Umdla kwiiCoral Reefs

Ekupheleni kukaJuni, ndibe nolonwabo nelungelo lokuzimasa i-13th International Coral Reef Symposium (ICRS), inkomfa ephambili yeenzululwazi ezisuka kwihlabathi liphela eyayibanjwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine. Ndandilapho noFernando Bretos, umlawuli wenkqubo yeCubaMar.

Ndaya kwi-ICRS yam yokuqala ndibonisa njengomfundi we-PhD ngo-Okthobha ka-2000 e-Bali, e-Indonesia. Khawube nomfanekiso wam: umfundi we-grad onamehlo abanzi olambileyo ukuzalisekisa ukuthanda kwam malunga nazo zonke izinto zekorale. Laa nkomfa yokuqala ye-ICRS yandivumela ukuba ndiyifake yonke kwaye ndizalise ingqondo yam ngemibuzo endinokuyiphanda ukususela ngoko. Idibanise ikhondo lam lomsebenzi njengenye intlanganiso yobuchwephesha ngexesha lam lokuphumelela isikolo. Intlanganiso yaseBali - nabantu endadibana nabo apho, kunye nento endiyifundileyo - kuxa kwathi kwacaca kum ukuba ukufunda ngeekorale ubomi bam bonke kuya kuba ngowona msebenzi uzalisekisayo.

"Khawuleza phambili iminyaka eli-16, kwaye ndiphila eli phupha ngokusebenza ngokupheleleyo njenge-coral reef ecologist kwiCuba Marine Research and Conservation Programme yeThe Ocean Foundation." – Daria Siciliano

Ukukhawuleza phambili kwiminyaka eli-16, kwaye ndiphila elo phupha ngokusebenza ngokupheleleyo njenge-coral reef ecologist kwiCuba Marine Research and Conservation Programme. (I-CariMar) yeSiseko soLwandle. Kwangaxeshanye, njengomphandi onxulumeneyo, ndisebenzisa ilebhu emangalisayo kunye nemithombo yohlalutyo yeZiko leeSayensi zaseLwandle leYunivesithi yaseCalifornia Santa Cruz ukwenza umsebenzi walebhu ofunekayo kuphando lwethu kwiingqaqa zekorale zaseCuba.

Intlanganiso ye-ICRS kwinyanga ephelileyo, eyayibanjelwe e-Honolulu, eHawaii, yayiyinto encinci yokubuyela ekhaya. Phambi kokuba ndizinikele kwiingqaqa zekorale zaseCuba ezingafundelwanga kangako nezingenasiphelo, ndichithe ngaphezulu kweminyaka eli-15 ndifunda ngamaqaqa asePacific. Uninzi lwaloo minyaka lwalunikezelwe ekujongeni iziqithi ezikude zaseMntla-ntshona weZiqithi zaseHawaii, ngoku ezibizwa ngokuba yiPapahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, imida apho amaqabane olondolozo kunye nePew Charitable Trusts ngoku bacela ukwandiswa. Baqokelela abantu abatyikityayo kulo mzamo kwintlanganiso ye-ICRS kwinyanga ephelileyo, endayityikitya ngomdla. At oku Nkomfa Ndibe nethuba lokukhumbula izinto ezininzi eziye zenzeka ngaphantsi kwamanzi kwelo chwebakazi linika umdla kunye nabo ndandisebenza nabo ngaphambili, abantu endisebenzisana nabo kunye nabahlobo. Ezinye zazo bendingekaziboni ishumi leminyaka nangaphezulu.

UDaria, uFernando kunye noPatricia weZiko laseCuban loPhando lwaseLwandle kwi-ICRS​

Ngeeseshoni ze-14 ezihambelanayo ukusuka kwi-8AM idlulileyo i-6PM eneentetho ezibuyela emva kwizihloko ezivela kwi-geology kunye ne-paleoecology ye-coral reefs ukuya kwi-coral reproduction ukuya kwi-coral genomics, ndichithe ixesha elaneleyo ngaphambi kosuku ngalunye ndicwangcisa ishedyuli yam. Ubusuku ngabunye ndandiceba uhambo losuku olulandelayo ngocoselelo, ndiqikelela ixesha elaliza kundithatha ukusuka kwelinye iholo leseshini ukuya kwelinye… (emva koko ndiyinzululwazi). Kodwa eyona nto ibisoloko iphazamisa isicwangciso sam esinononophelo yayikukuba ezi ntlanganiso zinkulu zimalunga nokubaleka koogxa bakudala nabatsha, njengoko ikukumamela iintetho ezicwangcisiweyo. Senjenjalo ke.

Ndikunye nomlingane wam uFernando Bretos, indoda esebenze amashumi eminyaka e-US ukuvala umsantsa phakathi kwesayensi ye-coral reef yaseCuba kunye neMelika, saba neentlanganiso ezininzi ezineziqhamo, ezininzi zazo ezingacwangciswanga. Siye sadibana nabalingane baseCuba, abathanda ukubuyiswa kokubuyiselwa kwekorale (ewe, ukuqala okunjalo kukho ngokwenene!), abafundi begrad, kunye noosonzululwazi abanamava kwi-coral reef. Ezi ntlanganiso zigqibele ngokuba yeyona nto iphambili kule nkomfa.

Ngosuku lokuqala lwenkomfa, ubukhulu becala ndibambelele kwiiseshoni ze-biogeochemistry kunye ne-paleoecology, kuba enye yemigca yethu yophando lwangoku e-CubaMar kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwemozulu yangaphambili kunye negalelo le-anthropogenic kwiingqaqa zekorale zaseCuba zisebenzisa ubuchule be-geochemical kwi-coral cores. Kodwa ndiye ndakwazi ukwenza intetho ngaloo mini ngongcoliseko oluvela kwiimveliso zokhathalelo lomntu ezifana nezithambiso zelanga kunye neesepha. Inkcazo yangena nzulu kwi-chemistry kunye ne-toxicology yeemveliso ezisetyenziswayo eziqhelekileyo, ezifana ne-oxybenzone evela kwi-sunscreens, kunye nokubonisa iziphumo ezinobuthi abanazo kwi-coral, i-urchin embryos yolwandle, kunye nemibungu yeentlanzi kunye ne-shrimp. Ndafunda ukuba ungcoliseko alubangelwa nje ziimveliso ezihlanjwa eluswini lwethu njengoko sihlamba elwandle. Ikwavela kwinto esiyifunxayo eluswini kwaye ikhuphe umchamo, ekugqibeleni yenze indlela yayo ukuya kuqaqa. Ndiyazi ngalo mbandela iminyaka, kodwa yayilixesha lokuqala ndibona idatha ye-toxicology yeekorali kunye nezinye izinto eziphila emanzini - yayinzima kakhulu.

UDaria uhlola iingqaqa zaseJardines de la Reina, eMzantsi Cuba, ngo-2014 

Omnye wemixholo ephambili yale nkomfa yayisisiganeko sokuqaqamba kwekorale emhlabeni jikelele esingazange sabonwa ngaphambili esifunyanwa ziilwandle zehlabathi ngoku. Isiqendu sangoku se-coral bleaching saqala phakathi ku-2014, sisenza ukuba sibe sesona siganeko side kunye nesona sisasazeke kakhulu sokudibanisa i-coral kwirekhodi, njengoko i-NOAA yabhengeza. Ngokwengingqi, ichaphazele iGreat Barrier Reef ukuya kwinqanaba elingazange libonwe ngaphambili. UGqr. Terry Hughes ovela kwiYunivesithi yaseJames Cook eOstreliya wenze uhlalutyo lwamva nje malunga nesiganeko sokwenza i-bleaching mass kwiGreat Barrier Reef (GBR) eyenzeka ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka. Ubushushu obumandla nobuxhaphakileyo benzeke e-Australia ngenxa yobushushu bolwandle lwasehlotyeni (SSF) ukusuka ngoFebruwari ukuya ku-Epreli 2016. Isiganeko esibe sisiphumo sokwenza ujiko-mhlophe sibethe kakhulu icandelo elisemantla elikude le-GBR. Ukusuka kuphando lwasemoyeni oluncediswayo lwaza lwaqinisekiswa luphando lwangaphantsi kwamanzi, uGqr. Hughes ufumanise ukuba i-81% yezixhobo zolwandle kwindawo ekude yaseMantla ye-GBR ifakwe ibleach kabukhali, kunye ne-1% kuphela ethe yasinda ingakhange ichukunyiswe. Kwicandelo elikuMbindi noMazantsi uqaqa olujike kakhulu lumele i-33% kunye ne-1% ngokulandelelanayo.

I-81% yeingqaqa ezikummandla osemantla osemantla weGreat Barrier Reef zifakwe iblitshi ngokumandla, ibe yi-1% kuphela ethe yasinda ingakhange ichukunyiswe. - UGqr. Terry Hughes

Isiganeko se-2016 mass bleaching event sesesithathu ukwenzeka kwi-GBR (eyangaphambili yenzeke ngo-1998 kunye no-2002), kodwa ngowona mkhulu kakhulu. Amakhulu-khulu eengcongolo ajike okokuqala ngo-2016. Ngexesha leziganeko ezibini zangaphambili zokujikwa kwemibala emininzi, indawo ekude necocekileyo yaseNorthern Great Barrier Reef iye yasindiswa kwaye ithathwa njengendawo yokucima ubushushu, kunye namathanga ayo amaninzi amakhulu, ahlala ixesha elide. Akunjalo namhlanje. Uninzi lwaloo mathanga ahlala ixesha elide alahlekile. Ngenxa yale lahleko "i-Northern GBR ayisayi kubukeka ngathi yenzeka ngoFebruwari 2016 kwakhona ebomini bethu" watsho uHughes.

"I-GBR yaseMantla ayisayi kuphinda ibukeke ngathi yenzeke ngoFebruwari 2016 ebomini bethu." – UGqr Terry Hughes

Kwakutheni ukuze icandelo laMazantsi e-GBR lisindisiwe kulo nyaka? Sinokubulela inkanyamba uWinston ngoFebruwari 2016 (efanayo neFiji). Yahlala kwi-GBR esemazantsi yaze yehlisa amaqondo obushushu phezu kolwandle ngokugqithisileyo, ngaloo ndlela ithomalalisa iziphumo zokuphuma mhlophe. Kule nto, uGqr. Hughes wongezelela ngeliphoxisayo wathi: “Besisoloko sizikhathaza ngezitshingitshane ezikwiingqaqa, ngoku sinethemba lokuba ziza kwenzeka!” Izifundo ezibini ezifundiweyo kwisiganeko sesithathu sokujiyishwa ngobunzima obukhulu kwi-GBR kukuba ulawulo lwasekhaya aluphuculi ukwenza mhlophe; kwanokuba ungenelelo lwasekuhlaleni lunokunceda ekukhuthazeni (ngokuyinxenye) ukuchacha, kodwa kwagxininiswa ukuba iingqaqa azinakukwazi “ukungqinwa yimozulu.” UDkt Hughes wasikhumbuza ukuba sele singenile kwixesha apho ixesha lokubuya kweziganeko zokudibanisa i-mass bleaching ezibangelwa ukufudumala kwehlabathi lifutshane kunexesha lokubuyisela ixesha elide lee-coral assemblages. Ngaloo ndlela iGreat Barrier Reef iye yatshintsha ngonaphakade.

Kamva ngeveki, uGqr. Jeremy Jackson wabika ngeziphumo ezivela kuhlalutyo ukusuka kwi-1970 ukuya kwi-2012 ukusuka kwi-Caribbean ebanzi, kwaye endaweni yoko, i-stressors yendawo ixinzelela uxinzelelo lwehlabathi kulo mmandla. Ezi ziphumo zixhasa ingqikelelo yokuba ukhuseleko lwasekhaya lunokonyusa ukomelela kweengxondorha kwixesha elifutshane kulindelwe isenzo sehlabathi malunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Kwintetho yakhe yesigqeba, uGqr. Peter Mumby weYunivesithi yaseQueensland wasikhumbuza “ngobuqili” kwiingqaqa zekorale. Iziphumo ezongezelekayo zoxinzelelo oluninzi zinciphisa ukuhlukahluka kwemekobume yolwalwa, ukwenzela ukuba ungenelelo lolawulo lujolise kwiingqaqa ezingasahlukanga kakhulu. Amanyathelo olawulo kufuneka alungelelanise nobuqili obuxeliweyo kwiingqaqa zekorale.

The ingonyama Iseshoni yangoLwesihlanu yayizinyaswe kakuhle. Ndonwabile ukuqaphela ukuba ingxoxo esebenzayo iyaqhubeka malunga ne-biotic resistance hypothesis, apho amarhamncwa omthonyama, ngokhuphiswano okanye ngokutya okanye zombini, ayakwazi ukugcina ingonyama uhlaselo kwitshekhi. Yiloo nto esiyivavanye eJardines de la Reina MPA kumazantsi eCuba ngexesha lehlobo lika-2014. Kuyathakazelisa ukufunda ukuba kusengumbuzo osexesheni onikwe ukuba iPasifiki ingonyama abemi beCaribbean bayaqhubeka bechuma kwaye banda.

Xa kuthelekiswa nentlanganiso yokuqala ye-ICRS endikwaziyo ukuya kuyo kwi-2000, i-ICRS ye-13 yayikhuthaza ngokulinganayo, kodwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Amanye awona maxesha akhuthazayo kum ayenzeka xa ndibalekela kwabanye "babadala" besayensi ye-coral reef, ababezisithethi ezibalaseleyo okanye ezipheleleyo kwinkomfa yaseBali, kwaye namhlanje bendisabona ukuqhwanyaza kweliso labo njengoko babethetha malunga. iikorale zabo abazithandayo, intlanzi, iiMPAs, zooxanthellae, okanye eyona El Niño yakutshanje. Abanye sele bedlulile kwiminyaka yokuthatha umhlala-phantsi… kodwa basesonwabe kakhulu ngokufunda iingqaqa zekorale. Andibabeki tyala ngokuqinisekileyo: Ngubani onokufuna ukwenza enye into?