Ukusebenzela ukuMisela iDSM: Iinjongo Zethu kuGunyaziwe weSeabed waMazwe ngaMazwe naNgaphaya

Njengengxenye yethu umsebenzi oqhubekayo ukuxelela inzululwazi, imali, kunye nenyaniso yomthetho malunga nemigodi enzulu yolwandle (DSM), i-Ocean Foundation ithathe inxaxheba kwezona ntlanganiso zamva nje ze-International Seabed Authority (ISA) kwiSigaba II seSeshini yama-27 (ISA-27 iCandelo II). Siziva sinelunda kuba aMazwe angaMalungu e-ISA asamkele isicelo sethu sokuba nguMkhi-mkhanyo osemthethweni ekuhambeni kwale ntlanganiso. Ngoku, i-TOF inokuthatha inxaxheba njenge-Observer kwisikhundla sayo, ukongeza ukusebenzisana njengenxalenye ye-Deep Sea Conservation Coalition (DSCC). Njengababukeli, sinokuthatha inxaxheba kumsebenzi we-ISA, kuquka nokunikela imbono yethu xa sixoxa, kodwa akanakuthabatha inxaxheba ekwenzeni izigqibo. Nangona kunjalo, uxabiso lwethu ngokuba nguMkhanyo omtsha wehliswa kukungabikho kwamagqabantshintshi kwamanye amazwi amaninzi aphambili achaphazelekayo.

I-United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea (UNCLOS) yachaza umhlaba ongaphantsi kolwandle ongaphaya kwalo naliphi na ilizwe lolawulo lwelizwe “njengoMmandla.” Ngaphaya koko, uMmandla kunye nemithombo yawo “lilifa lemveli [loluntu] eliqhelekileyo” eliza kulawulwa ukuze kuxhamle wonke umntu. I-ISA yadalwa phantsi kwe-UNCLOS ukulawula ubutyebi boMmandla kunye "nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko olusebenzayo lokusingqongileyo elwandle." Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-ISA iphuhlise imimiselo yokuhlola kwaye ibisebenzela ekuphuhliseni imimiselo yoxhaphazo.

Emva kweminyaka yokunyakaza okukhawulezileyo ekuphuhliseni loo migaqo yokulawula ubunzulu bolwandle njengelifa eliqhelekileyo loluntu, ilizwe leSiqithi sePasifiki iNauru liye labeka uxinzelelo (ngento abanye abayibiza ngokuba "umthetho weminyaka emibini") kwi-ISA ukugqibezela imimiselo - kunye nemigangatho ehamba kunye nezikhokelo - ngoJulayi 2023 (Ngelixa abanye bekholelwa ukuba i-ISA ngoku ichasene newotshi, abaninzi States beLungu kwaye Abakhi-Mkhanyo baye bavakalisa uluvo lwabo lokuba “umgaqo weminyaka emibini” awunyanzeli amazwe ukuba agunyazise ukumbiwa kwemigodi). Eli linge lokukhawulezisa ukuqukunjelwa kwemigaqo lidibana nebali elingeyonyani, lityhalwa ngamandla ngulowo ebeza kuba ngumsebenzi-mgodini waselwandle i-Metals Company (TMC) kunye nabanye, ukuba izimbiwa zaselwandle ezinzulu ziyafuneka ukuze kususwe ikhabhoni ubonelelo lwethu lwamandla ehlabathi. I-Decarbonization ayixhomekeke kwiiminerali eziselwandle ezifana ne-cobalt kunye ne-nickel. Ngapha koko, abenzi beebhetri kunye nabanye benza izinto ezintsha ukusuka kwezo zinyithi, kwaye nkqu I-TMC iyavuma ukuba utshintsho olukhawulezayo lobuchwepheshe lunokunciphisa imfuno yezimbiwa eziselwandle.

ISA-27 Icandelo II lalixakekile, kwaye kukho izishwankathelo ezinkulu ezikhoyo kwi-intanethi, kuquka enye yi Earth Negotiations Bulletin. Ezi ntlanganiso zenze kwacaca ukuba kuncinci kangakanani na iingcali ezinzulu zolwandle ezaziyo: inzululwazi, ubuchwepheshe, imali, kunye nokungaqiniseki kwezomthetho kukongamele iingxoxo. Apha e-TOF, sithatha ithuba lokwabelana ngeengongoma ezimbalwa ezibaluleke kakhulu kumsebenzi wethu, kuquka apho izinto zimi khona kunye nento esiyenzayo ngayo.

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Bonke abachaphazelekayo abayimfuneko abekho kwi-ISA. Kwaye, abo bazimasayo njengaBakhi-mkhanyo abasemthethweni abanikwa ixesha abalidingayo lokunika izimvo zabo.

Kwi-ISA-27 Icandelo le-II, bekukho ukuqondwa okukhulayo kwabathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi abahlukeneyo abanomdla kulawulo lolwandle olunzulu kunye nemithombo yalo. Kodwa imibuzo iyanda malunga nokuba bangabafumana njani abo bachaphazelekayo kwigumbi, kwaye i-ISA-27 iCandelo II, ngelishwa, labhukishwa ngokusilela okuqaqambileyo ukubabandakanya.

Ngosuku lokuqala lweentlanganiso, i-Secretariat ye-ISA yasika ukutya okuphilayo. Abathunywa beLizwe elingamalungu, abakhi-mkhanyo, abeendaba, kunye nabanye abachaphazelekayo abangazange bakwazi ukuzimasa - nokuba kungenxa yeenkxalabo ze-COVID-19 okanye ngenxa yokunqongophala kwamandla kwindawo - bashiyeke bengazi ukuba kwenzeke ntoni okanye kutheni. Phakathi kokuhlehla okubonakalayo, kwaye endaweni yokuba naMazwe angamaLungu avotele ukuba zisasazwe na iintlanganiso, usasazo lwewebhu luye lwavulwa. Kwesinye isiganeko, omnye wabathunywa ababini bolutsha waphazanyiswa waza wanqunyulwa nguMongameli oBambeleyo weNdibano. Kwakukho iinkxalabo malunga nokungafanelekanga kwendlela uNobhala Jikelele athumele ngayo kubachaphazeli be-ISA, kubandakanywa nabathetha-thethwano abasuka kuMazwe angamaLungu ngokwabo, kwividiyo nakwezinye iimeko. Ngosuku lokugqibela lweentlanganiso, imida yexesha elingenasizathu yabekwa kwiingxelo zoMkhi-mkhanyo ngokukhawuleza ngaphambi kokuba aBakhi-mkhanyo banikwe umgangatho, kwaye abo badlulayo babecinywa imibhobho yesandisi-lizwi. 

I-Ocean Foundation iye yangenelela (yanikezela ngengxelo esemthethweni) kwi-ISA-27 iCandelo le-II ukuqaphela ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abafanelekileyo kwilifa lemveli loluntu, ngokunokwenzeka, ngathi sonke. Sibongoze i-ISA Secretariat ukuba imeme amazwi ahlukeneyo kwincoko ye-DSM - ngakumbi ulutsha kunye namazwi e-Indigenous - kwaye ivule umnyango kubo bonke abasebenzisi bolwandle abafana nabalobi, abahamba ngeendlela, izazinzulu, abahloli bamazwe kunye namagcisa. Ngaloo nto engqondweni, sacela i-ISA ukuba ikhangele abachaphazelekayo kwaye yamkele igalelo labo.

Injongo ye-Ocean Foundation: Kubo bonke abachaphazelekayo abachaphazelekayo ukuba bazibandakanye kwimigodi enzulu yolwandle.

Ngokubambisana nabanye abaninzi, sisasaza ilizwi malunga nendlela iDSM eya kusichaphazela ngayo sonke. Siya kusebenza ngokuqhubekayo nangokuyilayo ukwenza intente ibe nkulu. 

• Siphakamisa iincoko ezijikeleze i-DSM apho sinakho, kwaye sikhuthaza abanye ukuba benze okufanayo. Sonke sinomdla okhethekileyo kunye noqhagamshelwano.
• Ngenxa yokuba i-ISA ayikhange ikhangele phambili kubo bonke abachaphazelekayo, kwaye ngenxa yokuba i-DSM - ukuba ibinokuthi iqhubele phambili - ingachaphazela wonke umntu emhlabeni, sisebenzela ukuthatha iingxoxo malunga ne-DSM, kwaye kutheni sixhasa ukumiswa (isithintelo sethutyana), kwezinye iindawo. iingxoxo zamazwe ngamazwe: iNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo (i-UNGA), iSeshoni yesi-5 yeNkomfa yoRhulumente (i-IGC) malunga Ulondolozo nokusetyenziswa ngokuzinzileyo kweyantlukwano yebhayoloji yaselwandle ngaphaya kwemimandla yolawulo lwesizwe (i-BBNJ), iNkomfa yeNkqubo-sikhokelo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yoTshintsho lweMozulu (i-UNFCCC) yaMaqela (i-COP27), kunye neQonga eliPhezulu lezoPolitiko kuPhuhliso oluZinzileyo. I-DSM kufuneka kuxoxwe ngayo kuzo zonke iinkqubo zomthetho zamazwe ngamazwe kwaye iqwalaselwe ngokudibeneyo nangokubanzi.
• Sikhuthaza iiforam ezincinci njengeendawo ezibaluleke ngokulinganayo kule ngxoxo. Oku kubandakanya izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe nezamazwe angaphantsi kwezizwe ezigudle unxweme ezingqonge uMmandla weClarion Clipperton, amaqela abalobi (kuquka neMibutho yoLawulo lwezokuLoba eNgingqini- athatha izigqibo ngokuba ngubani oloba apho, ziziphi izixhobo abazisebenzisayo kwaye banokuzibambisa iintlanzi ezingaphi), kunye neentlanganiso zolutsha zokusingqongileyo.
• Sakha kumava ethu anzulu kulwakhiwo lwezakhono ukuze sichonge abo bachaphazelekayo - kwaye sincede abo bachaphazelekayo bajonge iinketho zothethathethwano kwi-ISA, kubandakanywa kodwa kungaphelelanga apho kwinkqubo yesicelo soMkhangeli osemthethweni.

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Amalungelo oluntu, ubulungisa bendalo esingqongileyo, amalungelo emveli nolwazi, kunye nokulingana phakathi kwezizukulwana zazibalasele kwiingxoxo kuzo zontathu iiveki zeentlanganiso.

Amazwe amaninzi angamaLungu kunye naBakhi-mkhanyo baxoxe ngeempembelelo ezisekelwe kumalungelo kwi-DSM enokubakho. Inkxalabo yaphakanyiswa malunga nokungachaneki okubonwayo kwindlela uNobhala Jikelele we-ISA uye wabonakalisa umsebenzi oqhubekayo kwi-ISA kwezinye iiforamu zamazwe ngamazwe, ukumangalela okanye ukubonisa ukuvumelana malunga nokugqiba imigaqo kunye nokugunyazisa i-DSM xa loo mvumelwano ingekho. 

I-Ocean Foundation ikholelwa ukuba i-DSM isisongelo kwilifa lenkcubeko elingaphantsi kwamanzi, imithombo yokutya, indlela yokuphila, imozulu ephilileyo, kunye nezixhobo zofuzo zaselwandle zamachiza exesha elizayo. Kwi-ISA-27 Icandelo le-II, sigxininise ukuba iSigqibo seNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo 76/75 Kutshanje kuqatshelwe ilungelo lemekobume ecocekileyo, esempilweni, nezinzileyo njengelungelo loluntu, kuqatshelwa ukuba eli lungelo linxulumene namanye amalungelo kunye nomthetho okhoyo wamazwe ngamazwe. Umsebenzi we-ISA awukho kwindawo engenanto, kwaye kufuneka - njengomsebenzi owenziwe phantsi kwazo zonke izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ngokungaguquguqukiyo kwinkqubo ye-UN - ube ukuqhubela phambili eli lungelo.

Injongo yeSiseko se-Ocean: Ukubona ukudityaniswa okuthe kratya kwe-DSM kunye neziphumo zayo ezinokubakho kulwandle lwethu, imozulu, kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo kwiincoko zokusingqongileyo zehlabathi.

Sikholelwa ukuba amandla ehlabathi akhoyo ngoku ukudiliza iisili kunye nokubona ulawulo lwehlabathi njengolunxibelelene ngokuyimfuneko (umzekelo, ngokusebenzisa Iingxoxo zoLwandle kunye noTshintsho lweMozulu) kukunyuka kwamaza okuya kuphakamisa zonke izikhephe. Ngamanye amazwi, ukubandakanya kunye kunye nomxholo ngaphakathi kolawulo lwendalo esingqongileyo akuyi kujongela phantsi, kodwa kunokomeleza, iNgqungquthela yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kuMthetho woLwandle (UNCLOS). 

Ngenxa yoko, sikholelwa ukuba aMazwe angamaLungu e-ISA aya kukwazi ukuhlonipha nokuhlonipha i-UNCLOS ngelixa esebenza ngokuxhalaba kunye nentlonipho kumazwe asakhasayo, uluntu lweMveli, izizukulwana ezizayo, i-biodiversity, kunye neenkonzo ze-ecosystem - lonke eli xesha lixhomekeke kwisayensi efumanekayo. I-Ocean Foundation iwaxhasa ngamandla amakhwelo okumiswa kwe-DSM ukuze kufakwe iinkxalabo zabathathi-nxaxheba kunye nenzululwazi.

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ILifa leMveli leNkcubeko phantsi kwamanzi alifumani ngqalelo lufanelekileyo kuthethathethwano lwe-ISA.

Ngelixa ixabiso lenkcubeko lixoxiwe njengenkonzo ye-ikhosistim, ilifa lenkcubeko yangaphantsi kwamanzi alikho nto iphambili kwiingxoxo ze-ISA zakutsha nje. Komnye umzekelo, ngaphandle kwezimvo zabachaphazelekayo zokuba iSicwangciso soLawulo lokusiNgqongileyo soMmandla kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo ilifa lenkcubeko elibambekayo neliphathekayo nolwazi lwemveli, idrafti yamva nje yesicwangciso ibhekisa kuphela “izinto zakudala.” I-TOF ingenelele kabini kwi-ISA-27 iSigaba sesi-II ukuze icele ukuqwalaselwa ngakumbi kwelifa lemveli lenkcubeko ngaphantsi kwamanzi nokucebisa ukuba i-ISA ifikelele ngokubonakalayo kwabo bachaphazelekayo abafanelekileyo.

Injongo ye-Ocean Foundation: Ukuphakamisa ilifa lenkcubeko eliphantsi kwamanzi kwaye uqinisekise ukuba liyinxalenye ecacileyo yencoko ye-DSM ngaphambi kokuba itshatyalaliswe ngempazamo.

• Siza kusebenzela ukuqinisekisa ukuba ilifa lenkcubeko yethu liyinxalenye yengxoxo yeDSM. Oku kuquka: 
  • Ilifa lenkcubeko elibambekayo, njengenqanawa yomkhosi eyehlisiwe phezu kwePasifiki, okanye ukwaphuka kwenqanawa kunye neentsalela zabantu eAtlantiki Ukupasa okuPhakathi, apho ngexesha lokurhweba ngamakhoboka eAtlantiki, kuqikelelwa ukuba i-1.8+ yezigidi zabantu baseAfrika abazange basinde kolo hambo.
  • ilifa lenkcubeko engaphathekiyo, njenge ukuphila ilifa lenkcubeko yabantu basePasifiki, kuquka nokukhangela indlela. 
• Kutshanje sithumele isimemo esisesikweni sokusebenzisana ngakumbi phakathi kwe-ISA kunye ne-UNESCO, kwaye siya kuqhubeka siphakamisa iingxoxo zendlela yokukhusela inkcubeko elilifa lemveli phantsi kwamanzi.
• I-TOF ibandakanyeka kuphando malunga nelifa lenkcubeko ebonakalayo kunye nengabonakaliyo kwi-Pacific ne-Atlantiki.
• I-TOF ikwincoko nabanye abachaphazelekayo malunga nelifa lemveli lenkcubeko yangaphantsi kwamanzi, kwaye iya kwenza ukuba kubekho uthethathethwano olungaphaya phakathi kwabo bachaphazelekayo kunye ne-ISA.

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Kukho ukuqondwa kwezithuba kulwazi olujikeleze umonakalo we-DSM.

Kwi-ISA-27 Icandelo le-II, kukho ukuqondwa okwandisiweyo ngaMazwe angamaLungu kunye naBakhi-mkhanyo ukuba, ngelixa kunokubakho izikhewu ezinkulu zesayensi kulwazi esiludingayo ukuze siqonde ulwandle olunzulu kunye ne-ecosystems yalo, kukho ulwazi olwaneleyo lokwazi ukuba i-DSM iya yenzakalisa enzonzobileni. Simele ukutshabalalisa inkqubo yendalo eyodwa ibonelela ngeenkonzo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ze-ikhosistim kubandakanywa intlanzi kunye neentlanzi zokutya; iimveliso ezivela kwizinto eziphilayo ezinokusetyenziselwa amayeza; ulawulo lwemozulu; kunye nembali, inkcubeko, intlalo, imfundo kunye nexabiso lesayensi kubantu kwihlabathi jikelele.

I-TOF ingenelele kwi-ISA-27 Icandelo le-II ukuchaza ukuba siyazi ukuba i-ecosystems ayisebenzi yodwa, nokuba kusekho izikhewu ekuqondeni ukuba ziqhagamshelwa njani. Izinto ezinokuthi ziphazamise i-ikhosistim phambi kokuba siziqonde - kwaye ukwenza oko sisazi - kuya kubhabha ebusweni bokukhuselwa kwendalo kunye nokuqhubela phambili kwamalungelo oluntu kwizizukulwana. Ngokuthe ngqo, ukwenza oko kuya kuchasene ngqo neNjongo zoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo.

Injongo yeSiseko se-Ocean: Ukungonakalisi inkqubo yethu yendalo enzulu yolwandle ngaphambi kokuba sazi ukuba yintoni na, kwaye isenzela ntoni.

• Sixhasa ukusebenzisa i-United Nations Decade yeSayensi yoLwandle kuPhuhliso oluZinzileyo njengeqonga lokuqokelelwa kwedatha kunye nokutolika.
• Siza kusebenzela ukuphakamisa isayensi ebukhali, ebonisa oko Izikhewu kulwazi olungqonge ulwandle luluninzi kakhulu kwaye kuya kuthatha amashumi eminyaka ukuwavala.

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Abachaphazelekayo bajonga nzulu ubume bezemali kumbiwa nzulu wolwandle kunye nefuthe lehlabathi lokwenyani.

Ngexesha leeseshoni zakutsha nje ze-ISA, abathunywa bebejonge imiba engundoqo yezemali kwaye baqaphela ukuba usemninzi umsebenzi ekufuneka wenziwe ngaphakathi. Kwi-ISA-27 iCandelo II, i-TOF, i-Deep Sea Conservation Coalition (DSCC), kunye nabanye abaBekhi-Mkhanyo babongoze amalungu e-ISA ukuba nawo ajonge ngaphandle kwaye abone ukuba umfanekiso wemali umfiliba kwi-DSM. Ababukeli abaninzi baqaphele i-DSM ifunyenwe yi-United Nations Environmental Programme Sustainable Finance Initiative ukuba ayihambelani noqoqosho oluzinzileyo oluluhlaza.

I-TOF iqaphele ukuba nawuphi na umthombo onokubakho wenkxaso-mali kwimisebenzi ye-DSM kuya kufuneka ukuba uthobele izibophelelo zeNdalo yangaphakathi nangaphandle, ezeNtlalo, noLawulo (ESG) ezinokuvala inkxaso-mali yorhwebo lwe-DSM. I-DSCC kunye nabanye aBakhi-Mkhanyo babonise ukuba i-TMC, umxhasi oyintloko wexesha elikhawulezayo lemimiselo ye-DSM, ikwimeko embi yemali kwaye ukungaqiniseki kwezemali kuneempembelelo zehlabathi zangempela zokuphendula, ulawulo olusebenzayo, kunye noxanduva.

Injongo ye-Ocean Foundation: Ukuqhubela phambili uthethathethwano oluluqilima kunye namashishini emali kunye ne-inshorensi malunga nokuba i-DSM iyahlawuleka na okanye i-inshorensi.

• Siya kukhuthaza iibhanki kunye neminye imithombo enokubakho yenkxaso-mali ukuba ijonge kwi-ESG yazo yangaphakathi neyangaphandle kunye nezibophelelo zozinzo ukuze ziqinisekise ukuhambelana kwazo nenkxaso-mali ye-DSM.
• Siza kuqhubeka nokucebisa amaziko emali kunye neziseko kwimigangatho yotyalo-mali oluzinzileyo loqoqosho oluluhlaza.
• Siza kuqhubeka ukubeka esweni ukungazinzi kwezemali kunye iintetho eziphikisanayo yeNkampani yeZinyithi.

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Ukuqhubela phambili nomsebenzi wokuphelisa i-DSM:

KwiNkomfa yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yoLwandle eLisbon, ePortugal ngoJuni 2022, iinkxalabo ezicacileyo malunga neDSM zakhuliswa iveki yonke. I-TOF ibandakanyeke ekuxhaseni ukumiswa ngaphandle kokuba iDSM iqhube ngaphandle kokwenzakala elwandle, ilahleko yezityalo nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo, isoyikiso kwilifa lenkcubeko yethu ebonakalayo nengabonakaliyo, okanye ingozi kwiinkonzo ze-ikhosistim.

Kwi-ISA-27 Icandelo le-II, eChile, eCosta Rica, eSpain, e-Ecuador, nakwiZizwe eziManyeneyo zaseMicronesia zonke zafuna inguqulelo ethile yokunqumamisa. I-Federated States yaseMicronesia yazisa ukuba iyinxalenye ye-Alliance of Countries ibiza i-Deep-Sea Mining Moratorium eyasungulwa yiPalau kwiNkomfa ye-UN Ocean.

Injongo ye-Ocean Foundation: Ukuqhubeka nokukhuthaza ukumiswa kwe-DSM.

Ukungafihli kulwimi ngundoqo kwezi ngxoxo. Ngelixa abanye beliphepha eli gama, ukumiswa kwe-moratorium kuchazwa “njengesalelo sethutyana.” Siza kuqhubeka sabelane ngolwazi namazwe kunye noluntu malunga nolunye ummiselo okhoyo kunye nokuba kutheni ukumiswa kwe-DSM kunengqiqo.

• Siyayixhasa, kwaye siya kuqhubeka nokuxhasa, i-moratoria kuzwelonke nakwi-subnational kunye nokuvalwa kwe-DSM.
• Ngaphambili besiwuphakamisile umsongelo kwi-ikhosistim yethu enzulu yolwandle ekungeniseni kwethu kuLwandlekazi lwe-UN kunye neengxoxo zokuTshintsha kweMozulu, kwaye siya kuqhubeka sisenjenjalo kwamanye amaqonga ezizwe ngezizwe.
• Sinobudlelwane obusebenzayo kunye nabenzi bezigqibo zokusingqongileyo kumazwe kwihlabathi liphela, kwaye sisebenzela ukuphakamisa isoyikiso se-DSM kuzo zonke iincoko malunga nempilo yolwandle, utshintsho lwemozulu, kunye nokuzinza.
• Siza kuzimasa intlanganiso elandelayo ye-ISA, ISA-27 Part III, ebibanjelwe eKingston, eJamaica ukusuka ngomhla wama-31 kuOkthobha ukuya kowe-11 kuNovemba, ukuzisa ungenelelo ngokobuqu.