Icandelo loku-1: Ukuza kwesaqhwithi: Xa uLwandle lufika elunxwemeni

Ngu-Angel Braestrup, uSihlalo, iBhodi yabaCebisi, i-Ocean Foundation

Siyibonile yonke imifanekiso kunye neevidiyo. Abanye bethu bade bazibonela ngawabo amehlo. Isitshingitshane esikhulu sityhala amanzi phambi kwawo njengoko sityhutyha indlela yawo sinyuka unxweme, imimoya ebhudla ngamandla iwenza amanzi afumbe phezu kwawo ade ayobetha elunxwemeni aze aqengqeleke angene ngaphakathi, kuxhomekeke ekubeni isaqhwithi besihamba ngokukhawuleza kangakanani, ixesha elingakanani. imimoya enamandla iye yatyhala amanzi, kunye nejografi (kunye nejometri) apho kwaye ibetha njani unxweme. 

Izaqhwithi aziyonxalenye yokubala ukomelela kwezaqhwithi, ezifana nenkanyamba ethi “Saffir Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale” yenkanyamba. Uninzi lwethu luyayazi iSaffir Simpson ichaza iCandelo 1-5 leenkanyamba ezifumana ngokuxhomekeke kwisantya somoya esizinzileyo (hayi ubungakanani bomzimba wesaqhwithi, isantya sokuhamba kwesaqhwithi, uxinzelelo oluguquguqukayo, izantya zomoya ogqabhukileyo, okanye ubungakanani bemvula njl.njl.).

I-National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) iphuhlise imodeli eyaziwa ngokuba yi-SLOSH, okanye uLwandle, iLake kunye ne-Overland Surges ukusuka kwiiNkanyamba ukuya kwiiprojekthi zokunyuka, okanye, njengoko kubalulekile, ukwenza abaphandi baqhathanise imiphumo ehambelana neziphepho ezahlukeneyo. Ezinye izaqhwithi ezibuthathaka zinokudala uqhwithela olumangalisayo xa ubume bomhlaba kunye namanqanaba amanzi edibana ukudala iimeko ezigqibeleleyo. INkanyamba u-Irene yayikwinqanaba loku-1 xa wayefika eNorth Carolina [1] ngo-2011, kodwa uqhwithela lwakhe lwaluziimitha ezi-8 ukuya kwezi-11 kwaye lwenza umonakalo omkhulu. Ngokufanayo, iNkanyamba i-Ike yayingumzekelo omhle wesaqhwithi "kuphela" udidi lwe-2 (i-110 mph imimoya eqhubekayo) xa yafika emhlabeni, kodwa yayinomoya ovuthuzayo owawuza kuba yinto eqhelekileyo yodidi olunamandla 3. Kwaye, kunjalo, kutshanje ngoNovemba kwiiPhilippines, yaba sisiphango seTyphoon Haiyan esiye satshabalalisa izixeko kwaye sashiya emva kwayo, iziseko zophuhliso ezitshatyalalisiwe, ukutya kunye neenkqubo zokuhanjiswa kwamanzi, kunye neemfumba zenkunkuma eyothusa kakhulu ihlabathi. ifilimu kunye neefoto.

Kunxweme olusempuma yeNgilani ekuqaleni kukaDisemba 2013, izikhukula zonakalisa izindlu ezingaphezu kwe-1400, zaphazamisa inkqubo kaloliwe, kwaye zakhupha izilumkiso ezinzulu malunga namanzi angcolisekileyo, ukuhlaselwa kweempuku, kunye nemfuneko yokulumka malunga nawo nawaphi na amanzi amileyo kwiigadi okanye kwenye indawo. Isaqhwithi sawo esikhulu kwiminyaka engama-60 (ukuza kuthi ga namhla!) kwakhona senza umonakalo omkhulu kwiindawo ezigcina izilwanyana zasendle zeRoyal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)—ukuzaliswa ngamanzi anetyuwa kumachibi anamanzi acwengileyo okuchaphazela iindawo zasebusika zeentaka ezifudukayo yaye kunokuchaphazela iintaka ezifudukayo. ixesha lasentwasahlobo lokuzalela iintaka (ezifana neentaka).[2] Omnye uvimba ukhuselwe ubukhulu becala ngenxa yeprojekthi esandul' ukugqitywa yokulawula izandyondyo, kodwa usenomonakalo omkhulu kwiindunduma ezazahlula imimandla yamanzi acocekileyo elwandle.

Amakhulu abantu abakunxweme olusempuma yeNgilani afa ngowe-1953 njengoko amanzi egalela kwiindawo ezazingakwazi ukuzikhusela. Abaninzi batyala impendulo kweso siganeko ngokusindisa amakhulu, ukuba ayingamawaka, ubomi ngo-2013. Uluntu lwakha iinkqubo zokukhusela, kuquka iinkqubo zonxibelelwano olungxamisekileyo, eziye zanceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungiselelo ayekhona ukwazisa abantu, ukukhupha abantu, kunye nokuhlangula apho kuyimfuneko. .

Ngelishwa, into efanayo ayinakuthethwa kwi-grey seal nurseries apho ixesha lokuhluma liza kuphela. IGreat Britain likhaya kwisithathu sabemi behlabathi begrey seal. Ininzi ye usana olungwevu lwetywina baziswa kwiziko lokuhlangula eliqhutywa yiRoyal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) ngenxa yokuba isivunguvungu somoya sabahlukanisa noonina babo. La mantshontsho aselula kakhulu ukuba angakwazi ukuqubha ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ngaloo ndlela ayesengozini. Basenokufuna ukunyanyekelwa kangangeenyanga ezintlanu de babe sele bekulungele ukuzondla ngokwabo. Ngowona mzamo mkhulu wokuhlangula i-RSPCA yakhe yawenza. (Nikela kwiMarine Mammal Fund yethu ukunceda ukukhusela ezi zilwanyana.)

Omnye umthombo wesiganeko esibalulekileyo somkhukula ovela elwandle, ngokuqinisekileyo, yinyikima. Ngubani onokulibala ukutshatyalaliswa kwetsunami e-Indonesia, eThailand, nakummandla wonke emva kwenyikima yeveki yeKrisimesi ngo-2004? Ihlala iyenye yezona nyikima zinamandla kwezakha zarekhodwa, ngokuqinisekileyo phakathi kwezona zinde kwixesha elide, kwaye ayizange ishukumise kuphela iplanethi yonke, kodwa ibangele neenyikima ezincinci kwisiqingatha sehlabathi. Abahlali baselunxwemeni lwaseIndonesia phantse babengenalo ithuba lokubaleka unyawo lwe-6 (iimitha ezimbini) eludongeni lwamanzi olubaleka elunxwemeni kwimizuzu nje embalwa yenyikima, abahlali bonxweme olusempuma yeAfrika baqhuba ngcono, kwaye unxweme lwase-Antarctica lungcono. I-Thailand yonxweme kunye neendawo eziselunxwemeni zaseIndiya azizange zibethe ngaphezu kweyure, kwaye kwezinye iindawo, ixesha elide. Kwaye kwakhona, udonga lwamanzi lwagxalathelana phakathi emhlabeni kangangoko lwalunako lwaza lwabuya umva, phantse ngokukhawuleza, luthabatha kunye nayo inxalenye enkulu yoko kwakutshatyalalisiwe kwindlela yayo yokungena, okanye, buthathaka, ekuphumeni kwayo kwakhona.

Ngo-Matshi 2011, enye inyikima enamandla evela kwimpuma yeJapan yavelisa i-tsunami eyafikelela phezulu njengeenyawo ze-133 njengoko yafika elunxwemeni, yaza yaqengqeleka ngaphakathi malunga neekhilomitha ezili-6 kwezinye iindawo, itshabalalisa yonke into esendleleni. Inyikima yayinamandla kangangokuba isiqithi saseHonshu, esona sikhulu seziqithi zaseJapan, sashukunyiswa malunga neemitha ezisibhozo ukuya ngasempuma. Ezi nyikima kwakhona zavakala kumgama ongamawaka eekhilomitha, yaye iitsunami eziye zabangelwa yiloo tsunami zonakalisa uluntu lwaselunxwemeni lwaseKhalifoniya, kwanaseChile, malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-8 17,000 ukusuka apho, amaza ayengaphezu kweemitha ezintandathu ukuphakama.

EJapan, itsunami yasusa iitanki ezinkulu kunye nezinye iinqanawa ukusuka kwindawo yazo ekude ngaphakathi elizweni, yaze yatyhala izakhiwo ezinkulu zokhuselo lolwandle ezaziwa ngokuba ziitetrapods ezaziqengqeleka ngamaza kuluntu-uhlobo lokhuseleko olwaba ngunobangela womonakalo. Kubunjineli baselunxwemeni, iitetrapods zimele ukuqhubela phambili okunemilenze emine kuyilo lokuqhekeka kwamanzi kuba amaza adla ngokuqhekeza ngeenxa zonke kuzo, enciphisa umonakalo wokuqhekeka kwamanzi ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ngelishwa kuluntu oluselunxwemeni, i-tetrapod breakwaters ayizange ifane namandla olwandle. Akuba ewuthile amanzi, kwaqalisa ukuvela ubukhulu bentlekele. Ngexesha lokuqukunjelwa kwamanani asemthethweni, sasisazi ukuba amashumi amawaka abantu ayefile, enzakele, okanye elahlekile, yaye phantse izakhiwo ezingama-300,000 XNUMX kunye nezixhobo zombane, zamanzi nezokugutyulwa kwelindle zazitshatyalalisiwe; iinkqubo zothutho zaziwile; kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, enye yeengozi zenyukliya ezinde kakhulu iqalile eFukushima, njengoko iinkqubo kunye neenkqubo zokusekela zisilele ukujamelana nohlaselo lwaselwandle.

Umphumela woku kuzamazama kolwandle kuyinxalenye yentlekele yoluntu, inxalenye yengxaki yempilo yoluntu, inxalenye yokutshatyalaliswa kobutyebi bendalo, kunye nenxalenye yeenkqubo zokuwohloka. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe ukulungiswa, kukho enye ingxaki esemnyango. Ifoto nganye ibalisa inxalenye yebali lamawaka eetoni zobutyobo—ukususela kwiinqwelo-mafutha ezikhukulisekileyo ukuya koomandlalo, iifriji, iifriji, nezinye izixhobo zombane ukuya kwizitena, ukugquma, iintambo, iasphalt, ikhonkrithi, amaplanga nezinye izinto zokwakha. Zonke ezo bhokisi zicocekile sizibiza ngokuba zizindlu, iivenkile, iiofisi, nezikolo, zajika zaba yimfumba engumgxobhozo, encinane, engasenamsebenzi ubukhulu becala egalelwe ngamanzi olwandle nomxube wezinto eziqulethwe kwizakhiwo, izithuthi, neendawo zokucoca amanzi. Ngamanye amazwi, inkunkuma enkulu enukayo ekufuneka icocwe kwaye ilahlwe ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe ukwakha.

Kuluntu kunye namanye amagosa karhulumente, kunzima ukulindela impendulo kwisaqhwithi esilandelayo ngaphandle kokuqwalasela ukuba ungakanani udoti onokuthi wenziwe, iqondo apho inkunkuma iya kungcoliseka kangakanani, kuya kufuneka icocwe njani, kwaye apho imfumba ngoku izinto ezingenamsebenzi ziyakulahlwa. Ekuvukeni kukaSandy, ubutyobo obusuka elunxwemeni kuluntu oluncinane oluselunxwemeni lulodwa lwaphakama ngaphezu kweentloko zethu emva kokuba luhluziwe, lwalungiswa, yaza nesanti ecociweyo yabuyela elunxwemeni. Kwaye, ewe, ukulindela ukuba aza kufika phi kwaye njani amanzi elunxwemeni kukwakhohlisa. Njengeenkqubo zokulumkisa ngetsunami, ukutyala imali kwi-NOAA's storge surge modeling capacity (SLOSH) kuya kunceda uluntu luzilungiselele ngakumbi.

Abacwangcisi banokuzuza kulwazi lokuba iinkqubo zonxweme zendalo eziphilileyo-ezaziwa ngokuba zizithintelo ezithambileyo okanye zendalo zesaqhwithi-zinokunceda ukuthintela iziphumo zokuqhaqha kwaye zisasaze amandla ako.[3] Ngamadlelo engca elwandle asempilweni, imigxobhozo, iindunduma zentlabathi, kunye nee<em>mangroves umzekelo, amandla amanzi asenokungonakalisi kangako kwaye abangele ubutyobo obuncinane, kunye nemingeni embalwa emva koko. Ngoko ke, ukubuyisela iinkqubo zendalo eziphilileyo kumanxweme ethu kubonelela ngeendawo zokuhlala ezingcono nezingcono kubamelwane bethu baselwandle, kwaye kunokubonelela uluntu ngeenzuzo zokuzonwabisa kunye nezoqoqosho, kunye nokunciphisa emva kwentlekele.

[1] Intshayelelo ye-NOAA yokuKhuphuka kweSiqhwithi, http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/hurricane/resources/surge_intro.pdf

[2] BBC: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-25298428

[3]Ukhuselo lwendalo lunokukhusela ngcono amanxweme, http://www.climatecentral.org/news/natural-defenses-can-best-protect-coasts-says-study-16864