Icandelo lesi-1: Ukubonakaliswa kweMinyaka engama-30 yeNgqungquthela ye-UN kuMthetho woLwandle

Ngu: Matthew Cannistraro

Ngelixa ndandisebenza kwi-Ocean Foundation, ndasebenza kwiprojekthi yophando malunga ne INgqungquthela yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kuMthetho woLwandle (UNLCOS). Kwisithuba sezithuba ezimbini zebhlog, ndiyathemba ukuba ndiza kubelana ngezinto endizifundileyo ngophando lwam kunye nokucacisa ukuba kutheni umhlaba ufuna iNdibano, kunye nokuba kutheni i-US ingazange, kwaye ayikayiqinisekisi. Ndiyathemba ukuba ngokuphonononga imbali ye-UNCLOS, ndiyakwazi ukugqamisa ezinye iimpazamo ezenziwe kwixesha elidlulileyo ukusinceda ukuba siziphephe kwixesha elizayo.

I-UNCLOS yayiyimpendulo yokungazinzi okungazange kubonwe ngaphambili kunye nongquzulwano malunga nokusetyenziswa kolwandle. Inkululeko yemveli engasikelwanga mda yolwandle ayisasebenzi kuba ukusetyenziswa kolwandle lwale mihla kwakukhethekile. Ngenxa yoko, i-UNCLOS yazama ukulawula ulwandle “njengelifa loluntu” ukuze kuthintelwe ukruthakruthwano olungekho luncedo kwiindawo zokuloba olwaluxhaphakile nokukhuthaza ukwabiwa ngokufanelekileyo kobuncwane baselwandle.

Kwisithuba senkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ukwenziwa kwangoku kweshishini lokuloba kwadibana nophuhliso lokwembiwa kwezimbiwa ukudala ungquzulwano malunga nokusetyenziswa kolwandle. Abalobi be-salmon baseAlaska bakhalaza ukuba iinqanawa zamazwe angaphandle zazibamba iintlanzi ezininzi kune-Alaska's stocks zinokuxhasa, kwaye iMelika yayidinga ukukhusela ukufikelela okukodwa kwiindawo zethu zeoli ze-offshore. La maqela ayefuna indawo ebiyelweyo yolwandle. Ngeli xesha, abalobi baseSan Diego Tuna batshabalalisa isitokhwe saseSouthern California kwaye baloba kunxweme loMbindi Merika. Babefuna inkululeko engenamiqathango yolwandle. Izigidi zamanye amaqela anomdla awela kolunye lwezintlu ezimbini, kodwa ngalinye linenkxalabo yalo ethile.

Ezama ukungxengxeza le midla ingqubanayo, uMongameli Truman wakhupha izibhengezo ezibini ngo-1945. Eyokuqala ibange amalungelo akhethekileyo kuzo zonke izimbiwa ezingamakhulu amabini eemayile nautical (NM) ukusuka kumanxweme ethu, ukusombulula ingxaki yeoli. Eyesibini ibango lamalungelo akhethekileyo kuzo zonke izitokhwe zeentlanzi ezingakwaziyo ukuxhasa naluphi na uxinizelelo lokuloba kwindawo enye edibeneyo. Le nkcazo ijonge ukukhuphela ngaphandle iinqanawa zamazwe angaphandle kumanzi ethu ngelixa sigcina ukufikelela kumanzi angaphandle ngokuxhobisa kuphela izazinzulu zaseMelika ukuba zigqibe ukuba zeziphi izitokhwe ezinokuxhasa okanye zingenakuxhasa isivuno sangaphandle.

Ixesha elilandela ezi zibhengezo lalinesiphithiphithi. UTruman waye wamisela umzekelo oyingozi ngokuqinisekisa ngokuzimeleyo "ulawulo kunye nolawulo" kwimithombo yamazwe ngamazwe yangaphambili. Amazwe amaninzi alandela umzekelo kwaza kwabakho ugonyamelo ngenxa yokufikelela kwiindawo zokuloba. Xa inqanawa yaseMelika yaphula ibango elitsha lase-Ecuador engaselunxwemeni, “abasebenzi bayo… Iimfazwe ezifanayo zazixhaphakile ehlabathini lonke. Ibango ngalinye elisecaleni kumhlaba wolwandle lalilungile nje ngokuba uMkhosi wamanzi uyawuxhasa. Ihlabathi lalifuna indlela yokusasaza ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokulawula izixhobo zaselwandle ngaphambi kokuba iimfazwe eziphezu kweentlanzi zijike zibe ziimfazwe phezu kweoli. Amalinge ezizwe ngezizwe okuzinzisa oku kuchas’ umthetho afikelela incopho ngowe-30 xa kwahlanganisana iNkomfa YesiThathu yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngoMthetho woLwandle eCaracas, eVenezuela.

Owona mba ugqibayo kwinkomfa ubonakalise ukugrunjwa kwamaqhuqhuva eeminerali eziselwandle. Ngo-1960, iifemu zaqala ukuqikelela ukuba zinokukhupha izimbiwa ngenzuzo emgangathweni wolwandle. Ukuze benze njalo, babedinga amalungelo akhethekileyo kwiindawo ezinkulu zamanzi ezizwe ngezizwe ngaphandle kwezibhengezo zokuqala zikaTruman. Ungquzulwano malunga nala malungelo okusebenza kwemigodi lwabandakanya imbinana yamazwe ahambele phambili kwezoshishino akwaziyo ukukhupha amaqhuqhuva ngokuchasene noninzi lwezizwe ezingakwaziyo. Ekuphela kwabalamleli yayizizizwe ezazingekakwazi ukumba amaqhuqhuva kodwa zaziza kukwazi ukwenjenjalo kwixesha elizayo elingekude. Ababini kwaba balamleli, iKhanada ne-Australia bacebise isikhokelo esirhabaxa sokulalanisa. Ngo-1976, uHenry Kissinger weza kwinkomfa waza wayibethelela into ethile.

Ulungelelaniso lwakhiwe kwinkqubo ehambelanayo. Isicwangciso esiqinileyo sokumba umgodi ophantsi kolwandle kwafuneka sicebise ngeziza ezibini ezilindelekileyo zomgodi. Ibhodi yabameli, ebizwa ngokuba yi Abasemagunyeni behlabathi abaSebenza elwandle (ISA), ingavota ukwamkela okanye ukwala iziza ezibini njengesivumelwano sephakheji. Ukuba i-ISA iyazivuma iziza, ifemu inokuqalisa ukumba isiza esinye ngokukhawuleza, kwaye esinye isiza sibekelwe bucala ukuba amazwe asaphuhlayo abe semgodini ekugqibeleni. Ngoko ke, ukuze amazwe asakhasayo axhamle, akanakuyithintela inkqubo yokuwamkela. Ukuze iifemu zemizi-mveliso zizuze, kufuneka zabelane ngemithombo yolwandle. Ubume be-symbiotic kobu budlelwane buqinisekise ukuba icala ngalinye letafile likhuthazekile ukuba lithetha-thethane. Kanye njengokuba iinkcukacha zokugqibela zazingena endaweni, uReagan wenyuka waya kuMongameli waza waphazamisa iingxoxo zepragmatic ngokuzisa ingcamango kwingxoxo.

Xa uRonald Reagan waqalisa ukulawula uthethathethwano ngowe-1981, wagqiba kwelokuba ufuna “ikhefu elicocekileyo kwizinto zangaphambili.” Ngamanye amazwi, 'ikhefu elicocekileyo' kunye nomsebenzi onzima wepragmatic conservatives njengoHenry Kissinger. Ngale njongo engqondweni, abathunywa bakaReagan bakhuphe uluhlu lweemfuno zothethathethwano ezikhabayo inkqubo ehambelanayo. Esi sikhundla sitsha sasingalindelekanga kangangokuba omnye uMmeli welizwe laseYurophu elifumileyo wabuza, “Ihlabathi liphela linokuyithemba njani iUnited States? Kutheni le nto kufuneka senze uhlengahlengiso ukuba iUnited States iyatshintsha ingqondo ekugqibeleni? ” Kwabakho iimvakalelo ezifanayo kuloo ngqungquthela. Ngokwala ukulalanisa ngokunzulu, igqiza likaReagan le-UNCLOS laphulukana nempembelelo yalo kuthethathethwano. Bekuqonda oku, babuya umva, kodwa kwakungekudala kakhulu. Ukungangqinelani kwabo kwakusele kuyonakalisa intembeko yabo. Inkokeli yenkomfa, u-Alvaro de Soto wasePeru, ubize uthethwano ukuba luphele ukuze luthintele ukuba luqhubeke.

Iingcamango zithintele ukuyekelelana kokugqibela. UReagan wonyula abahlalutyi abaninzi abazi i-UNCLOS kwigqiza lakhe, ababenokholo oluncinane kuluvo lokulawula ulwandle. Kumfuziselo wentetho ye-cuff, uReagan washwankathela isikhundla sakhe, egqabaza, “Singamapolisa kwaye sijikeleza emhlabeni kwaye kukho umgaqo omninzi kangangokuba bendicinga ukuba xa uphuma kulwandle oluphezulu unokwenza njengoko ufuna. .” Le ngcamango iyayigatya ingcamango esisiseko yokulawula ulwandle “njengelifa eliqhelekileyo loluntu.” Nangona, ukusilela kwenkulungwane yaphakathi kwenkululeko yemfundiso yolwandle kwabonisa ukuba ukhuphiswano olungenamiqathango lwaluyingxaki, ayisosisombululo.

Isithuba esilandelayo siza kujonga ngakumbi kwisigqibo sikaReagan sokungasayini isivumelwano kunye nelifa laso kwipolitiki yaseMelika. Ndiyathemba ukucacisa ukuba kutheni i-US ingekasiqinisekisi isivumelwano ngaphandle kwenkxaso ebanzi evela kwiqela ngalinye elinxulumene nolwandle (i-oyile moguls, abalobi kunye neengcali zokusingqongileyo zonke ziyasixhasa).

U-Matthew Cannistraro wasebenza njengomncedisi wophando kwi-Ocean Foundation entwasahlobo ka-2012. Okwangoku ungumfundi ophezulu kwiKholeji yaseClaremont McKenna apho ebaluleke kakhulu kwiMbali kwaye ebhala ithisisi ye-honours malunga nokudalwa kwe-NOAA. Umdla kaMatthew kumgaqo-nkqubo wolwandle usukela ekuthandeni kwakhe ukuhamba ngesikhephe, ukuloba ngeempukane kumanzi anetyuwa, kunye nembali yezopolitiko yaseMelika. Emva kokuthweswa isidanga, unethemba lokusebenzisa ulwazi lwakhe nothando lwakhe ukwenza utshintsho oluhle kwindlela esilusebenzisa ngayo ulwandle.