Icandelo lesi-2: Ukubonakaliswa kweMinyaka engama-30 yeNgqungquthela ye-UN kuMthetho woLwandle

Ngu: Matthew Cannistraro

Ukuchaswa kweengcamango zikaReagan kwisivumelwano kuzifihla phantsi kwepatina yepragmatism yoluntu. Le ndlela yokwenza yayisitha imiqathango yengxoxo UNCLOS eyalandela ubongameli bakhe ekhokelela kwinkcaso esekelwe kwiinkxalabo zeengcamango kwaye kungekhona umdla wamashishini ethu aselwandle. Le nkcaso iye yafumana impumelelo ngenxa yokuba izikhundla zabo zihambelana kakuhle namalungu ambalwa abalulekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kwixesha elide iinkxalabo zepragmatic ziya kudlula ezo ze-ideological kwaye aba bachasi baya kulahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwabo.

Izikhundla zoluntu zikaReagan kwi-UNCLOS azizange zihambelane nezimvo zakhe zangasese kwisivumelwano. Esidlangalaleni, wachaza iinguqulelo ezintandathu ezinokuthi zenze ukuba isivumelwano samkeleke, siqinise ipragmatism yakhe. Emfihlo, wabhala ukuba “akayi kusityikitya eso sivumelwano, nangaphandle kwecandelo lemigodi yaselwandle.” Ngaphezu koko, wonyula abachasi besivumelwano samazwi, ababebambelele kwiingcamango zabo, njengabathunywa bakhe kwiingxoxo. Ngaphandle kwenkqubo yepragmatism kawonke wonke, imibhalo kaReagan yabucala kunye nokuqeshwa kwabathunywa kungqina iimbono zakhe ezinzulu.

Izenzo zika-Reagan zanceda ukudibanisa imvisiswano echasene ne-UNCLOS eyomeleleyo phakathi kweengcinga ezigcina isimilo ezizinze kwiinkolelo kodwa zigqunywe ngepragmatism. Ngo-1994, uthethwano ngokutsha lwe-UNCLOS lwavelisa isivumelwano esihlaziyiweyo esathi sajongana neenkxalabo ezininzi zikaReagan malunga necandelo lemigodi yaselwandle. Kodwa kwiminyaka elishumi emva kothethathethwano kwakhona, uJean Kirkpatrick, unozakuzaku kaReagan kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo wagqabaza ngesi sivumelwano sihlaziyiweyo, “Imbono yokuba iilwandle okanye isibhakabhaka 'lilifa eliqhelekileyo loluntu' yayiyi-yaye i--yayiphambuka ngokumangalisayo kwiingcamango zakudala zaseNtshona. impahla yabucala.” Le ngxelo igxininisa inkcaso yakhe yengcamango kwisiseko somnqophiso, ngokuhambelana neenkolelo zangasese zikaReagan.

Ulwandle aluzange lube “yinto”. U-Kirkpatrick, njengabachasi abaninzi besivumelwano, uphakamisa ulwandle kwiingcamango zakhe, endaweni yokuhlakulela isikhundla esisekelwe kwizinto eziyinyani zokusetyenziswa kolwandle. Uninzi lweengxoxo ezichasene nesivumelwano zilandela ipatheni efanayo. Omnye umphengululi weSiseko seLifa leMveli washwankathela inkcaso yokwenene, ebhala “Umkhosi wamanzi wase-US 'uvalela' amalungelo kunye nenkululeko yawo ... ngokukwazi kwawo ukutshonisa nayiphi na inqanawa enokuzama ukwala loo malungelo," hayi ngokuvuma i-UNCLOS. Ngelixa oku kunokuba yinyani kuMkhosi waManzi, njengoko sibonile e-Ecuador, iinqanawa zethu zokuloba kunye neenqanawa zabarhwebi azinakuba nazo zonke iikhapha zasemkhosini kwaye ukuqinisekiswa kwe-UNCLOS kuya kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwazo.

I-Isolationists ithi i-UNCLOS iya kuba yinto engathandekiyo kwi-US njengoko i-UN ikwi-US ngokwayo. Kodwa ulwandle sisixhobo sehlabathi, kwaye intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe iyafuneka ukuze ilawuleke. Iingqinisiso ezizimeleyo zolongamo ezalandela izibhengezo zikaTruman zakhokelela kukungabikho kozinzo kunye nongquzulwano kwihlabathi liphela. Ukudiliza i-UNCLOS, njengoko aba bantu babodwa becebisa, kuya kuzisa ixesha elitsha lokungazinzi okukhumbuza ixesha elilandela izibhengezo zikaTruman. Oku kungazinzi kubangele ukungaqiniseki kunye nomngcipheko, kuthintele utyalo-mali.

Abalondolozi bemarike yasimahla bayaxoxa ukuba inkqubo ehambelanayo ithintela ukhuphiswano. Banyanisile, kodwa ukhuphiswano olungathintelwanga lwemithombo yolwandle asiyondlela isebenzayo. Ngokudibanisa iinkokeli ezisuka kwihlabathi liphela ukuze zilawule izimbiwa zangaphantsi kolwandle, singazama ukuqinisekisa ukuba iifemu azikwazi ukukhupha iingeniso kumhlaba wolwandle, ngokungakhathaleli impilo-ntle yesizukulwana sangoku nesexesha elizayo. Okubaluleke nangakumbi, i-ISA ibonelela ngozinzo oluyimfuneko malunga notyalo-mali olusondele kwiibhiliyoni zeerandi ezifunekayo ukuqalisa imigodi. Ngamafutshane, abachasi be-UNCLOS basebenzisa iingcamango zezopolitiko zomhlaba kwisixhobo esingaphaya kwendawo yaloo ntetho. Ngokwenza oko, abahoyanga neemfuno zamashishini ethu aselwandle, onke axhasa ukuqinisekiswa. Ukuthatha isikhundla esihambelana neeSenetha zeRiphabhlikhi ezilondolozayo, baye baqala inkcaso eyaneleyo yokuthintela ukuqinisekiswa.

Isifundo esingundoqo esinokusithatha kulo mzabalazo sesokuba njengoko ulwandle kunye nendlela esilusebenzisa ngayo lutshintsha, kufuneka siguqule ulawulo lwethu, iteknoloji, kunye neengcinga zethu ukuhlangabezana nemingeni ekhoyo olu tshintsho. Kangangeenkulungwane, imfundiso yeNkululeko yeeLwandle yayivakala, kodwa njengoko ukusetyenziswa kolwandle kwatshintsha, yaphulukana nokubaluleka kwayo. Ngexesha uTruman wayekhupha izibhengezo zakhe zika-1945, umhlaba wawudinga indlela entsha yolawulo lolwandle. I-UNCLOS ayisosisombululo sigqibeleleyo kwingxaki yolawulo, kodwa ayikho enye into ecetywayo. Ukuba siyasivuma isivumelwano, sinokuxoxisana nezilungiso ezintsha kwaye siqhubeke nokuphucula i-UNCLOS. Ngokuhlala ngaphandle kwesivumelwano, sinokujonga kuphela njengoko ilizwe liphela lithethathethana ngekamva lolawulo lolwandle. Ngokuphazamisa inkqubela, silahlekelwa lithuba lethu lokuyilungisa.

Namhlanje, iikhompawundi zokutshintsha kwemozulu ziyatshintsha ekusetyenzisweni kolwandle, ziqinisekisa ukuba ulwandle kunye nendlela esilusebenzisa ngayo luyatshintsha ngokukhawuleza kunangaphambili. Kwimeko ye-UNCLOS, abachasi baye baphumelela ngenxa yokuba isikhundla sabo sengqondo sihambelana kakuhle nezopolitiko, kodwa impembelelo yabo iyayeka kwi-Senate. Impumelelo yabo yexeshana ithunge imbewu yentshabalalo ebalaseleyo, njengoko inkqubela phambili kwezobuchwephesha iya kusinyanzela ukuba sivume isivumelwano xa inkxaso yeshishini ingenakoyiswa. Aba bachasi baya kuba nokubaluleka okuncinci kwiingxoxo emva kolu tshintsho; kanye njengokuba igqiza likaReagan liphulukene nenkxaso yalo kwiingxoxo emva kokurhoxa. Noko ke, abo bamkela ubunyani bezobupolitika, bezoqoqosho nemekobume bokusetyenziswa kolwandle baya kuba luncedo olukhulu ekubumbeni ikamva lalo.

Xa sicinga ngeminyaka engamashumi amathathu ukusukela kwi-UNCLOS, ukusilela kwethu ekuqinisekiseni isivumelwano kuya kuba nkulu. Oku kusilela kwaba sisiphumo sokungakwazi ukuyila ngokufanelekileyo ingxoxo ngokwemigaqo yepragmatic. Endaweni yoko, iikhampasi zeengcinga ezingayihoyiyo imeko yezoqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo kusetyenziso lolwandle ziye zasikhokelela ekupheleni. Kwimeko ye-UNCLOS, abaxhasi baphephe iinkxalabo zezopolitiko kwaye basilela ukuphumeza ukuqinisekiswa ngenxa yoko. Ukuqhubela phambili, kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo ophilileyo wolwandle uya kwakhiwa ngokukhumbula iinyani zezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho kunye nezendalo.

U-Matthew Cannistraro wasebenza njengomncedisi wophando kwi-Ocean Foundation entwasahlobo ka-2012. Okwangoku ungumfundi ophezulu kwiKholeji yaseClaremont McKenna apho ebaluleke kakhulu kwiMbali kwaye ebhala ithisisi ye-honours malunga nokudalwa kwe-NOAA. Umdla kaMatthew kumgaqo-nkqubo wolwandle usukela ekuthandeni kwakhe ukuhamba ngesikhephe, ukuloba ngeempukane kumanzi anetyuwa, kunye nembali yezopolitiko yaseMelika. Emva kokuthweswa isidanga, unethemba lokusebenzisa ulwazi lwakhe nothando lwakhe ukwenza utshintsho oluhle kwindlela esilusebenzisa ngayo ulwandle.