Oceans Big Think

I-Oceans Big Think-Qala uMcelimngeni oMkhulu woLondolozo loLwandle- kwiziko le-Scripps le-Oceanography

nguMark J. Spalding, uMongameli

Bendisandula kuchitha iveki ndingene ILoreto, idolophu eselunxwemeni kwiphondo laseBaja California Sur, eMexico.  Apho ndakhunjuzwa ukuba kanye njengokuba zonke iipolitiki zisekhaya, ngokunjalo kulondolozo-kwaye kaninzi zidityaniswa njengoko wonke umntu ezama ukulinganisa imidla emininzi kwimpilo yemithombo esixhomekeke kuyo sonke. Icwecwe lokuchaza indawo yelifa lehlabathi, abafundi abaxhamle kwingxowa-mali yangoMgqibelo ebusuku, kunye neenkxalabo zabemi zonke zizikhumbuzo ezibambekayo zemingeni emincinci, kodwa ebalulekileyo yemingeni yehlabathi esizama ukuyisombulula.

Ndibuyiselwe ngokukhawuleza kwinqanaba lamawaka amaninzi eenyawo xa ndifika eSan Diego ngobusuku beCawa yakutshanje. Ukuseka imiceli mngeni kuthetha ukuba kukho izisombululo, nto leyo ilungileyo. Ke, bendikwiScripps Institution of Oceanography ndizimase intlanganiso ebizwa ngokuba yi "Oceans Big Think" eyayijoliswe ekuchongeni izisombululo ezinokuveliswa ngebhaso okanye ngokhuphiswano lomngeni (ukufumana izinto ezintsha zinokwenzeka ngamabhaso, iihackathons, iiseshini zoyilo, eziyalelweyo. izinto ezintsha, ukhuphiswano lweyunivesithi, njl.njl.). Ibanjwe yi-Conservation X Labs kunye neWorld Wildlife Fund, yayigxile kakhulu ekusebenziseni iteknoloji kunye nobunjineli ukusombulula iingxaki ezijongene nolwandle lwethu. Uninzi lwabantu lwalungezizo iingcali zolwandle—ababuki zindwendwe bakubiza ngokuba “yingqungquthela yeengcaphephe ezilungelelanisiweyo, abavelisi bezinto ezintsha, nabatyali-mali” abahlanganisene “ukuze bacinge ngokutsha ngokulondolozwa kolwandle,” ukuze badibanise amachaphaza akhoyo ngeendlela ezintsha zokucombulula iingxaki ezindala.

KwiSiseko se-Ocean, sibona ukusombulula iingxaki njengeyona nto iphambili kuthumo lwethu, kwaye sijonga izixhobo esinazo njengezibalulekile, kodwa nanjengenxalenye yendlela ebanzi, eneendlela ezininzi. Sifuna ukuba iinzululwazi zisazise, ​​sifuna izisombululo zetekhnoloji nezobunjineli zivavanywe kwaye zisetyenziswe apho kufanelekileyo. Emva koko, sifuna ukukhusela nokugcina ilifa lethu elifanayo (izibonelelo zethu ekwabelwana ngazo) ngomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nezakhiwo zolawulo ezithi nazo zibe nokunyanzeliswa kwaye zinyanzeliswe. Ngamanye amazwi, iteknoloji sisixhobo. Ayiyombumbulu yesilivere. Kwaye, ke ndiye ndafika kwi-Oceans Big Think ngedosi ephilileyo yokuthandabuza.

Imingeni emikhulu yenzelwe ukuba ibe yindlela enethemba lokudwelisa izoyikiso kulwandlekazi. Ithemba kukuthetha ukuba imingeni imele amathuba. Ngokucacileyo, njengesiqalo ekwabelwana ngaso, inzululwazi yolwandle (ibhayoloji, yenyama, imichiza, kunye nemfuzo) inezinto ezininzi zokusazisa malunga nezoyikiso kubomi bolwandle kunye nempilo yabantu kunye nempilo. Kule ntlanganiso, uxwebhu olungemva "lwe-landscape" ludweliswe kwi-10 isoyikiso kulwandle ukuba luhlolwe kwiingcali ezihlangeneyo ukuba zenze isigqibo sokuba "umngeni omkhulu" unokuphuhliswa njengendlela yokufumana isisombululo kuyo nayiphi na okanye yonke.
Ezi zizoyikiso ezili-10 kulwandle njengoko zicwangciswe luxwebhu:

1. Inguquko eBlue kwiiLwandle: ukuHlaziya iAquaculture ukuze uzinze
2. Ukuphelisa kunye nokuBuyiswa kobubutyobo baseLwandle
3. Ukungafihli kunye nokulandelelwa ukusuka eLwandle ukuya elunxwemeni: Ukuphelisa ukuloba ngokugqithisileyo
4. Ukukhusela iindawo ezihlala uLwandle eziBalulekileyo: Izixhobo ezitsha zoKhuseleko lwaseLwandle
5. UbuNjineli boKunyamezela iEkholoji kwiMimandla eNgaselunxwemeni nakwiMimandla engaseluNxwemeni
6. Ukunciphisa i-Ecological Footprint yokuLoba nge-Smart Gear
7. Ukubamba uhlaselo lwasemzini: Ukulwa neentlobo zezilwanyana ezihlaselayo
8. Ukulwa neziphumo ze-Acidation yoLwandle
9. Ukuphelisa uRhwebelwano lwezilwanyana zaseLwandle
10. Ukuvuselela iiNdawo ezifileyo: Ukulwa ne-Deoxygenation yoLwandle, iiNdawo ezifileyo, kunye ne-Nutrient Runoff

Ukuqala kwisongelo, injongo kukuchonga izisombululo ezinokuthi zibekho, nokuba ngaba kukho nabani na kubo ababolekayo kukhuphiswano lomngeni. Oko kukuthi, yeyiphi inxalenye yesongelo, okanye imeko ephantsi eyenza ukuba isoyikiso sibe sibi ngakumbi, sinokuqwalaselwa ngokukhupha umngeni obandakanya uluntu olubanzi lwe-tech-savvy ekusombululeni? Imingeni yenzelwe ukudala inkuthazo yexesha elifutshane kutyalo-mali kwizisombululo, ngokuqhelekileyo ngebhaso lemali (umz. i-Wendy Schmidt Ocean Health XPrize). Ithemba lelokuba ibhaso liya kubangela isisombululo esinenguqu ngokwaneleyo ukusinceda ukuba sitsibe kumanyathelo amaninzi acothayo, aguqukayo, kwaye ke ngoko siqhubele phambili ngokukhawuleza ekuzinzeni. Abaxhasi kunye namaziko asemva kolu khuphiswano afuna utshintsho olunokuthi lwenzeke ngokukhawuleza, ngaphantsi kweminyaka elishumi. Yenzelwe ukuthabatha isantya kunye nokwandisa umlinganiselo wezisombululo: Konke ebusweni besantya esikhawulezayo kunye nobukhulu obukhulu bokutshatyalaliswa kolwandle. Kwaye ukuba isisombululo sinokufumaneka ngokusebenzisa iteknoloji esetyenziswayo okanye ubunjineli, ngoko amandla okuthengisa adala inkuthazo yexesha elide, kubandakanywa utyalo-mali olongezelelweyo oluzinzileyo.

Kwezinye iimeko, iteknoloji sele iphuhlisiwe kodwa ayikamkelwa ngokubanzi ngenxa yobunzima kunye neendleko. Emva koko ibhaso linokukwazi ukukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kobugcisa obungabizi kakhulu. Kutshanje sibonile oku kukhuphiswano lwe-XPrize ukwenza izinzwa ze-pH ezichanekileyo, ezihlala ixesha elide, kunye nezingabizi kakhulu kusetyenziso lolwandle. Ophumeleleyo yiyunithi ye-2,000 yeedola eyenza ngcono kunomgangatho wangoku woshishino, oxabisa i-15,000 yeedola kwaye ayihlali ixesha elide okanye inokuthenjwa.

Xa i-Ocean Foundation ivavanya itekhnoloji okanye izisombululo zobunjineli ezicetywayo, siyazi ukuba kufuneka silumke kwaye sicinge nzulu ngeziphumo ebezingalindelekanga, nanjengoko sibuqonda ubuzaza beziphumo zokungenzi nto ukujongana nezi zoyikiso. Kufuneka siqhubeke ngokubuza imibuzo malunga nokuba yintoni ingozi evela kwizindululo ezifana nokulahla iifayili zentsimbi ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwe-algae; ukuvelisa izinto eziphilayo eziguqulwe ngokwemfuza (GMOs); ukwazisa iintlobo zezilwanyana ukunqanda abahlaseli abandlongondlongo; okanye ukudosa iingqaqa ngee-antacids-kunye nokuphendula loo mibuzo ngaphambi kokuba naluphi na uvavanyo luye kwisikali. Kwaye, kufuneka sigxininise izisombululo zendalo kunye nolungiso lwebhayoloji olusebenza kunye ne-ecosystem yethu, kunezisombululo eziyinjineli ezingasebenziyo.

Ngexesha "lokucinga okukhulu" kwi-Scripps, iqela lanciphisa uluhlu ukuze lugxininise kwi-aquaculture ezinzileyo kunye nokuloba okungekho mthethweni. Ezi zimbini ziyazalana kwiaquaculture, esele ikwizinga lorhwebo lwehlabathi kunye nokukhula, iqhuba uninzi lwemfuno yomgubo wentlanzi kunye ne-fish oil ekhokelela ekulobeni ngokugqithisileyo kwimimandla ethile.

Kwimeko yeaquaculture ezinzileyo, kungakho inani letekhnoloji okanye izisombululo zobunjineli ezinokuthi zibe ngumxholo webhaso okanye umngeni wokhuphiswano lokutshintsha iinkqubo / amagalelo.
Ezi zezo iingcali zeli gumbi zizibona zijongana nemigangatho ethile yenkcubeko yasemanzini:

• Phuhlisa iteknoloji yeaquaculture eyenzelwe iintlobo zezilwanyana ezitya izityalo ezingafuywanga ngoku (ukufuya intlanzi edla inyama akuphumelelanga)
• Ukuzalanisa (njengoko kuye kwenziwa ekufuyweni kwezilwanyana emhlabeni) iintlanzi ezinomlinganiselo ongcono wokuguqulwa kokutya (impumelelo esekwe kwimfuza, ngaphandle kokuguqulwa kofuzo)
• Yenza isondlo esitsha esinesondlo esikhulu, esineendleko eziphezulu (esingathembeli ekupheliseni isitokhwe esibanjisiweyo sasendle sokutya kweentlanzi okanye ioyile yeentlanzi)
• Phuhlisa itekhnoloji enexabiso elithe kratya, ephindaphindanayo ukuze imveliso ibekwe kufutshane neemarike (ikhuthaza intshukumo yendawo) ukomelela ukomelela kwesaqhwithi, ukudityaniswa neefama eziphilayo zasezidolophini, kunye nokuncipha komonakalo kumanxweme.

Ukuyekisa ukuloba okungekho mthethweni, iingcali ezikweli gumbi zacinga ukwenziwa ngokutsha kobuchwephesha obukhoyo, kuquka iinkqubo zokubeka iliso kwiinqanawa, iidrone, ii-AUV, iigilidi zamaza, iisathelayithi, izinzwa kunye nezixhobo zokujonga iacoustic ukwandisa ukubonakala.
Sizibuze imibuzo emininzi kwaye sazama ukuchonga apho ibhaso (okanye umngeni ofanayo) linokunceda ukuhambisa izinto ukuya kubugosa obungcono: 

• Ukuba ukuzilawula koluntu (uloyiso lwecommons) kwenza obona baphathi bugqwesileyo bokuloba (njengomzekelo); senza njani ngaphezulu kwayo? Kufuneka sibuze ukuba isebenza njani. Kwezo meko zincinane zejografi, isikhephe ngasinye kunye nomlobi ngamnye uyaziwa kwaye ujongwe. Umbuzo ovezwa bubuchwephesha obukhoyo ngowokuba singakwazi na ukuphinda oku kuqatshelwa kunye nokuphaphama kumlinganiselo omkhulu wejografi sisebenzisa itekhnoloji. 
• Kwaye sicinga ukuba sinokubona kwaye sazi zonke iinqanawa kunye nomlobi ngamnye kweso sikali sikhulu, okuthetha ukuba sinokubona abalobi abangekho mthethweni, ingaba sinayo indlela yokwabelana ngolo lwazi kuluntu olukude (ingakumbi kumazwe aphuhlayo eziqithi ezincinci) ; ezinye zazo ezingenambane kakhulu ngaphantsi kwe-Intanethi kunye nonomathotholo? Okanye nalapho ukufumana idatha akuyongxaki, kuthekani malunga nomthamo wokwenza umthamo omkhulu wedatha kwaye uhlale usexesheni ngayo?
• Ngaba sinayo indlela yokuthintela abo baphula umthetho ngexesha lokwenyani? Ngaba inkuthazo inokuqulunqwa ukuze kuthotyelwe ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho yokubambisa nokubanjiswa kwengxelo ngabanye abalobi (kuba akusayi kuze kubekho nkxaso-mali eyaneleyo yokunyanzeliswa)? Umzekelo, ngaba ii-transponders zeenqanawa zinciphisa iindleko ze-inshorensi ngenxa yenzuzo esecaleni yokuphepha ukungqubana? Ngaba iindleko ze-inshurensi zinokunyuka ukuba inqanawa inikwe ingxelo kwaye iqinisekisiwe?
• Okanye, ngaba ngenye imini singafika kwindawo elingana nekhamera yesantya, okanye simise ikhamera yokukhanya, ethatha umfanekiso wokuloba okungekho mthethweni kwisixhobo sokubhabha esizimelayo, siyilayishe kwisathelayithi kwaye sikhuphe isicatshulwa (kunye nesohlwayo) ngokuthe ngqo umnini wesikhephe. Ikhamera yenkcazo ephezulu ikhona, i-wave glider ikhona, kunye nokukwazi ukulayisha ifoto kunye nolungelelwaniso lwe-GPS lukhona.  

Iinkqubo zovavanyo ziyaqhubeka ukubona ukuba singakuhlanganisa na esikwaziyo size sikusebenzise kumsebenzi wokuloba ngokungekho mthethweni ngamaphenyane okuloba asemthethweni. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko sele sisazi kwiziganeko ezikhoyo zothintelo lomsebenzi wokuloba ongekho mthethweni, kudla ngokuba nzima kakhulu ukwazi ubuzwe bokwenene nobunini benqanawa yokuloba. Kwaye, ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezikude kwiPasifiki okanye kwi-Southern Hemisphere siyakha njani inkqubo yokugcina kunye nokulungisa iirobhothi ezisebenza kwiindawo ezinzima zamanzi etyuwa?

Iqela likwayibonile imfuneko yokulinganisa ngcono oko sikuthabatha elwandle, ukuphepha ukubhala amagama ngendlela engafanelekanga, kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zoqinisekiso lweemveliso kunye namashishini okuloba ukuze kukhuthazwe ukulandeleka. Ngaba ukulandeleka kunecandelo letekhnoloji? Ewe iyenza. Kwaye, kukho inani labantu abasebenza kwiithegi ezahlukeneyo, iibhakhowudi ezinokuskena, kunye nabafundi bekhowudi yemfuza. Ngaba siyalufuna ukhuphiswano lwamabhaso ukutyhala umsebenzi osele wenziwe kwaye sitsibe kwesona sisombululo sikwiklasi egqwesileyo ngokuseka imilinganiselo yento esiyifunayo ukuba siyifeze? Kwaye, nangona kunjalo, ngaba utyalo-mali ekulandeleleni i-sea-to-table lusebenza kuphela kwiimveliso zexabiso eliphezulu zentlanzi kumazwe aphuhlileyo anengeniso ephezulu?

Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, ingxaki ngezinye zezi teknoloji zinento yokwenza nokubukela kunye nokubhaliweyo kukuba zenza idatha eninzi. Kufuneka silungele ukulawula loo datha, kwaye ngelixa wonke umntu ethanda izixhobo ezitsha, bambalwa abafana nokugcinwa, kwaye kunzima ngakumbi ukufumana imali yokuyihlawula. Kwaye idatha evulekileyo, efikelelekayo inokuqhubela phambili ekuthengiseni idatha enokudala isizathu sorhwebo sokugcinwa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba, idatha enokuthi iguqulelwe kulwazi iyimfuneko kodwa ayaneleyo imeko yokutshintsha ukuziphatha. Ekugqibeleni, idatha kunye nolwazi kufuneka kwabelwane ngendlela ebandakanya iimpawu kunye nohlobo olufanelekileyo lwezikhuthazo zokutshintsha ubudlelwane bethu nolwandle.

Ekupheleni kosuku, ababuki zindwendwe bethu baye bangena kubuchule babantu abangamashumi amahlanu kwigumbi kwaye baphuhlisa uludwe oluyilwayo lwemingeni enokubakho. Njengazo zonke iinzame zokukhawulezisa iinkqubo, kusekho imfuneko yokuqinisekisa ukuba izigaba zokutsiba-tsiba ekuphuhlisweni kwenkqubo aziphumeleli kwiziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezinokuthi ziqhubele phambili, okanye, zisithumele emva kumhlaba esiwuqhelileyo ukuze siphinde sisebenze kule miba. Ulawulo olululo luxhomekeke ekuphunyezweni kakuhle nasekunyanzeliseni kakuhle. Njengoko sizama ukuphucula ubudlelwane boluntu nolwandle, kufuneka sizame ukuqinisekisa ukuba ezo zixhobo zikhona zokukhusela uluntu olusesichengeni lwazo zonke iintlobo, emanzini nasemhlabeni. Elo xabiso lingundoqo lifanele lidityaniswe kuwo nawuphi na "umngeni" esiwuvelisayo ukuze uluntu olukhulu luyile isisombululo.