Icandelo 1 - Ukucinga malunga neePaki zaseLwandle: Njani, kutheni, phi

Ngu: Mark J. Spalding, uMongameli, i-Ocean Foundation

KUTHENI iiMPAs?

Ekuqaleni kukaDisemba, ndachitha iiveki ezimbini eSan Francisco kwiintlanganiso ezimbini kwiiNdawo zaseLwandle eziKhuselweyo (MPAs), eligama eliqhelekileyo kwiindlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zokubekela bucala iinxalenye zolwandle kunye neendawo eziselunxwemeni ukuxhasa impilo yelizwe. izityalo zaselwandle kunye nezilwanyana. I-Wild Aid isingathe eyokuqala, eyayiyiNkomfa yeHlabathi yoNyanzeliso lweMPA. Okwesibini yayiyi-Aspen Institute Ocean Dialogue, eyathi yaqhutywa ngokucela bonke abamenyiweyo ukuba bacinge ngendima yeeMPAs kunye nolunye ulawulo lwesithuba ekusombululeni ukuloba ngokugqithisileyo. Ngokucacileyo, ulondolozo lwaselwandle (kubandakanywa nokusetyenziswa kweeMPAs) AKUJONGELELWE kushishino lokuloba kuphela; kufuneka sijongane nazo zonke izinto ezibangela uxinzelelo kwi-ikhosistim yolwandle - kanti ke, kwangaxeshanye, ukuloba ngokugqithisileyo sesona soyikiso sesibini esikhulu elwandle (emva kokutshintsha kwemozulu). Nangona iindawo ezininzi zaselwandle ezikhuselweyo zinako kwaye kufuneka ziyilelwe iinjongo ezininzi (umz. ukhuseleko lokuzala, ukhenketho lwendalo, ukuzonwabisa okanye ukuloba ngobugcisa), makhe ndicacise ukuba kutheni sijonga iiMPAs njengesixhobo solawulo lokuloba ngokunjalo.

IiNdawo zaseLwandle eziKhuselweyo zinemida yejografi, yenzelwe ukulawula impembelelo yabantu kwizinto eziphilayo zaselwandle, kwaye ithathe indlela yexesha elide. Esi sikhokelo sibonelela ngeendlela ezisivumelayo ukuba sikwazi ukulawula ushishino lokuloba. KwiiMPAs, njengakwishishini lokuloba, silawula izenzo zabantu kubudlelwane ne-ikhosistim (kunye neenkonzo ze-ikhosistim); siyayikhusela i-ecosystems (okanye hayi), ASINGALAWULI indalo:

• Ii-MPA akufuneki zibe malunga nohlobo olulodwa (lorhwebo).
• Ii-MPA akufuneki zibe malunga nokulawula umsebenzi omnye kuphela

Ii-MPA ekuqaleni zaziyilwe njengendlela yokubekela bucala iindawo ezithile kunye nokukhusela intlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana ezimele elwandle, ngokusisigxina okanye ngexesha lonyaka, okanye umxube wezinye izithintelo kwimisebenzi yabantu. Inkqubo yethu yesizwe yaselwandle ivumela imisebenzi ethile kwaye iyalela eminye (ingakumbi ukukhutshwa kwe-oli negesi). IiMPAs zikwasisixhobo kwabo basebenzela ukulawula ushishino lokuloba ngendlela ekhuthaza abemi abasempilweni beentlobo zentlanzi ekujoliswe kuzo. Ekusebenzelaneni namashishini okuloba, ii-MPAs zingasetyenziselwa ukudala imimandla ekungathathwa kuyo, iindawo zokuzonwabisa zokuloba kuphela, okanye ukunciphisa iintlobo zezixhobo zokuloba ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe. Basenokumisela imiqathango xa kulotywa kwiindawo ezithile—ngokomzekelo, ukuvalwa ngexesha lokuzala kweentlanzi, okanye mhlawumbi ukuze kuthintelwe amaxesha onyaka azalela ufudo lwaselwandle. Isenokusetyenziswa ukulungisa ezinye zeziphumo zokuloba ngokugqithisileyo.

Iziphumo zokuloba ngokugqithisileyo

Ukuloba ngokugqithisileyo akulunganga nje kuphela, kodwa kubi kakhulu kunokuba besicinga. Ukuloba ligama esilisebenzisela umzamo wokuloba uhlobo oluthile. Amashumi amabini eepesenti amashishini okuloba avavanyiwe—okuthetha ukuba ahlolisisiwe ukuze aqinisekise ukuba anabo na abemi abomeleleyo abanamazinga amahle okuzala nokuba uxinzelelo lokuloba kufuneka luncitshiswe na ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukwakhiwa ngokutsha kwabantu. Kumashishini okuloba aseleyo, amanani eentlanzi aye ehla ngamazinga aphazamisayo, kokubini kwi-80% yamashishini okuloba angavavanywanga, nakwisiqingatha (10%) samashishini okuloba avavanyiweyo. Oku kusishiya ne-10% kuphela yamashishini okuloba angehliyo okwangoku-nangona kukho uphuculo lokwenyani olwenziweyo kwindlela esilawula ngayo ukuloba, ngakumbi e-US Kwangaxeshanye, iinzame zokuloba ziye zanda kakhulu kwaye ziyaqhubeka ukwanda. ngonyaka nganye.

Izixhobo ezonakalisayo kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezinobungozi kunye nezilwanyana zasendle kuzo zonke iindawo zokuloba. Ukubanjiswa ngengozi okanye ukubanjiswa ngengozi kukuthatyathwa kweentlanzi ezingajoliswanga kunye nezinye izilwanyana ngengozi njengenxalenye yokutsala iminatha—ingxaki ethile ngeminatha yomibini (enokuba yi-35 yeemayile ubude) kunye nezixhobo ezilahlekileyo ezinjengeminatha neentlanzi ezilahlekileyo. imigibe eqhubeka isebenza nokuba ayisasetyenziswa ngabantu-kunye ne-longlining-uhlobo lokuloba olusebenzisa imigca ephakathi kweemayile kunye neekhilomitha ezingama-50 ubude ukubambisa iintlanzi kuthotho lweehuku ezithiyelwe emgceni. I-bycatch ingaba malunga neepounds ezi-9 kwiponti nganye yohlobo olujoliswe kuyo, njenge-shrimp, eyenza ukuba ibe etafileni. Ilahleko yezixhobo, ukurhuqa iminatha, kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kweentlanzi eziselula, iifudo zaselwandle kunye nezinye iintlobo ezingajoliswanga kuzo zonke ziindlela apho kukho iziphumo kumlinganiselo omkhulu, ukuloba kwimizi-mveliso okuchaphazela zombini iintlanzi ezizayo kunye neenzame ezikhoyo zokulawula. ngcono.

Malunga ne-1 yebhiliyoni yabantu baxhomekeke kwiintlanzi zeprotheyini yonke imihla kwaye imfuno yehlabathi yeentlanzi iyakhula. Ngelixa ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sale mfuno kungokunje kuhlangatyezwana nayo ngokufuywa kwezilwanyana zasemanzini, sisathatha malunga ne-80 yezigidi zeetoni zentlanzi elwandle minyaka le. Ukukhula kwabemi, kudityaniswe nobutyebi obuninzi kuthetha ukuba sinokulindela ukuba imfuno yeentlanzi inyuke kwixesha elizayo. Siyazi ukuba yintoni umonakalo ovela kushishino lokuloba, kwaye sinokulindela ukukhula koluntu ukuba kuqhubeke ukuhlanganisa ukuloba ngokugqithisileyo okukhoyo, ilahleko yendawo yokuhlala ngenxa yezixhobo ezitshabalalisayo esihlala sizisebenzisa, kunye nokuhla ngokubanzi kweentlobo zentlanzi ezithengiswayo ngenxa yokuba sijolisa abantu abadala. intlanzi yobudala bokuzala. Njengoko sibhalile kwiiblogi zangaphambili, ukulotywa kweshishini leentlanzi zasendle ukuze kusetyenziswe urhwebo lwehlabathi jikelele akuzinzile ngokusingqongileyo, ngelixa ushishino oluncinci, olulawulwa luluntu lunokugcinwa.

Omnye unobangela wokuloba ngokugqithisileyo kukuba sinezikhephe ezininzi kakhulu, sileqa inani elihlala lincipha leentlanzi. Kukho iinqanawa zokuloba eziqikelelwa kwizigidi ezine ehlabathini—phantse ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunoko sifuna ukuzinza ngolunye uqikelelo. Kwaye aba balobi bafumana inkxaso karhulumente (malunga nama-25 eebhiliyoni zeedola zaseMelika ngonyaka kwihlabathi jikelele) ukwandisa ishishini lokuloba. Oku kufuneka kupheliswe ukuba silindele ukuba iindawo ezincinci, ezikwanti eziselunxwemeni nakwiziqithi ziya kuhlala zixhomekeke ekukwazini ukubambisa iintlanzi. Izigqibo zezopolitiko zokudala amathuba emisebenzi, ukukhuthaza urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, okanye ukufumana iintlanzi eziza kutyiwa kunye nezigqibo zentengiso yequmrhu zithetha ukuba sityala imali ekudaleni iinqanawa ezininzi zokuloba kwimizi-mveliso. Yaye iyaqhubeka ikhula nangona kukho umthamo ogqithiseleyo. Iinqanawa zakha oomatshini abakhulu, abakhawulezayo bokubulala iintlanzi, baqiniswa yirada yeentlanzi ezingcono nezingcono kunye nobunye ubuchwephesha. Ukongeza, sinokuloba okusekelwe kuluntu olukufutshane nonxweme kunye nokuloba ngamagcisa, okukwafuna ukuba kubekwe iliso kwiindlela ezingcono kunye nokucinga kwexesha elide.

Kwakhona ndiyakholelwa ekubeni kufuneka sicacelwe ukuba asifuni kuphinda kubanjwe ushishino lwehlabathi lokuloba ukuya kwinqanaba apho zonke iimfuno zeprotheyini yeentlanzi ezikwibhiliyoni okanye abantu abaninzi zinokuhlangatyezwa ziintlanzi ezibanjiswe endle-akunakwenzeka oko. Nokuba isitokhwe sentlanzi siphinda sibuyele, kufuneka silulekwe ukuze naziphi na iindawo zokuloba ezihlaziyiweyo zigcineke kwaye ngaloo ndlela sishiye indalo eyaneleyo elwandle, kwaye sikhuthaze ukhuseleko lokutya kwaselwandle ngokukhetha umlobi ngamnye kunye nabalobi abasekwe kuluntu, endaweni yemveliso yehlabathi. ukuxhaphazwa kwesikali. Kwaye, kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba zingaphi iilahleko zoqoqosho esizifumanayo ngoku ngenxa yentlanzi esele ikhutshiwe elwandle (izinto eziphilayo, ukhenketho, iinkonzo ze-ecosystem, kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo), kwaye imbi kangakanani imbuyekezo yethu kutyalo-mali xa sixhasa ngezimali iinqanawa zokuloba. Ngoko ke, kufuneka sigxininise kwindima yeentlanzi njengenxalenye yeentlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukukhusela amarhamncwa akwisiphelo esiphakamileyo ukuze alungelelane kunye nokuthintela i-trophic cascades ephezulu ezantsi (okt kufuneka sikhusele ukutya kwazo zonke izilwanyana zaselwandle).

Ngoko ke, ushwankathelo: ukusindisa intlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo zolwandle kwaye ngaloo ndlela imisebenzi yalo ye-ikhosistim ngokunjalo neenkonzo ezinokuthi zibonelelwe yile mixokelelwano yokuphilisana kwezidalwa, kufuneka sinciphise kakhulu ukuloba, sibeke ukubanjiswa kweentlanzi kwinqanaba elizinzileyo, kwaye sithintele imisebenzi yokuloba eyonakalisayo neyingozi. Loo manyathelo alula kakhulu kum ukuba ndiwabhale kunokuba afanele ukuwaphumeza, kwaye ezinye iinzame ezintle kakhulu ziyaqhubeka ekuhlaleni, kwingingqi, kuzwelonke nakwamanye amazwe. Kwaye, esinye isixhobo sasigxininise kwiSan Francisco, Aspen Institute ocean dialogue: ukulawula indawo kunye neentlobo.

Ukusebenzisa iiNdawo zaseLwandle eziKhuselweyo ukujongana noMsongelo oPhezulu

Kanye njengokuba emhlabeni sinenkqubo yemihlaba yabucala nekawonke-wonke enamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okhuseleko kuluhlu olubanzi lwemisebenzi yabantu, ngoko ke, sinokusebenzisa inkqubo enjalo elwandle. Ezinye izenzo zolawulo lwamashishini okuloba zikwajolisa kulawulo lwesithuba esithintela iinzame zokuloba (MPAs). Kwezinye ii-MPAs izithintelo zilinganiselwe ekungalobeni uhlobo olunye oluthile. Kufuneka nje siqinisekise ukuba asisisusi iinzame kwezinye iindawo/iintlobo; ukuba sinciphisa ukuloba kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo kunye namaxesha afanelekileyo onyaka; kunye nokuba sihlengahlengisa ulawulo lolawulo kwimeko yotshintsho olubalulekileyo kwiqondo lokushisa, ezantsi kolwandle, okanye kwikhemistri yolwandle. Kwaye, kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba ii-MPA zinika uncedo olulinganiselweyo ngeentlobo ze-mobile (pelagic) (ezifana ne-tuna okanye ii-turtles zolwandle) -izithintelo zegiya, ukulinganiselwa kwexesha, kunye nemida yokubambisa kwimeko ye-tuna yonke isebenza ngcono.

Impilontle yomntu ikwayingqwalasela ebalulekileyo njengoko siqulunqa iiMPAs. Kungoko nasiphi na isicwangciso esisebenzayo kufuneka siquke i-ikholoji, intlalo-nkcubeko, izinto ezintle kunye noqoqosho. Siyazi ukuba iindawo zoluntu ezilobayo zinendima enkulu kuzinzo, kwaye amaxesha amaninzi, ezona ndlela zimbalwa zoqoqosho kunye nejografi endaweni yokuloba. Kodwa, kukho umahluko phakathi kokusasazwa kweendleko kunye noncedo lweeMPAs. Iindleko zasekhaya, zexesha elifutshane (izithintelo zokuloba) ukuvelisa izibonelelo zexesha elide zehlabathi (i-rebound of biodiversity) kunzima ukuthengisa. Kwaye, izibonelelo zasekuhlaleni (iintlanzi ezininzi kunye nengeniso eninzi) inokuthatha ixesha elide ukuba ibonakale. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukuchonga iindlela zokubonelela ngeenzuzo zexesha elifutshane ezihlawulela ngokwaneleyo iindleko zokubandakanya abachaphazelekayo bendawo. Ngelishwa, siyazi ngokusuka kumava ethu ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ukuba akukho thenga-ngaphakathi kwabachaphazelekayo, kukho phantse ukusilela kwemizamo ye-MPA.

Ulawulo lwethu lwezenzo zoluntu kufuneka lujolise ekukhuseleni i-ikhosistim xa iyonke, nokuba ukunyanzeliswa (okwangoku) kulinganiselwe kwi-MPA (njenge-subset ye-ecosystem). Uninzi lwemisebenzi yabantu (eminye ikude kwii-MPAs) ichaphazela impumelelo ye-ikholoji ye-MPA. Ke ukuba silwenza ngokufanelekileyo uyilo lwethu, umda wethu kufuneka ube banzi ngokwaneleyo ukuze siqinisekise uqwalaselo lobungozi obunokubakho obufana nobo buvela kwizichumiso zekhemikhali ezicetyelwe ukubonelela ngezondlo kwizityalo eziya phezulu xa zikhukuliseka emhlabeni zisehla nomlambo ukuya kulwandle lwethu. .

Iindaba ezimnandi zezokuba iiMPAs ziyasebenza. Ziyazikhusela iintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo kwaye zinceda ukugcina i-web yokutya yomelele. Kwaye, kukho ubungqina obunamandla bokuba apho ukuloba kunqunyanyisiwe, okanye kuthintelwe ngandlel’ ithile, iintlobo zomdla worhwebo ziphinde zibekho nezinye iintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Kwaye, uphando olongezelelweyo lukwaxhase uluvo oluqhelekileyo lokuba isitokhwe sentlanzi kunye nebhayoloji eyahluka-hlukeneyo ephinda ibuyele ngaphakathi kwi-MPA ichitheke ngaphaya kwemida yayo. Kodwa incinci kakhulu yolwandle ikhuselwe, eneneni kuphela yi-1% ye-71% yeplanethi yethu eluhlaza ephantsi kohlobo oluthile lokhuseleko, kwaye uninzi lwezo MPA ziipaki zamaphepha, kuba zikhona kuphela ephepheni kwaye azinyanzeliswa. Uhlaziyo: Impumelelo enkulu yenziwe kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo yokukhusela ulwandle, kodwa nge-1.6 ekhulwini kuphela “ekhuselwe ngamandla,” umgaqo-nkqubo wolondolozo lomhlaba usekude kakhulu, ufumana ukhuseleko olusemthethweni malunga ne-15 lepesenti yomhlaba.  Inzululwazi yemimandla ekhuselweyo yaselwandle ngoku ikhulile kwaye ibanzi, kwaye izoyikiso ezininzi ezijongene nolwandlekazi loMhlaba ngenxa yokuloba ngokugqithisileyo, utshintsho lwemozulu, ilahleko yezityalo nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo, i-acidification kunye neminye imiba emininzi ifuna ukukhawuleza, isenzo esiqhutywa yisayensi. Ngoko ke sikuphumeza njani oko sikwaziyo kukhuseleko olusesikweni nolusemthethweni?

IiMPA zizodwa azinakuphumelela. Kufuneka zidityaniswe nezinye izixhobo. Kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo kungcoliseko, ulawulo lwentlenga kunye nezinye izinto. Kufuneka senze umsebenzi ongcono ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo lwendawo yaselwandle lulungelelaniswa kakuhle nezinye iindlela zolawulo (imigaqo-nkqubo yolondolozo lwaselwandle kunye nokukhuselwa kweentlobo ngokubanzi), kunye neendima zee-arhente ezininzi. Ukongeza, kufuneka sivume ukuba i-carbon emission-drived ocean acidification kunye nokufudumala kolwandle kuthetha ukuba sijongene nokutshintsha kwesikali somhlaba. Uluntu lwethu luyavuma ukuba kufuneka siyile iiMPA ezininzi kangangoko sinako, nanjengoko sibeka iliso kwezo sele zikhona ukuphucula uyilo kunye nokusebenza kwazo. Ukhuseleko lwaselwandle lufuna indawo enkulu yezopolitiko. Nceda ujoyine uluntu lwethu (ngokunikezela okanye ngokubhalisela incwadana yethu yeendaba) kwaye uncede wenze indawo yovoto ibe nkulu kwaye yomelele ukuze senze utshintsho lwenzeke.