Ulawulo loLwandle kwiAnthropocene

Ababhali: Ruben Zondervan, Leopoldo Cavaleri Gerhardinger, Isabel Torres de Noronha, Mark Joseph Spalding , Oran R Young
Igama loPapasho: Inkqubo yeHlabathi yeGeosphere‑Biosphere, iGlobal Change Magazine, umba 81
Umhla wokupapashwa: NgoLwesibini, 1 Okthobha 2013

Ulwandle lwalukhe lwacingwa njengomthombo ongenasiphelo, omele wahlulwe uze usetyenziswe zizizwe nabantu bazo. Ngoku siyazi ngcono. URuben Zondervan, uLeopoldo Cavaleri Gerhardinger, u-Isabel Torres de Noronha, uMark Joseph Spalding kunye no-Oran R Young bahlola indlela yokulawula nokukhusela indawo yethu yaselwandle. 

Thina bantu sasikhe sacinga ukuba umhlaba uthe tyaba. Besingazi ukuba iilwandle zolulele ngaphaya komkhathi, zigubungela malunga ne-70% yomphezulu weplanethi, equlethe ngaphezulu kwe-95% yamanzi ayo. Nje ukuba abahloli bamazwe bamandulo bafunde ukuba iplanethi enguMhlaba yingqukuva, iilwandle zaguquka zaba ngumphezulu omacala mabini, ubukhulu becala obungachazwanga – a imazi ye-incognitum.

Namhlanje, silandele iikhosi kulo lonke ulwandle kwaye senza imibhobho yobunzulu obukhulu bolwandle, sifike kumbono wamacala amathathu angaphezulu kwamanzi agubungele iplanethi. Ngoku siyazi ukuba ukudityaniswa kwala manzi kunye neenkqubo kuthetha ukuba ngokwenene uMhlaba unolwandle olunye kuphela. 

Nangona kusafuneka sibuqonde ubunzulu kunye nobuzaza bezoyikiso ezibangelwa lutshintsho lwehlabathi kwiinkqubo zaselwandle zesijikelezi-langa sethu, siyazi ngokwaneleyo ukuba siqonde ukuba ulwandle lusengozini ngenxa yokuxhatshazwa okugqithisileyo, ungcoliseko, ukutshatyalaliswa kwendawo yokuhlala kunye neempembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu. Kwaye siyazi ngokwaneleyo ukuba sivume ukuba ulawulo lolwandle olukhoyo alwanelanga ngokulusizi ukujongana nezi zoyikiso. 

Apha, sichaza imiceli mngeni emithathu kulawulo lolwandle, kwaye emva koko sayila iingxaki ezintlanu zohlahlelo lolawulo ekufuneka zisonjululwe, ngokweProjekthi yoLawulo lweNkqubo yoMhlaba, ukuze kukhuselwe ulwandle oludityanisiweyo oludityanisiweyo loMhlaba. 

Ukubeka imingeni
Apha, siqwalasela imiceli mngeni emithathu ephambili kulawulo lolwandle: ukunyuka koxinzelelo, imfuno yophuculo lolungelelwaniso lwehlabathi kwiimpendulo zolawulo, kunye nonxibelelwano lweenkqubo zaselwandle.

Umceli mngeni wokuqala unxulumene nesidingo sokulawula ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwabantu kwiinkqubo zaselwandle eziqhubelekayo ngokuxhaphaza kwethu ngokugqithisileyo ubutyebi bolwandle. Ulwandle ngumzekelo ogqibeleleyo wendlela iimpahla zehlabathi ezinokuphelelwa ngayo naxa kukho imithetho yokhuseleko, nokuba yimithetho esesikweni okanye ulawulo loluntu olungacwangciswanga. 

Ngokwejografi, ilizwe ngalinye laselunxwemeni linolawulo kumanzi alo onxweme. Kodwa ngaphaya kwamanzi esizwe, iinkqubo zaselwandle ziquka ulwandle oluphezulu nolwandle, oluphantsi kweNgqungquthela yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngoMthetho woLwandle (UNCLOS), eyamiselwa ngowe-1982. ukwazisa uluntu ngokuzilawula; ngoko, imithetho esebenza izohlwayo phantsi kwezi meko inokuba luncedo ngakumbi ekuthinteleni ukuxhaphaza ngokugqithisileyo. 

Amatyala orhwebo lwaselwandle, ungcoliseko lolwandle, kunye neentlobo zezilwanyana ezifudukayo kunye nentlanzi enqumla imida ibonisa ukuba imiba emininzi inqumla imida yamanzi aselunxwemeni nakulwandle oluphakamileyo. Ezi ntlangano-ndlela zivelisa iseti yesibini yemicelimngeni, efuna ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwezizwe ezingaselunxwemeni kunye noluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe lulonke. 

Iinkqubo zaselwandle nazo zidibene ne-atmospheric kunye ne-terrestrial systems. Ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yeGreenhouse kuyayitshintsha imijikelo yeBiogeochemical yomhlaba kunye ne-ecosystem. Kwihlabathi jikelele, iasidi yolwandle kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu zezona ziphumo zibalulekileyo zolu kukhutshwa. Le seti yesithathu yemingeni ifuna iinkqubo zolawulo ezikwaziyo ukulungisa unxibelelwano phakathi kwamacandelo amakhulu eenkqubo zendalo zoMhlaba ngeli xesha lotshintsho olubalulekileyo nolukhawulezisayo. 

Umxube waselwandle: iisampulu zamaqumrhu karhulumente wamazwe ngamazwe, wesizwe nowengingqi, imibutho engekho phantsi korhulumente, abaphandi, amashishini kunye nabanye abathatha inxaxheba kwimiba yolawulo lolwandle. 

Ukuhlalutya iingxaki zokujongana
IProjekthi yoLawulo lweSixokelelwano soMhlaba ithatha amanyathelo okujongana nemingeni emithathu emikhulu esiyiveza ngasentla. Yaqalwa ngo-2009, ishumi leminyaka elide leprojekthi engundoqo yeNkqubo yoBume boMntu baMazwe ngaMazwe ngeNguquko yeNdawo yeHlabathi idibanisa amakhulukhulu abaphandi kwihlabathi jikelele. Ngoncedo lweqela elisebenza kulawulo lolwandle, le projekthi iza kudibanisa uphando lwenzululwazi yezentlalo kwimixholo ehambelana nemingeni yethu, kuquka nokuqhekeka kolawulo; ulawulo lwemimandla engaphaya kolawulo lwesizwe; imigaqo-nkqubo yezokuloba neyokukhutshwa kwezimbiwa; kunye nendima yorhwebo okanye abachaphazelekayo abangekho phantsi kukarhulumente (njengabalobi okanye amashishini okhenketho) kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo. 

Iqela elisebenzayo liya kuphuhlisa isakhelo sophando seprojekthi, esibeka phambili iingxaki ezintlanu zocazululo ezixhomekeke omnye komnye kwimiba entsonkothileyo yolawulo lolwandle. Makhe sihlolisise ezi ngokufutshane.

Ingxaki yokuqala luphononongo lwezakhiwo zolawulo ngokubanzi okanye ulwakhiwo olunxulumene nolwandle. "Umgaqo-siseko wolwandle", i-UNCLOS, ibeka yonke imimiselo yokulawula ulawulo lolwandle. Imiba ephambili ye-UNCLOS ibandakanya ukucandwa kwemida yolawulo lwaselwandle, indlela amazwe esizwe afanele ukusebenzisana ngayo, kunye neenjongo ezipheleleyo zolawulo lolwandle, kunye nokwabela uxanduva oluthile kwimibutho ephakathi koorhulumente. 

Kodwa le nkqubo iphelelwe lixesha njengoko abantu besebenza ngokufanelekileyo kunangaphambili ekuvuneni ubuncwane baselwandle, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwabantu kweenkqubo zaselwandle (ezifana nokugrumba ioli, ukuloba, ukhenketho lwe-coral reef kunye neendawo ezikhuselweyo zaselwandle) ngoku ziyadibana kwaye ziyangqubana. Ngaphezulu kwayo yonke into, inkqubo ayiphumelelanga ukujongana neempembelelo ebezingalindelekanga zemisebenzi yabantu elwandle ukusuka kwintsebenziswano yomhlaba nomoya: ukukhutshwa kwe-anthropogenic greenhouse. 

Ingxaki yesibini yohlalutyo yileyo ye-arhente. Namhlanje, ulwandle kunye nezinye iinkqubo zoMhlaba zichatshazelwa ngamaziko aphakathi koorhulumente, oorhulumente basekhaya okanye benqanaba loluntu, ubambiswano phakathi kukarhulumente noluntu lwabucala kunye nothungelwano lwezenzululwazi. Iilwandle zikwachatshazelwa ngabadlali babucala kuphela, abafana neenkampani ezinkulu, abalobi kunye neengcaphephe ezizimeleyo. 

Ngokwembali, amaqela anjalo angekho phantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente, kwaye ingakumbi intsebenziswano phakathi kukarhulumente nemibutho yabucala, abenempembelelo enamandla kulawulo lolwandle. Umzekelo, iNkampani yaseDutch East India, eyasekwa ngo-1602, yanikwa igunya lokurhweba kunye ne-Asiya ngurhulumente wamaDatshi, kunye negunya elidla ngokugcinelwa amazwe, kuquka isigunyaziso sokuthethathethana ngezivumelwano, ukwenza imali eziinkozo kunye nokuseka amakoloni. Ukongeza kumandla ayo afana norhulumente kubutyebi baselwandle, inkampani ibiqala ukwabelana ngeengeniso zayo nabantu babucala. 

Namhlanje, abatyali-zimali babucala bafolele ukuvuna izixhobo zendalo kumayeza kunye nokwenza imigodi enzulu, benethemba lokufumana inzuzo koko kufanele kuthathwa njengokulungileyo kwihlabathi. Le mizekelo neminye ikwenza kucace ukuba ulawulo lolwandle lungadlala indima ekumiseleni ibala lokudlala.

Ingxaki yesithathu kukuguquguquka. Eli gama libandakanya iikhonsepthi ezinxulumeneyo ezichaza indlela amaqela asekuhlaleni aphendula ngayo okanye alindele imingeni eyenziwe ngotshintsho lwendalo. Ezi ngqikelelo zibandakanya ukuba sesichengeni, ukomelela, ukuziqhelanisa, ukomelela, kunye nesakhono esiguqukayo okanye imfundo yentlalontle. Inkqubo yolawulo kufuneka izilungelelanise ngokwayo, kananjalo ilawule ukuba kwenzeka njani na uhlengahlengiso. Umzekelo, ngelixa ushishino lokuloba i-pollock kuLwandle lwaseBering luziqhelanise nokutshintsha kwemozulu ngokufudukela emantla, oorhulumente base-US nowaseRashiya babonakala bengenayo: la mazwe mabini aphikisana ngamalungelo okuloba asekelwe kwindawo yokuloba kunye nemida ekungavisisaniyo ngayo kumanzi abo onxweme. .

Okwesine kukuphendula kunye nokuba semthethweni, kungekuphela nje ngokwemigaqo yezopolitiko, kodwa nakwimeko yejografi yolwandle: la manzi angaphaya korhulumente wesizwe, avuleleke kumntu wonke kwaye angowomnye. Kodwa olunye ulwandle luthetha ukuthungelana kwejografi kunye nobuninzi bamanzi, abantu, kunye nezinto eziphilayo zendalo nezingaphiliyo. Olu nxibelelwano lubeka iimfuno ezongezelelweyo kwiinkqubo zokusombulula iingxaki, ukujongana nezakhono, uxanduva kunye nezinto ezinomdla abachaphazelekayo abahlukeneyo. 

Umzekelo luvavanyo lwamva nje lokuchumisa ulwandle lwaseKhanada kunxweme lwaseKhanada, apho inkampani yabucala yatyala amanzi olwandle ngentsimbi ukunyusa ukuthathwa kwekhabhoni. Oku kwaxelwa ngokubanzi njengovavanyo lwe-'geoengineering' olungalawulwayo. Ngubani onelungelo lokuzama ngolwandle? Yaye ngubani na ongohlwaywayo ukuba kukho into engahambi kakuhle? Ezi mpikiswano zivelayo zondla ingxoxo ecingayo malunga nokuphendula kunye nokuba semthethweni. 

Ingxaki yokugqibela yohlalutyo lulwabiwo kunye nokufikelela. Ngubani ufumana ntoni, nini, phi kwaye njani? Isivumelwano esilula samazwe amabini esahlula ulwandle ukuze kuxhamle amazwe amabini ngeendleko zabo bonke abanye asizange sisebenze, njengoko iSpanish nesiPhuthukezi safumanisa kwiinkulungwane ezidlulileyo. 

Emva kophononongo lukaColumbus, la mazwe mabini angena kwiSivumelwano sowe-1494 saseTordesillas kunye neSivumelwano saseSaragossa sowe-1529. Kodwa amagunya aselwandle eFransi, eNgilani naseNetherlands ayengakuhoyi kakhulu ulwahlulo lwamazwe amabini. Ulawulo lolwandle ngelo xesha lwalusekelwe kwimigaqo elula efana nokuthi “ophumeleleyo uthatha konke”, “ofike kuqala, abonelelwe kuqala” kunye “nenkululeko yolwandle”. Namhlanje, iindlela ezintsonkothileyo ziyafuneka ukwabelana ngoxanduva, iindleko kunye nemingcipheko enxulumene nolwandle, kunye nokunika ufikelelo olulinganayo kunye nokwabiwa kweenkonzo kunye neenzuzo zolwandle. 

Ixesha elitsha ekuqondeni
Ngolwazi olwandisiweyo lwemingeni ekhoyo, izazinzulu zendalo kunye nezentlalo zifuna ukulungelelana kulawulo olusebenzayo lolwandle. Bakwathethana nabachaphazelekayo ukwenza uphando lwabo. 

Umzekelo, iprojekthi ye-IGBP ye-Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER) iphuhlisa isakhelo esibizwa ngokuba yi-IMBER-ADapt yokuphonononga ukwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo wolawulo olungcono lolwandle. I-Future Ocean Alliance (FOA) esandul' ukusekwa idibanisa imibutho, iinkqubo kunye nabantu ngabanye ukuze bahlanganise amacandelo athile kunye nolwazi lwabo, ukuze kuphuculwe iingxoxo malunga nolawulo lolwandle kunye nokunceda abaqulunqi bemigaqo-nkqubo. 

Umnqophiso we-FOA “kukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obutsha bolwazi ukwakha uluntu oluqukayo – uthungelwano lolwazi lolwandle lwehlabathi – olukwaziyo ukujongana nemiba esakhulayo yolawulo lolwandle ngokukhawuleza, ngokufanelekileyo, nangobulungisa”. Lo mfelandawonye uza kufuna ukuncedisa kumanqanaba okuqala okuthatyathwa kwezigqibo, ukomeleza uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lolwandle ukusuka kwindawo yasekhaya ukuya kumgangatho wehlabathi. I-FOA idibanisa abavelisi kunye nabathengi bolwazi kwaye ikhuthaza intsebenziswano phakathi kwemibutho emininzi kunye nabantu ngabanye. Imibutho iquka i-UN Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission; iKhomishini yaseBenguela; Iprojekthi yeAgulhas neSomalia Currents Large Marine Ecosystem; uhlolo lolawulo lolwandle lweNkqubo yoVavanyo lwaManzi eNdawo eSingqongileyo yeHlabathi; iNtsebenziswano yoMhlaba noLwandle kwiprojekthi yeZowuni yoNxweme; iCandelo loMlawuli Jikelele we-Ocean Policy; iLuso-American Foundation for Development; kunye neThe Ocean Foundation, phakathi kwezinye. 

Amalungu e-FOA, kubandakanywa neProjekthi yoLawulo lweNkqubo yoMhlaba, ahlola iindlela zokufaka isandla kuphuhliso lwe-ajenda yophando lolwandle kwi-Future Earth initiative. Kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo, i-Future Earth initiative iya kuba liqonga elifanelekileyo lokuhlanganisa abaphandi, abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nabanye abachaphazelekayo ekuphuhliseni izisombululo kwiingxaki zaselwandle. 

Sikunye, sinokunikezela ngolwazi kunye nezixhobo ezifunekayo kulawulo olusebenzayo lolwandle kwi-Anthropocene. Eli xesha lichaphazeleka ngabantu yimare incognitum - ulwandle olungachazwanga. Njengoko iinkqubo zendalo ezintsonkothileyo esiphila kuzo zitshintsha neempembelelo zabantu, asazi ukuba kuya kwenzeka ntoni na, ngakumbi kulwandlekazi loMhlaba. Kodwa iinkqubo zolawulo lolwandle ezifika ngexesha kunye neziguquguqukayo ziya kusinceda ukuba sihambe ngeAnthropocene.

U kufunda ngakumbi

• Biermann F (2012) Ukwenziwa kohlaza kuMqulu weZizwe eziManyeneyo. EzoPolitiko zeHlabathi kwi-Anthropocene. IPhepha eliSebenzayo loLawulo lweNkqubo yoMhlaba enguNombolo 21. I-Lund ne-Amsterdam: Iprojekthi yoLawulo lweNkqubo yoMhlaba.
• Spalding, uMark J. “Ukusebenzisa amalungelo ukukhuthaza ubugosa kunemfuno efunekayo: Ulawulo oluthembekileyo”, iPhepha leNgcaciso yoMgaqo-nkqubo: i-Ocean Foundation kaMatshi ka-2013.
• Ulawulo lweNkqubo yoMhlaba
• iFuture Ocean Alliance