I-Sunscreen yePlanethi: Ukuguqulwa kweSolar Radiation

Ukophula iMozulu yeGeoengineering iCandelo loku-3

Icandelo 1: Okungapheliyo okungaziwa
Icandelo 2: Ukususwa kwe-Ocean Carbon Dioxide
Icandelo 4: Ukuqwalaselwa kweNdlela yoBulungisa, uBulungisa kunye noBulungisa

Ukuguqulwa kweSolar Radiation Modification (SRM) luhlobo lobunjineli bemozulu ejolise ekunyuseni ubungakanani bokukhanya kwelanga okubuyela emajukujukwini - ukubuyisela umva ubushushu beplanethi. Ukonyusa le reflection kunciphisa ubungakanani bokukhanya kwelanga okuyenza ifikelele kwiatmosfera kunye nomphezulu woMhlaba, ipholisa iplanethi ngokwendalo. 

Ngeenkqubo zendalo, uMhlaba ubonakalisa kwaye ufunxa ukukhanya kwelanga ukugcina ubushushu bawo kunye nemozulu, ukusebenzisana namafu, amasuntswana omoya, amanzi, kunye neminye imiphezulu – kuqukwa nolwandle. Ngoku, akukho ziprojekthi zendalo ezicetywayo ze-SRM zendalo, ngoko ke ubugcisa be-SRM buwela ikakhulu kudidi loomatshini kunye neekhemikhali. Ezi projekthi ikakhulu zifuna ukuguqula intsebenziswano yendalo yoMhlaba nelanga. Kodwa, ukucutha isixa selanga esifikelela emhlabeni kunye nolwandle kunamandla okuphazamisa iinkqubo zendalo ezixhomekeke kwilanga elithe ngqo.

Iiprojekthi ezicetywayo zoomatshini kunye neekhemikhali ze-SRM

Umhlaba unenkqubo eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi elawula ubungakanani bemitha yelanga engena nephumayo. Ikwenza oku ngokubonakalisa nokwabiwa kwakhona kokukhanya nobushushu, nto leyo enceda ukulawula ubushushu. Umdla wokusetyenziswa ngoomatshini kunye neekhemikhali zezi nkqubo usukela ekukhutshweni kwamasuntswana ngokusebenzisa inaliti ye-aerosol yestratospheric ukuya ekuphuhliseni amafu angqingqwa kufutshane nolwandle ngokukhazimla kwamafu olwandle.

I-Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI) kukukhululwa okujoliswe kuko kwamasuntswana e-sulfate emoyeni ukwandisa ukubonakaliswa komhlaba, ukunciphisa umthamo welanga ofikelela emhlabeni kunye nobushushu obubanjwe emoyeni. Ngokufana nethiyori efana nokusetyenziswa kwe-sunscreen, i-solar geoengineering ijolise ekwalathiseni okunye ukukhanya kwelanga kunye nobushushu ngaphandle kwe-atmosfera, ukunciphisa umthamo ofikelela phezulu.

Isithembiso:

Le ngcamango isekelwe kwiziganeko zendalo ezenzeka ngokuhambelana nogqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo. Ngowe-1991, ugqabhuko-dubulo lweNtaba iPinatubo kwiiPhilippines lwakhupha igesi nothuthu kwistratosphere, nto leyo eyayisasaza isixa esikhulu sesulfure dioxide. Imimoya yayisa i-sulphur dioxide emhlabeni wonke iminyaka emibini, kwaye amasuntswana afunxa kwaye ibonise ukukhanya kwelanga okwaneleyo ukunciphisa ubushushu behlabathi nge-1 degree Fahrenheit (0.6 degrees Celsius).

Ingozi:

I-SAI edalwe ngabantu ihleli iyingcinga yethiyori ephezulu kunye nezifundo ezimbalwa ezigqibeleleyo. Oku kungaqiniseki kwenziwa mandundu kuphela kukungaziwa malunga nokuba iiprojekthi zokutofa ziya kufuneka zenzeke ixesha elingakanani kwaye kuya kwenzeka ntoni ukuba (okanye xa) iiprojekthi ze-SAI ziyasilela, ziyekwa, okanye ziswele inkxaso-mali. Iiprojekthi ze-SAI zinesidingo esingenasiphelo xa ziqala, kwaye inokusebenza kancinci ekuhambeni kwexesha. Iziphumo zomzimba kwizitofu zesulfate ye-atmospheric ziquka ukubakho kwemvula yeasidi. Njengoko kubonwa ngogqabhuko-mlilo, amasuntswana e-sulfate ahamba kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye inokuthi idipozithe kwimimandla engachatshazelwanga yimichiza enjalo, ukuguqula i-ecosystem kunye nokutshintsha umhlaba pH. Enye indlela ecetywayo ye-aerosol sulfate yi-calcium carbonate, i-molecule ekulindeleke ukuba ibe nempembelelo efanayo kodwa ingabi nemiphumo emibi njenge-sulfate. Nangona kunjalo, uphando lwamva nje lwemodeli lubonisa i-calcium carbonate inokuchaphazela kakubi umaleko we-ozone. Ukubonakaliswa kokukhanya kwelanga okungenayo kubangela inkxalabo eyongezelelekileyo yokulingana. Ukubekwa kwamasuntswana, imvelaphi ayaziwa kwaye inokwenzeka kwihlabathi liphela, inokwenza ukungalingani kokwenyani okanye okucingelwayo okunokuthi kwenze mandundu ukungavisisani ngokwelizwe. Iprojekthi ye-SAI eSweden yanqunyanyiswa ngo-2021 emva kokuba iBhunga le-Saami, iqumrhu elimele abantu bomthonyama baseSaami baseSweden, eNorway, eFinland naseRussia, babelane ngeenkxalabo ngongenelelo lwabantu kwimozulu. Usekela mongameli weBhunga, u-Åsa Larsson Blind, uthe imilinganiselo yabantu baseSaami ukuhlonipha indalo kunye neenkqubo zayo zangqubana ngokuthe ngqo ngolu hlobo lwe-solar geoengineering.

UkuKhanya okuSekwe kuMphezulu/uLuhlu lwe-Albedo lujolise ekonyuseni imbonakalo yomhlaba kunye nokunciphisa ubungakanani bemitha yelanga ehlala emoyeni. Kunokusebenzisa ikhemistri okanye iindlela zemolekyuli, ukukhanya okusekwe kumphezulu kufuna ukwandisa i-albedo, okanye ukubonakaliswa kobuso bomhlaba ngokuguqula imimandla yasezidolophini, iindlela, umhlaba wezolimo, imimandla ekwiincam zomhlaba nolwandle. Oku kunokuquka ukugquma le mimandla ngemathiriyeli ekhanyayo okanye izityalo ukubonakalisa nokwalathisa ukukhanya kwelanga.

Isithembiso:

Ukuqaqamba okusekwe kumphezulu kulindeleke ukuba kunikeze iipropati zokupholisa ngokuthe ngqo kwindawo-ezifana nendlela amagqabi omthi anomthunzi ngayo umhlaba ophantsi kwawo. Olu hlobo lweprojekthi lunokuphunyezwa ngokwemilinganiselo emincinci, oko kukuthi, ilizwe nelizwe okanye isixeko ngesixeko. Ukongeza, ukukhanya okusekwe kumphezulu kunokunceda buyisela umva ubushushu obandileyo kwizixeko ezininzi kunye namava amaziko asezidolophini ngenxa yobushushu besiqithi sasezidolophini.

Ingozi:

Kwinqanaba lethiyori kunye nengqikelelo, ukukhanya okusekwe kumphezulu kubonakala ngathi kunokuphunyezwa ngokukhawuleza nangokufanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, uphando malunga nokuguqulwa kwe-albedo luhlala luncinci kwaye iingxelo ezininzi zibonisa amandla okungaziwa kunye nemiphumo ephazamisayo. Iinzame ezinjalo akunakwenzeka ukuba zibonelele ngesisombululo sehlabathi, kodwa uphuhliso olungalinganiyo lokukhanya okusekwe kumphezulu okanye ezinye iindlela zolawulo lwemitha yelanga zinokubakho. iziphumo ezingafunwayo nezingalindelekanga kwihlabathi jikelele kujikelezo okanye kumjikelo wamanzi. Ukukhanyisa umphezulu kwimimandla ethile kunokuguqula amaqondo okushisa engingqi kunye nokuguqula ukuhamba kwamasuntswana kunye nomcimbi kwiiphelo eziyingxaki. Ukongeza, ukukhanya okusekwe kumphezulu kunokubangela uphuhliso olungalinganiyo kwinqanaba lasekhaya okanye lehlabathi, ukwandisa amandla okutshintsha amandla okutshintsha.

I-Marine Cloud Brightening (MCB) isebenzisa ngenjongo yokutshiza elwandle kwimbewu yamafu akwinqanaba elisezantsi phezu kolwandle, ukukhuthaza ukwenziwa kolwandle. umaleko welifu oqaqambileyo nangakumbi. La mafu athintela imitha efikayo ukuba ifike emhlabeni okanye elwandle ngaphantsi kokongezelela ekubuyiseleni imitha kwiatmosfera.

Isithembiso:

I-MCB inamandla okunciphisa amaqondo obushushu kwisikali sommandla kunye nokuthintela iziganeko ze-coral bleaching. Uphando kunye novavanyo lwangaphambili lubone impumelelo ethile e-Australia, kunye neprojekthi yakutshanje kwiGreat Barrier Reef. Ezinye izicelo zinokubandakanya ukutyala amafu phezu komkhenkce ukuze kunyibilike umkhenkce wolwandle. Indlela ecetywayo ngoku isebenzisa amanzi olwandle, ukunciphisa impembelelo yawo kwimithombo yendalo kwaye inokwenziwa naphi na emhlabeni.

Ingozi:

Ukuqonda kwabantu i-MCB kuhlala kungaqinisekanga kakhulu. Iimvavanyo eziye zagqitywa zilinganiselwe kwaye zovavanyo, nge abaphandi bafuna ulawulo lwehlabathi okanye lwengingqi kwimikhwa esesikweni yokulawula ezi zixokelelwano zendalo ngenjongo yokuzikhusela. Okunye koku kungaqiniseki kubandakanya imibuzo malunga nefuthe elithe ngqo lokupholisa kunye nokunciphisa ukukhanya kwelanga kwizinto eziphilayo zendawo, kunye nesiphumo esingaziwayo sokunyuka kwamasuntswana omoya kwimpilo yabantu kunye neziseko zophuhliso. Nganye kwezi iya kuxhomekeka ekwenziweni kwesisombululo se-MCB, indlela yokuthunyelwa, kunye nesixa se-MCB esilindelweyo. Njengoko amafu embewu ehamba kumjikelo wamanzi, amanzi, ityuwa nezinye iimolekyuli ziya kubuyela emhlabeni. Iidiphozithi zetyuwa zinokuchaphazela indawo ekwakhiwe kuyo, kuquka nezindlu zabantu, ngokukhawulezisa ukuwohloka. Ezi diphozithi zisenokuthi zitshintshe isiqulatho somhlaba, zichaphazele izondlo kunye nokukwazi ukukhula kwezityalo. Ezi nkxalabo zibanzi zikrwempa izinto ezingaziwayo ezihamba ne-MCB.

Ngelixa i-SAI, ukuguqulwa kwe-albedo, kunye ne-MCB isebenza ukubonisa imitha yelanga engenayo, i-Cirrus Cloud Thinning (CCT) ijonge ukunyuka kwemitha ephumayo. Amafu eCirrus afunxa kwaye abonakalisa ubushushu, ngokohlobo lwemitha, ukubuyela emhlabeni. I-Cirrus Cloud Thinning iye yacetywa zizazinzulu ukunciphisa ubushushu obubonakaliswa ngala mafu kwaye ivumele ubushushu obuninzi buphume emoyeni, ngokwethiyori iyancipha amaqondo obushushu. Iingcali zenzululwazi zilindele ukucima la mafu ukutshiza amafu ngamasuntswana ukunciphisa ubomi babo kunye nobunzima.

Isithembiso:

I-CCT ithembisa ukunciphisa amaqondo obushushu behlabathi ngokunyusa umthamo wemitha yokuphuma emoyeni. Uphando lwangoku lubonisa ukuba oku ukuguqulwa kunokuwukhawulezisa umjikelo wamanzi, ukwandisa imvula kunye neendawo ezixhamlayo ezithandwa yimbalela. Uphando olutsha lukwabonisa ukuba oku kuhla kobushushu kunokunceda Umkhenkce wolwandle ocothayo uyanyibilika kunye nokunceda ekugcineni imikhenkce epholileyo. 

Ingozi: 

Ingxelo ye-Intergovernmental Panel ka-2021 ngoTshintsho lweMozulu (IPCC) malunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nesayensi yendalo ebonisiweyo. ukuba iCCT ayiqondwa kakuhle. Ukuguqulwa kwemozulu ngolu hlobo kunokutshintsha iipatheni zemvula kwaye kubangele iimpembelelo ezingaziwayo kwi-ikhosistim kunye nezolimo. Iindlela ezicetywayo ngoku zeCCT zibandakanya ukutshiza amafu nge-particle. Ngelixa umlinganiselo othile wamasuntswana kulindeleke ukuba abe negalelo ekunciphiseni amafu, phezu kwesitofu samasuntswana ingenza imbewu yamafu endaweni yoko. La mafu anokuthi agqibezele abe ngqindilili kwaye abambe ubushushu, kunokuba abe mncinci kwaye akhuphe ubushushu. 

Izipili zeSithuba yenye indlela abaphandi abacebise ngayo ukuqondisa ngokutsha kunye nokuthintela ukukhanya kwelanga okungenayo. Le ndlela icebisa ukubeka izinto ezibonisa kakhulu esithubeni ukuthintela okanye ukubonakalisa imitha yelanga engenayo.

Isithembiso:

Izipili zasemajukujukwini zilindelwe ukunciphisa umthamo wemitha ukungena kwiatmosfera ngokuyimisa ngaphambi kokuba ifike kwiplanethi. Oku bekuya kubangela ukuba kunciphe ubushushu obungena kwiatmosfera kuze kuphole isijikelezi-langa.

Ingozi:

Iindlela ezisekwe emajukujukwini zinethiyori ephezulu kwaye zikhatshwa yi ukunqongophala koncwadi kunye nedatha yeempirical. Ukungaziwa malunga nempembelelo yolu hlobo lweprojekthi yinxalenye enye yeenkxalabo ezibanjwe ngabaphandi abaninzi. Izinto ezixhalabisayo ezongezelelekileyo ziquka iindleko eziziindleko zeeprojekthi zasesibhakabhakeni, impembelelo ethe ngqo yokwalathisa imitha yemitha ngaphambi kokuba ifike emhlabeni, impembelelo engangqalanga yokunciphisa okanye yokususwa kokukhanya kweenkwenkwezi kwizilwanyana zaselwandle. thembele kuhambo lwasezulwini, amandla umngcipheko wokupheliswa, kunye nokungabikho kolawulo lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Ukufudukela kwikamva elipholileyo?

Ngokuthumela imitha yelanga ukunciphisa amaqondo obushushu beplanethi, Ulawulo lwemitha yelanga luzama ukuphendula uphawu lokutshintsha kwemozulu kunokujongana nengxaki ngqo. Lo mmandla wokufunda ugcwele iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga. Apha, uvavanyo lomngcipheko lubalulekile ukufumanisa ukuba umngcipheko weprojekthi ufanelekile umngcipheko kwiplanethi okanye umngcipheko wokutshintsha kwemozulu ngaphambi kokuphumeza nayiphi na iprojekthi kwinqanaba elikhulu. Ithuba leeprojekthi ze-SRM ezichaphazela iplanethi yonke ibonisa imfuneko yalo naluphi na uhlalutyo lomngcipheko ukubandakanya ukuqwalaselwa komngcipheko kwindalo yendalo, ukwanda koxinzelelo lwe-geopolitical, kunye nefuthe ekwandeni kokungalingani kwehlabathi. Ngaso nasiphi na isicwangciso sokuguqula imozulu yommandla, okanye iplanethi iphela, iiprojekthi kufuneka zigxile kwingqwalasela yolingano nokubandakanyeka kwabachaphazelekayo.