zikhawulezayo zokufudumala eMhlabeni, kunye neendawo ezithile zeArctic Circle ezifumana amaqondo obushushu anyuka ngokukhawuleza. Oku kufudumala ngokukhawuleza kuchaphazela onke amanqanaba ewebhu yokutya kumanzi ase-Antarctic.

Katz, C. (2019, Meyi 10) Amanzi Asemzini: Iilwandle ezingabamelwane ziqukuqela kuLwandlekazi olufudumeleyo lweArctic. Imekobume yaseYale 360. Kubuyiselwa https://e360.yale.edu/features/alien-waters-neighboring-seas-are-flowing-into-a-warming-arctic-ocean

Eli nqaku lixubusha "i-Atlantification" kunye ne "Pacification" yoLwandle lwe-Arctic njengamanzi afudumalayo avumela iintlobo ezintsha ukuba zifudukele emantla kwaye ziphazamise imisebenzi ye-ecosystem kunye ne-lifecycles eziye zavela ekuhambeni kwexesha ngaphakathi kwe-Arctic Ocean.

MacGilchrist, G., Naveira-Garabato, AC, Brown, PJ, Juillion, L., Bacon, S., & Bakker, DCE (2019, Agasti 28). Ukuhlengahlengisa umjikelo wekhabhoni kuLwandlekazi olusezantsi olusezantsi. Ukuqhubela phambili kwezeNzululwazi, 5(8), 6410. Ifunyenwe kwi: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav6410

Imozulu yehlabathi inovakalelo olumandla kuguquguquko olubonakalayo nakwi-biogeochemical dynamics kwi-subpolar Southern Ocean, kuba kulapho laa maleko anzulu, anekhabhoni etyebileyo yolwandlekazi lwehlabathi kwaye atshintshiselana ngekhabhoni nomoya ojikeleze umhlaba. Ngaloo ndlela, indlela i-carbon uptake isebenza ngayo apho ngokukodwa kufuneka iqondwe kakuhle njengendlela yokuqonda utshintsho lwemozulu oludlulileyo kunye nexesha elizayo. Ngokusekwe kuphando lwabo, ababhali bakholelwa ukuba isakhelo esiqhelekileyo somjikelo wekhabhoni ye-subpolar yoLwandlekazi lwaseMazantsi ngokusisiseko sibamela kakubi abaqhubi bendawo yokufunxa ikhabhoni. Ukuqwalaselwa kwi-Weddell Gyre kubonisa ukuba izinga lokunyuka kwekhabhoni libekwe ngokuhambelana phakathi kwe-Gyre ye-horizontal circulation kunye ne-remineralization phakathi kobunzulu be-organic carbon ephuma kwimveliso yezinto eziphilayo kwi-gyre ephakathi. 

I-Woodgate, R. (2018, ngoJanuwari) Ukunyuka kwe-Pacific ukungena kwi-Arctic ukusuka kwi-1990 ukuya kwi-2015, kunye nokuqonda kwiindlela zonyaka kunye neendlela zokuqhuba ukusuka kunyaka wonke idatha ye-Bering Strait mooring. Inkqubela kwiOceanography, 160, 124-154 Ifunyenwe kwi: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079661117302215

Ngolu phononongo, oluqhutywe kusetyenziswa idatha evela kwi-mooring buoys unyaka wonke eBering Strait, umbhali wafumanisa ukuba ukuhamba kwamanzi ukuya emantla ngokuthe ngqo kuye kwanda kakhulu kwiminyaka eyi-15, kwaye utshintsho alubangelwanga ngumoya wendawo okanye enye imozulu. iziganeko, kodwa ngenxa yamanzi ashushu. Ukwanda kwezothutho kuphuma kumanzi anamandla ukuya emantla (hayi imisinga embalwa equkuqelayo ukuya emazantsi), ivelisa ukonyuka kwe-150% kumandla ekhinetiki, kucingelwa ukuba neempembelelo zokunqunyanyiswa okusezantsi, ukuxubana, kunye nokhukuliseko. Kwakhona kwaphawulwa ukuba ubushushu bamanzi ahamba ngasenyakatho bufudumala ngaphezu kwe-0 degrees C ngeentsuku ezininzi ngo-2015 kunokuba ekuqaleni kweseti yedatha.

Stone, DP (2015). Ukutshintsha kwendalo yeArctic. ENew York, eNew York: IYunivesithi yaseCambridge Press.

Ukusukela kwinguqu yezemveliso, indawo yeArctic ifumana utshintsho olungazange lubonwe ngaphambili ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu. Indawo ebonakala icocekile ye-arctic ikwabonisa amanqanaba aphezulu eekhemikhali eziyityhefu kunye nokufudumala okwandileyo okuqale ukuba neziphumo ezibi kwimozulu kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi. Uxelelwe ngoMthunywa weArctic, umbhali uDavid Stone uvavanya uphononongo lwesayensi kwaye amaqela anempembelelo akhokelele kwizenzo zomthetho zamazwe ngamazwe ukunciphisa ubungozi bemekobume ye-arctic.

Wohlforth, C. (2004). Umnenga kunye neKhompyutha Enkulu: KwiMntla ePhambili yoTshintsho lweMozulu. ENew York: iNorth Point Press. 

Umnenga kunye ne-Supercomputer yothutha amabali obuqu oososayensi abaphanda ngemozulu ngamava e-Inupiat yakumantla eAlaska. Le ncwadi ichaza ngokulinganayo izenzo iminenga kunye nolwazi lwemveli Inupiaq kangangoko amanyathelo data ikhephu, ukunyibilika glacial, albedo -oko kukuthi, ukukhanya kubonakaliswa iplanethi- kunye notshintsho zebhayoloji ebonakalayo kwizilwanyana kunye nezinambuzane. Inkcazo yezi nkcubeko zimbini ivumela izazinzulu ukuba zinxulumane nemizekelo yokuqala yokutshintsha kwemozulu echaphazela imo engqongileyo.

BUYELA Phezulu

9. Ukususwa kweCarbon Dioxide eSekwe eLwandle (CDR)

UTyka, M., Arsdale, C., kunye noPlatt, J. (2022, ngoJanuwari 3). I-CO2 iBamba ngokuPompa i-asidi engaphezulu kuLwandle oluNzulu. Amandla kunye neNzululwazi yokusiNgqongileyo. I-DOI: 10.1039/d1ee01532j

Kukho amandla obuchwepheshe obutsha - obufana nokumpompa i-alkalinity - ukufaka isandla kwipotifoliyo ye-Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) teknoloji, nangona kunokwenzeka ukuba zibiza kakhulu kuneendlela eziselunxwemeni ngenxa yemingeni yobunjineli baselwandle. Uphando oluninzi luyimfuneko ukuvavanya ukuba nokwenzeka kunye nobungozi obunxulumene nokuguqulwa kwe-alkalinity yolwandle kunye nezinye iindlela zokususa. Ukulinganisa kunye novavanyo oluncinci lunemida kwaye alukwazi ukuqikelela ngokupheleleyo ukuba iindlela zeCDR ziya kuyichaphazela njani inkqubo yendalo yolwandle xa ibekwe kwisikali sokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kweCO2 yangoku.

Castañón, L. (2021, Disemba 16). Ulwandle lweThuba: Ukuphonononga imingcipheko enokubakho kunye neMvuzo yeZisombululo ezisekelwe eLwandle kuTshintsho lweMozulu. Iziko leWoods Hole Oceanographic. Ifunyenwe kwi: https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/an-ocean-of-opportunity/

Ulwandle yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yokuhluthwa kwekhabhoni yendalo, ukusasaza ikharbhoni engaphezulu ukusuka emoyeni ukuya emanzini ize ekugqibeleni iyitshone emgangathweni wolwandle. Ezinye iibhondi zekhabhoni diokside ezinamatye okanye amaqokobhe atshixekile kwimo entsha, kwaye i-algae yaselwandle ithatha ezinye iibhondi zekhabhoni, ziyidibanise kumjikelo wendalo webhayoloji. Izisombululo zeCarbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) zijonge ukulinganisa okanye ukuphucula le mijikelezo yendalo yokugcina ikhabhoni. Eli nqaku ligxininisa imingcipheko kunye nezinto eziguquguqukayo eziya kuchaphazela impumelelo yeeprojekthi zeCDR.

Cornwall, W. (2021, Disemba 15). Ukutsalela ezantsi iKhabhoni kunye nokuPholisa iPlanethi, ukuQinisa uLwandle kuFumana okunye ukuJonga. inzululwazi, 374. Ifunyenwe kwi: https://www.science.org/content/article/draw-down-carbon-and-cool-planet-ocean-fertilization-gets-another-look

Ukuchunyiswa kolwandle luhlobo lwezopolitiko olubizwa ngokuba yiCarbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) olwalukade lujongwa njengokungakhathali. Ngoku, abaphandi baceba ukugalela iitoni ezili-100 zentsimbi kwi-1000 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha zoLwandle lwaseArabia. Umbuzo obalulekileyo obuzwayo ngowokuba ingakanani ikharbhoni efunxekileyo eneneni eyenza ukuba ingene enzonzobileni yolwandle kunokuba ityiwe zezinye izinto eziphilayo kwaye iphinde iphinde iphinde ifakwe kwindalo esingqongileyo. Abathandabuzayo bendlela yokuchumisa baqaphela ukuba uphando lwamva nje lwe-13 yovavanyo lokuchumisa oludlulileyo lufumene enye kuphela eyandisa amanqanaba ekhabhoni yolwandle olunzulu. Nangona iziphumo ezinokuthi zibakhathaze abanye, abanye bakholelwa ukuba ukulinganisa iingozi ezinokubakho sesinye isizathu sokuqhubela phambili nophando.

Iziko leSizwe leNzululwazi, ubuNjineli kunye noNyango. (2021, Disemba). IQhinga loPhando lokuSuswa kweCarbon Dioxide eSekwe eLwandle kunye nokuThinjwa. EWashington, DC: IZiko leeNkonzo zeSizwe Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26278

Le ngxelo incoma i-United States ukuba ithathe i-125 yezigidi zeprogram yophando ezinikele ekuvavanyeni imingeni yokuqonda kwiindlela zokususa i-CO2 esekelwe elwandle, kuquka imiqobo yezoqoqosho nentlalontle. Iindlela ezintandathu ezisekelwe elwandle ezisusela kwiCarbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) zavavanywa kwingxelo kubandakanya ukuchumisa izondlo, ukunyuselwa okungeyomfuneko kunye nokuhla, ukulinywa kolwandle, ukubuyiswa kwe-ecosystem, ukuphuculwa kwealkalinity yolwandle, kunye neenkqubo ze-electrochemical. Kusekho izimvo eziphikisanayo malunga neendlela zeCDR ngaphakathi koluntu lwenzululwazi, kodwa le ngxelo iphawula inyathelo elibonakalayo kwincoko yeengcebiso ezibukhali ezibekwe zizazinzulu zolwandle.

Iziko le-Aspen. (2021, Disemba 8). Isikhokelo seeProjekthi zokuSuswa kweCarbon Dioxide eSekwe eLwandle: iNdlela yokuPhuhlisa iNdlela yokuziPhatha. Iziko le-Aspen. Ifunyenwe Ku: https://www.aspeninstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/files/content/docs/pubs/120721_Ocean-Based-CO2-Removal_E.pdf

Iiprojekthi zokuSuswa kweCarbon Dioxide eselwandle (CDR) zinokuba luncedo ngakumbi kuneeprojekthi ezisekwe emhlabeni, ngenxa yokufumaneka kwendawo, ukuba nokwenzeka kweeprojekthi ezihlangeneyo, kunye neeprojekthi ezixhamlayo (kubandakanya ukunciphisa iasidi yolwandle, imveliso yokutya, kunye nemveliso yebiofuel. ). Nangona kunjalo, iiprojekthi zeCDR zijongene nemingeni equka ukuchaphazeleka okunokwenzeka kokusingqongileyo okungafundwanga kakuhle, imimiselo engaqinisekanga kunye nemimandla, ubunzima bokusebenza, kunye namazinga ahlukeneyo empumelelo. Uphando oluthe kratya oluncinci luyimfuneko ukuze kuchazwe kwaye kungqinwe amandla okususwa kwekhabhon diokside, ikhathalogu enokubakho kokusingqongileyo kunye noluntu lwangaphandle, kunye neakhawunti yolawulo, inkxaso-mali, kunye nemiba yokuyeka.

Batres, M., Wang, FM, Buck, H., Kapila, R., Kosar, U., Licker, R., … & Suarez, V. (2021, July). UbuLungisa beNdalo kunye neMozulu kunye nokususwa kweKhabhoni yobuchwephesha. Ijenali yoMbane, 34(7), 107002.

Iindlela zeCarbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) kufuneka ziphunyezwe ngobulungisa kunye nobulungisa engqondweni, kunye noluntu lwengingqi apho iiprojekthi zinokubekwa khona kufuneka zibe ngundoqo wokwenza izigqibo. Uluntu luhlala lungenazo izixhobo nolwazi lokuthatha inxaxheba nokutyala imali kwiinzame zeCDR. Ubulungisa bokusingqongileyo kufuneka buhlale buphambili kwinkqubela phambili yeprojekthi ukunqanda iziphumo ezibi kuluntu olusele lunomthwalo onzima.

Fleming, A. (2021, Juni 23). Ukutshiza ngamafu kunye nokuBulala kweNkanyamba: Indlela i-Ocean Geoengineering yaba nguMda weNgxaki yeMozulu. Guardian. Ifunyenwe kwi: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jun/23/cloud-spraying-and-hurricane-slaying-could-geoengineering-fix-the-climate-crisis

UTom Green unethemba lokutshona kweetriliyoni zeetoni zeCO2 ukuya emazantsi olwandle ngokuwisa isanti yentaba-mlilo elwandle. Uhlaza lubanga ukuba ukuba isanti ifakwe kwi-2% yamanxweme ehlabathi ingabamba i-100% yekhabhoni ekhutshwa minyaka le. Ubungakanani beeprojekthi ze-CDR eziyimfuneko ukujongana namanqanaba ethu akhoyo okukhutshwa kwenza zonke iiprojekthi zibe nzima ukukala. Kungenjalo, ukulungisa amanxweme aneemangrove, imigxobhozo yetyuwa, kunye neengca zaselwandle zombini zibuyisela i-ecosystem kwaye zibambe i-CO2 ngaphandle kokujongana nemingcipheko emikhulu yongenelelo lwe-CDR yobuchwepheshe.

Gertner, J. (2021, Juni 24). Ngaba iCarbontech Revolution iqalile? The New York Times.

Itekhnoloji ye-Carbon Capture (DCC) ikhona, kodwa ihlala ibiza kakhulu. Umzi-mveliso weCarbonTech ngoku sele uqalisile ukuthengisa ikhabhoni ebanjiweyo kumashishini anokuthi ayisebenzise kwiimveliso zawo kwaye acuthe unyawo lwawo lokuphuma. Iimveliso zekhabhoni ezingathathi hlangothi okanye ezingenayo i-carbon-negative zingawela phantsi koluhlu olukhulu lweemveliso zokusetyenziswa kwekhabhoni ezenza ukuba i-carbon capture ifumane inzuzo ngelixa ibhenela kwimarike. Nangona utshintsho lwemozulu aluyi kulungiswa kunye ne-CO2 yoga mats kunye ne-sneakers, lelinye inyathelo elincinci kwicala elifanelekileyo.

Hirschlag, A. (2021, Juni 8). Ukulwa noTshintsho lweMozulu, Abaphandi bafuna ukutsala iCarbon Dioxide eLwandle baze bayijike ibe liLiwa. Smithsonian. Ifunyenwe kwi: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/combat-climate-change-researchers-want-to-pull-carbon-dioxide-from-ocean-and-turn-it-into-rock-180977903/

Enye indlela ecetywayo yokuSuswa kweCarbon Dioxide (CDR) kukwazisa ngombane i-mesor hydroxide (imathiriyeli yealkaline) elwandle ukuze iqalise ukusabela kwemichiza okuya kubangela amatye ekalika ekhabhoni. Ilitye lalinokusetyenziselwa ukwakha, kodwa amatye ayenokuphelela elwandle. Imveliso yekalika inokuphazamisa inkqubo yendalo yaselwandle yasekhaya, ibhubhise ubomi bezityalo kwaye iguqule ngokubonakalayo iindawo zokuhlala eziphantsi kolwandle. Nangona kunjalo, abaphandi bachaza ukuba amanzi aphumayo aya kuba yialkaline kancinane enokuthi inciphise iziphumo ze-asidi yolwandle kwindawo yonyango. Ukongeza, irhasi ye-hydrogen iya kuba yiproduct enokuthengiswa ukunceda ukukhawulelana neendleko zezavenge. Uphando olongezelelweyo luyimfuneko ukubonisa itekhnoloji iyasebenza kwinqanaba elikhulu kwaye inoqoqosho.

Healey, P., Scholes, R., Lefale, P., & Yanda, P. (2021, May). Ukulawula ukususwa kweKhabhoni ye-Net-Zero ukuze kuthintelwe ukungalingani okuNgenisayo. Imida kwiMozulu, 3, 38. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.672357

I-Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) iteknoloji, njengokutshintsha kwemozulu, ifakwe kwimingcipheko kunye nokungalingani, kwaye eli nqaku libandakanya iingcebiso ezisebenzayo kwixesha elizayo ukulungisa oku kungalingani. Okwangoku, ulwazi oluvelayo kunye notyalo-mali kwitekhnoloji yeCDR igxile kumantla ehlabathi. Ukuba le pateni iyaqhubeka, iya kwandisa kuphela ukungabikho kobulungisa kokusingqongileyo kunye nomsantsa wokufikeleleka xa kuziwa kutshintsho lwemozulu kunye nezisombululo zemozulu.

Meyer, A., & Spalding, MJ (2021, Matshi). Uhlalutyo olubalulekileyo lwe-Ocean Effects of Carbon Dioxide Removal via Direct Air and Ocean Capture - Ngaba siSicombululo esiKhuselekileyo nesiZinzileyo?. Isiseko soLwandle.

Ubuchwephesha obukhulayo beCarbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) bunokudlala indima exhasayo kwizisombululo ezinkulu ekutshintsheni kude nokutshiswa kwamafutha efosili ukuya kwigridi yamandla ecocekileyo, elinganayo, ezinzileyo. Phakathi kwezi teknoloji kukubanjwa komoya ngokuthe ngqo (DAC) kunye nokubanjwa ngokuthe ngqo kolwandle (DOC), zombini zisebenzisa oomatshini ukukhupha i-CO2 kwi-atmosfera okanye ulwandle kwaye bayithuthelwe kwiindawo zokugcina ezingaphantsi komhlaba okanye basebenzise ikhabhoni ebanjiweyo ukubuyisela i-oyile kwimithombo ephelelwe lurhwebo. Okwangoku, itekhnoloji yokubanjwa kwekhabhoni ibiza kakhulu kwaye ibeka imingcipheko kwizinto eziphilayo zolwandle, ulwandle kunye nenkqubo yendalo eselunxwemeni, kunye noluntu oluselunxwemeni kubandakanya abantu boMthonyama. Ezinye izisombululo ezisekelwe kwindalo ezibandakanya: ukubuyiselwa kwe-mangrove, ukulima ngokutsha, kunye nokuhlaziywa kwamahlathi kuhlala kunenzuzo kwizinto eziphilayo, uluntu, kunye nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni ixesha elide ngaphandle kweengozi ezininzi ezihamba kunye ne-DAC / DOC yezobuchwepheshe. Ngelixa imingcipheko kunye nokuba nokwenzeka kobuchwepheshe bokususwa kwekhabhoni kuphononongwa ngokufanelekileyo ukuya phambili, kubalulekile ukuba "kuqala, ungenzi monakalo" ukuqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo ezibi azikho kumhlaba wethu oxabisekileyo kunye nendalo yolwandle.

Iziko loMthetho wokuSingqongileyo waMazwe ngaMazwe. (2021, Matshi 18). I-Ocean Ecosystems & Geoengineering: Inqaku lentshayelelo.

Ukususwa kweCarbon Dioxide (CDR) esekelwe kwindalo kwimeko yolwandle kubandakanya ukukhusela nokubuyisela i-mangrove yonxweme, iibhedi zengca yolwandle, kunye namahlathi e-kelp. Nangona zibeka imingcipheko embalwa kuneendlela zobuchwepheshe, kusekho ubungozi obunokuthi bubekho kwizinto eziphilayo zaselwandle. Itekhnoloji yeCDR esekelwe kwiindlela zaselwandle zifuna ukuguqula ikhemistri yolwandle ukuze ifumane ngakumbi iCO2, kuquka eyona mizekelo kuxoxwe ngayo kakhulu yokuchumisa kolwandle kunye nealkalinization yolwandle. Kufuneka kugxilwe ekuthinteleni ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni okubangwa ngabantu, endaweni yobuchule obungangqinwanga bokuziqhelanisa nokunciphisa izinto ezikhutshwa lihlabathi.

Gattuso, JP, Williamson, P., Duarte, CM, & Magnan, AK (2021, January 25). Amandla okuSebenza kweMozulu eSekwe eLwandle: Ubuchwephesha bokuKhusela okuNegative kunye nokuNgaphaya. Imida kwiMozulu. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2020.575716

Kwiindidi ezininzi zokususa ikharbon diokside (CDR), iindlela ezine eziphambili ezisekwe elwandle zezi: i-bioenergy yaselwandle enokubanjwa nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni, ukubuyisela nokwandisa uhlaza oluselunxwemeni, ukuphucula imveliso yolwandle oluvulekileyo, ukomeleza imozulu kunye nealkalinization. Le ngxelo ihlalutya ezi ndidi zine kwaye ixoxa ngokubaluleka okwandisiweyo kuphando lweCDR nophuhliso. Ubuchule zisaza nokungaqiniseki okuninzi, kodwa zinamandla okusebenza ngendlela yokunciphisa ukufudumala kwemozulu.

Buck, H., Aines, R., et al. (2021). Iingcamango: I-Primer yokususwa kweCarbon Dioxide. Ifunyenwe Ku: https://cdrprimer.org/read/concepts

Umbhali uchaza ukususwa kweCarbon dioxide (CDR) njengawo nawuphi na umsebenzi osusa i-CO2 kwi-atmosfera kwaye uyigcine ngokusisigxina kwi-geological, i-terrestrial, okanye i-ocean reserves, okanye kwiimveliso. I-CDR yahlukile kwi-geoengineering, njengoko, ngokungafaniyo ne-geoengineering, ubuchule be-CDR bususa i-CO2 emoyeni, kodwa i-geoengineering igxile ekunciphiseni iimpawu zokutshintsha kwemozulu. Amanye amagama amaninzi abalulekileyo aqukiwe kwesi sicatshulwa, kwaye sisebenza njengesongezo esiluncedo kwincoko enkulu.

Keith, H., Vardon, M., Obst, C., Young, V., Houghton, RA, & Mackey, B. (2021). Ukuphonononga izisombululo eziSekwe kwiNdalo zokuNciphisa iMozulu kunye noLondolozo lufuna i-Accounting Accounting yeCarbon. Inzululwazi Yendalo Engqongileyo iyonke, 769, 144341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144341

Izisombululo ezisekelwe kwindalo yeCarbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) yindlela yokubambisana yokujongana nengxaki yemozulu, equka i-carbon stocks kunye nokuhamba. Ubalo-mali olusekwe kwikhabhoni equkuqelayo lukhuthaza izisombululo zendalo ngelixa luqaqambisa umngcipheko wokutshiswa kwamafutha efosili.

Bertram, C., & Merk, C. (2020, Disemba 21). Iimbono zoLuntu zokuSuswa kweCarbon Dioxide eSekwe eLwandle: Ulwahlulo lobuNjineli beNdalo?. Imida kwiMozulu, 31. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2020.594194

Ukwamkeleka koluntu lweendlela zokususwa kweCarbon Dioxide (CDR) kwixesha elidlulileyo le-15 liye lahlala liphantsi kumanyathelo obunjineli bemozulu xa kuthelekiswa nezisombululo ezisekelwe kwindalo. Uphando lwezimvo lujolise ikakhulu kwimbono yehlabathi kwiindlela zobunjineli bemozulu okanye imbono yendawo yendlela yekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Iimbono zohluka kakhulu ngokwendawo, imfundo, umvuzo, njl.njl. Zombini iindlela zobuchwepheshe nezendalo zisenokwenzeka ukuba zibe negalelo kwipotifoliyo yezisombululo zeCDR esetyenziswayo, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuqwalasela iimbono zamaqela aya kuchaphazeleka ngokuthe ngqo.

ClimateWorks. (2020, Disemba 15). Ukususwa kweCarbon Dioxide yoLwandle (CDR). ClimateWorks. Ifunyenwe kwi: https://youtu.be/brl4-xa9DTY.

Le vidiyo yopopayi yemizuzu emine ichaza imijikelo yendalo yekhabhoni yolwandle kwaye yazisa iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokususwa kweCarbon Dioxide (CDR). Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba le vidiyo ayikhankanyi imingcipheko yokusingqongileyo kunye noluntu lweendlela zobuchwepheshe zeCDR, kwaye ayiquki ezinye izisombululo ezisekwe kwindalo.

Brent, K., Burns, W., McGee, J. (2019, Disemba 2). Ulawulo lwe-Marine Geoengineering: Ingxelo eKhethekileyo. Iziko loTshintsho loLawulo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe. Ifunyenwe kwi: https://www.cigionline.org/publications/governance-marine-geoengineering/

Ukunyuka kobuchwepheshe be-geoengineering technologies kungenzeka kubeke iimfuno ezintsha kwiinkqubo zethu zomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ukulawula umngcipheko kunye namathuba. Eminye imigaqo-nkqubo ekhoyo kwimisebenzi yaselwandle inokusebenza kwi-geoengineering, nangona kunjalo, imithetho yadalwa kwaye kwathethwa-thethwana ngayo ngeenjongo ezingaphandle kwe-geoengineering. ISivumelwano saseLondon, isihlomelo sowama-2013 sokulahla ulwandle ngowona msebenzi wasefama ufanelekileyo kubunjineli baselwandle. Izivumelwano ezininzi zamazwe ngamazwe ziyimfuneko ukuze kuzaliswe isithuba kulawulo lwe-marine geoengineering.

Gattuso, JP, Magnan, AK, Bopp, L., Cheung, WW, Duarte, CM, Hinkel, J., kunye noRau, GH (2018, Oktobha 4). Izisombululo ze-Ocean zokuhlangabezana noTshintsho lweMozulu kunye neziphumo zayo kwi-Ecosystems yaseLwandle. Imida kwiNzululwazi yaseLwandle, 337. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00337

Kubalulekile ukunciphisa iimpembelelo ezinxulumene nemozulu kwi-ikhosistim yolwandle ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni ukhuseleko lwe-ecosystem kwindlela yesisombululo. Ngaloo ndlela ababhali bolu cwaningo bahlalutye imilinganiselo ye-13 esekelwe elwandle ukunciphisa ukufudumala kolwandle, i-acidification yolwandle, kunye nokunyuka komgangatho wolwandle, kubandakanywa neCarbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) iindlela zokuchumisa, i-alkalinization, iindlela ze-hybridi ze-land-ocean, kunye nokubuyiselwa komlambo. Ukuqhubela phambili, ukuthunyelwa kweendlela ezahlukeneyo kwizinga elincinci kuya kunciphisa imingcipheko kunye nokungaqiniseki okuhambelana nokusasazwa okukhulu.

IBhunga loPhando leSizwe. (2015). Ukungenelela kwemozulu: Ukususwa kweCarbon Dioxide kunye nokuThathwa okuthembekileyo. IiZikolo zeSizwe Press.

Ukuthunyelwa kwayo nayiphi na indlela yokususwa kweCarbon Dioxide (CDR) ihamba kunye nokungaqiniseki okuninzi: ukusebenza kakuhle, indleko, ulawulo, izinto zangaphandle, izibonelelo ezihlangeneyo, ukhuseleko, ukulingana, njl. . Lo mthombo ubandakanya uhlalutyo oluphambili olululo lweetekhnoloji eziphambili ezivelayo zeCDR. Ubuchule be-CDR busenokungaze bunyuke ukuze bususe isixa esikhulu se-CO2, kodwa zisadlala indima ebalulekileyo kuhambo oluya kumnatha-zero, kwaye ingqwalasela kufuneka ihlawulwe.

Umgaqo weLondon. (2013, Oktobha 18). Isihlomelo soLawulo lokuBekwa koMba wokuTyanyiswa koLwandle kunye neminye imiSebenzi yobuNjineli boLwandle. Isihlomelo sesi-4.

Isihlomelo sowama-2013 kwiSivumelwano saseLondon sithintela ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma okanye ezinye izinto elwandle ukuze kulawuleke kwaye kuthintelwe ukuchumisa kolwandle kunye nobunye ubuchule bobunjineli. Esi sihlomelo sihlomelo sokuqala samazwe ngamazwe esilungisa naziphi na iindlela zobunjineli bomhlaba eziya kuchaphazela iintlobo zeeprojekthi zokususa ikharbon diokside ezinokuziswa kwaye zivavanywe kokusingqongileyo.

BUYELA Phezulu

10. Ukutshintsha kweMozulu kunye neYantlukwano, uBulungisa, ukuBandakanya, kunye noBulungisa (DEIJ)

Phillips, T. kunye noKumkani, F. (2021). Izixhobo ezi-5 eziPhezulu zokuBandakanywa koLuntu ngokwembono kaDeij. Iqela eliSebenzayo leNkqubo yeChesapeake Bay eyahluka-hlukeneyo. PDF.

IQela eliSebenzayo leNkqubo yeChesapeake Bay yeDiversity Workgroup idibanise isikhokelo soncedo sokuhlanganisa i-DEIJ kwiiprojekthi zothethathethwano noluntu. Iphepha leenyani libandakanya amakhonkco olwazi malunga nobulungisa bokusingqongileyo, ucalucalulo olungacacanga, kunye nokulingana ngokobuhlanga, kunye neenkcazo zamaqela. Kubalulekile ukuba i-DEIJ idityaniswe kwiprojekthi ukususela kwisigaba sokuqala sophuhliso ukuze kubekho ukubandakanyeka okunokuba luncedo kwabo bonke abantu noluntu olubandakanyekayo.

Gardiner, B. (2020, Julayi 16). UBulungisa be-Ocean: Apho uBulungisa beNtlalo kunye nokuLwa kweMozulu. Udliwano-ndlebe no-Ayana Elizabeth Johnson. Imekobume yaseYale 360.

Ubulungisa bolwandle bukwisiphambuka solondolozo lolwandle kunye nobulungisa bezentlalo, kwaye iingxaki uluntu oluya kujongana nazo kukutshintsha kwemozulu azipheli. Ukusombulula ingxaki yemozulu ayisiyongxaki nje yobunjineli kodwa yingxaki yesiqhelo yoluntu eshiya abaninzi ngaphandle kwencoko. Udliwano-ndlebe olupheleleyo lucetyiswa kakhulu kwaye luyafumaneka kwikhonkco elilandelayo: https://e360.yale.edu/features/ocean-justice-where-social-equity-and-the-climate-fight-intersect.

Rush, E. (2018). Ukunyuka: Ukuhanjiswa okuvela kuNxweme olutsha lwaseMelika. Canada: Milkweed Editions.

Exelwa ngomntu wokuqala, umbhali u-Elizabeth Rush uxoxa ngeziphumo uluntu olusesichengeni abajamelana nalo kutshintsho lwemozulu. Ingxelo yohlobo lobuntatheli idibanisa amabali ayinyani abantu baseFlorida, eLouisiana, eRhode Island, eCalifornia, naseNew York abathe bafumana iziphumo ezibi zezitshingitshane, imozulu embi, kunye nokunyuka kwamaza ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu.

BUYELA Phezulu

11. UMgaqo-nkqubo noshicilelo lukaRhulumente

Ulwandle kunye neQonga leMozulu. (2023). Izindululo zomgaqo-nkqubo kwizixeko eziselunxwemeni ukuze ziqhelane nokunyuka komphakamo wolwandle. Sea'ties Initiative. 28 iphe. Ibuyisiwe kwi: https://ocean-climate.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Policy-Recommendations-for-Coastal-Cities-to-Adapt-to-Sea-Level-Rise-_-SEATIES.pdf

Uqikelelo lokunyuka komphakamo wolwandle lufihla ukungaqiniseki okuninzi kunye neeyantlukwano kwihlabathi liphela, kodwa kuqinisekile ukuba le meko ayinakuguqulwa kwaye imiselwe ukuqhubeka kangangeenkulungwane ukuya kwiwaka leminyaka. Kuwo wonke umhlaba, izixeko eziselunxwemeni, eziphambi kohlaselo olukhulayo lolwandle, zifuna izisombululo zokuziqhelanisa. Ngenxa yoku, i-Ocean & Climate Platform (OCP) yasungulwa ngo-2020 inyathelo le-Sea'ties ukuxhasa izixeko ezigudle unxweme ezisongelwa kukunyuka kolwandle ngokuququzelela ukukhawulwa kunye nokuphunyezwa kwamaqhinga okuziqhelanisa. Ukuqukumbela iminyaka emine yenyathelo le-Sea'ties, "IiNgcebiso zoMgaqo-nkqubo kwiiDolophu ezingaseluNxwemeni ukuze Ziqhelanise nokuPhakamisa iNqanaba loLwandle" zitsalela kubuchwephesha bezenzululwazi kunye namava angokwasehlabathini abasebenzi abangaphezu kwama-230 ababizwe kwiindibano zocweyo zengingqi ezi-5 eziququzelelwe kuMntla Yurophu, kwiMeditera, kuMntla Merika, eNtshona Afrika, nakwiPasifiki. Ngoku ixhaswa yimibutho ye-80 kwihlabathi jikelele, iingcebiso zomgaqo-nkqubo zijoliswe kubathathi bezigqibo basekhaya, besizwe, bengingqi kunye namazwe ngamazwe, kwaye kugxininise kwizinto ezine eziphambili.

IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. (2015). Isivumelwano saseParis. Bonn, eJamani: iNgqungquthela yeNkqubo-sikhokelo yeSizwe eManyeneyo kuNobhala woTshintsho lweMozulu, i-UN yoTshintsho lweMozulu. Ibuyisiwe kwi: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement

IsiVumelwano saseParis saqalisa ukusebenza ngomhla we-4 kweyeNkanga yowama-2016. Injongo yaso yayikukumanya amazwe kwiinzame zamabhongo zokunqanda ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokuziqhelanisa neziphumo zayo. Eyona njongo iphambili kukugcina ubushushu behlabathi bunyuka bungaphantsi kwe-2 degrees celcius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) ngaphezu kwamanqanaba angaphambi koshishino kunye nokunciphisa ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-1.5 degrees celcius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit). Oku kuye kwalungelelaniswa liqela ngalinye elineMirhumo eMiselweyo yeSizwe (NDCs) efuna ukuba iqela ngalinye linike ingxelo rhoqo malunga nezinto ezikhutshwayo kunye neenzame zokuphumeza. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, Amaqela ali-196 asamkele isivumelwano, nangona kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba i-United States yayingumntu otyikitye okokuqala kodwa inike isaziso sokuba iyakurhoxa kwisivumelwano.

Nceda uqaphele ukuba olu xwebhu kuphela komthombo ongacwangciswanga ngolandelelwano lwamaxesha. Njengolona kuzinikela lubanzi lwamazwe ngamazwe oluchaphazela umgaqo-nkqubo wokutshintsha kwemozulu, lo mthombo ubandakanyiwe ngokulandelelana kweziganeko.

Igqiza loRhulumente kuTshintsho lweMozulu, iQela eliSebenzayo II. (2022). Ukutshintsha kweMozulu ngo-2022 iimpembelelo, ukuziqhelanisa, kunye nokuba sesichengeni: Isishwankathelo sabaqulunqi bemigaqo-nkqubo. IPCC. PDF.

Iphaneli yooRhulumente kwingxelo yoTshintsho lweMozulu sisishwankathelo esikwinqanaba eliphezulu sabaqulunqi bomgaqo-nkqubo wamagalelo eQela eliSebenzayo II kwiNgxelo yoVavanyo lweSithandathu ye-IPCC. Uvavanyo ludibanisa ulwazi ngamandla kunovavanyo lwangaphambili, kwaye lujongana neempembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu, iingozi, kunye nokuziqhelanisa okwenzeka ngaxeshanye. Ababhali bakhuphe 'isilumkiso esibi' malunga nemeko yangoku neyexesha elizayo yokusingqongileyo.

Inkqubo yeNdawo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. (2021). Ingxelo yeGap ekhutshwayo ngo-2021. amazwe adbeneyo. PDF.

Ingxelo yeNkqubo yokusiNgqongileyo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ka-2021 ibonisa ukuba izithembiso zemozulu yelizwe ezikhoyo ngoku zenza ihlabathi libe sendleleni yokubetha ubushushu behlabathi obuyi-2.7 degrees celsius ekupheleni kwale nkulungwane. Ukugcina ubushushu behlabathi bunyuka bungaphantsi kwe-1.5 degrees celsius, kulandela injongo yeSivumelwano saseParis, ihlabathi kufuneka linciphise ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse ngesiqingatha kule minyaka isibhozo izayo. Ngexesha elifutshane, ukuncitshiswa kokukhutshwa kwemethane kumafutha efosili, inkunkuma, kunye nezolimo zinako ukunciphisa ukufudumala. Iimarike zekhabhoni ezichazwe ngokucacileyo zinokunceda ihlabathi ukuba lihlangabezane neenjongo zokukhutshwa.

INgqungquthela yeNkqubo-sikhokelo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngoTshintsho lweMozulu. (2021, Novemba). Isivumelwano seMozulu saseGlasgow. amazwe adbeneyo. PDF.

I-Glasgow Climate Pact ifuna ukunyuka kwemozulu ngaphezu kweSivumelwano seMozulu saseParis se-2015 ukugcina injongo yokunyuka kweqondo lokushisa kwe-1.5C kuphela. Esi sivumelwano satyikitywa malunga namazwe angama-200 kwaye sisivumelwano sokuqala semozulu ukwenza isicwangciso esicacileyo sokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamalahle, kwaye sibeka imithetho ecacileyo yemarike yemozulu yehlabathi.

Iqumrhu elincedisayo kwiNgcebiso yeNzululwazi neTekhnoloji. (2021). Ingxoxo yoLwandle kunye neMozulu yoTshintsho lokuQinisekisa indlela yokomeleza ukuziqhelanisa nesenzo sokuthomalalisa. IZizwe eziManyeneyo. PDF.

I-Subsidiary Body yeNgcebiso yeNzululwazi kunye neTekhnoloji (SBSTA) yingxelo yokuqala yesishwankathelo sento ngoku eya kuba yingxoxo yolwandle kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ingxelo yimfuneko ye-COP 25 ngeenjongo zokunika ingxelo. Le ngxoxo emva koko yamkelwa yi-2021 Glasgow Climate Pact, kwaye igxininisa ukubaluleka koorhulumente bomeleza ukuqonda kwabo kunye nesenzo kulwandle kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu.

IKomishoni yoBuchule boLwandle. (2021). Iminyaka elishumi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yeSayensi yoLwandle kuPhuhliso oluZinzileyo (2021-2030): IsiCwangciso sokuPhunyezwa, isiShwankathelo. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000376780

IZizwe eziManyeneyo zibhengeze ukuba i-2021-2030 ibe yi-Ocean Decade. Ukutyhubela ishumi leminyaka iZizwe eziManyeneyo zisebenza ngaphaya kwamandla esizwe esinye ukulungelelanisa ngokudibeneyo uphando, utyalo-mali, kunye namanyathelo okuqala kwizinto eziphambili zehlabathi. Bangaphezu kwama-2,500 abachaphazelekayo abafake isandla kuphuhliso lwe-UN yeshumi leminyaka leNzululwazi yoLwandle lweSicwangciso soPhuhliso oluZinzileyo esiseta izinto eziphambili ngokwenzululwazi eziza kuqalisa izisombululo ezisekwe kwinzululwazi yolwandle kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo. Uhlaziyo ngamaphulo e-Ocean Decade anokufunyanwa Apha.

Umthetho woLwandle kunye noTshintsho lweMozulu. (2020). Kwi-E. Johansen, S. Busch, & I. Jakobsen (Eds.), Umthetho woLwandle kunye noTshintsho lweMozulu: Izisombululo kunye nezithintelo (iphe. I-Ii). ICambridge: IYunivesithi yaseCambridge Press.

Kukho unxibelelwano oluqinileyo phakathi kwezisombululo zokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye neempembelelo zomthetho wemozulu wamazwe ngamazwe kunye nomthetho wolwandle. Nangona ubukhulu becala ziphuhliswa ngamaqumrhu asemthethweni ahlukeneyo, ukujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu ngemithetho yaselwandle kunokukhokelela ekuphunyezweni kweenjongo zokuxhamla.

Inkqubo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yokusiNgqongileyo (2020, Juni 9) Isini, iMozulu kunye noKhuseleko: Ukugcinwa koXolo oluBandakanyayo kwiMida ePhambili yoTshintsho lweMozulu. Amazwe adbeneyo. https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/gender-climate-security-sustaining-inclusive-peace-frontlines-climate-change

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuzenza zibe mandundu iimeko ezisongela uxolo nonqabiseko. Izithethe zesini kunye neziseko zamandla zibeka indima ebalulekileyo kwindlela abantu abanokuchatshazelwa ngayo kwaye baphendule kwintlekele ekhulayo. Ingxelo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo icebisa ukudibanisa ii-ajenda zomgaqo-nkqubo oncedisayo, ukunyuswa kweprogram edibeneyo, ukwandisa imali ekujoliswe kuyo, kunye nokwandisa isiseko sobungqina bemilinganiselo yesini yeengozi zokhuseleko ezinxulumene nemozulu.

Amanzi eZizwe eziManyeneyo. (2020, Matshi 21). INgxelo yoPhuhliso lwaManzi yeHlabathi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngo-2020: Amanzi kunye noTshintsho lweMozulu. Amanzi eZizwe eziManyeneyo. https://www.unwater.org/publications/world-water-development-report-2020/

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuya kuchaphazela ukufumaneka, umgangatho, kunye nobungakanani bamanzi kwiimfuno zabantu ezisisiseko ezisongela ukhuseleko lokutya, impilo yabantu, indawo yokuhlala yasezidolophini nasezilalini, ukuveliswa kwamandla, kunye nokwandisa ukuphindaphinda kunye nobukhulu beziganeko ezigqithisileyo ezifana namaza okushisa kunye neziganeko zesiphango. Ukugqithisela okunxulumene namanzi okwenziwa mandundu kukutshintsha kwemozulu kwandisa imingcipheko kumanzi, ugutyulo, kunye nococeko (WASH). Amathuba okujongana nengxaki yemozulu ekhulayo kunye nengxaki yamanzi aquka uhlengahlengiso olucwangcisiweyo kunye nocwangciso lokunciphisa kutyalo-mali lwamanzi, oluya kwenza utyalo-mali kunye nemisebenzi ehambelanayo ibe nomtsalane ngakumbi kubaxhasi bemozulu. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuya kuchaphazela ngaphezu kwezinto eziphilayo zaselwandle kuphela, kodwa phantse yonke imisebenzi yabantu.

Blunden, J., kunye no-Arndt, D. (2020). Ubume beMozulu ngo-2019. I-American Meteorological Society. AmaZiko eSizwe oLwazi lokusiNgqongileyo e-NOAA.https://journals.ametsoc.org/bams/article-pdf/101/8/S1/4988910/2020bamsstateoftheclimate.pdf

I-NOAA inike ingxelo yokuba unyaka ka-2019 yayingowona nyaka ushushu kakhulu kwirekhodi ukusukela oko kwaqala iirekhodi phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1800. Ngo-2019 kwabona amanqanaba erekhodi yeegesi zegreenhouse, ukunyuka kwamanqanaba olwandle, kunye nokwanda kwamaqondo obushushu arekhodiweyo kuwo wonke ummandla wehlabathi. Lo nyaka yayilixesha lokuqala ukuba ingxelo ye-NOAA iquke amaza obushushu olwandle abonisa ukwanda okuxhaphakileyo kwamaza obushushu olwandle. Ingxelo yongeza iBulletin yeAmerican Meteorological Society.

Ulwandle kunye neMozulu. (2019, Disemba) Iingcebiso zoMgaqo-nkqubo: Ulwandle olusempilweni, imozulu ekhuselweyo. IQonga loLwandle kunye neMozulu. https://ocean-climate.org/?page_id=8354&lang=en

Ngokusekelwe kwizibophelelo ezenziwe ngexesha le-COP2014 yowama-21 kunye neSivumelwano saseParis sowama-2015, le ngxelo ibeka amanyathelo olwandle olusempilweni kunye nemozulu ekhuselweyo. Amazwe kufuneka aqale ngokunciphisa, emva koko alungelelanise, kwaye ekugqibeleni amkele imali ezinzileyo. Izenzo ezicetyiswayo ziquka: ukunciphisa ukunyuka kweqondo lokushisa ukuya kwi-1.5 ° C; ukuphelisa uncediso-mali kwimveliso yamafutha efosili; phuhlisa amandla ahlaziyekayo elwandle; ukukhawulezisa amanyathelo okuziqhelanisa; ukwandisa iinzame zokuphelisa ukuloba okungekho mthethweni, okungaxelwanga kunye nokulawulwa (IUU) ngo-2020; ukwamkela isivumelwano esibophelela ngokusemthethweni solondolozo olunobulungisa kunye nolawulo oluzinzileyo lweentlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana kulwandle olukhulu; ukulandela ekujoliswe kuko kwama-30% olwandle olukhuselweyo ngowama-2030; ukomeleza uphando lwezizwe ngezizwe lwezoluleko kwimixholo yemozulu yolwandle ngokubandakanya umyinge wentlalo nendalo.

I-World Health Organization. (2019, ngo-Epreli 18). IMpilo, iNdalo kunye noTshintsho lweMozulu ye-WHO iQhinga leHlabathi leMpilo, iNdalo kunye noTshintsho lweMozulu: Utshintsho olufunekayo ukuze kuphuculwe uBomi kunye neNtlalontle ngokuZinzileyo ngeeNdawo eziphilileyo. UMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi, iNdibano yezeMpilo yeHlabathi yamashumi asixhenxe aneSibini A72/15, inqaku le-ajenda yethutyana 11.6.

Imingcipheko eyaziwayo enokuthinteleka yokusingqongileyo ibangela malunga nekota yabo bonke abantu abafayo kunye nezifo kwihlabathi liphela, ukufa okuzizigidi ezili-13 ngonyaka ngamnye. Utshintsho lwemozulu luya luxanduva, kodwa isoyikiso kwimpilo yabantu ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu sinokuncitshiswa. Kufuneka kuthathwe amanyathelo agxininise kwimimiselo ephezulu yempilo, imimiselo yokutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye nokusingqongileyo kwindlela edibeneyo ehlengahlengiswayo kwiimeko zendawo kunye nokuxhaswa kweendlela zokulawula ezifanelekileyo.

Inkqubo yoPhuhliso yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. (2019). Isithembiso seMozulu se-UNDP: ukuKhusela i-Ajenda yowama-2030 ngeNyathelo yeMozulu eBold. Inkqubo yoPhuhliso yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. PDF.

Ukuze kuphunyezwe iinjongo ezichazwe kwiSivumelwano saseParis, iNkqubo yoPhuhliso yeZizwe eziManyeneyo iya kuxhasa amazwe ali-100 kwinkqubo yothethathethwano ebandakanyayo neselubala kwiiNgalelo zawo zeSizwe eziMiselweyo (i-NDCs). Inkonzo enikezelwayo ibandakanya inkxaso yolwakhiwo lwentando yezopolitiko nobunini boluntu kumanqanaba kazwelonke nakwazwelonke; uphononongo kunye nohlaziyo lweethagethi ezikhoyo, imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nemilinganiselo; ukubandakanya amacandelo amatsha kunye okanye imigangatho yegesi eluhlaza; ukuvavanya iindleko kunye namathuba otyalo-mali; ukubeka esweni inkqubela nokomeleza ukwenziwa kwezinto elubala.

Pörtner, HO, Roberts, DC, Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., …, & Weyer, N. (2019). Ingxelo ekhethekileyo kuLwandle kunye neCryosphere kwiMozulu eguqukayo. Igqiza loRhulumente kuTshintsho lweMozulu. IPDF.

I-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ikhuphe ingxelo ekhethekileyo ebhalwe zizazinzulu ezingaphezu kwe-100 ezivela kumazwe angaphezu kwama-36 malunga notshintsho oluhlala luhleli kulwandle kunye ne-cryosphere-indawo ezinomkhenkce zeplanethi. Izinto eziphambili ezifunyaniswayo kukuba utshintsho olukhulu kwimimandla yeentaba eziphakamileyo luya kuchaphazela uluntu olusezantsi, i-glaciers kunye ne-ice sheets iyancibilika igalelo ekunyuseni izinga lokunyuka kolwandle oluqikelelwe ukuba lufike kwi-30-60 cm (11.8 - 23.6 intshi) ngo-2100 ukuba ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse zithintelwe kabukhali kunye ne-60-110cm (23.6 - 43.3 intshi) ukuba ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse kuyaqhubeka nokunyuka kwangoku. Kuya kubakho imisitho ethe kratya yomgangatho wolwandle, utshintsho kwi-ikhosistim yolwandle ngokufudumala kolwandle kunye ne-asidi kunye nomkhenkce wolwandle lwe-Arctic uyehla nyanga zonke kunye nokunyibilika kwe-permafrost. Ingxelo ifumanisa ukuba ukunciphisa kakhulu ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse, ukukhusela nokubuyisela i-ecosystems kunye nokulawulwa kwezibonelelo ngononophelo kwenza kube lula ukugcina ulwandle kunye ne-cryosphere, kodwa kufuneka kuthathwe amanyathelo.

ISebe lezoKhuselo laseMelika. (2019, ngoJanuwari). Ingxelo ngeziphumo zokuTshintsha kweMozulu kwiSebe lezoKhuselo. I-Ofisi yeSebe eliphantsi kukaNobhala wezoKhuselo ngokuFumana nokuGcinwa. Ibuyisiwe kwi: https://climateandsecurity.files.wordpress.com/2019/01/sec_335_ndaa-report_effects_of_a_changing_climate_to_dod.pdf

ISebe lezoKhuselo lase-US liqwalasela imingcipheko yezokhuseleko yelizwe ehambelana nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye neziganeko ezilandelayo ezifana nezikhukhula eziphindaphindiweyo, imbalela, ukuba yintlango, imililo yasendle, kunye nokunyibilika kwempembelelo ye-permafrost kukhuseleko lwelizwe. Ingxelo ifumanisa ukuba ukunyamezela kwemozulu kufuneka kufakwe kwiinkqubo zokucwangcisa kunye nezigqibo kwaye akunakusebenza njengenkqubo eyahlukileyo. Ingxelo ifumanisa ukuba kukho ubuthathaka obubalulekileyo bokhuseleko kwiziganeko ezinxulumene nemozulu kwimisebenzi kunye nemisebenzi.

Wuebbles, DJ, Fahey, DW, Hibbard, KA, Dokken, DJ, Stewart, BC, & Maycock, TK (2017). INgxelo eYodwa yeNzululwazi yezeMozulu: uVavanyo lweMozulu yeSizwe, uMqulu woku-I. Washington, DC, USA: Inkqubo yoPhando lweGlobal Change yase-US.

Njengenxalenye yoHlolo lweMozulu yeSizwe eyalelwe yiNkongolo yase-US ukuba iqhutywe rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine yenzelwe ukuba ibe luvavanyo olugunyazisiweyo lwesayensi yokutshintsha kwemozulu ngokugxila eUnited States. Ezinye iziphumo eziphambili ziquka oku kulandelayo: inkulungwane yokugqibela yeyona ishushu kwimbali yempucuko; umsebenzi womntu-ingakumbi ukukhutshwa kweegesi ze-greenhouse-ngoyena nobangela uphambili wokufudumala okuphawulweyo; umyinge wehlabathi wolwandle unyuke ngee-intshi ezisi-7 kwinkulungwane edlulileyo; izandyondyo zemvula ziyanda kwaye amaqondo olwandle kulindeleke ukuba aqhubeke enyuka; amaza obushushu aya kuba njalo, njengoko kuya kuba njalo nemililo yamahlathi; kwaye ubukhulu benguqu buya kuxhomekeka kakhulu kumanqanaba ehlabathi okukhutshwa kwegesi yegreenhouse.

Cicin-Sain, B. (2015, April). Injongo ye-14-Ukulondoloza nokuSebenzisa ngokuZinzileyo iiLwandle, iiLwandle kunye neMithombo yaseLwandle ukwenzela uPhuhliso oluZinzileyo. I-United Nations Chronicle, LI(4). Ifunyenwe: http://unchronicle.un.org/article/goal-14-conserve-and-sustainably-useoceans-seas-and-marine-resources-sustainable/ 

Injongo ye-14 yeeNjongo zoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo zeZizwe eziManyeneyo (i-UN SDGs) igxininisa imfuneko yokugcinwa kolwandle kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokuzinzileyo kobutyebi baselwandle. Eyona nkxaso ibukhali yolawulo lolwandle iphuma kumazwe asaphuhlayo esiqithi esincinci kunye namazwe angaphuhlileyo achatshazelwa kakubi kukungakhathali kolwandle. Iinkqubo ezijongana neNjongo ye-14 nazo zisebenza ukuhlangabezana nezinye iinjongo ezisixhenxe ze-SDG ezibandakanya intlupheko, ukhuseleko lokutya, amandla, ukukhula koqoqosho, iziseko zophuhliso, ukunciphisa ukungalingani, izixeko kunye nokuhlaliswa kwabantu, ukusetyenziswa okuzinzileyo kunye nemveliso, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, i-biodiversity, kunye neendlela zokuphunyezwa. kunye nentsebenziswano.

Amazwe adbeneyo. (2015). Injongo ye-13-Thatha inyathelo elingxamisekileyo lokulwa noTshintsho lweMozulu kunye neempembelelo zayo. IQonga loLwazi lweNjongo yoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo lweZizwe eziManyeneyo. Ibuyisiwe kwi: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg13

Injongo ye-13 yeNjongo yoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo (i-UN SDGs) igxininisa imfuneko yokujongana nemiphumo eyandayo yokukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse. Ukusukela kwiSivumelwano saseParis, amazwe amaninzi athathe amanyathelo alungileyo kwimali yemozulu ngamagalelo amiselwe kuzwelonke, kusekho imfuneko ebalulekileyo yenyathelo lokuthomalalisa nokuziqhelanisa, ngakumbi kumazwe angaphuhliswanga kangako kunye nezizwe zeziqithi ezincinci. 

ISebe lezoKhuselo lase-US. (2015, Julayi 23). Ukuchaphazeleka koKhuseleko lweSizwe lweMingcipheko eNxulumene neMozulu kunye noTshintsho lweMozulu. IKomiti yeSenethi yoLwabiwo-mali. Ibuyisiwe kwi: https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/150724-congressional-report-on-national-implications-of-climate-change.pdf

ISebe lezoKhuselo libona utshintsho lwemozulu njengesoyikiso esikhoyo sokhuseleko esineziphumo ezibonakalayo kwizinto ezothusayo kunye noxinzelelo kwiintlanga ezisengozini kunye noluntu, kubandakanya ne-United States. Iingozi ngokwazo ziyahluka, kodwa zonke zabelana ngovavanyo olufanayo lokubaluleka kokutshintsha kwemozulu.

Pachauri, RK, & Meyer, LA (2014). Ukutshintsha kweMozulu ngo-2014: Ingxelo yoNxibelelwano. Igalelo lamaQela aSebenzayo I, II kunye ne-III kwiNgxelo yoVavanyo yeSihlanu yePhaneli yoRhulumente kuTshintsho lweMozulu. Iphaneli yoRhulumente kuTshintsho lweMozulu, eGeneva, eSwitzerland. Ibuyisiwe kwi: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/

Impembelelo yabantu kwinkqubo yemozulu icacile kwaye ukukhutshwa kwe-anthropogenic yamva nje yeegesi ze-greenhouse yeyona iphezulu kwimbali. Ulungelelwaniso olusebenzayo kunye nokunciphisa okunokwenzeka kuyafumaneka kuwo onke amacandelo amakhulu, kodwa iimpendulo ziya kuxhomekeka kwimigaqo-nkqubo kunye nemilinganiselo kuwo wonke amanqanaba ehlabathi, esizwe, nasekhaya. Ingxelo ka-2014 ibe luphononongo oluqinisekileyo malunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Cai, R., Poloczanska, E., Brewer, P., Sundby, S., Hilmi, K., ..., & Jung, S. (2014). Ukutshintsha kweMozulu ngo-2014: Iimpembelelo, ukuziqhelanisa, kunye nokuba sesichengeni. Icandelo B: Imiba yeNgingqi. Igalelo leQela eliSebenzayo le-II kwiNgxelo yoVavanyo yeSihlanu yePhaneli yoRhulumente kuTshintsho lweMozulu. Cambridge, UK naseNew York, eNew York USA: IYunivesithi yaseCambridge Press. 1655-1731. Ifunyenwe kwi: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap30_FINAL.pdf

Ulwandle lubalulekile kwimozulu yoMhlaba kwaye lufunxe i-93% yamandla avela kwimpembelelo yegreenhouse eyandisiweyo kunye ne-30% yecarbon dioxide ephuma emoyeni. Umyinge wehlabathi jikelele wobushushu bolwandle unyukile ukusuka kwi-1950-2009. Ikhemistri yolwandle iyatshintsha ngenxa yokufunxwa kweCO2 ehlisa i-pH yolwandle ngokubanzi. Ezi, kunye nezinye iziphumo ezininzi zokutshintsha kwemozulu ye-anthropogenic, zineziphumo ezininzi ezinobungozi kulwandle, kubomi baselwandle, kokusingqongileyo nakubantu.

Nceda uqaphele oku kunxulumene neNgxelo yeSinthesi echazwe ngasentla, kodwa igxile kuLwandlekazi.

Griffis, R., & Howard, J. (Eds.). (2013). IiLwandle kunye neMithombo yaseLwandle kwiMozulu eguqukayo; Igalelo lobuGcisa kuVavanyo lweMozulu lweSizwe lowama-2013. Tyena National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press.

Njengeqabane leNgxelo yoHlolo lweMozulu yeSizwe yowama-2013, olu xwebhu lujonga imiba yobugcisa kunye nezinto ezifunyanisiweyo ezingqamene nolwandle nolwandle. Ingxelo ithi utshintsho oluqhutywa yimozulu kunye neekhemikhali lubangela umonakalo omkhulu, luya kuchaphazela kakubi iimpawu zolwandle, ngoko ke i-ecosystem yomhlaba. Kusekho amathuba amaninzi okuziqhelanisa nokusombulula ezi ngxaki kuquka ukwandiswa kobudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe, amathuba okuthinjwa, kunye nokuphuculwa komgaqo-nkqubo nolawulo lwaselwandle. Le ngxelo ibonelela ngolunye uphando olunzulu ngesiphumo sokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye neziphumo zayo kulwandle oluxhaswa luphando olunzulu.

Warner, R., & Schofield, C. (Eds.). (2012). Ukutshintsha kweMozulu kunye neeLwandle: Ukulinganisa iMithetho yezoMthetho kunye nePolisi kwi-Asia Pacific naNgaphandle kwayo. Northampton, Massachusetts: Edwards Elgar Publishing, Inc.

Le ngqokelela yezincoko ijonga i-nexus yolawulo kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu ngaphakathi kwingingqi ye-Asia-Pacific. Incwadi iqala ngokuxoxa ngefuthe lomzimba lokutshintsha kwemozulu kubandakanywa neempembelelo kwizinto eziphilayo kunye nefuthe lomgaqo-nkqubo. Ukuqhubela phambili kwiingxoxo zolawulo lwaselwandle kuLwandlekazi oluMazantsi kunye ne-Antarctic elandelwa yingxoxo yelizwe nemida yaselwandle, ilandelwa luhlalutyo lokhuseleko. Izahluko zokugqibela zixoxa ngeziphumo zeegesi ze-greenhouse kunye namathuba okunciphisa. Utshintsho lwemozulu lunika ithuba lentsebenziswano yehlabathi, lubonisa imfuneko yokubeka iliso kunye nokulawula imisebenzi yobunjineli baselwandle ekuphenduleni iinzame zokunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu, kunye nokuphuhlisa impendulo ehambelanayo yomgaqo-nkqubo wezizwe ngezizwe, wengingqi, nowesizwe oqaphela indima yolwandle kutshintsho lwemozulu.

Amazwe adbeneyo. (1997, Disemba 11). iProtocol yaseKyoto. INgqungquthela yeNkqubo-sikhokelo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngoTshintsho lweMozulu. Ifunyenwe kwi: https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol

ISivumelwano sase-Kyoto sisibopheleleko samazwe ngamazwe sokumisela izinto ekujoliswe kuzo ezibophelelayo kumazwe ngamazwe zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi yobushushu. Esi sivumelwano samkelwa ngo-1997 saza saqalisa ukusebenza ngo-2005. IsiHlomelo saseDoha samkelwa ngoDisemba, 2012 ukuze kwandiswe umthetho olandelwayo ukuya kutsho kumhla wama-31 kuDisemba, 2020 nokuhlaziya uluhlu lweegesi zegreenhouse (GHG) ekufuneka zixelwe liqela ngalinye.

BUYELA Phezulu

12. Izisombululo ezicetywayo

Ruffo, S. (2021, Okthobha). Izicombululo Zemozulu Zolwandle Ezinobuchule. TED. https://youtu.be/_VVAu8QsTu8

Kufuneka sicinge ngolwandle njengomthombo wezisombululo kunenye indawo yokusingqongileyo ekufuneka siyilondoloze. Ngoku ulwandle lulo olugcina imozulu izinzile ngokwaneleyo ukuxhasa uluntu, kwaye yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Izisombululo zemozulu yendalo ziyafumaneka ngokusebenza kunye neenkqubo zethu zamanzi, lo gama ngaxeshanye sinciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse.

UCarlson, D. (2020, Okthobha 14) Kwisithuba seMinyaka engama-20, amaNqanaba aKhuphukayo oLwandle aya Kubetha phantse yonke iNxweme yoNxweme – kunye neeBonds zabo. UTyalo-mali oluZinzileyo.

Ukonyuka kwemingcipheko yetyala kwizandyondyo zemvula ezithe kratya kunye nezimbi kakhulu kunokubalimaza oomasipala, umba oye wandiswa yintlekele ye-COVID-19. Amazwe anabemi abaninzi baselunxwemeni kunye noqoqosho ajongene nemingcipheko yetyala leminyaka elishumi ngenxa yoqoqosho olubuthathaka kunye neendleko eziphezulu zokunyuka komgangatho wolwandle. Amazwe aseMelika asemngciphekweni kakhulu yiFlorida, New Jersey, kunye neVirginia.

Johnson, A. (2020, Juni 8). Ukugcina iMozulu Jonga eLwandle. Inzululwazi yaseMelika. PDF.

Ulwandle lukwimeko embi kakhulu ngenxa yezinto ezenziwa ngabantu, kodwa kukho amathuba kumandla ahlaziyekayo aselunxwemeni, ukuthinjwa kwekhabhoni, i-algae biofuel, kunye nokulima ngokutsha kolwandle. Ulwandle lusisongelo kwizigidi ezihlala elunxwemeni ngokukhukula, ixhoba lemisebenzi yabantu, kunye nethuba lokusindisa iplanethi, zonke ngaxeshanye. Isivumelwano esitsha esiBlue siyafuneka ukongeza kwiSivumelwano esitsha sokuHlaza esicetywayo ukujongana nengxaki yemozulu kunye nokuguqula ulwandle ekubeni sisisongelo lube sisisombululo.

Ceres (2020, Juni 1) Ukujongana neMozulu njengoMngcipheko oCwangcisiweyo: Ikhwelo lokuSebenza. Ceres. https://www.ceres.org/sites/default/files/2020-05/Financial%20Regulator%20Executive%20Summary%20FINAL.pdf

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu ngumngcipheko ocwangcisiweyo ngenxa yesakhono sawo sokudodobalisa iimalike ezinkulu ezinokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezibi kakhulu kuqoqosho. I-Ceres inikezela ngeengcebiso ezingaphezu kwe-50 kwimimiselo ephambili yezemali malunga nesenzo sokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ezi ziquka: ukuvuma ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu lubeka imingcipheko ekuzinzeni kweemarike zezemali, kufuna ukuba amaziko emali enze iimvavanyo zoxinzelelo lwemozulu, afune ukuba iibhanki zivavanye kwaye ziveze iingozi zemozulu, ezifana nokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kwimisebenzi yabo yokubolekwa kwemali kunye nokutyalomali, ukudibanisa umngcipheko wemozulu kwi-reinvestment yoluntu. iinkqubo, ingakumbi kuluntu olunomvuzo ophantsi, kunye nokujoyina iinzame zokukhuthaza iinzame ezilungelelanisiweyo kwimingcipheko yemozulu.

Gattuso, J., Magnan, A., Gallo, N., Herr, D., Rochette, J., Vallejo, L., kunye noWilliamson, P. (2019, Novemba) Amathuba okwandisa intshukumo yoLwandle kuMgaqo-nkqubo woBuchule beMozulu . IDDRI uPhuhliso oluZinzileyo kunye noBudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe.

Ipapashwe ngaphambi kwe-2019 Blue COP (eyaziwa ngokuba yiCOP25), le ngxelo ithi ulwazi oluqhubela phambili kunye nezisombululo ezisekelwe elwandle zinokugcina okanye zandise iinkonzo zolwandle nangona utshintsho lwemozulu. Njengoko iiprojekthi ezininzi ezijongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu zityhilwa kwaye amazwe esebenzela kwiGalelo lawo eliMiselwe kuZwelonke (Nationally Determined Contributions) (NDCs), amazwe kufuneka abeke phambili ukonyuka kwentshukumo yemozulu kwaye abeke phambili iiprojekthi eziqinisekileyo nezisezantsi zokuzisola.

Gramling, C. (2019, Okthobha 6). KwiNgxaki yeMozulu, ngaba iGeoengineering iWufanele uMngcipheko? Iindaba zeNzululwazi. PDF.

Ukulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu abantu bacebise ngeeprojekthi ezinkulu ze-geoengineering zokunciphisa ukufudumala kolwandle kunye ne-sequester carbon. Iiprojekthi ezicetyiswayo ziquka: ukwakha izibuko ezikhulu emajukujukwini, ukongeza i-aerosols kwi-stratosphere, kunye nembewu yolwandle (ukongeza intsimbi njengesichumiso elwandle ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwephytoplankton). Abanye bacebisa ukuba ezi projekthi ze-geoengineering zinokukhokelela kwiindawo ezifileyo kwaye zisongela ubomi baselwandle. Imvumelwano ngokubanzi kukuba uphando oluninzi luyafuneka ngenxa yokungaqiniseki okubonakalayo kwiziphumo zexesha elide zeenjineli.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Northrop, E., kunye noLubehenco, J. (2019, Septemba 27). Ulwandle luSitshixo sokuPhumeza iMozulu kunye neeNjongo zoLuntu: I-Ocean-based Approached inokunceda ukuvala iMitigation Gaps. IForam yoMgaqo-nkqubo we-Insights, iMagazini yeNzululwazi. 265(6460), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz4390.

Nangona utshintsho lwemozulu luchaphazela kakubi ulwandle, ulwandle lukwasebenza njengomthombo wezisombululo: amandla ahlaziyekayo; inqanawa kunye nothutho; ukukhuselwa kunye nokubuyiselwa kwenkqubo yendalo engaselunxwemeni neyaselwandle; ukuloba, i-aquaculture, kunye nokutya okutshintshayo; kunye nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni kwindawo yolwandle. Ezi zisombululo zonke bezicetyiwe ngaphambili, kodwa ambalwa kakhulu amazwe aquke nenye kwezi kwimirhumo yawo eMiselweyo yeSizwe (Nationally Determined Contributions) (NDC) phantsi kweSivumelwano saseParis. Zisibhozo kuphela i-NDC ezibandakanya imilinganiselo enokulinganiswa yokuthinjwa kwekhabhoni, ezimbini zikhankanya amandla ahlaziyekayo aselwandle, kwaye ibe nye kuphela ekhankanyiweyo ngokugcina inqanawa. Kusekho ithuba lokwalathisa ekujoliswe kuko okuhamba kwexesha kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokunciphisa okusekwe elwandle ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinjongo zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo ziyafezekiswa.

Cooley, S., BelloyB., Bodansky, D., Mansell, A., Merkl, A., Purvis, N., Ruffo, S., Taraska, G., Zivian, A. kunye noLeonard, G. (2019, NgoMeyi 23). Amacebo olwandle angahoywanga ukujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101968.

Amazwe amaninzi azibophelele ekunciphiseni iigesi zegreenhouse ngokusebenzisa iSivumelwano saseParis. Ukuze ube ngamaqela aphumeleleyo kwiSivumelwano saseParis kufuneka: akhusele ulwandle kwaye akhawulezise amabhongo emozulu, agxininise kwi-CO.2 ukunciphisa, ukuqonda nokukhusela ukugcinwa kwekharbon diokside esekwe kwi-ikhosistim yolwandle, kunye nokulandela amaqhinga okuziqhelanisa nolwandlekazi oluzinzileyo.

Helvorg, D. (2019). Ukuntywila kwiSicwangciso sokuSebenza seMozulu yoLwandle. Alert Diver Online.

Abantywili banembono eyodwa ngemekobume yolwandle ethotywayo ebangelwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu. Ngokunjalo, uHelvarg uxoxa ukuba abohlukeneyo kufuneka bamanyane ukuxhasa iSicwangciso sokuSebenza seMozulu ye-Ocean. Isicwangciso sokusebenza siza kuqaqambisa imfuno yohlaziyo lweNkqubo ye-Inshurensi yezoKhukula yeSizwe yase-US, utyalo-mali olungundoqo lweziseko ezingundoqo ezingaselunxwemeni ngokugxininiswa kwemiqobo yendalo kunye nemimandla ehlala elunxwemeni, izikhokelo ezitsha zamandla ahlaziyekayo elunxwemeni, uthungelwano lwemimandla ekhuselweyo yaselwandle (MPAs), uncedo lwe ukulima amazibuko kunye noluntu olulobayo, ukwanda kotyalo-mali ngezilwanyana zasemanzini, kunye neNkqubo-sikhokelo ehlaziyiweyo yeSizwe yokuBuyisa iNtlekele.

BUYELA Phezulu

13. Ufuna Okungakumbi? (Izixhobo ezongezelelweyo)

Eli phepha lophando liyilelwe ukuba libe luhlu olugciniweyo lwemithombo yopapasho olunempembelelo kulwandle kunye nemozulu. Ngolwazi olongezelelweyo ngezihloko ezithile sicebisa ezi jenali zilandelayo, uvimba weenkcukacha, kunye neengqokelela: 

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