UTSHINTSHO LWENKONZO YOLWANDLE: ILifa leNkcubeko elingaphantsi kwamanzi eLwandle lijongene noTshintsho lweMichiza kunye noMzimba.

Ababhali: Mark J. Spalding
Igama loPapasho: Umbutho waseMelika woMthetho waMazwe ngaMazwe. Uphononongo lweLifa leNkcubeko kunye noBugcisa. Umqulu 2, ukukhutshwa kwe-1.
Umhla wokupapashwa: NgoLwesihlanu, ngo-Juni 1, 2012

Igama elithi “ilifa lenkcubeko phantsi kwamanzi”1 (UCH) libhekisa kuzo zonke iintsalela zemisebenzi yabantu elele phantsi kolwandle, phezu kwemilambo, okanye emazantsi amachibi. Ibandakanya ukuphuka kweenqanawa kunye nezinto zakudala ezilahlekileyo elwandle kwaye zinabela kwiindawo zangaphambili, iidolophu ezitshoneyo, kunye namazibuko amandulo awayekade esemhlabeni owomileyo kodwa ngoku antywiliselwe ngenxa yotshintsho olwenziwe ngabantu, lwemozulu, okanye lwejoloji. Inokubandakanya imisebenzi yobugcisa, ingqekembe yemali eqokelelweyo, kunye nezixhobo. Lo mhlaba ungaphantsi kwamanzi uyinxalenye yelifa lethu lenzululwazi yezakudala kunye nembali. Inamandla okubonelela ngolwazi oluxabisekileyo malunga noqhagamshelwano lwenkcubeko noqoqosho kunye nokufuduka kunye neendlela zorhwebo.

Ulwandle olunetyuwa luyaziwa njengendawo engqongileyo edlayo. Ukongezelela, imisinga, ubunzulu (kunye noxinzelelo oluhambelanayo), ukushisa, kunye neziphepho zichaphazela indlela i-UCH ekhuselwe ngayo (okanye ayikho) ngexesha. Uninzi lwento ebikade ijongwa njengezinzile malunga nekhemistri yolwandle kunye ne-oceanography ebonakalayo ngoku iyaziwa ngokuguquguqukayo, ihlala ineziphumo ezingaziwayo. I-pH (okanye i-acidity) yolwandle iyatshintsha-ngokungalinganiyo kwiindawo zonke-njengetyuwa, ngenxa yokunyibilika komkhenkce kunye neemvula zamanzi ahlambulukileyo eziphuma kwizikhukhula kunye neenkqubo zesiphango. Njengomphumo weminye imiba yokutshintsha kwemozulu, sibona ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu bamanzi ngokubanzi, ukutshintsha kwemisinga yehlabathi, ukunyuka komphakamo wolwandle, kunye nokunyuka kokuguquguquka kwemozulu. Ngaphandle kokungaziwa, kusengqiqweni ukugqiba kwelokuba impembelelo eyongezelekayo yolu tshintsho ayilunganga kwiziza zelifa lemveli eziphantsi kwamanzi. Ukwemba ngokuqhelekileyo kuphelela kwiindawo ezinokuthi ziphendule ngokukhawuleza imibuzo ebalulekileyo yophando okanye ezisengozini yokutshatyalaliswa. Ngaba iimyuziyam kunye nabo banoxanduva lokwenza izigqibo malunga nokuziphatha kwe-UCH banezixhobo zokuvavanya kwaye, ngokunokwenzeka, ukuxela kwangaphambili izoyikiso kwiindawo ezithile ezivela kutshintsho elwandle? 

Yintoni olu tshintsho lwekhemistri yolwandle?

Ulwandle lufunxa isixa esikhulu sokukhutshwa kwekharbon diokside ezimotweni, kwimizi-mveliso yamandla, nakwimizi-mveliso kwindima yalo njengeyona ndawo inkulu yesijikelezi-langa yendalo yokutshona kwekhabhoni. Ayinakufunxa yonke loo CO2 kwiatmosfera kwizityalo zaselwandle nakwizilwanyana. Endaweni yoko, i-CO2 inyibilika kumanzi olwandle ngokwawo, nto leyo yehlisa i-pH yamanzi, iwenza abe asidi ngakumbi. Ngokuhambelana nokunyuka kokukhutshwa kwekharbon diokside kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-pH yolwandle luphela iyehla, kwaye njengoko ingxaki isanda, kulindeleke ukuba ichaphazele kakubi amandla ezinto eziphilayo ezisekwe kwi-calcium ukuze zikhule. Njengoko i-pH yehla, iingqaqa zekorale ziya kulahlekelwa ngumbala wazo, amaqanda eentlanzi, i-urchins, kunye ne-shellfish ziya kunyibilika ngaphambi kokuvuthwa, amahlathi e-kelp aya kuncipha, kwaye umhlaba ongaphantsi kwamanzi uya kuba ngwevu kwaye ungabonakali. Kulindeleke ukuba umbala nobomi bubuye emva kokuba le nkqubo izilungelelanise kwakhona, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuba uluntu lube lapha ukuze luyibone.

I-chemistry iqondile. Uqikelelo oluqikelelweyo lokuqhubekeka kwendlela eya kwi-asidi enkulu kuqikelelwa ngokubanzi, kodwa kunzima ukuqikelela ngokuthe ngqo. Iimpembelelo kwiintlobo ezihlala kwi-calcium bicarbonate shells kunye ne-reefs kulula ukucinga. Okwexeshana nangokwejografi, kunzima ukuqikelela ubungozi kuluntu lwe-oceanic phytoplankton kunye ne-zooplankton, isiseko sothungelwano lokutya kwaye ngoko ke zonke iintlobo zezityalo zolwandle ezirhwebayo. Ngokumalunga ne-UCH, ukuhla kwe-pH kunokuba kuncinci ngokwaneleyo ukuba akukho miphumo emibi kakhulu ngeli xesha. Ngamafutshane, sazi okuninzi malunga "njani" kwaye "kutheni" kodwa kuncinci malunga "nobungakanani," "phi," okanye "nini." 

Ngokungabikho komda wexesha, uqikelelo olupheleleyo, kunye nokuqiniseka ngejografi malunga neziphumo ze-asidi yolwandle (zombini ezingathanga ngqo nezithe ngqo), kulucelomngeni ukuphuhlisa iimodeli zangoku kunye neziphumo eziqikelelweyo kwi-UCH. Ngaphezu koko, ikhwelo lamalungu oluntu lokusingqongileyo lokuthatha amanyathelo okulumkisa kunye nokungxamiseka kwi-asidi yolwandle ukubuyisela nokukhuthaza ulwandle olulungeleleneyo luya kuthotywa ngabanye abafuna iinkcukacha ezithe chatha ngaphambi kokuba benze okuthile, njengokuthi yeyiphi imiqobo eya kuchaphazela iintlobo ezithile zezilwanyana, ezo ndawo Ulwandle luya kuchaphazeleka kakhulu, kwaye xa ezi ziphumo zinokwenzeka. Okunye ukuchasana kuya kuvela kwizazinzulu ezifuna ukwenza uphando olongezelelweyo, kwaye ezinye ziya kuvela kwabo bafuna ukugcina i-fossil-based-fuel-based status quo.

Enye yeengcali ezikhokelayo zehlabathi kwi-corrosion ephantsi kwamanzi, u-Ian McLeod weMyuziyam yaseNtshona Australia, waphawula iziphumo ezinokubakho zolu tshintsho kwi-UCH: Lilonke ndingathi ukwanda kwe-asidi yeelwandle kuya kubangela ukwanda kwamazinga okubola kwazo zonke. imathiriyeli ngaphandle kweglasi enokwenzeka, kodwa ukuba ubushushu buyanda ngokunjalo isiphumo esipheleleyo se-asidi engaphezulu kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu anokuthetha ukuba abalondolozi kunye nabembi bezinto zakudala zaselwandle baya kufumanisa ukuba imithombo yabo yelifa lemveli yenkcubeko yangaphantsi kwamanzi iyancipha.2 

Sisenokungakwazi ukuvavanya ngokupheleleyo iindleko zokungasebenzi kwiinqanawa ezichaphazelekayo, izixeko ezintywiliselwe emanzini, okanye ufakelo lwamva nje lwangaphantsi kwamanzi. Noko ke, sinokuqalisa ukuchonga imibuzo esifanele siyiphendule. Kwaye sinokuqala ukulinganisa umonakalo esiwubonileyo nesiwulindeleyo, esele sikwenzile, umzekelo, ekujongeni ukuwohloka kwe-USS Arizona ePearl Harbor kunye ne-USS Monitor kwi-USS Monitor National Marine Sanctuary. Kwimeko yokugqibela, i-NOAA ifezekise oku ngokugrumba izinto ezivela kwindawo kunye nokufuna iindlela zokukhusela i-hull yenqanawa. 

Ukutshintsha ikhemistri yolwandle kunye neziphumo zebhayoloji ezinxulumeneyo kuya kubeka emngciphekweni i-UCH

Yintoni esiyaziyo ngefuthe lotshintsho lwekhemistri yolwandle kwi-UCH? Utshintsho kwi-pH lunefuthe elingakanani kwizinto zakudala (umthi, ubhedu, intsimbi, intsimbi, ilitye, udongwe, iglasi, njl. njl.) kwindawo? Kwakhona, u-Ian McLeod unike ingqiqo ethile: 

Ngokubhekiselele kwilifa lemveli lenkcubeko yangaphantsi kwamanzi ngokubanzi, ukukhenkceza kweeseramikhi kuya kuwohloka ngokukhawuleza ngamazinga akhawulezayo okuchetywa kwelothe kunye nokumenyezela kwenkcenkce kwimekobume yaselwandle. Ke, ngenxa yentsimbi, ukwanda kweasidi bekungayi kuba yinto entle njengezinto zakudala kunye nolwakhiwo lwelitye olwenziwe ngolwaphulelo lwenqanawa yentsimbi ekhonkrithi luya kuwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye luya kuba sengozini yokonakala kunye nokuwa kwiziganeko zesaqhwithi njengoko i-concretion ingayi kuba namandla okanye iqine. njengakwindalo engqongileyo yealkaline ngakumbi. 

Ngokuxhomekeke kwiminyaka yabo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba izinto zeglasi zinokuhamba ngcono kwindawo eneasidi ngakumbi njengoko zikholisa ukuthotywa yindlela yokuchithwa kwealkaline ebona i-sodium kunye ne-calcium ion iphumela emanzini olwandle ukuze ithatyathelwe indawo yiasidi. ukusuka kwi-hydrolysis ye-silica, evelisa i-asilicic acid kwi-corrod pores yezinto.

Izinto ezinje ngemathiriyeli eyenziwe ngobhedu kunye neealloyi zayo aziyi kuhamba kakuhle njengoko ialkalinity yamanzi olwandle ithande ukwenza i-hydrolyze imveliso ye-acidic corrosion kwaye inceda ekubekeni phantsi ipatina ekhuselayo yobhedu (I) oxide, cuprite, okanye Cu2O, kwaye, njengoko kwezinye isinyithi ezifana nelothe kunye ne-pewter, ukunyuka kwe-acidification eyandisiweyo kuya kwenza ukubola lula njengoko kunye neentsimbi ze-amphoteric ezifana ne-tin kunye nelothe aziyi kuphendula kakuhle kumanqanaba e-asidi eyongeziweyo.

Ngokubhekiselele kwizinto eziphilayo ukunyuka kwe-asidi eyongeziweyo kunokwenza isenzo se-mollusks ekruqulayo ngamaplanga singonakalisi, njengoko i-mollusks iya kukufumanisa kunzima ukuzala kunye nokubeka i-calcareous exoskeletons, kodwa njengoko enye i-microbiologist ubudala yandixelela,. . . ngokukhawuleza ukuba utshintshe imeko enye kumzamo wokulungisa ingxaki, olunye uhlobo lwebhaktheriya luya kusebenza ngakumbi njengoko luxabisa ngakumbi i-microenvironment ene-acidic, kwaye ngoko akunakwenzeka ukuba isiphumo somnatha siya kuba nayiphi na inzuzo yokwenene kumaplanga. 

Abanye “abagxekayo” bayonakalisa i-UCH, njengeegribbles, uhlobo oluncinane lwecrustacean, kunye ne-shipworms. Imisundululu, engeyiyo intshulube kwaphela, ziimoluska zaselwandle ezinamaqokobhe amancinane kakhulu, ezaziwa ngokukruqula nokutshabalalisa izakhiwo zomthi ezintywiliselwa emanzini olwandle, njengeepier, idokhi kunye neenqanawa zamaplanga. Maxa wambi zibizwa ngokuba “ziintubi zaselwandle.”

Imisundululu ikhawulezisa ukuwohloka kwe-UCH ngemingxunya ekruqulayo emthini. Kodwa, ngenxa yokuba inamaqokobhe e-calcium bicarbonate, iintshulube zenqanawa zinokuba sesichengeni ngenxa yeasidi yolwandle. Ngelixa oku kunokuba luncedo kwi-UCH, kuya kuhlala kubonwa ukuba ngaba i-shipworms iya kuchaphazeleka ngokwenene. Kwezinye iindawo, ezinjengoLwandle lweBaltic, ityuwa iyanda. Ngenxa yoko, iintshulube zenqanawa ezithanda ityuwa ziye zanwenwela kwiingozi ezininzi. Kwezinye iindawo, ukufudumala kwamanzi olwandle kuya kuncipha kwityuwa (ngenxa yokunyibilika komkhenkce wamanzi ahlaziyekileyo kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi ahlaziyekileyo), kwaye ngoko ke iintshulube zenqanawa ezixhomekeke kwityuwa ephezulu ziya kubona ukuba abantu bazo baya kuncipha. Kodwa kusekho imibuzo enjengothi, phi, nini, yaye, kambe ke, ukusa kuwuphi umlinganiselo?

Ngaba kukho imiba eluncedo kolu tshintsho lwekhemikhali kunye nebhayoloji? Ngaba kukho naziphi na izityalo, i-algae, okanye izilwanyana ezisongelwa yi-asidi yolwandle ekhusela i-UHC ngandlela thile? Le yimibuzo esingenazo iimpendulo zokwenyani okwangoku kwaye akunakwenzeka ukuba sikwazi ukuyiphendula ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Namanyathelo okhuseleko kuya kufuneka asekwe kuqikelelo olungalinganiyo, olunokuba lubonisa indlela esiya phambili ngayo. Ke ngoko, ukubekwa esweni kwexesha lokwenyani ngaxeshanye kubaluleke kakhulu.

Ulwandle luyatshintsha

Ulwandle luhlala lushukuma. Ukuhamba kobuninzi bamanzi ngenxa yemimoya, amaza, amaza, kunye nemisinga isoloko ichaphazela imihlaba engaphantsi kwamanzi, kuquka i-UCH. Kodwa ngaba kukho imiphumo eyongeziweyo njengoko ezi nkqubo zomzimba ziguquka ngakumbi ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu? Njengoko utshintsho lwemozulu lufudumeza ulwandlekazi lwehlabathi, iipatheni zemisinga kunye neegyres (kwaye ngaloo ndlela ukwabiwa ngokutsha kobushushu) kutshintsha ngendlela echaphazela ngokusisiseko ulawulo lwemozulu njengoko sisazi kwaye lukhapha ukulahleka kozinzo lwemozulu yehlabathi okanye, ubuncinci, ukuqikelela. Iziphumo ezingundoqo zinokuthi zenzeke ngokukhawuleza okukhulu: ukunyuka komphakamo wolwandle, ukuguqulwa kweepateni zeemvula kunye namaxesha esiphango okanye ukuqina, kunye nokwanda kwentlabathi. 

Umphumo wenkanyamba eyabetha unxweme lwase-Australia ekuqaleni kuka-20113 ibonisa imiphumo yokutshintsha kolwandle olubonakalayo kwi-UCH. Ngokutsho kweGosa eliyiNtloko leLifa leMveli leSebe laseOstreliya lokusiNgqongileyo kunye noLawulo lweZibonelelo, uPaddy Waterson, iNkanyamba uYasi yachaphazela intlekele ebizwa ngokuba yiYongala kufuphi neAlva Beach, eQueensland. Ngelixa iSebe lisavavanya impembelelo yesi sitshingitshane sinamandla kwingozi, iyaziwa ukuba isiphumo sisonke yaba kukugqabhuka kwenqanawa, ukususa uninzi lweekorale ezithambileyo kunye nesixa esibalulekileyo seekorale ezinzima. Oku kuveze umphezulu we-metal hull okokuqala kwiminyaka emininzi, eya kuchaphazela kakubi ukugcinwa kwayo. Kwimeko efanayo kuMntla Merika, abasemagunyeni eBiscayne National Park yaseFlorida baxhalabile ngenxa yemiphumo yenkanyamba ekuntlithekeni kweHMS Fowey ngowe-4.

Okwangoku, le miba isethubeni lokuba mandundu. Iinkqubo zesivunguvungu, eziye zixhaphake kwaye ziqine ngakumbi, ziya kuqhubeka ziphazamisa iisayithi ze-UCH, umonakalo wokumakisha ii-buoys, kunye nokutshintshwa kweempawu zomhlaba ezimephu. Ukongeza, ubutyobo obusuka kwiitsunami kunye nokuvuthuza kwezaqhwithi bunokutshayelwa ngokulula ukusuka emhlabeni ukuya elwandle, ukungqubana kunye nokonakalisa yonke into esendleleni yayo. Ukunyuka komphakamo wolwandle okanye izandyondyo zemvula kuya kubangela ukhukuliseko olwandileyo lwamanxweme. Intlenge kunye nokhukuliseko lunokuthi lusithe zonke iintlobo zeziza ezingaselunxwemeni ukuba zingabonwa. Kodwa kusenokubakho iinkalo ezintle. Ukunyuka kwamanzi kuya kutshintsha ubunzulu beendawo ezaziwayo ze-UCH, ukwandisa umgama wabo ukusuka elunxwemeni kodwa ukubonelela ngokhuseleko olongezelelweyo kumaza kunye namandla esiqhwithi. Ngokunjalo, ukuguquguquka kwentlenga kunokuveza iziza ezingaziwayo eziphantsi kwamanzi, okanye, mhlawumbi, ukunyuka komphakamo wolwandle kuya kongeza iindawo ezintsha zelifa lemveli eliphantsi kwamanzi njengoko uluntu luntywiliselwa. 

Ukongeza, ukuqokelelwa kwamaleko amatsha entlenga kunye nentlenga kuya kufuna ukona okongeziweyo ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zokuhamba nezonxibelelwano. Umbuzo usamile ngowokuba loluphi ukhuseleko ekufuneka lunikezelwe kwindawo yelifa lemveli xa kufuneka kukrolwe amajelo amatsha okanye xa kufakwa iintambo zothumelo zamandla amatsha kunye nonxibelelwano. Iingxoxo zokuphunyezwa kwemithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo elunxwemeni ziwenza ube nzima ngakumbi lo mba. Okona kulungileyo, kuyathandabuzeka ukuba ukhuseleko lwe-UCH luya kunikwa ingqwalaselo ephambili ngaphezu kwezi mfuno zoluntu.

Yintoni abanokuyilindela abo banomdla kumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ngokunxulumene ne-asidi yolwandle?

Kwi-2008, abaphandi be-155 abahamba phambili be-acidification yolwandle abavela kumazwe angama-26 bavuma iSibhengezo saseMonaco.5 Isibhengezo sinokubonelela ngesiqalo sokubizelwa kwisenzo, njengoko izihloko zecandelo zibonakalisa: (1) i-acidification yolwandle iyaqhubeka; (2) iindlela zokwenziwa kweasidi yolwandle sele zibonwa; (3) iasidi yolwandle iyakhula kwaye umonakalo omkhulu usemnyango; (4) ukwenziwa kweasidi yolwandle kuya kuba neempembelelo zentlalo nezoqoqosho; (5) Ukwenziwa kweasidi yolwandle kuyakhawuleza, kodwa ukuchacha kuya kucotha; kunye (6) ne-acidification yolwandle inokulawulwa kuphela ngokunciphisa amanqanaba e-CO2 ye-atmospheric yexesha elizayo.6

Ngelishwa, ngokwembono yomthetho wemithombo yolwandle yamazwe ngamazwe, kuye kwakho ukungalingani kwe-equities kunye nophuhliso olungonelanga lweenyaniso ezinxulumene nokukhuselwa kwe-UCH. Unobangela wale ngxaki ukwihlabathi lonke, ngokunjalo nezicombululo ezinokubakho. Akukho mthetho uthile wamazwe ngamazwe onxulumene ne-asidi yolwandle okanye iziphumo zayo kwimithombo yendalo okanye ilifa eliphantsi kwamanzi. Izivumelwano ezixhaphakileyo zemithombo yolwandle yamazwe ngamazwe zibonelela ngempembelelo encinci yokunyanzela amazwe amakhulu akhupha i-CO2 ukuba atshintshe indlela yokuziphatha ibe ngcono. 

Njengakwiminxeba ebanzi yokuthomalalisa utshintsho lwemozulu, isenzo esidityanelweyo sehlabathi kwi-asidi yolwandle ihlala inzima. Kusenokubakho iinkqubo ezinokuzisa umcimbi kwingqwalasela yamaqela kwisivumelwano ngasinye sezizwe ngezizwe esinokubakho esifanelekileyo, kodwa ukuthembela nje kumandla okuhenda ngokuziphatha ukuhlazisa oorhulumente ukuba bathathe amanyathelo kubonakala kunethemba eligqithisileyo, kangangoko. 

Izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ezifanelekileyo ziseka inkqubo ye-"alarm yomlilo" enokuthi itsalele ingqalelo kwingxaki ye-acidification yolwandle kwinqanaba lehlabathi. Ezi zivumelwano ziquka i-UN Convention on Biological Diversity, i-Kyoto Protocol, kunye ne-UN Convention kuMthetho woLwandle. Ngaphandle, mhlawumbi, xa kuziwa ekukhuseleni iindawo eziphambili zelifa lemveli, kunzima ukukhuthaza isenzo xa umonakalo ulindeleke kakhulu kwaye usasazwe ngokubanzi, kunokuba ube khona, ucacile, kwaye wodwa. Ukonakaliswa kwe-UCH inokuba yindlela yokunxibelelana ngesidingo sesenzo, kwaye iNgqungquthela yoKhuseleko lweLifa leMveli leNkcubeko engaphantsi kwamanzi inokubonelela ngeendlela zokwenza oko.

I-UN Framework Convention on Climate Change kunye neProtocol yaseKyoto zizithuthi eziphambili zokujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, kodwa zombini zineentsilelo zabo. Ayibhekiseli kwiasidi yolwandle, kwaye "iimfanelo" zamaqela zibonakaliswa ngokuzithandela. Okona kulungileyo, iinkomfa zamaqela kule ngqungquthela zinika ithuba lokuxoxa nge-asidi yolwandle. Iziphumo zeNgqungquthela yeMozulu yaseCopenhagen kunye neNkomfa yamaQela eCancun azibonakalisi kakuhle isenzo esibalulekileyo. Iqela elincinane "labakhanyelayo bemozulu" linikele ngemithombo yemali ebalulekileyo ekwenzeni le miba ibe "ngumzila wesithathu" wezopolitiko e-United States nakwezinye iindawo, ngakumbi ukuthintela ukuthanda kwezopolitiko kwisenzo esinamandla. 

Ngokufanayo, iNgqungquthela yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kuMthetho woLwandle (i-UNCLOS) ayikhankanyi i-acidification yolwandle, nangona ichaza ngokucacileyo amalungelo kunye noxanduva lwamaqela ngokumalunga nokukhuselwa kolwandle, kwaye ifuna ukuba amaqela akhusele ifa lenkcubeko eliphantsi kwamanzi. phantsi kwebinzana elithi “izinto zakudala nezembali.” Amanqaku 194 nelama-207, ngokukodwa, axhasa uluvo lokuba amaqela kwingqungquthela kufuneka athintele, anciphise, aze alawule ukungcoliseka kwendalo yaselwandle. Mhlawumbi abaqulunqi bala malungiselelo khange babe nomonakalo kwi-acidification yolwandle engqondweni, kodwa la malungiselelo angabonisa iindlela ezithile zokubandakanya amaqela ukujongana nomba, ngakumbi xa kudityaniswe nezibonelelo zoxanduva kunye noxanduva kunye nembuyekezo kunye noncedo ngaphakathi. inkqubo yezomthetho yesizwe ngasinye esithatha inxaxheba. Ke, i-UNCLOS inokuba lolona “tolo” lunamandla kumphongolo, kodwa, okubalulekileyo, iUnited States ayikayiqinisekisi. 

Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, nje ukuba i-UNCLOS iqalise ukusebenza ngo-1994, yaba ngumthetho wezizwe ngezizwe wesintu kwaye iUnited States inyanzelekile ukuba iphile ngokwemimiselo yayo. Kodwa ibiya kuba bubudenge ukuxoxa ukuba loo ngxoxo ilula ingatsalela i-United States kwindlela yokusombulula ingxabano ye-UNCLOS ukuze iphendule kwimfuno yelizwe elisesichengeni sokwenza iasidi yolwandle. Nokuba i-United States neTshayina, ezona zimbini zinkulu emhlabeni, bezibandakanyeke kwindlela, ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zolawulo kuya kuba ngumngeni, kwaye amaqela akhalazayo anokuba nobunzima bokubonakalisa ubungozi okanye aba rhulumente babini bakhulu bakhuphayo ngokukodwa. kubangele umonakalo.

Ezinye izivumelwano ezibini ziyakhankanywa, apha. I-UN Convention on Biological Diversity ayikukhankanyi ukufakwa kweasidi yolwandle, kodwa ugxininiso lwayo ekulondolozweni kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngokuqinisekileyo ibangelwa ziinkxalabo malunga ne-asidi yolwandle, ekuye kwaxoxwa ngayo kwiinkomfa ezahlukeneyo zamaqela. Kancinci, iOfisi yoonobhala kulindeleke ukuba ibeke iliso ngenkuthalo kwaye inike ingxelo malunga ne-asidi yolwandle ukuya phambili. INgqungquthela yaseLondon kunye neProtocol kunye ne-MARPOL, izivumelwano ze-International Maritime Organization malunga nongcoliseko lwaselwandle, zigxininise kakhulu ekulahleni, ekukhupheni, nasekukhupheni iinqanawa ezihamba elwandle ukuze zibe luncedo lokwenene ekujonganeni ne-acidity yolwandle.

I-Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage isondela kwi-10th yeminyaka ngoNovemba 2011. Akumangalisi ukuba ayizange ilindele ukuba i-acidification yolwandle, kodwa ayikhankanyi ukutshintsha kwemozulu njengomthombo wokukhathazeka - kwaye isayensi yayikhona ngokuqinisekileyo. ukuxhasa indlela yokhuseleko. Ngeli xesha, i-Secretariat ye-UNESCO World Heritage Convention ikhankanye i-acidification yolwandle ngokumalunga neendawo zelifa lemveli, kodwa kungekhona kwimeko yelifa lenkcubeko. Ngokucacileyo, kukho imfuneko yokufumana iindlela zokudibanisa le mingeni ekucwangcisweni, umgaqo-nkqubo, kunye nokumisela okuphambili ukukhusela ilifa lenkcubeko kwinqanaba lehlabathi.

isiphelo

Indlela entsonkothileyo yemisinga, amaqondo obushushu kunye nemichiza ekhuthaza ubomi njengoko sibazi elwandle isesichengeni sokuqhekeka ngokungenakulungiseka ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu. Siyazi kananjalo ukuba i-ecosystems yolwandle iyakwazi ukumelana nemeko. Ukuba umfelandawonye wabantu abanomdla wokuzingca unokudibana kwaye uhambe ngokukhawuleza, mhlawumbi akukafiki emva kwexesha lokususa ulwazi loluntu ekukhuthazeni ulungelelwaniso ngokutsha lwendalo lwekhemistri yolwandle. Kufuneka sijongane nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye ne-acidification yolwandle ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi, enye kuphela ekulondolozweni kwe-UCH. Iindawo zelifa lemveli zenkcubeko eziphantsi kwamanzi ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuqonda kwethu urhwebo nohambo lwaselwandle lwehlabathi kunye nophuhliso lwembali lobugcisa obubangele ukuba kube njalo. Ukwenziwa kweasidi yolwandle kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu kubeka isoyikiso kwelo lifa lemveli. Amathuba okwenzakala okungenakulungiseka abonakala ephezulu. Akukho mthetho unyanzelekileyo womthetho obangela ukuncitshiswa kweCO2 kunye nokukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse enxulumeneyo. Nkqu nengxelo yeenjongo ezilungileyo zamazwe ngamazwe iphelelwa ngo-2012. Kufuneka sisebenzise imithetho ekhoyo ukukhuthaza umgaqo-nkqubo omtsha wamazwe ngamazwe, ekufuneka ujongane nazo zonke iindlela kunye neendlela esinazo ukuphumeza oku kulandelayo:

• Ukubuyisela inkqubo yendalo engaselunxwemeni ukuzinzisa amazantsi olwandle kunye namanxweme ukunciphisa impembelelo yeziphumo zokutshintsha kwemozulu kwiindawo ezikufuphi nonxweme ze-UCH; 
• Ukunciphisa imithombo yongcoliseko esekwe emhlabeni enciphisa ukomelela kolwandle kwaye ichaphazele kakubi iindawo zase-UCH; 
• Yongeza ubungqina obunokuba yingozi kwiindawo zelifa lemveli kunye nenkcubeko ekutshintsheni i-chemistry yolwandle ukuxhasa iinzame ezikhoyo zokunciphisa imveliso ye-CO2; 
• Chonga iinkqubo zokubuyisela kwisimo sangaphambili/imbuyekezo yokonakala kweasidi yolwandle kwimo engqongileyo (umngcolisi oqhelekileyo uhlawula ingcamango) eyenza ukungasebenzi kuncinci kakhulu kunokhetho; 
• Ukunciphisa ezinye iingcinezelo kwi-ecosystems yaselwandle, njengokwakhiwa emanzini kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuloba ezonakalisayo, ukunciphisa ubungozi obunokubakho kwi-ecosystem kunye neendawo ze-UCH; 
• Ukwandisa ukubeka iliso kwindawo ye-UCH, ukuchongwa kwezicwangciso-qhinga zokukhusela iingxabano ezinokubakho kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwandle okuguquguqukayo (umzekelo, ukubeka ikhebula, indawo yamandla esekwe elwandle, kunye ne-dredging), kunye nokuphendula ngokukhawuleza ekukhuseleni abo basengozini; kwaye 
• Ukuphuhliswa kwezicwangciso zomthetho zokulandela umonakalo ngenxa yokwenzakala kuwo onke amafa enkcubeko ukusuka kwiziganeko ezinxulumene nokutshintsha kwemozulu (oku kunokuba nzima ukwenza, kodwa sisixhobo esinamandla sentlalo kunye nezopolitiko). 

Ngokungabikho kwezivumelwano ezitsha zamazwe ngamazwe (kunye nokuphunyezwa kwazo okulungileyo), kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba i-acidification yolwandle yenye yezinto ezininzi ezixinzelelayo kwitrove yethu yelifa lehlabathi elingaphantsi kwamanzi. Ngelixa i-acidification yolwandle ngokuqinisekileyo ijongela phantsi iinkqubo zendalo kwaye, ngokunokwenzeka, iisayithi ze-UCH, kukho ezininzi, iingcinezelo ezidibeneyo ezinokuthi ziqwalaselwe kwaye kufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Ekugqibeleni, iindleko zezoqoqosho nezentlalo zokungasebenzi ziya kubonwa njengedlula kakhulu iindleko zokubamba. Okwangoku, kufuneka siqalise inkqubo yokhuseleko yokukhusela okanye ukugrumba i-UCH kolu tshintsho lutshintshayo lolwandle, njengoko sisebenzela ukujongana ne-asidi yolwandle kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu. 

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1. Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo eyongezelelekileyo malunga nomda owamkelwa ngokusesikweni webinzana elithi “ilifa lemveli lenkcubeko ngaphantsi kwamanzi,” funda iUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO): Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, Nov. 2, 2001, 41 ILM 40.

2. Zonke iikowuteshini, apha nakwintsalela yenqaku, zivela kwimbalelwano ye-imeyile no-Ian McLeod weMyuziyam yaseNtshona Australia. Ezi kowuti zisenokuqulatha amahlelo amancinane, angekho ngqiqweni ukuze acacelwe nesimbo.

3. Meraiah Foley, Cyclone Lashes Storm-Weary Australia, NY Times, Feb. 3, 2011, kwi-A6.

4. Ulwazi lwangaphambili malunga nefuthe kwingozi luyafumaneka kwi-Australian National Shipwreck Database e-Australia. http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/shipwrecks/database.html.

5. IsiBhengezo saseMonaco (2008), sifumaneka ku-http://ioc3. unesco.org/oanet/Symposium2008/MonacoDeclaration. pdf.

6. Id.