BUYELA KUPHANDO

Isiqulatho

1. intshayelelo
2. Umgaqo-nkqubo wePlastiki wase-US
- 2.1 Imigaqo-nkqubo engaphantsi kweSizwe
- 2.2 Imigaqo-nkqubo yeSizwe
3. Imigaqo-nkqubo yamazwe ngamazwe
- 3.1 iSivumelwano seHlabathi
- 3.2 IPhaneli yoMgaqo-nkqubo weNzululwazi
- 3.3 Izilungiso zeNkunkuma yePlastiki yeNgqungquthela yaseBasel
4. UQoqosho lweSetyhula
5. I-Chemistry eluhlaza
6. IPlastiki kunye neMpilo yoLwandle
- 6.1 Isixhobo soMoya
- 6.2 Iimpembelelo kuBomi baseLwandle
- 6.3 IiPelethi zePlastiki (Nurdles)
7. IPlastiki kunye neMpilo yoLuntu
8. UbuLungisa bokuSingqongileyo
9. Imbali yePlastiki
10. Izixhobo eziziintlobo ngeentlobo

Siphembelela imveliso ezinzileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweeplastiki.

Funda malunga nePlastiki yethu Initiative (PI) kunye nendlela esisebenza ngayo ukufikelela uqoqosho olujikeleza ngokwenene kwiiplastiki.

Jonga Inyathelo Lethu
IGosa leNkqubo u-Erica Nunez ethetha kumsitho

1. intshayelelo

Yintoni umda wengxaki yeplastiki?

Iplastiki, eyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yobutyobo obuzingisileyo baselwandle, yenye yezona zinto zicinezela kakhulu kwindalo yaselwandle. Nangona kunzima ukulinganisa, kuqikelelwa ukuba zizigidi ezisi-8 zeetoni zeplastiki zongezwa kulwandle lwethu ngonyaka, kubandakanywa Iitoni ezingama-236,000 zemicroplastics (Jambeck, 2015), elilingana nelori yenkunkuma enye yeplastiki elahlwa kulwandle lwethu ngomzuzu ngamnye (Pennington, 2016).

Kuqikelelwa ukuba zikho 5.25 yeetriliyoni zeengceba zobutyobo beplastiki elwandle, iitoni ezingama-229,000 ezidada phezu komhlaba, kunye ne-4 yeebhiliyoni zeplastiki ze-microfibers kwi-square kilometer yelitha kulwandle olunzulu (National Geographic, 2015). Iitriliyoni zeziqwenga zeplastiki kulwandle lwethu zenze iindawo ezinkulu zenkunkuma ezintlanu, kubandakanya neGreat Pacific Garbage patch enkulu kunobukhulu beTexas. Ngo-2050, kuya kubakho iplastiki eninzi elwandle ngobunzima kuneentlanzi (I-Ellen MacArthur Foundation, i-2016). Iplastiki ayiqukwanga naselwandle lwethu, isemoyeni nasekutyeni esikutyayo ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba apho umntu ngamnye uqikelelwa ukuba atye. ikhadi letyala leplastiki veki nganye (Wit, Bigaud, 2019).

Uninzi lweplastiki engena kumjelo wenkunkuma iphelela kulahlwa ngokungafanelekanga okanye kwindawo yokulahla inkunkuma. Ngo-2018 kuphela, bekukho i-35 yezigidi zeetoni zeplastiki eziveliswe eUnited States, kwaye kuloo nto kuphela sisi-8.7 sepesenti yeplastiki eyahlaziywayo (EPA, 2021). Ukusetyenziswa kweplastiki namhlanje akunakuphepheka kwaye kuya kuqhubeka kuyingxaki de siphinde siyilwe kwaye siguqule ubudlelwane bethu kwiiplastiki.

Ingaba iplastiki iphelela njani elwandle?

  1. Iiplastiki kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma: Iplastiki isoloko ilahleka okanye ivuthelwe ngumoya ngexesha lokuthuthwa isiya kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma. Emva koko iplastiki ibhijela ngasemanzini ize ingene emanzini, ekugqibeleni iphelele elwandle.
  2. Ukuhlalisa: Inkunkuma ewiswe esitratweni okanye kwindawo yethu yendalo ithwalwa ngumoya kunye namanzi emvula emanzini ethu.
  3. Phantsi komsele: Iimveliso zococeko, ezifana nokusula okumanzi kunye neengcebiso ze-Q, zihlala zigungxulwa phantsi kombhobho. Xa iimpahla zihlanjwa (ingakumbi izinto zokwenziwa) ii-microfibers kunye ne-microplastics zikhutshwa kumanzi ethu amdaka ngomatshini wethu wokuhlamba. Ekugqibeleni, iimveliso zokuthambisa kunye nokucoca kunye ne-microbeads ziya kuthumela i-microplastics phantsi kombhobho.
  4. Ishishini lokulobaIzikhephe zokuloba zinokuphulukana okanye zishiye izixhobo zokuloba (bona Ghost Gear) elwandle esenza imigibe ebulalayo kubomi baselwandle.
Umzobo ongendlela iiplastiki eziphela ngayo elwandle
US Department of Commerce, NO, kunye neAA (2022, January 27). Isikhokelo sePlastiki eLwandle. Inkonzo yoLwandle lweSizwe ye-NOAA. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/hazards/marinedebris/plastics-in-the-ocean.html.

Kutheni iplastiki elwandle iyingxaki ebalulekileyo?

Iplastiki inoxanduva lokwenzakalisa ubomi baselwandle, impilo yoluntu, kunye noqoqosho kwinqanaba lehlabathi. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iintlobo zenkunkuma, iplastiki ayiboli ngokupheleleyo, ngoko iya kuhlala iselwandle kangangeenkulungwane. Ungcoliseko lwePlastiki lukhokelela kwixesha elingenammiselo kwizoyikiso zokusingqongileyo: ukubanjiswa kwezilwanyana zasendle, ukuginya, ukuthuthwa kwezilwanyana zasemzini, kunye nomonakalo wendawo (bona Iziphumo kuBomi baseLwandle). Ukongeza, inkunkuma yaselwandle iliso lezoqoqosho elehlisa ubuhle bendalo engqonge unxweme (bona Ubulungisa Bendalo).

Ulwandle alunentsingiselo enkulu yenkcubeko kuphela kodwa lusebenza njengeyona ndlela yokuphila kuluntu oluselunxwemeni. Iiplastiki ezikwimijelo yethu yamanzi zisongela umgangatho wethu wamanzi kunye nemithombo yokutya yaselwandle. IiMicroplastics zenza indlela yazo yokunyusa ikhonkco lokutya kwaye zisongela impilo yabantu (Bona Iplastiki kunye neMpilo yoLuntu).

Njengoko ungcoliseko lweplastiki yolwandle luqhubeka lukhula, ezi ngxaki ziphumayo ziya kuba mandundu ngaphandle kokuba sithathe amanyathelo. Umthwalo woxanduva lweplastiki akufanele uphumle kuphela kubathengi. Kunoko, ngokuyila ngokutsha imveliso yeplastiki ngaphambi kokuba ifikelele kubasebenzisi bokugqibela, sinokukhokela abavelisi kwizisombululo ezisekelwe kwimveliso kule ngxaki yehlabathi.

Buyela phezulu

2. Umgaqo-nkqubo wePlastiki wase-US

2.1 Imigaqo-nkqubo engaphantsi kweSizwe

Schultz, J. (2021, ngoFebruwari 8). State Plastic Bag uMthetho. ICaucus yeSizwe yabaPhathi beMithetho yokuSingqongileyo. http://www.ncsl.org/research/environment-and-natural-resources/plastic-bag-legislation

Amazwe asibhozo anomthetho onciphisa ukuveliswa/ukusetyenziswa kweengxowa zeplastiki ezisetyenziswa kanye. Izixeko zaseBoston, eChicago, eLos Angeles, eSan Francisco, naseSeattle nazo ziye zavala iingxowa zeplastiki. I-Boulder, eNew York, ePortland, eWashington DC, kunye ne-Montgomery County Md. baye bavala iingxowa zeplastiki kunye neentlawulo ezimiselweyo. Ukuvalwa kweengxowa zeplastiki linyathelo elibalulekileyo, njengoko ziyenye yezona zinto zixhaphakileyo zifumaneka kungcoliseko lweeplastiki zolwandle.

Gardiner, B. (2022, ngoFebruwari 22). Ukuphumelela okumangalisayo kwimeko yenkunkuma yeplastiki kunokuthintela ungcoliseko lolwandle. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/how-a-dramatic-win-in-plastic-waste-case-may-curb-ocean-pollution

NgoDisemba ka-2019, itshantliziyo elichasene nongcoliseko uDiane Wilson waphumelela ityala elibalulekileyo ngokuchasene neFormosa Plastics, enye yeenkampani ezinkulu zepetrochemical emhlabeni, kumashumi eminyaka yongcoliseko olungekho mthethweni lweplastiki egudle iGulf Coast. I-50 yezigidi zeerandi zokuhlala imele uloyiso oluyimbali njengelona bhaso likhulu elakha lanikezelwa kwisimangalo sommi ngokuchasene nomngcolisi wemizimveliso phantsi koMthetho waManzi acocekileyo wase-US. Ngokuhambelana nesisombululo, iFormosa Plastics iyalelwe ukuba ifikelele "ekukhutshweni okungafunekiyo" kwenkunkuma yeplastiki kumzi-mveliso wayo wasePoint Comfort, ihlawule izohlwayo kude kuphele ukukhutshwa okunetyhefu, kwaye ixhase ngemali ukucocwa kweplastiki eqokelelwe kuyo yonke imigxobhozo yaseTexas echaphazelekileyo, iilwandle, kunye neendlela zamanzi. UWilson, omsebenzi wakhe ongadinwayo wamzuzela iBhaso elibalaseleyo le-Goldman lokusiNgqongileyo lika-2023, unikele ngalo lonke ulungiso kwi-trust, ukuze lusetyenziselwe izizathu ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo. Le suti yabemi ihlab’ umxhelo ibangele utshintsho kushishino olukhulu oluhlala lungcolisa ngokungohlwaywa.

Gibbens, S. (2019, Agasti 15). Jonga imeko enzima yokuvalwa kweplastiki e-US National Geographic. nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/08/map-shows-the-complicated-landscape-of-plastic-bans

Maninzi amadabi enkundla aqhubekayo eUnited States apho izixeko kunye namazwe angavumelani malunga nokuba kusemthethweni ukuvalwa kweplastiki okanye hayi. Amakhulu oomasipala kulo lonke elase-United States banohlobo oluthile lomrhumo weplastiki okanye ukuvalwa komsebenzi, kubandakanya abanye eCalifornia naseNew York. Kodwa amazwe alishumi elinesixhenxe athi akukho mthethweni ukuvala izinto zeplastiki, ukuthintela ngempumelelo ukukwazi ukuvalwa. Izithintelo ezikhoyo zisebenzela ukunciphisa ungcoliseko lweplastiki, kodwa abantu abaninzi bathi imirhumo ingcono kunokuvalwa ngokuthe ngqo ekutshintsheni ukuziphatha kwabathengi.

I-surfrider. (2019, Juni 11). I-Oregon iPasa iSingxobo sePlastiki esiBanzi seSizwe. Ifunyenwe kwi: surfrider.org/coastal-blog/entry/oregon-passes-strongest-plastic-bag-ban-in-the-country

IBhunga loKhuseleko loLwandle lwaseCalifornia. (2022, ngoFebruwari). Isicwangciso seStatewide Microplastics Strategy. https://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/agenda_items/ 20220223/Item_6_Exhibit_A_Statewide_Microplastics_Strategy.pdf

Ngokwamkelwa kwe-Senate Bill 1263 (uSen. Anthony Portantino) kwi-2018, iNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yaseCalifornia yaqaphela imfuneko yesicwangciso esibanzi sokujongana nosongelo oluxhaphakileyo kunye noluqhubekayo lwe-microplastics kwindawo yaselwandle yaseburhulumenteni. I-California Ocean Protection Council (OPC) yapapasha le Statewide Microplastic Strategy, inika i-roadmap yeminyaka emininzi yee-arhente zikarhulumente kunye namaqabane angaphandle ukuba basebenzisane ukuze baphande kwaye ekugqibeleni banciphise ungcoliseko oluyityhefu lwe-microplastic kulo lonke unxweme lwaseCalifornia kunye ne-ecosystems yasemanzini. Isiseko kwesi sicwangciso-qhinga kukuqaphela ukuba urhulumente kufuneka athathe amanyathelo aqinisekileyo, amanyathelo okukhusela ukunciphisa ungcoliseko lwe-microplastic, ngelixa ukuqonda kwenzululwazi kwimithombo ye-microplastics, iimpembelelo, kunye namanyathelo okunciphisa asebenzayo kuqhubeka nokukhula.

HB 1085 – 68th Washington State Legislature, (2023-24 Reg. Sess.): Ukunciphisa Ungcoliseko lwePlastiki. (2023, Epreli). https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?Year=2023&BillNumber=1085

Ngo-Epreli ka-2023, iNdlu yeeNgwevu zeLizwe laseWashington ngamxhelo-mnye yapasisa i-House Bill 1085 (HB 1085) ukunciphisa ungcoliseko lweplastiki ngeendlela ezintathu ezahlukeneyo. Uxhaswa ngu-Rep. Sharlett Mena (D-Tacoma), umthetho oyilwayo ufuna ukuba izakhiwo ezitsha ezakhiwe ngemithombo yamanzi kufuneka nazo zibe nezikhululo zokuzalisa iibhotile; Ukuphelisa ukusetyenziswa kwempilo encinci yomntu okanye iimveliso zobuhle kwiziqulathi zeplastiki ezibonelelwa ziihotele kunye nezinye iindawo zokuhlala; kunye nokuvala ukuthengiswa kwezinto ezidadayo zeplastiki ezithambileyo kunye needokhi, ngeli lixa ugunyazisa uphononongo lwezakhiwo zeplastiki enamaqokobhe aqinileyo phezu kwamanzi. Ukufezekisa iinjongo zawo, umthetho oyilwayo ubandakanya ii-arhente zikarhulumente kunye namabhunga amaninzi kwaye uya kuphunyezwa ngexesha elahlukileyo. I-Rep. Mena iphumelele i-HB 1085 njengenxalenye yomlo oyimfuneko we-Washington State ukukhusela impilo yoluntu, imithombo yamanzi, kunye nokuloba i-salmon kungcoliseko olugqithisileyo lweplastiki.

IBhodi yoLawulo lweMithombo yaManzi yaseCalifornia. (2020, Juni 16). IBhodi yaManzi kaRhulumente ijongana ne-microplastics emanzini okusela ukukhuthaza ulwazi lwenkqubo yamanzi kawonkewonke [Upapasho ndaba zekhampani]. https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/ 2020/pr06162020_microplastics.pdf

ICalifornia liqumrhu lokuqala likarhulumente emhlabeni ukuvavanya ngokwenkqubo amanzi ayo okusela ukuze angcoliseke ngemicroplastic ngokuphehlelelwa kwezixhobo zayo zovavanyo kwilizwe liphela. Eli nyathelo leBhodi yoLawulo lweMithombo yaManzi yaseCalifornia lisiphumo seMithetho yeSenate ye-2018 1422 kwaye 1263, uxhaswe nguSen. Anthony Portantino, owathi, ngokulandelanayo, wayalela ababoneleli bamanzi bengingqi ukuba baphuhlise iindlela ezisemgangathweni zokuvavanya ukungena kwe-microplastic kumanzi ahlambulukileyo kunye nemithombo yamanzi okusela kunye nokubeka iliso kwi-microplastics yolwandle elunxwemeni lwaseCalifornia. Njengoko amagosa amanzi ommandla kunye norhulumente ngokuzithandela ekhulisa uvavanyo kunye nokunika ingxelo ngamanqanaba e-microplastic kumanzi okusela kule minyaka mihlanu izayo, urhulumente waseCalifornia uya kuqhubeka nokuxhomekeka kuluntu lwezenzululwazi ukuba baqhubele phambili nophando ngefuthe lempilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo kokungeniswa kwe-microplastic.

Buyela phezulu

2.2 Imigaqo-nkqubo yeSizwe

I-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo yase-US. (2023, Epreli). UYilo lweSicwangciso seSizwe sokuThintela uNgcoliseko lwePlastiki. IOfisi ye-EPA yoLondolozo lweZibonelelo kunye noBuyiselo. https://www.epa.gov/circulareconomy/draft-national-strategy-prevent-plastic-pollution

Isicwangciso sijolise ekunciphiseni ukungcola ngexesha lokuveliswa kweplastiki, ukuphucula ukulawulwa kwezinto emva kokusetyenziswa, kunye nokuthintela udoti kunye ne-micro / nano-plastiki ekungeneni emanzini kunye nokususa udoti ophunyukileyo kwindawo. Uguqulelo oluyilwayo, oluyilwe njengolwandiso lweSicwangciso seSizwe sokuRecycling se-EPA esikhutshwe ngo-2021, sigxininisa imfuneko yendlela ejikelezayo yolawulo lweplastiki kunye nesenzo esibalulekileyo. Isicwangciso sesizwe, ngelixa singekaphunyezwa, sibonelela ngesikhokelo semigaqo-nkqubo ye-federal kunye ne-state-level kunye namanye amaqela ajonge ukujongana nongcoliseko lweplastiki.

UJain, N., kunye noLaBeaud, D. (2022, Okthobha) Ukhathalelo lwezeMpilo lwase-US lufanele luKhokele njani uTshintsho lweHlabathi kwiNkunkuma yePlastiki. Ijenali ye-AMA yeeNqobo zokuziphatha. 24(10):E986-993. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2022.986.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iUnited States ayizange ibe phambili kumgaqo-nkqubo ngokubhekiselele kungcoliseko lweplastiki, kodwa enye indlela i-US inokukhokela ngayo imalunga nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma yeplastiki kwinkathalo yezempilo. Ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma yezempilo yenye yezoyikiso ezinkulu kukhathalelo lwempilo oluzinzileyo lwehlabathi. Izenzo zangoku zokulahla inkunkuma yokhathalelo lwempilo yasekhaya neyamazwe ngamazwe emhlabeni naselwandle, isenzo esikwajongela phantsi ulingano lwempilo yehlabathi ngokuchaphazela kakubi impilo yoluntu olusesichengeni. Ababhali bacebisa ukuhlengahlengisa uxanduva lwentlalo kunye nokuziphatha okuhle kwimveliso yenkunkuma yokhathalelo lwempilo kunye nolawulo ngokunika uxanduva lokuphendula ngokungqongqo kwiinkokeli zokhathalelo lwezempilo, ukukhuthaza ukuphunyezwa kwesetyhula kunye nokugcinwa, kunye nokukhuthaza intsebenziswano eqinile kuwo wonke amashishini ezonyango, eplastiki kunye nenkunkuma.

I-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo yase-US. (2021, Novemba). ISicwangciso seSizwe sokuRisayikilisha iCandelo lokuQala loNxibelelwano loKwakha uQoqosho lweSetyhula kumntu wonke. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-11/final-national-recycling-strategy.pdf

ISicwangciso seSizwe sokuRisayikilisha sigxile ekwandiseni nasekuqhubeleni phambili inkqubo yokurisayikilisha yenkunkuma eqinileyo kamasipala (MSW) kazwelonke kunye nenjongo yokudala ulawulo lwenkunkuma olunamandla, olukwaziyo ukumelana neendleko kunye nenkqubo yokurisayikilisha ngaphakathi eMelika. Iinjongo zale ngxelo ziquka ukuphuculwa kweemarike zeempahla ezisetyenzisiweyo, ukwanda kokuqokelelwa kunye nokuphuculwa kweziseko zophuhliso lolawulo lwenkunkuma, ukuncitshiswa kokungcoliseka kumjelo wemathiriyeli esetyenzisiweyo, kunye nokwanda kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokuxhasa ukujikeleza. Ngelixa ukurisayikilishwa kungayisombululi umba wongcoliseko lweplastiki, esi sicwangciso-qhinga sinokunceda ukukhokela iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuqhubela phambili kuqoqosho olujikelezayo. Phawula ukuba, icandelo lokugqibela lale ngxelo linikela isishwankathelo esimangalisayo somsebenzi owenziwa yimibutho yaseburhulumenteni eUnited States.

Bates, S. (2021, Juni 25). Izazinzulu zisebenzisa iNASA yeSatellite Data ukulandelela iiMicroplastics zaseOcean ukusuka emkhathini. Iqela leendaba zeNzululwazi yeNASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/esnt2021/scientists-use-nasa-satellite-data-to-track-ocean-microplastics-from-space

Abaphandi bakwasebenzisa idatha ye-satellite ye-NASA yangoku ukulandelela ukuhamba kwe-microplastics elwandle, besebenzisa idatha evela kwi-NASA's Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS).

Ugxininiso lweMicroplastics kwihlabathi liphela, ngo-2017

Law, KL, Starr, N., Siegler, TR, Jambeck, J., Mallos, N., & Leonard, GB (2020). Igalelo laseMelika lenkunkuma yeplastiki emhlabeni naselwandle. Ukuqhubela phambili kwezeNzululwazi, 6(44). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd0288

Olu phononongo lwezenzululwazi lwe-2020 lubonisa ukuba, kwi-2016, i-US yavelisa inkunkuma yeplastiki eninzi ngobunzima kunye ne-capita nganye kunalo naliphi na ilizwe. Inxalenye enkulu yale nkunkuma yalahlwa ngokungekho mthethweni e-US, kwaye nangaphezulu ayizange ilawulwe ngokufanelekileyo kumazwe angenisa izinto eziqokelelwe e-US ukuze zihlaziywe. Ukubalwa kwale minikelo, isixa senkunkuma yeplastiki eyenziwe e-US eqikelelwa ukuba ingene kwindawo engaselunxwemeni ngo-2016 yaya kutsho ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunoqikelelo luka-2010, inika igalelo lelizwe phakathi kwezona ziphezulu emhlabeni.

Iziko leSizwe leNzululwazi, ubuNjineli kunye noNyango. (2022). Ukubala kunye nendima yase-US kwiNkunkuma yePlastiki yoLwandlekazi lweHlabathi. EWashington, DC: IZiko leeNkonzo zeSizwe Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26132.

Olu vavanyo lwenziwe njengempendulo kwisicelo soMthetho wokuGcina iiLwandle Zethu 2.0 sokudityaniswa kwezenzululwazi ngegalelo le-US kunye nendima yokujongana nongcoliseko lweplastiki yaselwandle yehlabathi. Nge-US evelisa esona sixa sikhulu senkunkuma yeplastiki kulo naliphi na ilizwe emhlabeni ukusukela ngo-2016, le ngxelo ifuna isicwangciso sesizwe sokunciphisa ukuveliswa kwenkunkuma yeplastiki yase-US. Ikwacebisa ngenkqubo yokuhlola eyandisiweyo, elungelelanisiweyo ukuqonda ngcono isikali kunye nemithombo yongcoliseko lweplastiki yase-US kunye nokubeka iliso kwinkqubela yelizwe.

Khuphuka KwiPlastiki. (2021, Matshi 26). Khuphuka kuMthetho woNgcoliseko lwePlastiki. Khuphuka KwiPlastiki. http://www.breakfreefromplastic.org/pollution-act/

I-Break Free kwi-Plastic Pollution Act ye-2021 (i-BFFPPA) yi-bill ye-Federal exhaswe nguSen. Jeff Merkley (OR) kunye no-Rep. Alan Lowenthal (i-CA ebeka isethi esona sicombululo somgaqo-nkqubo esifakwe kwi-congress. Lo mthetho uyilwayo ngowokunciphisa ungcoliseko lweplastiki olusuka kwimvelaphi, ukunyusa izinga lokuphinda usetyenziswe, nokukhusela uluntu olukwinqanaba eliphambili. I-bill iyakuphucula impilo yabantu, ngokunciphisa umngcipheko wokuthatha i-microplastics.Ukuqhawula kwiplastiki kuya kunciphisa kakhulu ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse.Nangona umthetho oyilwayo ungazange uphumelele, kubalulekile ukubandakanya kweli phepha lophando njengomzekelo weplastiki ebanzi yexesha elizayo. imithetho kwinqanaba likazwelonke eUnited States.

Yintoni eya kwenziwa nguMthetho woNgcoliseko wePlastiki
Khuphuka KwiPlastiki. (2021, Matshi 26). Khuphuka kuMthetho woNgcoliseko lwePlastiki. Khuphuka KwiPlastiki. http://www.breakfreefromplastic.org/pollution-act/

Umbhalo – S. 1982 – 116th INkongolo (2019-2020): Gcina iiLwandle zethu 2.0 Act (2020, Disemba 18). https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1982

Ngo-2020, iNkongolo yenza umthetho obizwa ngokuba yi-Save Our Seas 2.0 Act owamisela iimfuno kunye nenkuthazo zokunciphisa, ukuseyisa kwakhona, kunye nokuthintela inkunkuma yaselwandle (umzekelo, inkunkuma yeplastiki). Okuqaphelekayo ukuba umthetho oyilwayo waseka i Isiseko sobutyobo baselwandle, umbutho onceda abantu abasweleyo nongenzi ngeniso kwaye ayiyo-arhente okanye iziko lase-United States. I-Marine Debris Foundation iya kusebenza ngokubambisana neNkqubo ye-NOAA ye-Marine Debris Programme kwaye igxininise kwimisebenzi yokuvavanya, ukukhusela, ukunciphisa, nokususa inkunkuma yaselwandle kunye nokujongana neempembelelo ezimbi zenkunkuma yaselwandle kunye nezizathu zayo ezisisiseko kuqoqosho lwase-United States, elwandle. okusingqongileyo (kuquka amanzi aphantsi kolawulo lwase-United States, ulwandle oluphezulu, kunye namanzi akwindawo yolawulo lwamanye amazwe), kunye nokhuseleko lokuhamba.

S.5163 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Ukukhusela uluntu kuMthetho wePlastiki. (2022, Disemba 1). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/5163

Kwi-2022, uSen. Cory Booker (DN.J.) kunye no-Rep. Jared Huffman (D-CA) bajoyina uSen. Jeff Merkley (D-OR) kunye no-Rep. Alan Lowenthal (D-CA) ukuba bazise ukuKhusela uluntu kwiiPlastiki. Umthetho womthetho. Ukwakha kumalungiselelo aphambili aphuma kwiBreak Free From Plastic Pollution Act, lo mthetho uyilwayo ujolise ekujonganeni nengxaki yemveliso yeplastiki echaphazela ngokungafaniyo impilo yeendawo ezinobutyebi obuphantsi kunye noluntu lombala. Iqhutywa yinjongo enkulu yokutshintsha uqoqosho lwase-US kude nosetyenziso lweplastiki enye, i-Protecting Communities Act kwiPlastiki ijolise ekusekeni imithetho engqongqo yezityalo zepetrochemical kunye nokudala iithagethi zelizwe lonke zokunciphisa imithombo yeplastiki kunye nokusetyenziswa kwakhona kumacandelo okupakisha kunye nokutya.

S.2645 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Iinzame ezivuzayo zokunciphisa ungcoliseko olungasetyenziswanga kwi-Ecosystems Act ka-2021. (2021, Agasti 5). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/2645

USenni Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI) wazisa umthetho oyilwayo omtsha wokudala inkuthazo entsha enamandla yokuphinda isetyenziswe iplastiki, ukucutha imveliso yeplastiki enyulu, kwaye ibambe ishishini leplastiki linoxanduva ngakumbi ngenkunkuma eyityhefu ejongela phantsi impilo yoluntu kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezibalulekileyo zokusingqongileyo. . Umthetho ocetywayo, onesihloko esithi Iinzame ezivuzayo zokunciphisa ungcoliseko olungasetyenziswanga kwi-Ecosystems (REDUCE) Act, uya kumisela umrhumo we-20-cent ngeponti ekuthengisweni kweplastiki enyulu eqeshwe kwiimveliso ezisetyenziswa kanye. Lo mrhumo uyakunceda iiplastiki ezisetyenzisiweyo zikhuphisane neeplastiki ezinyulu ngokulinganayo. Izinto ezigutyungelwe zibandakanya ukupakishwa, iimveliso zenkonzo yokutya, izikhongozeli zeziselo, kunye neengxowa - kunye nokuxolelwa kwiimveliso zonyango kunye neemveliso zococeko lomntu.

Jain, N., & LaBeaud, D. (2022). Ingaba uKhathalelo lwezeMpilo lwase-US luKhokele njani iNguqu yeHlabathi kwiNkunkuma yePlastiki? I-AMA Journal of Ethics, 24(10):E986-993. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2022.986.

Iindlela zangoku zokulahla inkunkuma yokhathalelo lwempilo yeplastiki ijongela phantsi kakhulu ulingano lwezempilo lwehlabathi, ibe nefuthe elibi kwimpilo yabantu abasesichengeni nabangakhathalelwanga. Ngokuqhubeka nomkhuba wokuthumela inkunkuma yokunakekelwa kwempilo yasekhaya ukuba ilahlwe emhlabeni kunye namanzi ezizwe eziphuhlayo, i-US ikhulisa impembelelo ephantsi yendalo kunye nempilo esongela ukhathalelo lwezempilo oluzinzileyo lwehlabathi. Uhlengahlengiso oluluqilima loxanduva lwentlalo nokuziphatha ekuveliseni inkunkuma yokhathalelo lwempilo kunye nolawulo luyafuneka. Eli nqaku licebisa ukunika uxanduva lokuphendula ngokungqongqo kwiinkokheli zombutho wokhathalelo lwempilo, ukukhuthaza ukuphunyezwa kobonelelo lwesetyhula kunye nokugcinwa, kunye nokukhuthaza intsebenziswano eqinile kuwo wonke amashishini ezonyango, eplastiki kunye nenkunkuma. 

Wong, E. (2019, Meyi 16). Inzululwazi kwiNduli: UkuSombulula iNgxaki yeNkunkuma yePlastiki. Springer Nature. Ifunyenwe kwi: bit.ly/2HQTrfi

Ingqokelela yamanqaku adibanisa iingcaphephe zenzululwazi kubenzi bomthetho eCapitol Hill. Bajongana nendlela inkunkuma yeplastiki isisongelo kwaye yintoni enokwenziwa ukusombulula ingxaki ngelixa kunyuswa amashishini kwaye kukhokelela ekukhuleni kwemisebenzi.

BUYELA Phezulu

3. Imigaqo-nkqubo yamazwe ngamazwe

Nielsen, MB, Clausen, LP, Cronin, R., Hansen, SF, Oturai, NG, & Syberg, K. (2023). Ukutyhila inzululwazi ngasemva kwamanyathelo omgaqo-nkqubo ajolise kungcoliseko lweplastiki. IMicroplastics kunye neNanoplastics, 3(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43591-022-00046-y

Ababhali bahlalutya amanyathelo amathandathu aphambili omgaqo-nkqubo ajolise kungcoliseko lweplastiki kwaye bafumanisa ukuba amanyathelo eplastiki ahlala ebhekisa kubungqina obuvela kumanqaku enzululwazi kunye neengxelo. Amanqaku enzululwazi kunye neengxelo zibonelela ngolwazi malunga nemithombo yeplastiki, iimpembelelo zezinto eziphilayo zeplastiki kunye nemveliso kunye neendlela zokusetyenziswa. Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha samanyathelo omgaqo-nkqubo weplastiki avavanyiweyo abhekiselele kwidatha yokubeka iliso kwinkunkuma. Iqela elahlukileyo lamanqaku kunye nezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi kubonakala ngathi zisetyenzisiwe xa kusenziwa amanyathelo omgaqo-nkqubo weplastiki. Nangona kunjalo, kusekho ukungaqiniseki okuninzi okunxulumene nokumisela umonakalo ovela kungcoliseko lweplastiki, oko kuthetha ukuba amanyathelo omgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka avumele ukuguquguquka. Ngokubanzi, ubungqina benzululwazi buchazwa xa kusenziwa amanyathelo omgaqo-nkqubo. Iindidi ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zobungqina ezisetyenziselwa ukuxhasa amanyathelo omgaqo-nkqubo zinokukhokelela kumanyathelo aphikisanayo. Olu ngquzulwano lunokuchaphazela uthethathethwano nemigaqo-nkqubo yamazwe ngamazwe.

I-OECD (2022, ngoFebruwari), I-Global Plastic Outlook: Abaqhubi bezoQoqosho, iiMpembelelo zokusiNgqongileyo kunye noKhetho loMgaqo-nkqubo. Upapasho lwe-OECD, eParis. https://doi.org/10.1787/de747aef-en.

Ngelixa iiplastiki zizixhobo eziluncedo kakhulu kuluntu lwanamhlanje, ukuveliswa kweeplastiki kunye nokuveliswa kwenkunkuma kuyaqhubeka nokukhula kwaye inyathelo elingxamisekileyo liyafuneka ukwenza umjikelo wokuphila weplastiki ube setyhula ngakumbi. Kwihlabathi jikelele, yi-9% kuphela yenkunkuma yeplastiki ephinda isetyenziswe ngelixa i-22% ingalawulwa ngendlela engafanelekanga. I-OECD icela ukwandiswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe kunye nokuphuculwa kwentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe ukunciphisa iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo kulo lonke ikhonkco lexabiso. Le ngxelo igxile ekufundiseni nasekuxhaseni iinzame zomgaqo-nkqubo zokulwa nokuvuza kweplastiki. I-Outlook ichonga iileyiri ezine eziphambili zokugoba igophe leplastiki: inkxaso eyomeleleyo yeemarike zeplastiki ezisetyenzisiweyo kwakhona (ezesibini); imigaqo-nkqubo yokunyusa ukuveliswa kweteknoloji kwiiplastiki; amanyathelo amabhongo ngakumbi omgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya; kunye nentsebenziswano enkulu yamazwe ngamazwe. Le yeyokuqala kwiingxelo ezimbini ezicwangcisiweyo, ingxelo yesibini, I-Global Plastic Outlook: Iimeko zoMgaqo-nkqubo ukuya ku-2060 kuluhlu olungezantsi.

I-OECD (2022, Juni), I-Global Plastic Outlook: Iimeko zoMgaqo-nkqubo ukuya ku-2060. Upapasho lwe-OECD, eParis, https://doi.org/10.1787/aa1edf33-en. 

Ihlabathi alikho ndawo ekuyiphumezeni injongo yalo yokuphelisa ungcoliseko lweplastiki, ngaphandle kokuba imigaqo-nkqubo engqongqo nelungelelanisiweyo iyaphunyezwa. Ukunceda ukufezekisa iinjongo ezichazwe ngamazwe ahlukeneyo i-OECD iphakamisa imbonakalo yeplastiki kunye neemeko zomgaqo-nkqubo ukunceda ukukhokela abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo. Ingxelo inikezela ngoqikelelo oluluqilima oluluqilima kwiiplastiki ukuya ku-2060, kubandakanywa ukusetyenziswa kweplastiki, inkunkuma kunye neempembelelo zokusingqongileyo ezinxulunyaniswa neeplastiki, ngakumbi ukuvuza kokusingqongileyo. Le ngxelo kukulandelela ingxelo yokuqala, Abaqhubi bezoQoqosho, iiMpembelelo zokusiNgqongileyo kunye noKhetho loMgaqo-nkqubo (ezidweliswe ngasentla) ebonise ubungakanani beendlela ezikhoyo ngoku kusetyenziso lweplastiki, ukuveliswa kwenkunkuma kunye nokuvuza, kunye nokuchongwa kweendlela ezine zomgaqo-nkqubo ukunqanda iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo zeplastiki.

IUCN. (2022). UCwangciso lwe-IUCN lwabaThetha-thethwano: ISivumelwano sePlastiki INC. ISivumelwano se-IUCN WCEL malunga nePlastiki yoNgcoliseko lwePolisi. https://www.iucn.org/our-union/commissions/group/iucn-wcel-agreement-plastic-pollution-task-force/resources 

I-IUCN idale uluhlu lweenkcazo, ngalinye lingaphantsi kwamaphepha amahlanu, ukuxhasa umjikelo wokuqala wothethwano lweSivumelwano soNgcoliseko lwePlastiki njengoko kuchazwe yiNgqungquthela yeZizwe eziManyeneyo (UNEA) isisombululo 5/14. kwaye zakhelwe kumanyathelo athatyathiweyo kulo nyaka uphelileyo malunga neenkcazelo zomnqophiso, izinto ezingundoqo, unxibelelwano nezinye izivumelwano, izakhiwo ezinokubakho neendlela zomthetho. Onke amagqabantshintshi, kubandakanywa nalawo akwimiqathango engundoqo, uqoqosho lwesetyhula, intsebenziswano yolawulo, kunye nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe zokusingqongileyo ziyafumaneka. Apha. Ezi mfutshane azincedi kuphela kubenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo, kodwa zincede ukukhokela ukuphuhliswa kwesivumelwano seplastiki ngexesha leengxoxo zokuqala.

UkuCoca koLwandle lokugqibela. (2021, Julayi). Imithetho yelizwe kwiiMveliso zePlastiki. lastbeachcleanup.org/countrylaws

Uluhlu olubanzi lwemithetho yehlabathi enxulumene neemveliso zeplastiki. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, amazwe ali-188 anokuvalwa kweengxowa zeplastiki kuzwelonke okanye umhla wokuphela kwesibhambathiso, amazwe angama-81 anokuvalwa kwengca yeplastiki kwilizwe lonke okanye umhla wokuphela awayesithembisile, kwaye amazwe angama-96 anokuvalwa kwesikhongozeli sogwebu seplastiki okanye umhla wokuphela athembise ngawo.

Buchholz, K. (2021). I-Infographic: Amazwe avala iingxowa zePlastiki. Iinkcukacha zeStatista. https://www.statista.com/chart/14120/the-countries-banning-plastic-bags/

Amazwe angamashumi amathandathu anethoba kwihlabathi jikelele athintelwe ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye kwiingxowa zeplastiki. Amanye amazwe angamashumi amathathu anesibini abiza umrhumo okanye irhafu ukuze acuthe iplastiki. I-China isanda kubhengeza ukuba iya kuthintela zonke iingxowa ezingenayo i-compostable kwizixeko ezikhulu ekupheleni kuka-2020 kwaye yandise ukuvalwa kwelizwe lonke ngo-2022. ukulwa nengxaki yeplastiki.

Amazwe abaNqanda iingxowa zePlastiki
Buchholz, K. (2021). I-Infographic: Amazwe avala iingxowa zePlastiki. Iinkcukacha zeStatista. https://www.statista.com/chart/14120/the-countries-banning-plastic-bags/

I-Directive (EU) 2019/904 yePalamente yaseYurophu kunye neBhunga le-5 kaJuni 2019 malunga nokunciphisa impembelelo yeemveliso zeplastiki ezithile kwindalo. PE/11/2019/REV/1 OJ L 155, 12.6.2019, iphe. 1–19 (BG, ES, CS, DA, DE, ET, EL, EN, FR, GA, HR, IT, LV, LT, HU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SL, FI, SV). ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/904/oj

Ukwanda okuthe gqolo kokuveliswa kwenkunkuma yeplastiki kunye nokuvuza kwenkunkuma yeplastiki kokusingqongileyo, ngokukodwa kwimo engqongileyo yaselwandle, kufuneka kujongwane nayo ukuze kuphunyezwe umjikelo wobomi ojikelezayo kwiiplastiki. Lo mthetho uvala iindidi ezili-10 zeplastiki yokusetyenziswa kanye kwaye usebenza kwiimveliso ezithile ze-SUP, iimveliso ezenziwe ngeplastiki enokonakala i-oxo kunye nezixhobo zokuloba ezineplastiki. Ibeka izithintelo zemarike kwi-plastic cutlery, i-straws, iipleyiti, iikomityi kwaye ibeka ithagethi yokuqokelela i-90% yokuphinda isetyenziswe kwiibhotile zeplastiki ze-SUP ngo-2029. ngethemba iya kukhokelela ekuncipheni okubonakalayo kungcoliseko lweplastiki kule minyaka ilishumi izayo.

I-Global Plastic Policy Centre (2022). Uphononongo lwehlabathi jikelele lwemigaqo-nkqubo yeplastiki ukuxhasa ukwenziwa kwezigqibo eziphuculweyo kunye nokuphendula kuluntu. Matshi, A., Salam, S., Evans, T., Hilton, J., kunye noFletcher, S. (abahleli). Revolution Plastics, kwiYunivesithi yasePortsmouth, e-UK. https://plasticspolicy.port.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/GPPC-Report.pdf

Ngo-2022, i-Global Plastics Policy Centre yakhupha uphando olusekwe kubungqina obuvavanya ukusebenza kwemigaqo-nkqubo yeplastiki eyi-100 ephunyezwe ngamashishini, oorhulumente, kunye nemibutho yoluntu kwihlabathi liphela. Le ngxelo ichaza ezo ziphumo-ukuchonga izikhewu ezibalulekileyo kubungqina bomgaqo-nkqubo ngamnye, ukuvavanya imiba ethintele okanye eyandisiweyo yokusebenza komgaqo-nkqubo, kunye nokudibanisa uhlalutyo ngalunye ukugqamisa izenzo eziyimpumelelo kunye nezigqibo eziphambili zabaqulunqi bomgaqo-nkqubo. Olu hlaziyo lunzulu lwemigaqo-nkqubo yeplastiki yehlabathi ngokubanzi lulwandiso lwebhanki yeZiko loMgaqo-nkqubo weGlobal Plastic yamalinge eplastiki ahlalutyiweyo ngokuzimeleyo, elokuqala lohlobo lwayo elisebenza njengomfundisi-ntsapho nonolwazi ngomgaqo-nkqubo osebenzayo wongcoliseko lweplastiki. 

Royle, J., Jack, B., Parris, H., Hogg, D., & Eliot, T. (2019). Ukutsalwa kwePlastiki: Indlela entsha yokujongana nongcoliseko lweplastiki ukusuka kwindawo ukuya elwandle. Iilwandle eziqhelekileyo. https://commonseas.com/uploads/Plastic-Drawdown-%E2%80%93-A-summary-for-policy-makers.pdf

Imodeli yePlastiki yokuThatywa kwePlastiki inamanyathelo amane: ukulinganisa ukuveliswa kwenkunkuma yeplastiki yelizwe kunye nokwakhiwa, ukwenza imephu yendlela phakathi kokusetyenziswa kweplastiki kunye nokuvuza elwandle, uhlalutyo lwempembelelo yemigaqo-nkqubo ephambili, kunye nokuququzelela ukwakhiwa kwemvumelwano malunga nemigaqo-nkqubo engundoqo kuwo wonke urhulumente, uluntu, kunye nabachaphazelekayo kwezoshishino. Kukho imigaqo-nkqubo ehlukeneyo elishumi elinesibhozo ehlalutyiweyo kolu xwebhu, nganye ixoxa ngendlela esebenza ngayo, inqanaba lempumelelo (ukusebenza), kwaye yeyiphi i-macro kunye / okanye i-microplastics ejongene nayo.

Inkqubo yeNdawo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo (2021). Ukusuka kuNgcoliseko ukuya kwiSicombululo: Uvavanyo lwehlabathi jikelele lwenkunkuma yaselwandle kunye nongcoliseko lweplastiki. IZizwe eziManyeneyo, eNairobi, eKenya. https://www.unep.org/resources/pollution-solution-global-assessment-marine-litter-and-plastic-pollution

Olu vavanyo lwehlabathi luvavanya ubukhulu kunye nobukhali benkunkuma yaselwandle kunye nongcoliseko lweplastiki kuzo zonke iindawo eziphilayo kunye neempembelelo zabo eziyingozi kwimpilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ibonelela ngohlaziyo olubanzi kulwazi lwangoku kunye nezikhewu zophando malunga neziphumo ezithe ngqo zongcoliseko lweplastiki kwizinto eziphilayo zaselwandle, izoyikiso kwimpilo yehlabathi, kunye neendleko zentlalo nezoqoqosho zenkunkuma yaselwandle. Lilonke, le ngxelo izama ukwazisa nokukhawulezisa isenzo esisekwe kubungqina kuwo onke amanqanaba kwihlabathi liphela.

BUYELA Phezulu

3.1 iSivumelwano seHlabathi

Inkqubo yeNdawo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. (2022, Matshi 2). Yintoni ekufuneka uyazi malunga nePlastiki yoNgcoliseko Resolution. IZizwe eziManyeneyo, eNairobi, eKenya. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/what-you-need-know-about-plastic-pollution-resolution

Enye yeewebhusayithi ezithembekileyo zolwazi kunye nohlaziyo kwiSivumelwano seGlobal, iNkqubo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yokuSingqongileyo yenye yemithombo echanekileyo yeendaba kunye nohlaziyo. Le webhusayithi ibhengeze isisombululo esiyimbali kwiseshoni yesihlanu ye-United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA-5.2) eNairobi ukuphelisa ungcoliseko lweplastiki kunye nokwenza isivumelwano esibophelela ngokusemthethweni kumazwe ngamazwe ngo-2024. Ezinye izinto ezidweliswe kwiphepha ziquka amakhonkco kuxwebhu Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo malunga neSivumelwano seHlabathi kunye noshicilelo lwe Izigqibo zeUNEP ukuqhubela phambili isivumelwano, kunye a isixhobo songcoliseko lweplastiki.

IISD (2023, Matshi 7). Isishwankathelo seeSeshini eziQhutshiweyo zeSihlanu zeKomiti eVulekileyo yaBameli abaSisigxina kunye neNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yokusiNgqongileyo kunye neSikhumbuzo se-UNEP@50: 21 February - 4 March 2022. Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol. 16, No166. https://enb.iisd.org/unea5-oecpr5-unep50

Iseshoni yesihlanu yeNgqungquthela yeZizwe eziManyeneyo (UNEA-5.2), eyahlanganisana phantsi komxholo othi “Ukomeleza iintshukumo zeNdalo ukuze kuphunyezwe iinjongo zoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo,” yanikelwa ingxelo kwi-Earth Negotiations Bulletin impapasho yi-UNEA esebenza njengenkonzo yokunikela ingxelo. ukwenzela uthethathethwano lokusingqongileyo nophuhliso. Le bulletin ethile igubungele i-UNEAS 5.2 kwaye iyinto engakholelekiyo kwabo bafuna ukuqonda ngakumbi malunga ne-UNEA, isisombululo se-5.2 esithi "Ukuphelisa ukungcola kweplastiki: Ngokubhekiselele kwisixhobo sokubophelela ngokusemthethweni kumazwe ngamazwe" kunye nezinye izigqibo ezixutyushwayo kwintlanganiso.  

Inkqubo yeNdawo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. (2023, Disemba). ISeshini yokuQala yeKomiti yoThethathethwano phakathi kooRhulumente ngoNgcoliseko lwePlastiki. Inkqubo yeNdawo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, ePunta del Este, eUruguay. https://www.unep.org/events/conference/inter-governmental-negotiating-committee-meeting-inc-1

Eli phepha lewebhu lichaza intlanganiso yokuqala yekomiti yothethathethwano phakathi koorhulumente (INC) eyabanjwa ekupheleni kuka-2022 e-Uruguay. Iquka iseshoni yokuqala yekomiti yothethathethwano phakathi koorhulumente ukuphuhlisa isixhobo esibophelela ngokusemthethweni kumazwe ngamazwe kungcoliseko lweplastiki, kubandakanywa nokusingqongileyo elwandle. Ukongeza amakhonkco oshicilelo lwentlanganiso ayafumaneka kwiilinki zikaYouTube kunye neenkcukacha malunga neeseshini zengcaciso yomgaqo-nkqubo kunye neePowerPoints ezivela kwintlanganiso. Zonke ezi rekhodiweyo zifumaneka ngesiNgesi, isiFrentshi, isiTshayina, isiRashiya, neSpanish.

Andersen, I. (2022, Matshi 2). IKhokelo kuMsebenzi wokuSingqongileyo. Intetho ye: Icandelo elikwinqanaba eliphezulu leNdibano yeNdawo yeSihlanu eQolileyo. iUnited Nations Environment Programme, eNairobi, eKenya. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/speech/leap-forward-environmental-action

UMlawuli oyiNtloko we-UN Environment Programme (UNEP), uthe isivumelwano sesona sivumelwano sibaluleke kakhulu kumazwe ngamazwe ngokusingqongileyo ukususela kwisivumelwano semozulu saseParis kwintetho yakhe ekhuthaza ukugqithiswa kwesigqibo sokuqalisa umsebenzi kwiSivumelwano sePlastiki yeGlobal. Waxoxa ukuba isivumelwano siya kubalwa ngokwenene kuphela ukuba sinezibonelelo ezicacileyo ezibophelela ngokusemthethweni, njengoko isisombululo sichaza kwaye kufuneka samkele indlela epheleleyo yomjikelo wobomi. Le ntetho yenza umsebenzi oncomekayo wokuqukumbela imfuno yeSivumelwano seHlabathi kunye nezinto eziphambili zeNkqubo yokusiNgqongileyo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo njengoko uthetha-thethwano luqhubeka.

IISD (2022, Disemba 7). Isishwankathelo seNtlanganiso yokuQala yeKomiti yoThethathethwano yaMazwe ngaMazwe ukuphuhlisa iSixhobo esibophelela ngokusemthethweni saMazwe ngaMazwe ngoNgcoliseko lwePlastiki: 28 Novemba - 2 December 2022. Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol 36, No. 7. https://enb.iisd.org/plastic-pollution-marine-environment-negotiating-committee-inc1

Intlanganiso yokuqala, ikomiti yokuxoxisana phakathi koorhulumente (INC), Amazwe angamaLungu avumile ukuxoxisana nesixhobo sokubophelela ngokusemthethweni kumazwe ngamazwe (ILBI) ngongcoliseko lweplastiki, kubandakanywa nemekobume yaselwandle, ukubeka ixesha elinqwenelekayo lokugqiba iingxoxo kwi-2024. Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla ngasentla. , i-Earth Negotiations Bulletin lupapasho lwe-UNEA esebenza njengenkonzo yokunika ingxelo malunga nokusingqongileyo kunye nothethathethwano lophuhliso.

Inkqubo yeNdawo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. (2023). ISeshini yesiBini yeKomiti yoThethathethwano phakathi kooRhulumente ngoNgcoliseko lwePlastiki: 29 May – 2 June 2023. https://www.unep.org/events/conference/second-session-intergovernmental-negotiating-committee-develop-international

Isixhobo siza kuhlaziywa emva kokuqukunjelwa kweseshoni yesi-2 ngoJuni ka-2023.

Uthungelwano lobuNkokheli bePlastiki yoLwandle. (2021, Juni 10). Iingxoxo zeSivumelwano sePlastiki yeHlabathi. YouTube. https://youtu.be/GJdNdWmK4dk.

Ingxoxo yaqala ngothotho lweengqungquthela ze-intanethi zehlabathi jikelele ukulungiselela isigqibo seNgqungquthela yezokusiNgqongileyo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo (UNEA) ngoFebruwari 2022 malunga nokuba silandele isivumelwano sehlabathi seeplastiki. I-Ocean Plastics Leadership Network (OPLN) amalungu angama-90 e-activist-to-industry umbutho udityaniswa neGreenpeace kunye neWWF ukuvelisa uthotho lwengxoxo olusebenzayo. Amazwe angamashumi asixhenxe ananye acela isivumelwano seplastiki yehlabathi jikelele ecaleni kwee-NGO, kunye neenkampani ezinkulu ezingama-30. Amaqela afuna ingxelo ecacileyo ngeeplastiki kubomi babo bonke ukuze baphendule ngayo yonke into eyenziwayo kunye nendlela ephathwa ngayo, kodwa kusekho izithuba ezinkulu zokungavisisani eziseleyo.

Parker, L. (2021, Juni 8). Isivumelwano sehlabathi sokulawula ungcoliseko lweplastiki sifumana amandla. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/global-treaty-to-regulate-plastic-pollution-gains-momentum

Kwihlabathi jikelele kukho iinkcazo ezisixhenxe zento ethathwa njengengxowa yeplastiki kwaye iza nemithetho eyahlukeneyo kwilizwe ngalinye. I-ajenda yomnqophiso wehlabathi igxile ekufumaneni iseti ehambelanayo yeenkcazo kunye nemigangatho, ukulungelelaniswa kweethagethi zesizwe kunye nezicwangciso, izivumelwano malunga nemigangatho yokunika ingxelo, kunye nokudalwa kwengxowa-mali yokunceda ukuxhasa ngemali izibonelelo zolawulo lwenkunkuma apho zifuneka kakhulu kuphuhliso oluncinci. amazwe.

IWorld Wildlife Foundation, iEllen MacArthur Foundation, kunye neBoston Consulting Group. (2020). Imeko yoShishino lweSivumelwano se-UN malunga noNgcoliseko lwePlastiki. I-WWF, i-Ellen MacArthur Foundation, kunye ne-BCG. https://f.hubspotusercontent20.net/hubfs/4783129/ Plastics/UN%20treaty%20plastic%20poll%20report%20a4_ single_pages_v15-web-prerelease-3mb.pdf

Iinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe kunye namashishini abizwa ukuba axhase isivumelwano seplastiki yehlabathi, kuba ungcoliseko lweplastiki luya kuchaphazela ikamva lamashishini. Iinkampani ezininzi zijongene nemingcipheko yodumo, njengoko abathengi besazi ngakumbi imingcipheko yeplastiki kwaye bafuna ukucaca okujikeleze ikhonkco lokubonelela ngeplastiki. Abasebenzi bafuna ukusebenza kwiinkampani ezinenjongo ezintle, abatyali-mali bajonge phambili ukucinga iinkampani ezivakalayo zokusingqongileyo, kwaye abalawuli bakhuthaza imigaqo-nkqubo yokujongana nengxaki yeplastiki. Kumashishini, isivumelwano se-UN malunga nongcoliseko lweplastiki siya kunciphisa ukuntsonkotha kokusebenza kunye nomthetho owahlukileyo kwiindawo zentengiso, ukwenza kube lula ukunika ingxelo, kunye nokunceda ukuphucula amathemba okuhlangabezana neenjongo zenkampani. Eli lithuba lokukhokela iinkampani zehlabathi ukuba zibe phambili kutshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo wokuphucula umhlaba wethu.

I-Arhente yoPhando lweNdalo. (2020, Juni). INgqungquthela yoNgcoliseko lwePlastiki: Ngokubhekisele kwiSivumelwano esitsha sehlabathi sokujongana noNgcoliseko lwePlastiki. I-Arhente yoPhando lweNdalo kunye neGaia. https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Convention-on-Plastic-Pollution-June- 2020-Iphepha-Manye.pdf.

Amazwe angamalungu kwiiNgqungquthela zePlastiki achonge iindawo ezi-4 eziphambili apho isakhelo sehlabathi siyimfuneko: ukubeka iliso/ukunika ingxelo, ukuthintela ukungcoliseka kweplastiki, ulungelelwaniso lwehlabathi, kunye nenkxaso yobugcisa/yemali. Ukubek'esweni kunye nokuNika iNgxelo kuya kusekelwa kwizalathisi ezibini: indlela ephezulu ezantsi yokubeka iliso kungcoliseko lweplastiki lwangoku, kunye nendlela esezantsi ukuya phezulu yokunika ingxelo yokuvuza kwedatha. Ukudala iindlela zehlabathi zokunika ingxelo emgangathweni kumjikelo wobomi beplastiki kuya kukhuthaza inguqu kulwakhiwo loqoqosho olusetyhula. Uthintelo longcoliseko lwePlastiki luya kunceda ukwazisa izicwangciso zezenzo zesizwe, kunye nokujongana nemiba ethile efana ne-microplastics kunye nokubekwa emgangathweni kwikhonkco lexabiso leplastiki. Ulungelelwaniso lwamazwe ngamazwe kwimithombo esekwe elwandle yeplastiki, urhwebo lwenkunkuma, kunye nongcoliseko lweekhemikhali kuya kunceda ukwandisa i-biodiversity ngelixa kusandiswa ukutshintshiselana ngolwazi lwengingqi. Okokugqibela, inkxaso yobugcisa neyezemali iya kwandisa ukwenziwa kwezigqibo zenzululwazi nezentlalo noqoqosho, ngeli xesha incedisa inguqu yamazwe asaphuhlayo.

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3.2 IPhaneli yoMgaqo-nkqubo weNzululwazi

Amazwe adbeneyo. (2023, ngoJanuwari-Februwari). Ingxelo yenxalenye yesibini yeseshoni yokuqala yeqela elisebenzayo elivulekileyo le-ad hoc kwiphaneli yomgaqo-nkqubo wesayensi ukwenza igalelo ngakumbi kulawulo oluvakalayo lweekhemikhali kunye nenkunkuma kunye nokuthintela ungcoliseko.. Iqela elisebenzayo elivulelekileyo kwiphaneli yomgaqo-nkqubo wesayensi ukufaka isandla ngakumbi kulawulo oluvakalayo lweekhemikhali kunye nenkunkuma kunye nokuthintela ungcoliseko Iseshoni yokuqala eNairobi, 6 Okthobha 2022 naseBangkok, Thailand. https://www.unep.org/oewg1.2-ssp-chemicals-waste-pollution

Iqela elisebenzayo leZizwe eziManyeneyo (i-OEWG) kwiphaneli yomgaqo-nkqubo wesayensi ukufaka isandla ngakumbi kulawulo oluvakalayo lweekhemikhali kunye nenkunkuma kunye nokuthintela ungcoliseko lwabanjelwa eBangkok, ukusuka kwi-30 kaJanuwari ukuya kwi-3 kaFebruwari 2023. Ngexesha lentlanganiso , isisombululo 5 / 8, iNgqungquthela yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yokusiNgqongileyo (i-UNEA) yagqiba ekubeni igqiza lomgaqo-nkqubo wenzululwazi lifanele lisekwe ukuze libe negalelo ngakumbi kulawulo oluvakalayo lwemichiza nenkunkuma nokuthintela ungcoliseko. I-UNEA yagqiba ekubeni ibize, ngokuxhomekeke kubukho bezibonelelo, i-OEWG ukulungiselela izindululo zephaneli yomgaqo-nkqubo wesayensi, ukuqalisa umsebenzi ngo-2022 ngomnqweno wokuwugqiba ekupheleni kuka-2024. Ingxelo yokugqibela evela kwintlanganiso ingaba ifunyenwe Apha. 

Wang, Z. et al. (2021) Sifuna iqumrhu lomgaqo-nkqubo wenzululwazi kwihlabathi kwiikhemikhali kunye nenkunkuma. Inzululwazi. 371(6531) E:774-776. DOI: 10.1126/science.abe9090 | Elinye ikhonkco: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abe9090

Amazwe amaninzi kunye neemanyano zezopolitiko zengingqi zinemigaqo yolawulo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokulawula imichiza kunye nenkunkuma ehambelana nemisebenzi yabantu ukunciphisa ubungozi kwimpilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ezi zicwangciso-nkqubo zincediswa kwaye zandiswe ngentshukumo edibeneyo yamazwe ngamazwe, ingakumbi enxulumene nongcoliseko oluhamba uhambo olude ngezothutho ngomoya, ngamanzi, kunye ne-biota; ukunqumla imida yelizwe ngorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe lwemithombo, iimveliso, kunye nenkcitho; okanye abakhoyo kumazwe amaninzi (1). Kukho inkqubela esele yenziwe, kodwa iGlobal Chemicals Outlook (GCO-II) evela kwiNkqubo yokusiNgqongileyo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo (UNEP) (1) iye yahlaba ikhwelo “ekuqinisweni[] konxibelelwano lomgaqo-nkqubo wesayensi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenzululwazi ekubekeni iliso kwinkqubela phambili; ukubeka izinto ezibalulekileyo, kunye nokwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo kuwo wonke umjikelo wobomi bemichiza nenkunkuma.” Nge-UN Environment Assembly (UNEA) kungekudala idibana ukuxoxa ngendlela yokuqinisa i-interface yomgaqo-nkqubo wesayensi kwiikhemikhali kunye nenkunkuma (2), sihlalutya i-landscape kwaye sichaze iingcebiso zokuseka iqumrhu elibanzi kwiikhemikhali kunye nenkunkuma.

Inkqubo yeNdawo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo (2020). Uvavanyo lweeNdlela eziKhethekileyo zokuQinisa iNdibaniselwano yoMgaqo-nkqubo weNzululwazi kwiNqanaba laMazwe ngaMazwe loLawulo oluLungileyo lweMichiza kunye neNkunkuma. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/33808/ OSSP.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Imfuno engxamisekileyo yokomeleza unxibelelwano lomgaqo-nkqubo wesayensi kuwo onke amanqanaba ukuxhasa nokukhuthaza intshukumo yesayensi yasekhaya, yesizwe, yengingqi neyehlabathi ngolawulo oluvakalayo lweekhemikhali kunye nenkunkuma ngaphaya kowama-2020; ukusetyenziswa kwenzululwazi ekubekeni iliso kwinkqubela phambili; ukusetwa okuphambili kunye nokwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo kubomi bonke bamachiza kunye nenkunkuma, kuthathelwa ingqalelo izikhewu kunye nolwazi lwenzululwazi kumazwe asakhulayo.

Fadeeva, Z., & Van Berkel, R. (2021, January). Ukuvula uqoqosho lwesetyhula ukuze kuthintelwe ungcoliseko lweplastiki yaselwandle: Uphononongo lomgaqo-nkqubo we-G20 kunye namanyathelo.. Ijenali yoLawulo lokusiNgqongileyo. 277(111457). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111457

Kukho ukuqondwa okukhulayo kwehlabathi jikelele kwenkunkuma yaselwandle kwaye siphinde sicinge ngokutsha indlela yethu yeplastiki kunye nokupakishwa, kwaye ichaza imilinganiselo yokuvumela inguqu kuqoqosho olujikelezayo oluya kulwa iiplastiki ezisetyenziselwa enye kunye nezinto zazo zangaphandle ezimbi. La manyathelo athatha uhlobo lwesindululo somgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe e-G20.

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3.3 Izilungiso zeNkunkuma yePlastiki yeNgqungquthela yaseBasel

Inkqubo yeNdawo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. (2023). INgqungquthela yaseBasel. Amazwe adbeneyo. http://www.basel.int/Implementation/Plasticwaste/Overview/ tabid/8347/Default.aspx

Esi senzo sikhuthazwe sisigqibo esamkelwe yiNkomfa yamaQela kwiNgqungquthela yaseBasel BC-14/12 eyathi ngayo yahlomela iSihlomelo II, VIII nese-IX kwiNgqungquthela ngokunxulumene nenkunkuma yeplastiki. Amakhonkco aluncedo aquka imephu yebali elitsha kwi 'Inkunkuma yePlastiki kunye neNgqungquthela yaseBasel' ebonelela ngedatha ngokubonakalayo ngeevidiyo kunye ne-infographics ukuchaza indima ye-Basel Convention ye-Plastiki yoLungiso lweNkunkuma yePlastiki ekulawuleni iintshukumo ezinqamlezileyo, ukuqhubela phambili ulawulo oluvakalayo kokusingqongileyo, kunye nokukhuthaza uthintelo kunye nokunciphisa ukuveliswa kwenkunkuma yeplastiki. 

Inkqubo yeNdawo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. (2023). Ukulawula iMida yokuHamba kweNkunkuma eyiNgozi kunye nokuLahlwa kwayo. INgqungquthela yaseBasel. Amazwe adbeneyo. http://www.basel.int/Implementation/Plasticwastes/PlasticWaste Partnership/tabid/8096/Default.aspx

Intsebenziswano yeNkunkuma yePlastiki (PWP) iye yasekwa phantsi kweNgqungquthela yaseBasel, ukuphucula nokukhuthaza ulawulo olulungileyo kokusingqongileyo (ESM) lwenkunkuma yeplastiki nokuthintela nokunciphisa ukuveliswa kwayo. Inkqubo yongamele okanye ixhase iiprojekthi ezilingwayo ezingama-23 ukukhuthaza isenzo. Ezi projekthi zijonge ukukhuthaza uthintelo lwenkunkuma, ukuphucula ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma, ukulungisa imida yenkunkuma yeplastiki enqumla imida, nokubonelela ngemfundo nokwazisa ngongcoliseko lweplastiki njengento eyingozi.

Benson, E. & Mortsensen, S. (2021, Okthobha 7). Ingqungquthela yaseBasel: Ukusuka kwiNkunkuma enobungozi ukuya kuNgcoliseko lwePlastiki. Iziko leSifundo seQhinga kunye nezaMazwe ngaMazwe. https://www.csis.org/analysis/basel-convention-hazardous-waste-plastic-pollution

Eli nqaku lenza umsebenzi omhle wokuchaza iziseko zengqungquthela yaseBasel kubaphulaphuli abaqhelekileyo. Ingxelo ye-CSIS ibandakanya ukusekwa kweNgqungquthela yaseBasel ngeminyaka yoo-1980 ukujongana nenkunkuma eyityhefu. iNgqungquthela yaseBasel yatyikitywa ngamazwe angama-53 kunye noMbutho woQoqosho waseYurophu (EEC) ukunceda ukulawula urhwebo lwenkunkuma eyingozi kunye nokunciphisa ukuthuthwa okungafunwayo kweenqanawa ezinetyhefu oorhulumente abangavumanga ukuzifumana. Eli nqaku likwabonelela ngolwazi ngothotho lwemibuzo kunye neempendulo ezibandakanya ukuba ngubani otyikitye isivumelwano, ziya kuba yintoni iziphumo zolungiso lweplastiki, kwaye yintoni elandelayo. Isakhelo sokuqala se-Basel sidale indawo yokuphehlelelwa ukulungisa ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma okuthe gqolo, nangona oku kuyinxenye yesicwangciso-qhinga esikhulu esifunekayo ukufezekisa ngokwenene uqoqosho olujikelezayo.

I-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo yase-US. (2022, Juni 22). IiMfuno eziNtsha zaMazwe ngaMazwe zoThunyelo kumazwe angaphandle kunye nokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kwePlastiki eRecyclables kunye neNkunkuma. EPA. https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/new-international-requirements-export-and-import-plastic-recyclables-and-waste

NgoMeyi ka-2019, amazwe ali-187 athintele urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe ngeplastiki ezilahliweyo/ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe ngeNgqungquthela ye-Basel yoLawulo lokuHanjiswa kweMida yeNkunkuma eyiNgozi kunye nokuLahlwa kwayo. Ukuqala nge-1 kaJanuwari 2021 izinto ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe kunye nenkunkuma zivumelekile ukuba zithunyelwe kumazwe anemvume ebhaliweyo yangaphambili yelizwe elingenisayo kunye nawo nawaphi na amazwe ahambayo. I-United States ayiloqela langoku leNgqungquthela yase-Basel, nto leyo ethetha ukuba naliphi na ilizwe elityikitye iSivumelwano sase-Basel alinako ukurhweba ngenkunkuma ethintelwe yi-Basel kunye ne-US (iqela elingekho qela) ngokungabikho kwezivumelwano ezimiswe kwangaphambili phakathi kwamazwe. Ezi mfuno zijolise ekujonganeni nokulahlwa ngokungafanelekanga kwenkunkuma yeplastiki kunye nokunciphisa ukuvuza okuhambayo ukuya kokusingqongileyo. Ibiyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba amazwe ahambele phambili athumele iplastiki yawo kumazwe asakhasayo, kodwa le miqathango mitsha ikwenza kube nzima ngakumbi oku.

BUYELA Phezulu

4. UQoqosho lweSetyhula

Gorrasi, G., Sorrentino, A., & Lichtfouse, E. (2021). Buyela kungcoliseko lweplastiki ngamaxesha e-COVID. Iileta zeKhemistri yokuSingqongileyo. 19(iphe.1-4). I-HAL yeNzululwazi eVulekileyo. https://hal.science/hal-02995236

Isiphithiphithi kunye nokungxamiseka okubangelwe ngubhubhani we-COVID-19 kukhokelele kwimveliso yeplastiki yefosili eyenziwe ngamafutha amakhulu etyeshela imigangatho echazwe kwimigaqo-nkqubo yokusingqongileyo. Eli nqaku ligxininisa ukuba izisombululo zoqoqosho oluzinzileyo kunye nolwesetyhula zifuna ukuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha, ukufundiswa kwabathengi kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu ukuzimisela kwezopolitiko.

Uqoqosho oluhambelanayo, uqoqosho lokurisayikilisha, kunye noqoqosho lweSetyhula
Gorrasi, G., Sorrentino, A., & Lichtfouse, E. (2021). Buyela kungcoliseko lweplastiki ngamaxesha e-COVID. Iileta zeKhemistri yokuSingqongileyo. 19(iphe.1-4). I-HAL yeNzululwazi eVulekileyo. https://hal.science/hal-02995236

Iziko loMthetho wokuSingqongileyo waMazwe ngaMazwe. (2023, Matshi). Ngaphaya Kokurisayikilisha: Ukubala ngePlastiki kuQoqosho lweSetyhula. Iziko loMthetho wokuSingqongileyo waMazwe ngaMazwe. https://www.ciel.org/reports/circular-economy-analysis/ 

Ibhalelwe abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo, le ngxelo ithi makuqwalaselwe ngakumbi xa kuyilwa imithetho emalunga neplastiki. Ngokukodwa ukuphikisana kombhali ukuba kuninzi ekufuneka kwenziwe ngokubhekiselele kwityhefu yeplastiki, kufuneka kuvunywe ukuba ukutshisa iplastiki akuyonxalenye yoqoqosho lwesetyhula, ukuba uyilo olukhuselekileyo lunokuthathwa njengesetyhula, kwaye ukugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu kuyimfuneko. ukufikelela kuqoqosho olujikelezayo. imigaqo-nkqubo okanye iinkqubo zobugcisa ezifuna ukuqhubela phambili kunye nokwandiswa kokuveliswa kweplastiki azikwazi ukubhalwa njengesetyhula, kwaye ke akufanele zithathwe njengezisombululo kwintlekele yehlabathi yeplastiki. Okokugqibela, umbhali uxela ukuba nasiphi na isivumelwano esitsha sehlabathi malunga neeplastiki, umzekelo, kufuneka sichazwe kwizithintelo zokuveliswa kweeplastiki kunye nokupheliswa kweekhemikhali eziyityhefu kwikhonkco lokubonelela ngeeplastiki.

I-Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2022, Novemba 2). Ingxelo yeNkqubela kwiGlobal Commitment 2022. Inkqubo yeNdawo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. https://emf.thirdlight.com/link/f6oxost9xeso-nsjoqe/@/# 

Uvavanyo lufumanise ukuba iinjongo ezibekwe ziinkampani zokuphumeza i-100% enokuphinda isetyenziswe, iphinde isetyenziswe, iphinde isetyenziswe, okanye ipakishwe nge-compostable ngo-2025 phantse ngokuqinisekileyo ayizufikelelwa kwaye iya kuphoswa ziithagethi eziphambili zika-2025 kuqoqosho olujikelezayo. Ingxelo yaqaphela ukuba inkqubela phambili eyomeleleyo iyenziwa, kodwa ithemba lokungafikeleli usukelo lomeleza imfuneko yokukhawulezisa inyathelo kwaye lixoxa ngokudityaniswa kokukhula kweshishini ekusetyenzisweni kokupakisha kunye nenyathelo elikhawulezileyo elifunekayo ngoorhulumente ukukhuthaza utshintsho. Le ngxelo luphawu oluphambili kwabo bafuna ukuqonda imeko yangoku yezibophelelo zenkampani ekunciphiseni iplastiki ngelixa inikezela ukugxeka okufunekayo kumashishini ukuba athathe amanyathelo angaphezulu.

Uxolo oluluhlaza. (2022, Oktobha 14). Amabango eSetyhula awela phantsi kwakhona. Iingxelo zeGreenpeace. https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/reports/circular-claims-fall-flat-again/

Njengohlaziyo kuphononongo lweGreenpeace lowama-2020, ababhali baphonononga ibango labo langaphambili lokuba umqhubi wezoqoqosho wokuqokelela, ukuhlela, kunye nokuphinda kuhlaziywe iimveliso zeplastiki zasemva kwabathengi kunokwenzeka ukuba mandundu njengoko imveliso yeplastiki isanda. Ababhali bafumanisa ukuba kule minyaka mibini idlulileyo eli bango lingqinwe liyinyani ngeentlobo ezithile zeebhotile zeplastiki eziphinda zisetyenziswe ngokusemthethweni. Eli phepha liye laxoxa ngezizathu zokuba kutheni ukurisayikilishwa koomatshini kunye neekhemikhali kusilele kubandakanywa ukuba imosha kwaye iyityhefu kangakanani inkqubo yokurisayikilishwa nokuba ayiyonga. Okubalulekileyo amanyathelo angakumbi kufuneka enziwe ngokukhawuleza ukulungisa ingxaki ekhulayo yongcoliseko lweplastiki.

Hocevar, J. (2020, ngoFebruwari 18). Ingxelo: Amabango eSetyhula awa phantsi. Uxolo oluluhlaza. https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Greenpeace-Report-Circular-Claims-Fall-Flat.pdf

Uhlalutyo lokuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma yeplastiki yangoku, ukuhlenga-hlengiswa, kunye nokulungiswa kwakhona e-US ukufumanisa ukuba iimveliso zinokubizwa ngokusemthethweni "zinokuphinda zisetyenziswe". Uhlalutyo lufumanise ukuba phantse zonke izinto eziqhelekileyo zongcoliseko lweplastiki, kubandakanywa nenkonzo yokutya esetyenziswa kanye kunye neemveliso eziluncedo, azinakuphinda zisetyenziswe ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo ezivela koomasipala abaziqokelelayo kodwa bangaphinde basetyenziswe kwimikhono eshwabeneyo yeplastiki ekwiibhotile ezenza zingaphinde zisetyenziswe. Jonga ngasentla ngengxelo ehlaziyiweyo ka-2022.

I-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo yase-US. (2021, Novemba). ISicwangciso seSizwe sokuRisayikilisha iCandelo lokuQala loNxibelelwano loKwakha uQoqosho lweSetyhula kumntu wonke. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-11/final-national-recycling-strategy.pdf

ISicwangciso seSizwe sokuRisayikilisha sigxile ekwandiseni nasekuqhubeleni phambili inkqubo yokurisayikilisha yenkunkuma eqinileyo kamasipala (MSW) kazwelonke kunye nenjongo yokudala ulawulo lwenkunkuma olunamandla, olukwaziyo ukumelana neendleko kunye nenkqubo yokurisayikilisha ngaphakathi eMelika. Iinjongo zale ngxelo ziquka ukuphuculwa kweemarike zeempahla ezisetyenzisiweyo, ukwanda kokuqokelelwa kunye nokuphuculwa kweziseko zophuhliso lolawulo lwenkunkuma, ukuncitshiswa kokungcoliseka kumjelo wemathiriyeli esetyenzisiweyo, kunye nokwanda kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokuxhasa ukujikeleza. Ngelixa ukurisayikilishwa kungayisombululi umba wongcoliseko lweplastiki, esi sicwangciso-qhinga sinokunceda ukukhokela iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuqhubela phambili kuqoqosho olujikelezayo. Phawula ukuba, icandelo lokugqibela lale ngxelo linikela isishwankathelo esimangalisayo somsebenzi owenziwa yimibutho yaseburhulumenteni eUnited States.

Ngaphaya kweePlastiki (2022, May). Ingxelo: INyaniso yokwenyani malunga neRayithi yokuRecycling yePlastiki yase-US. UkuCoca koLwandle lokugqibela. https://www.lastbeachcleanup.org/_files/ ugd/dba7d7_9450ed6b848d4db098de1090df1f9e99.pdf 

Izinga langoku lokurisayikilishwa kweplastiki ngo-2021 liqikelelwa ukuba liphakathi kwe-5 kunye ne-6%. Ukufakela ilahleko eyongezelelweyo engalinganiswanga, njengenkunkuma yeplastiki eqokelelwe phantsi kohanahaniso “lokurisayikilishwa” olutshisiweyo, endaweni yoko, izinga lokwenyani lase-US lokurisayikilishwa kweplastiki linokuba ngaphantsi nangakumbi. Oku kubalulekile njengoko amaxabiso ekhadibhodi kunye nentsimbi ephezulu kakhulu. Ingxelo ke ibonelela ngesishwankathelo esinobukrelekrele sembali yenkunkuma yeplastiki, ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle, kunye namaxabiso okurisayikilishwa e-United States kwaye ixoxa ngezenzo ezinciphisa inani leplastiki esetyenzisiweyo njengokuvalwa kokusetyenziswa kweplastiki enye, izikhululo zokuzalisa amanzi, kunye nesitya esinokuphinda sisetyenziswe. iinkqubo.

UQoqosho olutsha lwePlastiki. (2020). Umbono weSetyhula yoQoqosho lwePlastiki. PDF

Iimpawu ezintandathu ezifunekayo ukuphumeza uqoqosho olusetyhula zezi: (a) ukupheliswa kweplastiki eyingxaki okanye engeyomfuneko; (b) izinto ziphinda zisetyenziswe ukunciphisa imfuneko yokusetyenziswa kweplastiki enye; (c) yonke iplastiki kufuneka iphinde isetyenziswe, iphinde isetyenziswe, okanye ivundiswe; (d) zonke iipakethe ziphinda zisetyenziswe, zisetyenziswe ngokutsha, okanye zenziwe umgquba; (e) iplastiki yahlulwa kusetyenziso lwemithombo elinganiselweyo; (f) zonke iipakethe zeplastiki azinazo iikhemikhali eziyingozi kwaye amalungelo abo bonke abantu ayahlonitshwa. Uxwebhu oluthe ngqo lufundeka ngokukhawuleza kuye nabani na onomdla kwezona ndlela zingcono kuqoqosho lwesetyhula ngaphandle kweenkcukacha ezithe kratya.

Fadeeva, Z., & Van Berkel, R. (2021, January). Ukuvula uqoqosho lwesetyhula ukuze kuthintelwe ungcoliseko lweplastiki yaselwandle: Uphononongo lomgaqo-nkqubo we-G20 kunye namanyathelo.. Ijenali yoLawulo lokusiNgqongileyo. 277(111457). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111457

Kukho ukuqondwa okukhulayo kwehlabathi jikelele kwenkunkuma yaselwandle kwaye siphinde sicinge ngokutsha indlela yethu yeplastiki kunye nokupakishwa, kwaye ichaza imilinganiselo yokuvumela inguqu kuqoqosho olujikelezayo oluya kulwa iiplastiki ezisetyenziselwa enye kunye nezinto zazo zangaphandle ezimbi. La manyathelo athatha uhlobo lwesindululo somgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe e-G20.

Nunez, C. (2021, Septemba 30). Iingcamango ezine eziphambili zokwakha uqoqosho lwesetyhula. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/paid-content-four-key-ideas-to-building-a-circular-economy-for-plastics

Iingcali kuwo wonke amacandelo ziyavuma ukuba sinokwenza inkqubo esebenzayo ngakumbi apho izixhobo ziphinda zisetyenziswe ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Ngo-2021, i-American Beverage Association (ABA) phantse yabiza iqela leengcaphephe, kuquka iinkokeli zokusingqongileyo, abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo, kunye nabasunguli bequmrhu, ukuze baxoxe ngendima yeplastiki ekupakishweni kwabathengi, ukuveliswa kwekamva, kunye neenkqubo zokurisayikilishwa, kunye nesakhelo esikhulu. ukuthathela ingqalelo izisombululo eziguquguqukayo zoqoqosho lwesetyhula. 

Meys, R., Frick, F., Westhues, S., Sternberg, A., Klankermayer, J., & Bardow, A. (2020, Novemba). Ukusingise kuqoqosho lwesetyhula yokupakishwa kwenkunkuma yeplastiki - amandla okusingqongileyo okurisayikilishwa kweekhemikhali. Izibonelelo, uLondolozo kunye nokuRisayikilishwa. 162(105010). DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105010.

Keijer, T., Bakker, V., & Slootweg, JC (2019, February 21). Isetyhula chemistry ukwenza uqoqosho lwesetyhula. I-Nature Chemistry. 11(190-195). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-019-0226-9

Ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwezibonelelo kunye nokwenza i-closed-loop, ishishini lemichiza elingenankunkuma, i-linear consume then dispose economy kufuneka itshintshwe. Ukwenza oku, iingqwalasela zokuzinza kwemveliso kufuneka zibandakanye umjikelo wobomi bayo bonke kwaye ijolise ekutshintsheni indlela yomgca ngekhemistri esetyhula. 

Spalding, M. (2018, April 23). Ungavumeli iPlastiki ingene eLwandle. Isiseko soLwandle. earthday.org/2018/05/02/musa-kuvumela-iplastiki-ingene-elwandle

Inqaku eliphambili elenzelwe iNgxoxo yokuphelisa uNgcoliseko lwePlastiki kwi-Embassy yaseFinland ibeka umba weplastiki elwandle. I-Spalding ixoxa ngeengxaki zeeplastiki elwandle, ukuba iiplastiki ezisetyenziswa kanyekanye zidlala njani indima, kunye nokuba zivela phi iiplastiki. Uthintelo ngundoqo, ungabi yinxalenye yengxaki, kwaye isenzo somntu sisiqalo esihle. Ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kunye nokunciphisa inkunkuma kubalulekile.

Buyela phezulu

5. I-Chemistry eluhlaza

Tan, V. (2020, Matshi 24). Ngaba i-Bio-plastiki sisisombululo esiZinzileyo? TEDx IiNtetho. YouTube. https://youtu.be/Kjb7AlYOSgo.

Iiplastiki zeBio zinokuba zizisombululo kwimveliso yeplastiki esekwe kwipetroleum, kodwa i-bioplastics ayiyeki ingxaki yenkunkuma yeplastiki. Ii-Bioplastics okwangoku zibiza kakhulu kwaye azifumaneki lula xa kuthelekiswa neeplastiki ezisekwe kwipetroleum. Ngaphaya koko, ii-bioplastics azikho ngcono kwindalo esingqongileyo kuneeplastiki ezisekwe kwipetroleum njengoko ezinye iiplastiki zebhayoloji zingayi kuthotywa ngokwendalo kokusingqongileyo. I-Bioplastics yodwa ayikwazi ukusombulula ingxaki yethu yeplastiki, kodwa ingaba yinxalenye yesisombululo. Sifuna umthetho obanzi ngakumbi kunye nokuphunyezwa okuqinisekisiweyo okubandakanya imveliso yeplastiki, ukusetyenziswa, kunye nokulahlwa.

Tickner, J., Jacobs, M. kunye noBrody, C. (2023, February 25). IKhemistri ifuna ngokuNgxamisekileyo ukuphuhlisa iMathiriyeli eKhuselekileyo. Inzululwazi yaseMelika. www.scientificamerican.com/article/chemistry-urgently-needs-to-develop-safer-materials/

Ababhali bathi ukuba siza kuphelisa iziganeko eziyingozi zeekhemikhali ezenza abantu kunye ne-ecosystems bagule, kufuneka sijongane nokuxhomekeka kobuntu kule michiza kunye neenkqubo zokuvelisa ezifunekayo ukuze zenze. Okufunekayo zizisombululo ezonga imali, ezisebenza kakuhle, nezizinzileyo.

Neitzert, T. (2019, Agasti 2). Kutheni iiplastiki ezivundisiweyo zisenokungabi ngcono kokusingqongileyo. Incoko. theconversation.com/why-compostable-plastics-may-be-no-better-for-the-environment-100016

Njengoko umhlaba usuka usuka kwiiplastiki ezisetyenziselwa enye into, iimveliso ezintsha ezinokubolisa okanye ezivundisiweyo zibonakala zingcono kunezinye iplastiki, kodwa zinokuba zimbi ngokusingqongileyo. Uninzi lwengxaki ilele kwisigama, ukunqongophala kokurisayikilisha okanye iziseko zokwenziwa komgquba, kunye netyhefu yeeplastiki ezonakeleyo. Umjikelo wobomi bemveliso uphela kufuneka uhlalutywe phambi kokuba ubhalwe njengenye indlela engcono kuneplastiki.

Gibbens, S. (2018, Novemba 15). Yintoni ekufuneka uyazi malunga nePlastiki esekwe kwiZityalo. National Geographic. nationalgeographic.com.au/nature/what-you-need-to-now-about-plant-based-plastics.aspx

Ngokujonga nje, i-bioplastics ibonakala ngathi yeyona ndlela ilungileyo kwiiplastiki, kodwa inyaniso inzima kakhulu. I-Bioplastic ibonelela ngesisombululo sokunciphisa ukutshiswa kwamafutha efosili, kodwa inokwazisa ungcoliseko oluninzi olusuka kwizichumisi kunye nomhlaba omninzi uphambukiswa kwimveliso yokutya. Ii-Bioplastics zikwacingelwa ukuba zenze kancinci ekumiseni isixa seplastiki esingena emijelweni yamanzi.

Steinmark, I. (2018, Novemba 5). Ibhaso leNobel liwongwe ngokuPhucula iiCatalysts zeKhemistry eziLuhlaza. Umbutho wasebukhosini weChemistry. eic.rsc.org/soundbite/nobel-prize-awarded-for-evolving-green-chemistry-catalysts/3009709.article

UFrances Arnold ngomnye walo nyaka weNobel Laureates kwichemistry ngomsebenzi wakhe kwiDirected Evolution (DE), ikhemikhali eluhlaza ye-biochemical hack apho iiprotheyini / ii-enzyme zitshintshwa ngokungenamkhethe amaxesha amaninzi, emva koko zihlolwe ukufumanisa ukuba zeziphi ezisebenza ngcono. Inokuguqula ishishini lemichiza.

Uxolo oluluhlaza. (2020, Septemba 9). Ukukhohliswa ngamaNani: Amabango eBhunga leKhemistri yaseMelika malunga notyalo-mali lokurisayikilisha kweekhemikhali alukwazi ukubambelela ekuphononongweni.. Uxolo oluluhlaza. www.greenpeace.org/usa/research/deception-by-the-numbers

Amaqela, afana ne-American Chemistry Council (ACC), baye bakhuthaza ukuphinda kusetyenziswe imichiza njengesisombululo kwingxaki yongcoliseko lweplastiki, kodwa ukwenzeka kokuphinda kusetyenziswe imichiza kuhlala kuthandabuzeka. Ukurisayikilishwa kwakhona kweekhemikhali okanye “ukurisayikilishwa okuphucukileyo” kubhekiselele kwiplastiki ukuya kumafutha, inkunkuma kwipetroli, okanye iplastiki ukuya kwiplastiki kwaye isebenzisa izinyibilikisi ezahlukeneyo ukuthoba iipholima zeplastiki zibe ziibhloko zazo zokwakha ezisisiseko. IGreenpeace ifumanise ukuba ngaphantsi kweepesenti ezingama-50 zeeprojekthi ze-ACC zokurisayikilisha ezikumgangatho ophezulu beziziprojekthi ezikholelekayo zokurisayikilishwa kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe iplastiki ukuya kwiplastiki kubonakalisa amathuba amancinane okuba nempumelelo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku abahlawuli berhafu babonelele ngezigidi ezingama-506 zeerandi ubuncinci ukuxhasa ezi projekthi zokungaqinisekanga ngokusebenza. Abathengi kunye nabavoti kufuneka bazazi iingxaki zezisombululo - njengokuphinda kusetyenziswe iikhemikhali - ezingayi kusombulula ingxaki yongcoliseko lweplastiki.

Buyela phezulu

6. IPlastiki kunye neMpilo yoLwandle

Miller, EA, Yamahara, KM, French, C., Spingarn, N., Birch, JM, & Van Houtan, KS (2022). Ithala leencwadi lereferensi yeRaman enokubakho kwi-anthropogenic kunye neepolima zolwandle zebhayoloji. Idatha yezeNzululwazi, i-9 (1), i-1-9. DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01883-5

I-Microplastics ifunyenwe kwii-degrees ezigqithisileyo kwi-ecosystems yaselwandle kunye ne-webs yokutya, nangona kunjalo, ukusombulula le ngxaki yehlabathi, abaphandi baye benza inkqubo yokuchonga ukubunjwa kwepolymer. Le nkqubo - ekhokelwa yiMonterey Bay Aquarium kunye ne-MBARI (i-Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute) - iya kunceda ukulandelela imithombo yongcoliseko lweplastiki ngokusebenzisa ithala leencwadi le-Raman spectral. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi njengoko iindleko zeendlela zibeka imiqobo kwithala leencwadi le-polymer spectra xa kuthelekiswa. Abaphandi banethemba lokuba le datha entsha kunye nethala leencwadi lereferensi liza kunceda ukuququzelela inkqubela kwintlekele yongcoliseko lweplastiki yehlabathi.

Zhao, S., Zettler, E., Amaral-Zettler, L., kunye neMincer, T. (2020, Septemba 2). I-Microbial Capacity Capacity kunye neCarbon Biomass yePlastiki yaseLwandle iDebris. Ijenali ye-ISME. 15, 67-77. DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00756-2

Ubutyobo beplastiki yolwandle bufunyenwe ukuthutha izinto eziphilayo ukuwela ulwandle kunye neendawo ezintsha. Olu phononongo lufumanise ukuba iplastiki inika indawo enkulu yomphezulu wekholoni ye-microbial kunye nenani elikhulu le-biomass kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo zinamandla aphezulu okuchaphazela i-biodiversity kunye nemisebenzi ye-ikholoji.

Abbing, M. (2019, Epreli). Isuphu yePlastiki: IAtlasi yoNgcoliseko loLwandle. Island Press.

Ukuba ihlabathi liyaqhubeka nendlela yalo yangoku, kuya kubakho iplastiki eninzi elwandle kuneentlanzi ngowama-2050. Ehlabathini lonke, mzuzu ngamnye kukho into elingana nelori yenkunkuma elahlwa elwandle yaye elo zinga liyanda. Isobho sePlastiki sijonga unobangela kunye neziphumo zongcoliseko lweplastiki kwaye yintoni enokwenziwa ukukunqanda.

Spalding, M. (2018, Juni). Indlela yokuyeka iiplastiki zingcolise ulwandle lwethu. Unobangela weHlabathi. globalcause.co.uk/plastic/how-to-stop-plastics-polluting-our-ocean/

Iplastiki elwandle iwela kwiindidi ezintathu: inkunkuma yaselwandle, i-microplastics, kunye ne-microfibres. Zonke ezi zinto ziyingozi kwimpilo yaselwandle kwaye zibulala ngokungakhethiyo. Ukhetho lomntu ngamnye lubalulekile, abantu abaninzi kufuneka bakhethe izinto ezithatha indawo yeplastiki kuba utshintsho olungaguqukiyo lokuziphatha luyanceda.

Attenborough, Sir D. (2018, Juni). UMhlekazi uDavid Attenborough: iplastiki kunye neelwandle zethu. Unobangela weHlabathi. globalcause.co.uk/plastic/sir-david-attenborough-plastic-and-our-oceans/

UMhlekazi uDavid Attenborough uxoxa ngoxabiso lwakhe ngolwandle kunye nendlela olusisixhobo esibaluleke ngayo "esibaluleke kakhulu ukuze siphile." Umba weplastiki "awunakuba mkhulu ngakumbi." Uthi abantu n6.1 kufuneka bacinge ngakumbi malunga nokusetyenziswa kweplastiki, baphathe iplastiki ngentlonipho, kwaye "ukuba awuyifuni, ungayisebenzisi."

Buyela phezulu

6.1 Isixhobo soMoya

I-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2023). Izixhobo zokuLoba eziyehliweyo. Inkqubo ye-NOAA ye-Debris yaseLwandle. https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/types/derelict-fishing-gear

I-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ichaza izixhobo zokuloba ezilahliweyo, maxa wambi ezibizwa ngokuba “zizixhobo zesiporho,” zibhekisa kuzo naziphi na izixhobo zokuloba ezilahliweyo, ezilahlekileyo okanye ezilahliweyo kummandla wolwandle. Ukujongana nale ngxaki, iNkqubo ye-NOAA ye-Debris Marine iqokelele ngaphezu kwe-4 yezigidi zeeponti ze-ghost gear, nangona kunjalo, nangona le ngqokelela ebalulekileyo yesiporho isenza eyona nxalenye inkulu yongcoliseko lweplastiki elwandle, iqaqambisa imfuneko yomsebenzi omninzi wokulwa. esi soyikiso kwimekobume yaselwandle.

Kuczenski, B., Vargas Poulsen, C., Gilman, EL, Musyl, M., Geyer, R., & Wilson, J. (2022). Uqikelelo lwelahleko yezixhobo zePlastiki ukusuka ekujongwe kude komsebenzi wokuloba kwimizi-mveliso. Iintlanzi kunye nezokuLoba, 23, 22-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12596

Izazinzulu ezineNdalo yoLondolozo lweNdalo kunye neYunivesithi yaseCalifornia Santa Barbara (UCSB), ngentsebenziswano neQela loPhando lePelagic kunye neYunivesithi yaseHawaii Pacific, bapapashe uphononongo olujongwe kakhulu ngoontanga olunika uqikelelo lokuqala lwehlabathi lonke longcoliseko lweplastiki olusuka kushishino lokuloba. Kwisifundo, Uqikelelo lwelahleko yezixhobo zePlastiki ukusuka ekujongwe kude komsebenzi wokuloba kwimizi-mveliso, izazinzulu zahlalutya idatha eqokelelwe kwi-Global Fishing Watch kunye ne-Food and Agriculture Organization yeZizwe eziManyeneyo (FAO) ukubala isikali somsebenzi wokuloba kwimizi-mveliso. Ukudibanisa le datha kunye neemodeli zobugcisa zezixhobo zokuloba kunye negalelo eliphambili elivela kwiingcali zeshishini, izazinzulu ziye zakwazi ukuqikelela imida ephezulu nasezantsi yongcoliseko oluvela kushishino lokuloba. Ngokweziphumo zayo, ngaphezulu kwe-100 lezigidi zeeponti zongcoliseko lweplastiki zingena elwandle nyaka ngamnye zisuka kwigiya yesiporho. Olu phononongo lubonelela ngolwazi olusisiseko olubalulekileyo olufunekayo ukuqhubela phambili ukuqonda ingxaki yegiya yesiporho kwaye uqalise ukuziqhelanisa nokwenza uhlaziyo oluyimfuneko.

Giskes, I., Baziuk, J., Pragnell-Raasch, H. kunye noPerez Roda, A. (2022). Ingxelo ngezenzo ezilungileyo zokuthintela kunye nokunciphisa inkunkuma yeplastiki yaselwandle kwimisebenzi yokuloba. IRoma kunye neLondon, i-FAO kunye ne-IMO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb8665en

Le ngxelo ibonelela ngesishwankathelo sendlela izixhobo zokuloba ezilahliweyo, ezilahlekileyo, okanye ezilahliweyo (ALDFG) ezithwaxa imo engqongileyo yasemanzini naselunxwemeni kwaye ibeka imeko yempembelelo negalelo layo kumba obanzi wehlabathi wokungcoliseka kweplastiki yaselwandle. Elona candelo liphambili lokujongana ngempumelelo ne-ALDFG, njengoko kuchaziwe kolu xwebhu, kukuthathela ingqalelo izifundo ezifunyenwe kwiiprojekthi ezikhoyo kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi, ngelixa kuqwalaselwe ukuba nasiphi na isicwangciso solawulo sinokusetyenziswa kuphela ngoqwalaselo olukhulu lweemeko/iimfuno zengingqi. Le ngxelo ye-GloLitter ibonisa izifundo ezilishumi ezibonisa izenzo eziphambili zokuthintela, ukunciphisa, kunye nokulungiswa kwe-ALDFG.

IziPhumo zoLwandle. (2021, Julayi 6). Ghost Gear Legislation Analysis. I-Global Ghost Gear Initiative, iWorld Wide Fund yeNdalo, kunye ne-Ocean Conservancy. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/ 5b987b8689c172e29293593f/t/60e34e4af5f9156374d51507/ 1625509457644/GGGI-OC-WWF-O2-+LEGISLATION+ANALYSIS+REPORT.pdf

I-Global Ghost Gear Initiative (GGGI) yaqaliswa kwi-2015 ngenjongo yokumisa uhlobo olufa kakhulu lweeplastiki zolwandle. Ukusukela ngo-2015, oorhulumente belizwe abali-18 bajoyine umfelandawonye we-GGGI ebonisa umnqweno osuka kumazwe ukuba ujongane nongcoliseko lwezixhobo zomoya. Okwangoku, owona mgaqo-nkqubo uxhaphakileyo ngothintelo longcoliseko lwezixhobo kukuphawulwa kwezixhobo, kwaye eyona migaqo-nkqubo isetyenziswa kancinane kukunyanzeliswa kokufunyanwa kwezixhobo ezilahlekileyo kunye nezicwangciso zokwenza izixhobo zesizwe. Ukuqhubela phambili, eyona nto iphambili kufuneka ibe kukunyanzeliswa komthetho okhoyo wezixhobo zomoya. Njengalo lonke ungcoliseko lweplastiki, izixhobo zesiporho zifuna ulungelelwaniso lwamazwe ngamazwe kumba wongcoliseko lweplastiki engaphaya kwemida.

Izizathu zokuba kutheni izixhobo zokuloba zilahliwe okanye zilahlekile
IziPhumo zoLwandle. (2021, Julayi 6). Ghost Gear Legislation Analysis. I-Global Ghost Gear Initiative, iWorld Wide Fund yeNdalo, kunye ne-Ocean Conservancy.

INgxowa-mali yeHlabathi ebanzi yeNdalo. (2020, Okthobha). Misa i-Ghost Gear: Eyona fomu ibulalayo yeNgqungquthela yePlastiki yaseLwandle. I-WWF yamazwe ngamazwe. https://wwf.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Stop-Ghost-Gear_Advocacy-Report.pdf

NgokweZizwe eziManyeneyo kukho ngaphezu kwe-640,000 yeetoni zezixhobo zesiporho kulwandle lwethu, zenza i-10% yalo lonke ungcoliseko lweplastiki yolwandle. Igiya yesiporho kukufa okucothayo kwaye kubuhlungu kwizilwanyana ezininzi kwaye izixhobo ezidadayo zasimahla zinokonakalisa iindawo ezibalulekileyo ezikufuphi nonxweme naselwandle. Abalobi ngokubanzi abafuni kuphulukana nezixhobo zabo, ukanti isi-5.7% sayo yonke iminatha yokuloba, i-8.6% yezabatha neembiza, kunye ne-29% yazo zonke iintambo zokuloba ezisetyenziswa kwihlabathi jikelele zilahliwe, zilahlekile, okanye zilahlwe kokusingqongileyo. Ukuloba ngokungekho mthethweni, okungaxelwanga, nokungalawulwanga enzonzobileni yolwandle kunegalelo elikhulu kwisixa sezixhobo ezilahliweyo. Kufuneka kubekho izisombululo zexesha elide ezinyanzeliswa ngobuchule ukuphuhlisa izicwangciso ezisebenzayo zokuthintela ukulahleka kwezixhobo. Ngeli xesha, kubalulekile ukuphuhlisa i-non-toxic, uyilo lwezixhobo ezikhuselekileyo zokunciphisa intshabalalo xa ilahleka elwandle.

Global Ghost Gear Initiative. (2022). Impembelelo yezixhobo zokuloba njengoMthombo woNgcoliseko lwePlastiki yaseLwandle. ULondolozo loLwandle. https://Static1.Squarespace.Com/Static/5b987b8689c172e2929 3593f/T/6204132bc0fc9205a625ce67/1644434222950/ Unea+5.2_gggi.Pdf

Eli phepha lolwazi lilungiswe yi-Ocean Conservancy kunye ne-Global Ghost Gear Initiative ukuxhasa uthethathethwano ukulungiselela iNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yokusiNgqongileyo yowama-2022 (UNEA 5.2). Ukuphendula imibuzo yokuba yintoni igiya yesiporho, ivela phi, kwaye kutheni iyingozi kwindalo engqongileyo yolwandle, eli phepha lichaza imfuneko epheleleyo yokuba izixhobo zesiporho zibandakanywe kuso nasiphi na isivumelwano sehlabathi esilungisa ungcoliseko lweplastiki yaselwandle. 

Ulawulo lweSizwe loLwandlekazi kunye ne-Atmospheric. (2021). Ukusebenzisana Kuyo yonke Imida: Inyathelo lokuQokelelwa komnatha waseMntla Melika. https://clearinghouse.marinedebris.noaa.gov/project?mode=View&projectId=2258

Ngenkxaso evela kwiNkqubo yeNgqungquthela yaseLwandle ye-NOAA, i-Ocean Conservancy's Global Ghost Gear Initiative iququzelela kunye namahlakani aseMexico naseCalifornia ukusungula iNyathelo lokuQokelelwa komnatha waseMntla Melika, umsebenzi walo kukulawula ngokufanelekileyo nokuthintela ukulahleka kwezixhobo zokuloba. Lo mzamo wokuwela imida uya kuqokelela izixhobo zakudala zokuloba ukuze zilungiswe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye zisetyenziswe ngokutsha kwaye ziphinde zisebenze kunye noshishino lokuloba lwase-US naseMexico ukukhuthaza iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokurisayikilishwa kunye nokuphucula ulawulo olupheleleyo lwezixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo okanye ezisele zisetyenzisiwe. Iprojekthi kulindeleke ukuba iqhube ukusuka ekwindla ka-2021 ukuya ehlotyeni ngo-2023. 

Charter, M., Sherry, J., & O'connor, F. (2020, July). Ukudala amathuba oShishino ukusuka kwiNkunkuma yokuLoba iminatha: Amathuba eeModeli zeShishini eziSetyhula kunye noyilo lweSetyhula oluNxulumene neGear yokuLoba.. UQoqosho lweSetyhula eBlue. Ifunyenwe Ukusuka Https://Cfsd.Org.Uk/Wp-Content/Uploads/2020/07/Final-V2-Bce-Master-Creating-Business-Opportunities-From-Waste-Fishing-Nets-July-2020.Pdf

Ixhaswa ngemali yiKomishoni yaseYurophu (EC) i-Interreg, iBlue Circular Economy ikhuphe le ngxelo ukulungisa ingxaki exhaphakileyo nehlala ihleli yezixhobo zokuloba ezilahliweyo kulwandlekazi kunye nokucebisa ngamathuba oshishino anxulumeneyo kwingingqi yaseMntla Periphery kunye ne-Arctic (NPA). Olu vavanyo luphonononga iziphumo ezithi le ngxaki idale kwabo bachaphazelekayo kwingingqi ye-NPA, kwaye ibonelela ngengxoxo ebanzi yeendlela ezintsha zoshishino ezijikelezayo, iskim soMveliso woXanduva oloNgeziweyo oluyinxalenye yoMyalelo we-EC wePlastiki yoSetyenziso olunye, kunye noyilo olusetyhula lwezixhobo zokuloba.

UmHindu. (2020). Impembelelo yezixhobo zokuloba 'zesiporho' kwizilwanyana zasendle zaselwandle. YouTube. https://youtu.be/9aBEhZi_e2U.

Igalelo elikhulu lokufa kobomi baselwandle zizixhobo zesiporho. Izixhobo zesiporho ziyabambisa kwaye zibambise izilwanyana zaselwandle amakhulu amashumi eminyaka ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka komntu kubandakanya nezilwanyana ezisengozini nezisengozini yokuphela kweminenga, amahlengesi, amatywina, ookrebe, oofudo, imitha, iintlanzi, njl. njl. ixhoba elibanjwe. Isixhobo somoya yenye yezona ntlobo zoyikiso zongcoliseko lweplastiki, kuba yenzelwe ukubambisa kunye nokubulawa kobomi baselwandle. 

Buyela phezulu

6.2 Iimpembelelo kuBomi baseLwandle

Eriksen, M., Cowger, W., Erdle, LM, Coffin, S., Villarrubia-Gómez, P., Moore, CJ, Carpenter, EJ, Day, RH, Thiel, M., & Wilcox, C. (2023) ). Umsi weplastiki okhulayo, ngoku oqikelelwa ngaphezu kwe-170 yeetriliyoni zamasuntswana eplastiki adada kulwandle lwehlabathi—izisombululo ezingxamisekileyo ziyafuneka.. I-PLOS ENYE. 18(3), e0281596. DOI: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0281596

Njengoko abantu abaninzi beyiqonda ingxaki yongcoliseko lweplastiki, ulwazi oluninzi luyafuneka ukuhlola ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo ephunyeziweyo iyasebenza na. Ababhali balo msebenzi wophononongo ukulungisa lo msantsa kwidatha usebenzisa uthotho lwexesha lehlabathi eliqikelela ukubala okuphakathi kunye nobunzima beeplastiki ezincinci kumphezulu wolwandle ukusuka kwi-1979 ukuya ku-2019. amasuntswana eplastiki anobunzima be-82–358 yezigidi zeetoni, ngaphaya kwe-1.1 yetriliyoni yamasuntswana eplastiki adada kwiilwandlekazi zehlabathi. Ababhali bophononongo baqaphele ukuba akukho mkhwa obonwayo okanye obonakalayo kude kube ngu-4.9 xa kukho ukwanda okukhawulezayo kwinani leeplastiki zeplastiki kude kube ngoku. Oku kubonisa kuphela imfuneko yokuba kuthathwe amanyathelo aqatha ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuthintela imeko ukuba iqhubele phambili ngokukhawuleza.

I-Pinheiro, L., Agostini, V. Lima, A, Ward, R., kunye noG. Pinho. (2021, Juni 15). ILitter yePlastiki ngaphakathi kwe-Estuarine Compartments: Isishwankathelo soLwazi lwangoku loMba wokuNqabelela imida ukuKhokela iiMvavanyo zexesha elizayo. Ungcoliseko lokusiNgqongileyo, uMqulu wama-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116908

Indima yemilambo namachweba ekuthuthweni kweplastiki ayiqondwa ngokupheleleyo, kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba isebenza njengomjelo omkhulu wongcoliseko lweplastiki yolwandle. Ii-Microfibers zihlala zilolona hlobo luxhaphakileyo lweplastiki, kunye nezifundo ezitsha ezijolise kwizinto eziphilayo ze-micro estuarine, ii-microfibers ezinyukayo / ezizikayo njengoko kugqitywe yimpawu ze-polymer, kunye nokuguquguquka kwesithuba-kwexesha lokuxhaphaka. Uhlalutyo olongezelelweyo luyafuneka ngokuthe ngqo kwimekobume yechweba, kunye nenqaku elikhethekileyo lemiba yentlalo-qoqosho enokuthi ichaphazele imigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo.

Brahney, J., Mahowald, N., Prank, M., Cornwall, G., Kilmont, Z., Matsui, H. & Prather, K. (2021, April 12). Ukunyanzeliswa kwelungu le-atmospheri lomjikelo weplastiki. Iinkqubo zeZiko leSizwe leSayensi lase-United States of America. 118(16) e2020719118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020719118

I-Microplastic, kubandakanywa amasuntswana kunye neentsinga ngoku zixhaphake kangangokuba iplastiki ngoku inomjikelezo wayo we-atmospheric kunye namasuntswana eplastiki ahamba ukusuka eMhlabeni ukuya kwi-atmosphere kwaye abuyele kwakhona. Ingxelo yafumanisa ukuba i-microplastics efunyenwe emoyeni kwindawo yokufunda (entshona ye-United States) ithathwe ngokuyintloko kwimithombo yokukhutshwa kwakhona kwesibini kuquka iindlela (84%), ulwandle (11%), kunye nothuli lomhlaba wezolimo (5% ). Olu phononongo luphawuleka ngokukodwa kuba lutsalela ingqalelo kwinkxalabo ekhulayo yongcoliseko lweplastiki olusuka ezindleleni namatayara.

Buyela phezulu

6.3 IiPelethi zePlastiki (Nurdles)

Faber, J., van den Berg, R., & Raphaël, S. (2023, March). Ukuthintela ukuchithwa kweePellets zePlastiki: Uhlalutyo olunokwenzeka loKhetho loLawulo. CE Delft. https://cedelft.eu/publications/preventing-spills-of-plastic-pellets/

Iipelisi zeplastiki (ezikwabizwa ngokuba 'ziinurdles') ngamaqhekeza amancinci eplastiki, aphakathi kwe-1 kunye ne-5 mm ububanzi, aveliswa kushishino lwepetrochemical olusebenza njengegalelo kushishino lweplastiki ukwenza iimveliso zeplastiki. Ngobuninzi bee nurdles zithuthwa ngolwandle kwaye ngenxa yokuba iingozi zenzeka, kubekho imizekelo ebalulekileyo yokuvuza kweepellet eziphela zingcolisa imo engqongileyo yaselwandle. Ukujongana noku uMbutho waMazwe ngaMazwe waseLwandle udale ikomitana yokuqwalasela imigaqo yokujongana nokulawula ukuvuza kweepellet. 

Izilwanyana kunye neFlora International. (2022).  Ukunqanda umsinga: Ukuphelisa ungcoliseko lweplasitiki. https://www.fauna-flora.org/app/uploads/2022/09/FF_Plastic_Pellets_Report-2.pdf

Iipeliti zeplastiki ziziqwenga zeplastiki ezinobungakanani belentile ezinyibilikiswa kunye ukwenza phantse zonke izinto zeplastiki ezikhoyo. Njengokutya kwemveliso yeplastiki yehlabathi, iipellet zithuthwa kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye zingumthombo obalulekileyo wongcoliseko lwe-microplastic; kuqikelelwa ukuba iibhiliyoni zeepellets zingena elwandle minyaka le ngenxa yokuchitheka emhlabeni naselwandle. Ukusombulula le ngxaki ukuphikisana kombhali malunga nokuhamba ngokukhawuleza kwindlela yokulawula kunye neemfuno ezinyanzelekileyo ezixhaswa yimigangatho engqongqo kunye nezicwangciso zokuqinisekisa.

Tunnell, JW, Dunning, KH, Scheef, LP, & Swanson, KM (2020). Ukulinganisa iplasitiki (nurdle) ubuninzi kumanxweme kulo lonke iGulf of Mexico kusetyenziswa izazinzulu zabemi: Ukuseka iqonga lophando oluhambelana nomgaqo-nkqubo. INcwadana yoNgcoliseko lwaseLwandle. 151(110794). DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110794

Iinurdles ezininzi (iipelisi zeplastiki ezincinci) zabonwa zihlanjwa kwiilwandle zaseTexas. Iprojekthi yenzululwazi eqhutywa ngamavolontiya, “Nurdle Patrol,” yasekwa. Amavolontiya angama-744 enze uphando lwesayensi yabemi abangama-2042 ukusuka eMexico ukuya eFlorida. Onke ama-20 awona manani aphezulu asemgangathweni abhalwe kwiindawo zaseTexas. Iimpendulo zomgaqo-nkqubo zinzima, zinemilinganiselo emininzi, kwaye zijongene nemiqobo.

Karlsson, T., Brosche, S., Alidousst, M. & Takada, H. (2021, December). Iipilisi zePlastiki ezifumaneka kumanxweme kulo lonke ihlabathi zinemichiza eyityhefu. Uthungelwano lwe-International Poltants Elimination Network (IPEN).  ipen.org/sites/default/files/documents/ipen-beach-plastic-pellets-v1_4aw.pdf

Iiplastiki ezisuka kuzo zonke iindawo zesampulu ziqulethe zonke ishumi ezihlalutyiweyo ze-benzotriazole UV stabilizers, kubandakanywa i-UV-328. Iiplastiki ezisuka kuzo zonke iindawo ezenziwe iisampulu zikwaqulathe zonke iibiphenyls ezilishumi elinesithathu ezicazululiweyo. Ugxininiso lwaluphezulu kakhulu kumazwe ase-Afrika, nangona ingengabo abavelisi abakhulu beekhemikhali okanye iiplastiki. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ngongcoliseko lweplastiki kukwakho nongcoliseko lwemichiza. Iziphumo zikwabonisa ukuba iiplastiki zinokudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthweni komgama omde weekhemikhali eziyityhefu.

Maes, T., Jefferies, K., (2022, April). Ungcoliseko lwePlastiki yaseLwandle - ngaba iNurdles yiNqaku eliKhethekileyo loLawulo?. IGRID-Arendal. https://news.grida.no/marine-plastic-pollution-are-nurdles-a-special-case-for-regulation

Izindululo zokulawula ukuthuthwa kweepellets zeplastiki zangaphambi kokuveliswa, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-“nurdles,” zikwi-ajenda ye-International Maritime Organisation Pollution Prevention and Response Sub-Committee (PPR). Lo mfutshane ubonelela ngemvelaphi egqwesileyo, echaza iinurdles, icacisa indlela ezifika ngayo kwindawo yaselwandle, kwaye ixoxa ngezoyikiso zokusingqongileyo ezivela kwiinurdles. Esi sisixhobo esilungileyo kubo bobabini abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo kunye noluntu ngokubanzi olunokukhetha ingcaciso engeyiyo eyenzululwazi.

Bourzac, K. (2023, January). Ukujijisana nokuchitheka okukhulu kweplastiki yaselwandle kwimbali. C&EN Global Enterprise. 101 (3), 24-31. DOI: 10.1021/cen-10103-ikhava 

NgoMeyi 2021, inqanawa yempahla, i-X-Press Pearl, yabamba umlilo kwaye yatshona kunxweme lwaseSri Lanka. Ingozi yavelisa irekhodi ye-1,680 yeetoni zee-metric zeplastiki kunye neekhemikhali eziyityhefu ezingenakubalwa kunxweme lwaseSri Lanka. Oosonzululwazi bafunda ngengozi, eyona ngozi yomlilo yeplastiki yaselwandle kunye nokuchitheka kwayo, ukunceda ukuqonda iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo zolu hlobo longcoliseko olungaphandwanga kakuhle. Ukongeza ekujongeni indlela ii-nurdles eziphuka ngayo ngokuhamba kwexesha, zeziphi iintlobo zeekhemikhali eziphuma kwinkqubo kunye neempembelelo zokusingqongileyo zemichiza enjalo, izazinzulu zinomdla ngokukodwa ekujonganeni okwenzekayo ngokwemichiza xa iinurdles zeplastiki zitshisa. Ekubhaleni utshintsho kwiinurdles ezihlanjwe kulwandle lwaseSarakkuwa kufutshane nenqanawa, isazinzulu ngendalo uMeththika Vithanage ufumene amanqanaba aphezulu e-lithium emanzini nakwiinurdles (Sci. Total Environ. 2022, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154374; Mar. Ungcoliso. Inkunzi yenkomo. 2022, DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114074). Iqela lakhe likwafumene amanqanaba aphezulu ezinye iikhemikhali eziyityhefu, ukuvezwa apho kunokucothisa ukukhula kwezityalo, konakalise izicubu kwizilwanyana zasemanzini, kwaye kubangele ukusilela kwamalungu ebantwini. Imiphumo yengozi iyaqhubeka eSri Lanka, apho imingeni yezoqoqosho nezopolitiko ibeka imiqobo kwizazinzulu zasekuhlaleni kwaye inokwenza nzima iinzame zokuqinisekisa imbuyekezo ngomonakalo owenziwe kwindalo, indawo engekaziwa.

Bǎlan, S., Andrews, D., Blum, A., Diamond, M., Rojello Fernández, S., Harriman, E., Lindstrom, A., Reade, A., Richter, L., Sutton, R. , Wang, Z., & Kwiatkowski, C. (2023, January). Ukuphucula uLawulo lweMichiza eMelika naseKhanada ngeNdlela yokuSetyenziswa okuBalulekileyo. Inzululwazi ngezokusiNgqongileyo kunye neTekhnoloji. 57 (4), 1568-1575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05932

Iinkqubo zolawulo ezikhoyo zibonakalise ukunganelanga ekuhloleni nasekulawuleni amashumi amawaka emichiza kurhwebo. Indlela eyahlukileyo ifuneka ngokungxamisekileyo. Ingcebiso yombhali malunga nendlela yokusetyenziswa okubalulekileyo kweenkcukacha ukuba iikhemikhali ezixhalabisayo kufuneka zisetyenziswe kuphela kwiimeko apho umsebenzi wabo kwiimveliso ezithile uyimfuneko kwimpilo, ukhuseleko, okanye ukusebenza koluntu kwaye xa ezinye iindlela ezinokwenzeka zingekho.

Wang, Z., Walker, GR, Muir, DCG, & Nagatani-Yoshida, K. (2020). Ngokubhekiselele ekuQondweni kweHlabathi ngokuNgcoliseka kweMichiza: Uhlalutyo lokuQala oluBanzi lweZintlu zeMichiza yeSizwe neyeNgingqi. INzululwazi yezeNdalo kunye neThekhnoloji. 54(5), 2575–2584. DOI: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b06379

Kule ngxelo, izintlu zemichiza ezingama-22 ezivela kumazwe ali-19 kunye nemimandla ziyahlalutywa ukuze kuphunyezwe uphononongo lokuqala olubanzi lweekhemikhali ezikhoyo ngoku kwimarike yehlabathi. Uhlalutyo olupapashiweyo luphawula inyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo ekuqondeni umhlaba wonke ngongcoliseko lweekhemikhali. Phakathi kwezinto ezifunyanisiweyo eziqaphelekayo sisikeyile ebesingacingelwanga ngaphambili kunye nokugcinwa kuyimfihlo kwemichiza ebhaliswe kwimveliso. Ukusukela ngo-2020, ngaphezulu kwe-350 000 yeekhemikhali kunye nemixube yeekhemikhali zibhaliselwe ukuveliswa kunye nokusetyenziswa. Olu luhlu luphindwe kathathu kunoko bekuqikelelwe ngaphambi kophononongo. Ngaphaya koko, iinkcukacha zeekhemikhali ezininzi zihlala zingaziwa luluntu kuba kuthiwa ziyimfihlo (ngaphezu kwama-50 000) okanye zichazwe ngendlela engaqondakaliyo (ukuya kuma-70 000).

I-OECD. (2021). Umbono weMichiza ekuYileni ngePlastiki eZinzileyo: Iinjongo, iingqwalaselo kunye noRhwebo. Upapasho lwe-OECD, eParis, eFransi. doi.org/10.1787/f2ba8ff3-en.

Le ngxelo ijonge ukwenza kube lula ukuyilwa kweemveliso zeplastiki ezizinzileyo ngokudibanisa ingcinga yekhemistri ezinzileyo kwinkqubo yoyilo. Ngokusebenzisa i-lens yeekhemikhali ngexesha lenkqubo yokukhetha izinto zeplastiki, abaqulunqi kunye neenjineli banokwenza izigqibo ezinolwazi ukubandakanya iplastiki ezinzileyo xa beyila iimveliso zabo. Ingxelo ibonelela ngendlela edibeneyo yokukhethwa kweplastiki ezinzileyo ngokwembono yeekhemikhali, kwaye ichonge iseti yeenjongo zoyilo oluzinzileyo olusemgangathweni, ukuqwalaselwa komjikelo wobomi kunye norhwebo.

Zimmermann, L., Dierkes, G., Ternes, T., Völker, C., & Wagner, M. (2019). Ukulinganisa i-Vitro Toxicity kunye noKubunjwa kweMichiza yeeMveliso zaBathengi bePlastiki. Inzululwazi ngezokusiNgqongileyo kunye neTekhnoloji. 53(19), 11467-11477. DOI: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b02293

Iiplastiki ziyimithombo eyaziwayo yokuvezwa kweekhemikhali kwaye ezimbalwa, iikhemikhali ezibalaseleyo ezinxulumene neplastiki ziyaziwa - njenge-bisphenol A - nangona kunjalo, ukubonakaliswa okubanzi kwemixube yeekhemikhali enzima ekhoyo kwiiplastiki iyafuneka. Abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba iikhemikhali ze-260 zafunyanwa kubandakanywa i-monomers, izongezo, kunye nezinto ezingezona ngabom, kwaye zabeka phambili iikhemikhali ze-27. Izicatshulwa ze-polyvinyl chloride (PVC) kunye ne-polyurethane (i-PUR) ibangele i-toxicity ephezulu, kanti i-polyethylene terephthalate (PET) kunye ne-high-density polyethylene (HDPE) ibangele ukuba akukho tyhefu okanye ephantsi.

Aurisano, N., Huang, L., Milà i Canals, L., Jolliet, O., & Fantke, P. (2021). Iikhemikhali ezixhalabisayo kwizinto zokudlala zeplastiki. I-Environment International. 146, 106194. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106194

Iplastiki kwizinto zokudlala inokubonelela ngomngcipheko kubantwana, ukujongana nale nto ababhali benza isethi yemigaqo kunye nemingcipheko yesikrini yeekhemikhali kwiithoyi zeplastiki kwaye yabeka indlela yokuhlola ukunceda ukulinganisa umxholo wekhemikhali owamkelekileyo kumathoyizi. Okwangoku kukho iikhemikhali ze-126 zenkxalabo ezifumaneka ngokuqhelekileyo kwizinto zokudlala, ezibonisa imfuno yedatha eninzi, kodwa ezininzi iingxaki zihlala zingaziwa kwaye ummiselo ongaphezulu uyafuneka.

Buyela phezulu

7. IPlastiki kunye neMpilo yoLuntu

Iziko loMthetho wokuSingqongileyo waMazwe ngaMazwe. (2023, Matshi). Iplastiki yokuphefumla: Iimpembelelo zeMpilo yeePlastiki ezingabonakaliyo emoyeni. Iziko loMthetho wokuSingqongileyo waMazwe ngaMazwe. https://www.ciel.org/reports/airborne-microplastics-briefing/

I-Microplastic iba yinto yonke, ifumaneka kuyo yonke indawo izazinzulu zikhangela kuyo. Ezi zincinci zincinci zinegalelo elikhulu ekuthathweni komntu kwiplastiki ukuya kwi-22,000,000 microplastic kunye ne-nanoplastics ngonyaka kunye neli nani elilindeleke ukuba liphakame. Ukulwa neli phepha licebisa ukuba isiphumo esidibeneyo se-"cocktail" seplastiki njengengxaki eninzi emoyeni, emanzini, nasemhlabeni, ukuba amanyathelo okubopha ngokusemthethweni afunekayo ngokukhawuleza ukulwa nale ngxaki ekhulayo, kwaye zonke izisombululo kufuneka zijongane nobomi obupheleleyo. umjikelo weplastiki. Iplastiki yingxaki, kodwa umonakalo kumzimba womntu unokuthintelwa ngenyathelo elikhawulezayo neliqinisekileyo.

Baker, E., Thygesen, K. (2022, Agasti 1). Iplastiki kwezoLimo- Umngeni wokusiNgqongileyo. Umbono omfutshane. Isilumkiso Kwangethuba, Imiba Evelayo kunye neKamva. Inkqubo yeNdawo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. https://www.unep.org/resources/emerging-issues/plastics-agriculture-environmental-challenge

IZizwe eziManyeneyo zibonelela ngokufutshane kodwa ngolwazi olufutshane malunga nengxaki ekhulayo yongcoliseko lweplastiki kwezolimo kunye nokunyuka okubonakalayo kwinani longcoliseko lweplastiki. Eli phepha lijolise ikakhulu ekuchongeni imithombo yeeplastiki kunye nokuvavanya ikamva lentsalela yeplastiki kumhlaba wezolimo. Le ngcaciso emfutshane yeyokuqala kuthotho olulindelekileyo oluceba ukuhlola ukuhamba kweeplastiki zezolimo ukusuka kwindawo ukuya elwandle.

Wiesinger, H., Wang, Z., & Hellweg, S. (2021, Juni 21). Ukuntywila ngokunzulu kwiiMonomer zePlastiki, izongezo, kunye noNcedo lokuLungisa. Inzululwazi ngezokusiNgqongileyo kunye neTekhnoloji. 55(13), 9339-9351. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00976

Kukho malunga ne-10,500 yeekhemikhali kwiiplastiki, i-24% yazo ekwazi ukuqokelela ebantwini nakwizilwanyana kwaye ziyityhefu okanye i-carcinogenic. EUnited States, kwiEuropean Union, naseJapan, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha semichiza ayilawulwa. Ngaphezu kwe-900 yale michiza inokuba yityhefu evunyiweyo kula mazwe ukuba isetyenziswe kwizikhongozeli zokutya zeplastiki. Kwimichiza eyi-10,000, i-39% yazo ayizange ikwazi ukuhlulwa ngenxa yokungabikho "kokuhlelwa kweengozi." Ityhefu yingxaki yaselwandle kunye nezempilo yoluntu kuthathelwa ingqalelo umthamo omkhulu wongcoliseko lweplastiki.

Ragusa, A., Svelatoa, A., Santacroce, C., Catalano, P., Notarstefano, V., Carnevali, O., Papa, F., Rongioletti, M., Baioccoa, F., Draghia, S., D'Amorea, E., Rinaldod, D., Matta, M., & Giorgini, E. (2021, January). I-Plasticenta: Ubungqina bokuqala beMicroplastics kwi-Placenta yomntu. I-Environmental International. 146(106274). DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106274

Ngethuba lokuqala i-microplastics yafunyanwa kwi-placentas yomntu, ebonisa ukuba iplastiki inokuchaphazela abantu ngaphambi kokuzalwa. Oku kuyingxaki ngakumbi njengoko ii-microplastics zinokuqulatha iikhemikhali ezisebenza njengeziphazamisi ze-endocrine ezinokubangela iingxaki zempilo zexesha elide ebantwini.

Iimpazamo, J. (2020, Disemba). IiPlastiki, ii-EDCs, kunye neMpilo: ISikhokelo seMibutho yoMdla yoLuntu kunye nabaPhathi beNkqubo kwi-Endocrine ephazamisa iiKhemikhali kunye nePlastiki. Umbutho we-Endocrine kunye ne-IPEN. https://www.endocrine.org/-/media/endocrine/files/topics/edc_guide_2020_v1_6bhqen.pdf

Uninzi lweekhemikhali eziqhelekileyo eziphuma kwiiplastiki ziyaziwa yi-Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs), ezifana ne-bisphenols, i-ethoxylates, i-brominated flame retardants, kunye ne-phthalates. Iikhemikhali eziyi-EDCs zinokuchaphazela kakubi ukuveliswa komntu, imetabolism, i-thyroids, i-immune system, kunye ne-neurological function. Ekuphenduleni uMbutho we-Endocrine ukhuphe ingxelo malunga noqhagamshelwano phakathi kweekhemikhali ze-leaching ezivela kwiplastiki kunye nee-EDCs. Ingxelo ifuna iinzame ezininzi zokukhusela abantu kunye nokusingqongileyo kwii-EDC ezinokuthi zibe yingozi kwiiplastiki.

Teles, M., Balasch, J., Oliveria, M., Sardans, J., kunye noPeñuel, J. (2020, Agasti). Ukuqonda kwi-Nanoplastics Effects kwiMpilo yabantu. INcwadana yeNzululwazi. 65(23). DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.08.003

Njengoko iplastiki ithotywa isidima iqhekeka ibe ngamaqhekeza amancinci nancinci anokuthi atyiwe zizilwanyana kunye nabantu. Abaphandi bafumanise ukuba ukusela i-nano-plastiki kuchaphazela ukubunjwa kunye nokwahlukahlukana koluntu lwe-intestinal microbiome kwaye kunokuchaphazela inkqubo yokuzala, yokuzikhusela komzimba kunye ne-endocrine. Ngelixa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-90% yeplastiki egalelweyo ikhutshwa ngokukhawuleza, i-10% yokugqibela - ngokuqhelekileyo amasuntswana amancinci e-nano-plastiki - inokungena kwiindonga zeeseli kwaye ibangele ingozi ngokubangela i-cytotoxicity, ukubamba imijikelezo yeeseli, kunye nokwandisa ukubonakaliswa kweeseli zomzimba zokuzivikela. ukuqala kwezenzo ezivuthayo.

Isiseko seSoup yePlastiki. (2022, Epreli). Iplastiki: Isithako sobuhle obufihliweyo. Betha iMicrobead. Beatthemicrobead.Org/Wp-Content/Uploads/2022/06/Plastic-Thehiddenbeautyingredients.Pdf

Le ngxelo iqulethe uphononongo lokuqala olukhulu lobukho be-microplastics ngaphezulu kwamawaka asixhenxe awohlukeneyo ezinto zokuthambisa kunye neemveliso zokhathalelo lomntu. Nyaka ngamnye ngaphezu kwe-3,800 yeetoni ze-microplastics zikhutshwa kwimo engqongileyo ngokusetyenziswa kwezithambiso zemihla ngemihla kunye neemveliso zokhathalelo eYurophu. Njengoko i-Arhente yeMichiza yaseYurophu (ECHA) ilungiselela ukuhlaziya inkcazo yabo ye-microplastics, le ngxelo ebanzi ikhanyisa iindawo apho le nkcazo ecetywayo, njengokukhutshwa kwayo kwe-nanoplastics, iyawa kunye nemiphumo enokuthi ilandele ukwamkelwa kwayo. 

Zanolli, L. (2020, ngoFebruwari 18). Ngaba izitya zeplastiki zikhuselekile ekutyeni kwethu? Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/feb/18/are-plastic-containers-safe-to-use-food-experts

Akukho polima enye yeplastiki okanye ikhompawundi, kukho amawaka eekhompawundi ezifunyenwe kwiimveliso zeplastiki ezisetyenziswa kwikhonkco lokutya, kwaye kuncinci okwaziwayo malunga neziphumo zazo kwimpilo yabantu. Ezinye iikhemikhali ezisetyenziselwa ukupakishwa kokutya kunye nezinye iiplastiki zokutya zinokubangela ukungasebenzi kakuhle kokuzala, isifo sombefu, ukwenzakala kwengqondo yosana kunye nosana, kunye neminye imiba ye-neurodevelopmental. 

Muncke, J. (2019, Okthobha 10). Ingqungquthela yeMpilo yePlastiki. Isiseko seSoup yePlastiki. youtube.com/watch?v=qI36K_T7M2Q

Inikwe kwiNgqungquthela yezeMpilo yePlastiki, i-Toxicologist uJane Muncke ixoxa ngeekhemikhali ezinobungozi kunye nezingaziwa kwiplastiki ezinokungena ekutyeni ngokupakishwa kweplastiki. Yonke iplastiki iqulethe amakhulukhulu eekhemikhali ezahlukeneyo, ezibizwa ngokuba zizinto ezingadityaniswanga ngabom, ezenziwe ngokweekhemikhali kunye nokuqhekeka kweplastiki. Uninzi lwezi zinto azaziwa kwaye kunjalo, zenza uninzi lweekhemikhali eziphuma ekutyeni naseziselo. Oorhulumente kufuneka baseke uphononongo olwandisiweyo kunye nokongamela ukutya ukuze baqinisekise iziphumo zempilo zezinto ezingezizo ezongezwa ngabom.

Ikhredithi yeFoto: NOAA

iPlastiki Health Coalition. (2019, Okthobha 3). IPlastiki kunye neSamithi yezeMpilo yowama-2019. iPlastiki Health Coalition. plastichealthcoalition.org/plastic-health-summit-2019/

KwiNtlanganiso yokuqala yeMpilo yePlastiki eyayibanjelwe e-Amsterdam, izazinzulu zaseNetherlands, abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo, abaphembeleli, kunye nabaqambi bezinto ezintsha bonke badibana ukuze babelane ngamava kunye nolwazi lwabo ngengxaki yeplastiki njengoko ihambelana nempilo. Le ngqungquthela ivelise iividiyo zezithethi ze-36 zeengcali kunye neeseshoni zengxoxo, zonke ezikhoyo ukuze zibonwe nguwonkewonke kwiwebhusayithi yazo. Izihloko zevidiyo zibandakanya: intshayelelo yeplastiki, iintetho zesayensi kwi-microplastics, iintetho zesayensi malunga nezongezo, umgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokukhuthaza, iingxoxo zetafile ejikelezayo, iiseshini malunga nabaphembeleli abaye baphefumlela isenzo ngokuchasene nokusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kweplastiki, kwaye ekugqibeleni imibutho kunye nabaqambi abazinikele ekuphuhliseni izinto ezibonakalayo. izisombululo kwingxaki yeplastiki.

Li, V., & Youth, I. (2019, Septemba 6). Ungcoliseko lweplastiki yaselwandle ifihla ityhefu yemithambo-luvo ekutyeni kwethu. I-Phys Org. phys.org/news/2019-09-marine-plastic-pollution-neurological-toxin.html

Iplastiki isebenza njengemagnethi kwimethylmercury (imercury), loo plastiki ityiwa lixhoba, abathi ke abantu batye. I-Methylmercury zombini i-bioaccumulates ngaphakathi komzimba, oku kuthetha ukuba ayinakushiya kodwa endaweni yoko iyakha ngokuhamba kwexesha, kwaye i-biomagnifies, oku kuthetha ukuba iziphumo ze-methylmercury zinamandla kumarhamncwa kunexhoba.

Cox, K., Covrenton, G., Davies, H., Dower, J., Juanes, F., & Dudas, S. (2019, Juni 5). UkuSetyenziswa kwabantu kweMicroplastics. Inzululwazi ngezokusiNgqongileyo kunye neTekhnoloji. 53(12), 7068-7074. DOI: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b01517

Ugxininiso kwisidlo saseMelika, ukuvavanywa kwenani leencinci ze-microplastic kukutya okuqhelekileyo okudliwayo ngokumalunga nokutya okucetyiswayo kwemihla ngemihla.

Iprojekthi Engasongwanga. (2019, Juni). Imingcipheko yeMpilo yePlastiki kunye neNkomfa yeeKhemikhali zokuPakisha ukutya. https://unwrappedproject.org/conference

Le nkomfa yaxoxa ngeprojekthi yePlastiki eVeziweyo, eyintsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe yokubhentsisa izoyikiso kwimpilo yabantu kwiiplastiki nokunye ukupakishwa kokutya.

Buyela phezulu

8. UbuLungisa bokuSingqongileyo

Vandenberg, J. kunye no-Ota, Y. (eds.) (2023, January). Ukuya kwiNdlela eLinganayo kuNgcoliseko lwePlastiki yaseLwandle: ULingano lwe-Nexus yoLwandle kunye neNgxelo yoNgcoliseko lwePlastiki yaseLwandle ngo-2022. IYunivesithi yaseWashington. https://issuu.com/ocean_nexus/docs/equity_and_marine_plastic_ pollution_report?fr=sY2JhMTU1NDcyMTE

Ungcoliseko lweplastiki yaselwandle lunefuthe elibi ebantwini kunye nokusingqongileyo (kubandakanya ukhuseleko lokutya, iindlela zokuphila, impilo yomzimba nengqondo, kunye nezithethe nezithethe kunye neenqobo ezisemgangathweni), kwaye buchaphazela ngokungenamkhethe ubomi nobomi babantu abahlelelekileyo ngakumbi. Ingxelo ibheka uxanduva, ulwazi, inhlalakahle kunye nemigudu yokulungelelanisa ngokuxutywa kwezahluko kunye nezifundo zecala kunye nababhali abathatha amazwe e-8, ukusuka eUnited States naseJapan ukuya eGhana naseFiji. Ekugqibeleni, umbhali uxela ukuba ingxaki yongcoliseko lweplastiki kukungaphumeleli ukulungisa ukungalingani. Ingxelo iqukumbela ngokuthi de ukungalingani kusonjululwe kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwabantu kunye nomhlaba oshiywe ujongene nemiphumo yongcoliseko lweplastiki kuya kulungiswa ke akuyi kubakho sisombululo kwingxaki yongcoliseko lweplastiki.

IGRID-Arendal. (2022, Septemba). Isihlalo etafileni – Indima yeCandelo lokuRisayikilishwa ngokungekho sikweni kuNciphiso loNgcoliseko lwePlastiki, kunye noTshintsho loMgaqo-nkqubo oCetyisiweyo.. IGRID-Arendal. https://www.grida.no/publications/863

Icandelo lokurisayikilisha elingekho sikweni, elihlala libunjwa ngabasebenzi abangahoywanga kunye nabantu abangabhalwanga phantsi, liyinxalenye enkulu yenkqubo yokurisayikilisha kwihlabathi eliphuhlayo. Eli phepha lomgaqo-nkqubo libonelela ngesishwankathelo sokuqonda kwethu kwangoku kwecandelo lokurisayikilisha elingekho sikweni, iimpawu zalo zentlalo nezoqoqosho, imingeni elijongene nayo icandelo. Ijonge kwiinzame zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nezesizwe zokuqonda abasebenzi abangekho sesikweni kunye nokubabandakanya kwizicwangciso-nkqubo ezisesikweni kunye nezivumelwano, ezifana neSivumelwano sePlastiki yeHlabathi Le ngxelo ikwabonelela ngeeseti zeengcebiso zomgaqo-nkqubo ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu elibandakanya icandelo lokurisayikilisha elingekho sikweni, elivumela inguqu enobulungisa. kunye nokukhuselwa kweendlela zokuphila zabasebenzi abahlaziyiweyo. 

Cali, J., Gutiérrez-Graudiņš, M., Munguía, S., Chin, C. (2021, April). OKUngananzwanga: Iimpembelelo zoBulungisa kokusiNgqongileyo kwiLitha yaseLwandle kunye noNgcoliseko lwePlastiki. Inkqubo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yokusiNgqongileyo kunye neAzul. https://wedocs.unep.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/ 35417/EJIPP.pdf

Ingxelo yowama-2021 yeNkqubo yokusiNgqongileyo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye no-Azul, umbutho wezoBulungisa kokusingqongileyo ongekho phantsi kukarhulumente, icela ukwanda kokuqondwa koluntu kwimiba ephambili yenkunkuma yeplastiki kunye nokubandakanywa kwabo ekuthathweni kwezigqibo zasekuhlaleni. Yingxelo yokuqala yamazwe ngamazwe ukudibanisa amachaphaza phakathi kobulungisa bokusingqongileyo kunye nengxaki yongcoliseko lweplastiki yaselwandle. Ungcoliseko lwePlastiki luchaphazela ngokungafanelekanga uluntu oluhlelelekileyo oluhlala kufutshane nemveliso yeplastiki kunye neziza zenkunkuma. Ngaphaya koko, iplastiki ibeka emngciphekweni ubomi babo basebenza ngemithombo yolwandle kunye nabo batya ukutya kwaselwandle okunetyhefu encinci kunye neenano-plastiki. Iqulunqwe malunga noluntu, le ngxelo inokumisela isiseko semigaqo-nkqubo yamazwe ngamazwe yokuphelisa ngokuthe ngcembe ungcoliseko lweplastiki kunye nemveliso.

Creshkoff, R., & Enck, J. (2022, Septemba 23). Ugqatso lokumisa iPlastiki yePlastiki lufumene ukuphumelela okubalulekileyo. Inzululwazi yaseMelika. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-race-to-stop-a-plastics-plant-scores-a-crucial-win/

Amatshantliziyo okusiNgqongileyo eSt James Parish, eLouisiana aphumelele uloyiso olukhulu lwenkundla ngokuchasene neFormosa Plastics, ebilungiselela ukwakha umzi-mveliso weplastiki omkhulu wehlabathi kulo mmandla ngenkxaso yerhuluneli, abezomthetho bakarhulumente, kunye nabarhwebi bamandla basekhaya. Umbutho wengca ochasene nophuhliso olutsha, okhokelwa nguSharon Lavigne waseRise St. James kunye namanye amaqela oluntu axhaswa ngamagqwetha e-Earthjustice, acenga iNkundla yeSithili ye-19 yaseLouisiana ukuba irhoxise iimvume ezili-14 zokungcoliseka komoya ezinikwe liSebe likarhulumente loMgangatho wokusiNgqongileyo. ivumele iiPlastiki zeFormosa ukuba zakhe isakheko esicetywayo sepetrochemical. I-Petrochemicals isetyenziswe kwiimveliso ezingenakubalwa, kubandakanywa iiplastiki.Ukumiswa kwale projekthi enkulu, kunye nokwandiswa ngokubanzi kwe-Formosa Plastics, kubaluleke kakhulu kubulungisa bentlalo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ibekwe ecaleni komgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-85 kuMlambo iMississippi owaziwa ngokuba yi "Cancer Alley," abahlali baseSt James Parish, ngakumbi abahlali abafumana imivuzo ephantsi kunye nabantu bemibala, basemngciphekweni omkhulu wokuba nomhlaza ebomini babo kunelizwe lonke. umndilili. Ngokwesicelo sabo semvume, iFormosa Plastics entsha yayiza kubeka iParish yaseSt. James kwi-800 yeetoni ezongezelelweyo zezingcolisi zomoya eziyingozi, ukuphinda kabini okanye kathathu amanqanaba e-carcinogens abantu balapha banokuphefumla minyaka le. Nangona inkampani ithembise ukwenza isibheno, olu loyiso luzuzwe nzima ngethemba lokuba luya kuvuselela inkcaso yasekuhlaleni esebenzayo ngokulinganayo kwiindawo apho kucetywayo iindawo ezifanayo zongcoliseko- ngokungaguquguqukiyo kuluntu olunomvuzo ophantsi ngokwebala. 

Madapoosi, V. (2022, Agasti). I-Imperialism yale mihla kuRhwebo lweNkunkuma yeHlabathi: Isixhobo seDijithali esiPhonononga iindawo ezidityaniswe neNkunkuma yeHlabathi, (J. Hamilton, u-Ed.). Ingcali yezokusiNgqongileyo. www.intersectionalenvironmentalist.com/toolkits/global-waste-trade-toolkit

Ngaphandle kwegama layo, urhwebo lwenkunkuma lwehlabathi alulorhwebo, kodwa yinkqubo yokutsalwa kweengcambu kwi-impiriyalizim. Njengesizwe sasebukhosini, i-US ikhuphela ngaphandle ulawulo lwayo lwenkunkuma kumazwe asaphuhlayo kwihlabathi jikelele ukujongana nenkunkuma eyosulelekileyo yokuphinda isetyenziswe. Ngaphandle kweziphumo ezibi kakhulu zokusingqongileyo kwiindawo ezihlala elwandle, ukonakaliswa komhlaba, kunye nokungcoliseka komoya, urhwebo lwenkunkuma yehlabathi luphakamisa ubulungisa bendalo esingqongileyo kunye nemiba yempilo yoluntu, iimpembelelo zazo ezijolise ngokungafaniyo kubantu kunye nenkqubo yendalo yamazwe asakhulayo. Le ngxowa yezixhobo zedijithali iphonononga inkqubo yenkunkuma e-US, ilifa lobukoloniyali elimiliselwe kurhwebo lwenkunkuma yehlabathi, iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo, intlalo-zopolitiko yenkqubo yangoku yolawulo lwenkunkuma yehlabathi, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yasekhaya, yelizwe kunye neyehlabathi enokuyitshintsha. 

I-Arhente yoPhando lweNdalo. (2021, Septemba). INyaniso eNgemva kweNkunkuma: Isikali kunye nefuthe lorhwebo lwehlabathi ngenkunkuma yeplastiki. I-EIA. https://eia-international.org/wp-content/uploads/EIA-The-Truth-Behind-Trash-FINAL.pdf

Icandelo lolawulo lwenkunkuma kumazwe amaninzi anengeniso ephezulu lixhomekeke ngokwesakhiwo ekuthumeleni ngaphandle inkunkuma yeplastiki kumazwe anengeniso ephantsi asaphuhlayo ngokwezoqoqosho kwaye ngokwenza oko liye lakhuphela ngaphandle iindleko ezibalulekileyo zentlalo nezokusingqongileyo ngendlela yobukoloniyali benkunkuma. Ngokwale ngxelo ye-EIA, iJamani, iJapan kunye ne-US zezona zizwe zithumela inkunkuma kumazwe angaphandle, ngalinye lithengise ngaphandle kabini inkunkuma yeplastiki yalo naliphi na elinye ilizwe ukusukela oko kwaqala ingxelo ngo-1988. ukungenisa ukusuka 65 ukuya 2010. Xa iChina ivale imida yayo kwinkunkuma yeplastiki ngo-2020, eMalaysia, eVietnam, eTurkey, kunye namaqela olwaphulo-mthetho asebenza e-SE Asia avele njengeendawo eziphambili zenkunkuma yeplastiki evela eJapan, e-US nase-EU. Igalelo elichanekileyo leshishini lokurhweba ngenkunkuma yeplastiki kungcoliseko lweplastiki yehlabathi alaziwa, kodwa ngokucacileyo likhulu ngokusekwe kumahluko phakathi komlinganiselo opheleleyo worhwebo lwenkunkuma kunye nobuchule bokusebenza bamazwe athumela ngaphandle. Ukuthuthwa kwenkunkuma yeplastiki kwihlabathi jikelele kuye kwavumela amazwe anengeniso ephezulu ukuba aqhubeke nokwandisa imveliso yeeplastiki ezinyulu zingajongwanga ngokuzivumela ukuba ziphephe iziphumo ezithe ngqo zokusebenzisa iplastiki eyingxaki. I-EIA International icebisa ukuba ingxaki yenkunkuma yeplastiki ingasonjululwa ngesicwangciso esipheleleyo, ngendlela yesivumelwano esitsha samazwe ngamazwe, esigxininisa izisombululo ezinyukayo zokunciphisa imveliso yeplastiki enyulu kunye nokusetyenziswa, ukulandeleka kwangaphambili kunye nokubonakala kwayo nayiphi na inkunkuma yeplastiki kurhwebo, kunye ngokubanzi. ukukhuthaza ukusebenza kakuhle kwezibonelelo kunye noqoqosho olusetyhula olukhuselekileyo lweplastiki - de ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kobulungisa kwenkunkuma yeplastiki kunokuvalwa ngokusebenzayo kwihlabathi jikelele.

I-Global Alliance yeeNdlela ezizezinye ze-Incinerator. (2019, Epreli). Ilahliwe: Uluntu olukwimiGaba ePhambili kwiNgxaki yePlastiki yeHlabathi. I-GAIA. www.No-Burn.Org/Resources/Discarded-Communities-On-The-Frontlines-Of-The-Global-Plastic-Crisis/

Xa i-China yavala imida yayo ekungeniseni inkunkuma yeplastiki ngo-2018, amazwe akuMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia akhukuliswa yinkunkuma eyayisenziwa ngokuphinda-phinda, ngokuyintloko isuka kumazwe atyebileyo kuMntla weGlobal. Le ngxelo yophando idiza indlela uluntu olusemhlabeni oluthe lwachatshazelwa ngayo kukuthontelana ngesiquphe kongcoliseko lwangaphandle, kunye nendlela oluzilwela ngayo.

Karlsson, T, Dell, J, Gündoğdu, S, & Carney Almroth, B. (2023, Matshi). URhwebo lweNkunkuma yePlastiki: Amanani afihlakeleyo. Uthungelwano lwe-International Poltants Elimination Network (IPEN). https://ipen.org/sites/default/files/documents/ipen_plastic_waste _ingxelo_yorhwebo-yokugqibela-3digital.pdf

Iinkqubo zangoku zokunika ingxelo zihlala zijongela phantsi imiqulu yenkunkuma yeplastiki ethengiswa kwihlabathi jikelele, ekhokelela kwimpazamo yesiqhelo yokurhweba ngenkunkuma yeplastiki ngabaphandi abaxhomekeke kule datha exeliweyo. Ukusilela okucwangcisiweyo ekubaleni nasekulandeleni imiqulu yenkunkuma yeplastiki echanekileyo kungenxa yokungabikho elubala kumanani orhwebo lwenkunkuma, angalungiselelwanga ukulandelela iindidi ezithile zemathiriyeli. Uhlalutyo lwakutsha nje lufumanise ukuba urhwebo lweplastiki lwehlabathi lungaphezulu kwama-40% ngaphezulu koqikelelo lwangaphambili, kwaye eli nani liyasilela ukubonisa umfanekiso omkhulu weeplastiki ezifakwe kumalaphu, iibhali zephepha ezixubeneyo, inkunkuma ye-e, kunye nerabha, singasathethi ke ngetyhefu. iikhemikhali ezisetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokuvelisa iplastiki. Naluphi na amanani afihliweyo zorhwebo lwenkunkuma yeplastiki, umthamo wangoku ophezulu wemveliso yeeplastiki wenza kube nzima ukuba naliphi na ilizwe lilawule umthamo omkhulu wenkunkuma eyenziwayo. Eyona nto iphambili ekuthathweni kwayo asikokuba kuthengiswe inkunkuma eninzi, kodwa kukuba amazwe anengeniso ephezulu aye athwalisa ihlabathi elisaphuhlayo ngongcoliseko lweplastiki ngomlinganiselo ongaphezulu kunoko kuxeliweyo. Ukulwa noku, amazwe anengeniso ephezulu kufuneka enze okungakumbi ukuthwala uxanduva lwenkunkuma yeplastiki ayivelisayo.

Karasik R., Lauer NE, Baker AE., Lisi NE, Somarelli JA, Eward WC, Fürst K. & Dunphy-Daly MM (2023, January). Ukusasazwa ngokulinganayo kweenzuzo zeplastiki kunye nomthwalo kuqoqosho kunye nempilo yoluntu. Imida kwiSayensi yaseLwandle. 9:1017247. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.1017247

Iplastiki ichaphazela uluntu ngokubanzi, ukusuka kwimpilo yoluntu ukuya kuqoqosho lwasekhaya nolwehlabathi. Ekucazululeni izibonelelo kunye nemithwalo yenqanaba ngalinye lomjikelo wobomi beplastiki, abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba iinzuzo zeplastiki ziyintloko yezoqoqosho, ngelixa imithwalo iwela kakhulu kwimpilo yabantu. Ngaphaya koko, kukho ukuqhawuka okwahlukileyo phakathi kwabo bafumana izibonelelo okanye imithwalo yeplastiki njengoko izibonelelo zoqoqosho azifane zisetyenziswe ukulungisa imithwalo yempilo eyenziwe ziiplastiki. Urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe lwenkunkuma yeplastiki lukhulise oku kungalingani ngenxa yokuba umthwalo woxanduva lolawulo lwenkunkuma uwela kuluntu olusezantsi kumazwe anengeniso ephantsi, kunokuba kube kubavelisi abakumazwe anengeniso ephezulu, asebenzisa kakhulu imali abavelise inzuzo enkulu kakhulu kwezoqoqosho. Uhlahlelo lweendleko zesiqhelo olunika ulwazi kuyilo lomgaqo-nkqubo lulinganisela ngokungafanelekanga iinzuzo zoqoqosho zeplastiki ngaphezu kweendleko ezingangqalanga, ezihlala zingenakulinganiswa, kwimpilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo. 

Liboiron, M. (2021). Ungcoliseko BubuKoloniyali. IYunivesithi yaseDuke University. 

In Ungcoliseko bubuKoloniyali, umbhali ubeka ukuba zonke iintlobo zophando lwezenzululwazi kunye nobutshantliziyo bunobudlelwane bomhlaba, kwaye ezo zinokulungelelaniswa okanye ngokuchasene nekoloniyalizim njengohlobo oluthile lotsalo, olunelungelo lobudlelwane bomhlaba. Igxininisa kungcoliseko lweplastiki, le ncwadi ibonisa indlela ungcoliseko olungelulo nje uphawu lobungxowankulu, kodwa luwiso-mthetho olunobundlobongela lobudlelwane bomhlaba wobukoloniyali obubanga ukufikelela kumhlaba weMveli. Ukuzoba kumsebenzi wabo kwiLebhu yeCivic yoPhando lokuSebenza ngokusiNgqongileyo (CLEAR), iLiboiron imodeli yenzululwazi ye-anticolonial eyandulela umhlaba, ukuziphatha, kunye nobudlelwane, ebonisa ukuba isayensi yendalo ye-anticolonial kunye ne-activism ayinakwenzeka nje, kodwa ngoku isebenza.

Bennett, N., Alava, JJ, Ferguson, CE, Blythe, J., Morger, E., Boyd, D., & Côté, IM (2023, January). Ubulungisa bendalo esingqongileyo kulwandlekazi iAnthropocene. Umgaqo-nkqubo waseLwandle. 147(105383). DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105383

Uphononongo lobulungisa bokusingqongileyo ekuqaleni lwalugxile ekusasazeni ngendlela engalinganiyo kunye neempembelelo zongcoliseko kunye nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma eyityhefu kuluntu olwalufudula luvinjwe amathuba. Njengoko ibala liphuhla, imithwalo ethile yendalo esingqongileyo kunye nempilo yabantu ethwalwa yinkqubo yendalo yaselwandle kunye nabemi baselunxwemeni bafumana ukhuselo oluncinci kuncwadi lobulungisa kokusingqongileyo. Ukujongana nesi sikhewu sophando, eli phepha liyanaba kwiinkalo ezintlanu zobulungisa bemo yendalo esingqongileyo yolwandle: ungcoliseko nenkunkuma eyityhefu, iiplastiki nobutyobo baselwandle, utshintsho lwemozulu, ukuthotywa kwenkqubo yendalo, kunye nokuncipha koshishino lokuloba. 

Mcgarry, D., James, A., & Erwin, K. (2022). Iphepha lolwazi: Ungcoliseko lwePlastiki yaseLwandle njengoMba wobuTyala beNdawo. One Ocean Hub. https://Oneoceanhub.Org/Wp-Content/Uploads/2022/06/Information-Sheet_4.Pdf

Eli phepha lolwazi lazisa imilinganiselo yobulungisa bokusingqongileyo kungcoliseko lweplastiki yaselwandle ngokwembono yabantu ababehleleleke kakuhle, amazwe anengeniso ephantsi abekwe kwiGlobal South, kunye nabachaphazelekayo kumazwe anengeniso ephezulu anoxanduva ngokuphambili ekuvelisweni nasekusetyenzisweni kweeplastiki ezithi zivelise ingeniso ephantsi. fumana indlela eya elwandle. 

Owens, KA, & Conlon, K. (2021, Agasti). Ukugquma okanye ukucima itephu? Ukungabi nabulungisa kokusingqongileyo kunye neNdlela yokuziphatha yoNgcoliseko lwePlastiki. Imida kwiNzululwazi yaseLwandle, 8. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.713385

Ishishini lolawulo lwenkunkuma alinakusebenza kwindawo engenamsebenzi lingahoyi ukwenzakala kwezentlalo nokusingqongileyo eliluvunayo. Xa abavelisi bekhuthaza izisombululo ezijongene neempawu zongcoliseko lweplastiki kodwa ingeyiyo eyona nto iphambili, bayasilela ukubamba abachaphazelekayo kumthombo onoxanduva kwaye ngaloo ndlela banciphise impembelelo yaso nasiphi na isenzo sokulungisa. Umzi-mveliso weplastiki okwangoku ubeka inkunkuma yeplastiki njengento yangaphandle efuna isisombululo sobuchwepheshe. Ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwengxaki kunye nokukhutshwa kwesisombululo kutyhala umthwalo kunye neziphumo zenkunkuma yeplastiki kuluntu oluhlelelekileyo kwihlabathi liphela, kumazwe anoqoqosho olusaphuhlayo, nakwizizukulwana ezizayo. Kunokuba ushiye isisombululo kubadali beengxaki, izazinzulu, abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo, kunye noorhulumente bayacetyiswa ukuba bafake amabali enkunkuma yeplastiki ngokugxininisa ekunciphiseni umlambo, ukuyila ngokutsha, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwakhona, kunolawulo olusezantsi.

Mah, A. (2020). Amafa anetyhefu kunye nobulungisa bokusingqongileyo, e Ubulungisa Bendalo (uhlelo loku-1). IYunivesithi yaseManchester Press. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/978042902 9585-12/toxic-legacies-environmental-justice-alice-mah

Ukuvezwa ngokungafanelekanga kwabantu abambalwa kunye nabanomvuzo ophantsi kungcoliseko oluyityhefu kunye neziza zenkunkuma eyingozi yinkxalabo engundoqo nekudala ikho phakathi kwentshukumo yobulungisa kokusingqongileyo. Ngamabali angenakubalwa eentlekele ezinobuthi emhlabeni jikelele, liqhezu kuphela lezi meko ezigxininisiweyo kwirekhodi yembali ngelixa ezinye zihlala zingahoywa. Esi sahluko sixoxa ngamafa eentlekele eziyityhefu ezibalulekileyo, ukungalungelelani koluntu kunikwe ingqwalaselo ethile yendalo esingqongileyo, kunye nendlela iintshukumo ezichasene netyhefu e-US nakwamanye amazwe ezimi ngayo kwintshukumo yobulungisa bokusingqongileyo kwihlabathi.

Buyela phezulu


9. Imbali yePlastiki

Iziko leMbali yeNzululwazi. (2023). Imbali yePlastikhi. IZiko leMbali yeNzululwazi. https://www.sciencehistory.org/the-history-and-future-of-plastics

Imbali emfutshane yephepha leeplastiki ezintathu inika amafutshane, kodwa ulwazi oluchanekileyo malunga nokuba zeziphi iiplastiki, zivela phi, yintoni iplastiki yokuqala yokwenziwa, i-plastic's heyday kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II kunye neenkxalabo ezikhulayo malunga neplastiki kwixesha elizayo. Eli nqaku lilungele abo bangathanda imivumbo ebanzi ngakumbi ekuphuhlisweni kweplastiki ngaphandle kokungena kwicala lobugcisa bokudala iplastiki.

Inkqubo yeNdawo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo (2022). Isijikelezi-langa sethu siminxeka kwiPlastiki. https://www.unep.org/interactives/beat-plastic-pollution/ 

INkqubo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yeNdalo yenze iphepha lewebhu elisebenzisanayo ukunceda ukujonga ingxaki ekhulayo yongcoliseko lweplastiki kunye nokubeka imbali yeplastiki kumxholo onokuqondwa ngokulula luluntu jikelele. Olu lwazi lubandakanya okubonwayo, iimephu ezisebenzisanayo, ukukhupha izicatshulwa, kunye namakhonkco kwizifundo zenzululwazi. Eli phepha liphetha ngeengcebiso abantu abanokuzithatha ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweplastiki kunye nokukhuthaza ukukhuthaza utshintsho ngoorhulumente basekhaya bomntu ngamnye.

Hohn, S., Acevedo-Trejos, E., Abrams, J., Fulgencio de Moura, J., Spranz, R., & Merico, A. (2020, Meyi 25). ILifa lexesha elide leMveliso yeMisa yePlastiki. Inzululwazi yoBume beNdawo iyonke. 746, 141115. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141115

Izisombululo ezininzi zinikezelwe ukuqokelela iplastiki emilanjeni naselwandle, nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza kwazo akukaziwa. Le ngxelo ifumana izisombululo zangoku ziya kuba nempumelelo ethobekileyo kuphela ekususeni iplastiki kwindawo. Ekuphela kwendlela yokunciphisa ngokwenene inkunkuma yeplastiki kukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kweplastiki, kunye nokuqiniswa kwengqokelela kugxininiso lokuqokelela emilanjeni phambi kokuba iplastiki ifike elwandle. Ukuveliswa kweplastiki kunye nokutshisa kuya kuqhubeka nokuba nemiphumo ebalulekileyo yexesha elide kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwekhabhoni ye-atmospheric kunye nokusingqongileyo.

Dickinson, T. (2020, Matshi 3). Ingakanani i-oyile enkulu kunye ne-Soda enkulu yagcina intlekele yehlabathi jikelele iyimfihlo kangangamashumi eminyaka. Amatye agiqekayo. https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/plastic-problem-recycling-myth-big-oil-950957/

Ngeveki, umntu oqhelekileyo kwihlabathi liphela utya malunga namasuntswana angama-2,000 eplastiki. Loo nto ilingana neegram ezi-5 zeplastiki okanye ixabiso lekhadi letyala elinye. Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha seplastiki ngoku eMhlabeni idalwe ukususela ngo-2002, kwaye ungcoliseko lweplastiki luhamba ngokuphindwe kabini ngo-2030. Ngombutho omtsha wentlalo kunye nezopolitiko ukulungisa ungcoliseko lweplastiki, iinkampani ziqala ukuthatha amanyathelo okushiya iplastiki emva kwamashumi eminyaka. ukuxhatshazwa.

Ostle, C., Thompson, R., Broughton, D., Gregory, L., Wootton, M., & Johns, D. (2019, April). Ukunyuka kweeplastiki zolwandle kungqinwe kuthotho lwexesha leminyaka engama-60. Unxibelelwano lweNdalo. rdcu.be/bCso9

Olu pho nonongo lubonisa ixesha elitsha, ukusuka kwi-1957 ukuya kwi-2016 kunye nokugubungela ngaphezu kwe-6.5 yeemayile ze-nautical, kwaye ngowokuqala ukuqinisekisa ukunyuka okubalulekileyo kwiiplastiki zolwandle ezivulekileyo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje.

Taylor, D. (2019, Matshi 4). I-US yaba likhoboka leplastiki njani. Igrist. grist.org/article/how-the-us-got-addicted-to-plastics/

I-Cork yayiyeyona nto iphambili esetyenziswa kwimveliso, kodwa yatshintshwa ngokukhawuleza xa iplastiki ifika kwindawo. Iiplastiki zaba yimfuneko kwi-WWII kwaye i-US ibixhomekeke kwiplastiki ukusukela ngoko.

Geyer, R., Jambeck, J., & Law, KL (2017, Julayi 19). Ukuveliswa, ukusetyenziswa, kunye nekamva lazo zonke iiplastiki ezakha zenziwa. Ukuqhubela phambili kwezeNzululwazi, 3(7). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700782

Uhlalutyo lokuqala lwehlabathi lwazo zonke iiplastiki eziveliswe ngobuninzi ezakha zenziwa. Baqikelela ukuba ukusukela ngo-2015, i-6300 yezigidi zeetoni zeemetric ze-8300 yezigidi zeetoni zee-metric toni zeplastiki enyulu eyakha yaveliswa igqibele njengenkunkuma yeplastiki. Kuzo, yi-9% kuphela esele isetyenzisiwe, i-12% itshisiwe, kwaye i-79% iqokelelwe kwindawo yendalo okanye kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma. Ukuba imveliso kunye nolawulo lwenkunkuma luyaqhubeka kwiindlela zabo zangoku, isixa senkunkuma yeplastiki kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma okanye indalo esingqongileyo iya kuba ngaphezulu kokuphindwe kabini ngo-2050.

URyan, P. (2015, Juni 2). Imbali emfutshane yoPhando lweLitha yaseLwandle. Inkunkuma ye-Anthropogenic yaseLwandle: p 1-25. link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_1#enumeration

Esi sahluko sichaza imbali emfutshane yendlela inkunkuma yaselwandle ethe yaphandwa ngayo kwishumi leminyaka ngalinye ukuqala ngeminyaka yoo-1960 ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Ngeminyaka yoo-1960 kwaqala izifundo ezisisiseko zenkunkuma yaselwandle ezazigxile ekubopheleleni nasekufakweni kweplastiki bubomi baselwandle. Ukusukela ngoko, ingqwalasela itshintshele kwi-microplastics kunye neziphumo zazo kubomi bezinto eziphilayo.

Hohn, D. (2011). Moby Dada. Viking Press.

Umbhali uDonovan Hohn ubonelela ngengxelo yobuntatheli ngembali yenkcubeko yeplastiki kwaye ufumana ingcambu yento eyenza iiplastiki zilahlwe kwasekuqaleni. Emva kwe-austerities ye-WWII, abathengi babenomdla wokuzithengisa kwiimveliso, ngoko ke ngo-1950 xa i-patent ye-polyethylene iphelelwe yisikhathi, i-material yaba nexabiso eliphantsi kunangaphambili. Ekuphela kwendlela ababumbi beplastiki abanokwenza ngayo inzuzo yayikukukholisa abathengi ukuba balahle, bathenge ngakumbi, balahle, bathenge ngaphezulu. Kwamanye amacandelo, uphonononga izihloko ezinje ngenqanawa zee-conglomerates kunye neefektri zokudlala zaseTshayina.

Bowermaster, J. (umhleli). (2010). MaLwandle. Imidiya ethatha inxaxheba. 71-93.

UCaptain Charles Moore wafumanisa into ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yiGreat Pacific Garbage Patch ngo-1997. Ngo-2009, wabuyela kwisiqwenga elindele ukuba sikhule kancinane, kodwa hayi ngokuphindwe kamashumi amathathu njengoko kwenzekile ngokwenene. UDavid de Rothschild wakha isikhephe seseyile esiziimitha ezingama-60 ubude esakhiwe ngokupheleleyo kwiibhotile zeplastiki ezamthwala kunye neqela lakhe ukusuka eCalifornia ukuya eOstreliya ukwazisa ngenkunkuma yaselwandle elwandle.

Buyela Phezulu

10. Izixhobo eziziintlobo ngeentlobo

Rhein, S., & Sträter, KF (2021). Ukuzibophelela kwenkampani ekunciphiseni ingxaki yeplastiki yehlabathi: Ukurisayikilishwa endaweni yokunciphisa nokusebenzisa kwakhona. Ijenali yeMveliso yoCoca. 296(126571).

Ngelixa uzama ukulinganisa utshintsho olusingise kuqoqosho olujikelezayo, amazwe amaninzi asandula ukusinga kuqoqosho olungazinzanga lokurisayikilishwa. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwezibophelelo ekuvunyelwene ngazo kwihlabathi jikelele, imibutho ishiywe ukuba yenze eyayo inkcazelo yeengcamango zamanyathelo azinzileyo. Akukho zingcaciso zifanayo kunye nezikali ezifunekayo zokucutha nokusebenzisa kwakhona kangangokuba imibutho emininzi igxile ekusetyenzisweni ngokutsha kunye namanyathelo okucoca emva kongcoliseko. Utshintsho lwangempela kumjelo wenkunkuma yeplastiki luya kufuna ukuphepha okuqhubekayo kokupakishwa kokusetyenziswa okukodwa, ukuthintela ukungcola kweplastiki ukususela ekuqaleni kwayo. Iinkampani ezinqamlezileyo kunye nezibophelelo ezivunyelweneyo zehlabathi zinokunceda ukuzalisa isithuba, ukuba zijolise kumaqhinga okuthintela.

I-surfrider. (2020). Lumkela iiPlastiki zomgunyathi. Surfrider yaseYurophu. PDF

Izisombululo kwingxaki yongcoliseko lweplastiki ziyaphuhliswa, kodwa ayizizo zonke izicombululo “ezinobuhlobo bendalo” ngokwenene ziya kunceda ukukhusela nokulondoloza okusingqongileyo. Kuqikelelwa ukuba iitoni ezingama-250,000 zeplastiki zidada kumphezulu wolwandle, kodwa oku kwenza i-1% kuphela yazo zonke iiplastiki eziselwandle. Le yingxaki njengoko izisombululo ezininzi ezibizwa ngokuba zizisombululo zijongana kuphela neeplastiki ezidadayo (ezifana neProjekthi yeSeabin, iManta, kunye ne-Ocean Clean-up). Ekuphela kwesisombululo esiyinyaniso kukuvala impompo yeplastiki kunye nokumisa iplastiki ekungeneni elwandle nakwimekobume yaselwandle. Abantu kufuneka babeke uxinzelelo kumashishini, bafune ukuba abasemagunyeni bathathe amanyathelo, baphelise iplastiki apho banakho, kwaye baxhase ii-NGOs ezisebenza kulo mbandela.

Idatha yam yeNASA (2020). Iipateni zokujikeleza kwe-Ocean: IiPatches zeNkunkuma yeBali leMaphu.

Imephu yebali yeNASA idibanisa idatha yesathelayithi ibe lula ukufikelela kwiphepha lewebhu elivumela abatyeleli ukuba baphonononge iipateni zokujikeleza kolwandle njengoko zihambelana namabala enkunkuma olwandle esebenzisa idatha yeNASA yolwandle. Eli ziko lewebhu lijoliswe kubafundi bamabanga 7-12 kwaye libonelela ngezibonelelo ezongezelelweyo kunye nezinikezelo eziprintwayo zootitshala ukuvumela ukuba kusetyenziswe imephu kwizifundo.

DeNisco Rayome, A. (2020, Agasti 3). Ngaba singayibulala iPlastiki? I-CNET. PDF

Umbhali u-Allison Rayome uchaza ingxaki yongcoliseko lweplastiki kubaphulaphuli ngokubanzi. Ziya zisanda ukusetyenziswa kweplastiki enye ngonyaka, kodwa kukho amanyathelo anokuthi athathwe ngabantu. Eli nqaku ligxininisa ukunyuka kweplastiki, imiba yokuphinda isetyenziswe, isithembiso sesisombululo sesetyhula, inzuzo (ezinye) zeplastiki, kunye nento enokwenziwa ngabantu ukunciphisa iplastiki (kunye nokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwakhona). URayome uyavuma ngelixa la manyathelo abalulekileyo ekunciphiseni ungcoliseko, ukuphumeza utshintsho lokwenyani kufuna isenzo somthetho.

Persson, L., Carney Almroth, BM, Collins, CD, Cornell, S., De Wit, CA, Diamond, ML, Fantke, P., Hassellöv, M., MacLeod, M., Ryberg, MW, Jørgensen, PS , Villarrubia-Gómez, P., Wang, Z., & Hauschild, MZ (2022). Ngaphandle kweNdawo eKhuselekileyo yokuSebenza yoMda wePlanethi kumaZiko eNoveli. Inzululwazi yezokusiNgqongileyo kunye neTekhnoloji, 56(3), 1510-1521. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04158

Iingcali zenzululwazi ziye zagqiba ekubeni uluntu ngoku lusebenza ngaphandle komda weplanethi okhuselekileyo wamaqumrhu amatsha ukusukela oko imveliso yonyaka kunye nokukhutshwa kuyanda ngesantya esidlula amandla ehlabathi ovavanyo kunye nokubeka iliso. Eli phepha lichaza umda wamaqumrhu anoveli kwisakhelo semida yeplanethi njengamaqumrhu ayinoveli ngokwemo yokwakheka komhlaba kwaye anefuthe elibi elinokubakho lokusongela imfezeko yeenkqubo zenkqubo yoMhlaba. Ukuqaqambisa ungcoliseko lweplastiki njengendawo ethile exhalabisa kakhulu, izazinzulu zicebisa ukuba zithathe amanyathelo angxamisekileyo ukunciphisa imveliso kunye nokukhutshwa kwezinto ezintsha, kuqatshelwe ukuba nangona kunjalo, ukuzingisa kwamaqumrhu amaninzi anoveli afana nongcoliseko lweplastiki kuya kuqhubeka kubangela ingozi enkulu.

Lwanga, EH, Beriot, N., Corradini, F. et al. (2022, ngoFebruwari). Uphononongo lwemithombo ye-microplastic, iindlela zothutho kunye nolungelelwaniso nabanye abacinezeli bomhlaba: uhambo olusuka kwiindawo zezolimo ukuya kokusingqongileyo. Ubuchwephesha beMichiza kunye neBhayoloji kwezoLimo. 9(20). DOI: 10.1186/s40538-021-00278-9

Idatha encinci iyafumaneka malunga nohambo lwe-microplastic kwiindawo ezisemhlabeni. Olu phononongo lwezenzululwazi luphonononga intsebenziswano eyahlukeneyo kunye neenkqubo ezibandakanyekayo ekuthuthweni kwe-microplastics ukusuka kwiinkqubo zezolimo ukuya kwindawo engqongileyo, kubandakanywa novavanyo lwenoveli malunga nendlela uthutho lwe-microplastic lwenzeka ngayo ukusuka kwi-plastisphere (iselula) ukuya kwinqanaba le-landscape.

Super Simple. (2019, Novemba 7). Iindlela ezi-5 ezilula zokunciphisa iplastiki ekhaya. https://supersimple.com/article/reduce-plastic/.

Iindlela ezi-8 zokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-infographic yeplastiki enye

Inkqubo yeNdawo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. (2021). Ubulungisa bendalo esingqongileyo kunye nopopayi wongcoliseko lweplastiki (IsiNgesi). YouTube. https://youtu.be/8YPjYXOjT58.

Abantu abamkela umvuzo ophantsi kunye nabantsundu, abantu bomthonyama, abantu bebala (BIPOC) ngabona baphambili kungcoliseko lweplastiki. Uluntu lwemibala ludla ngokuhlala elunxwemeni ngaphandle kokukhuselwa kwizikhukula, ukonakaliswa kokhenketho, kunye neshishini lokuloba. Inyathelo ngalinye lemveliso yeplastiki xa ingalawulwa kwaye ingajongwanga inokwenzakalisa ubomi baselwandle, okusingqongileyo, kunye noluntu olukufutshane. Olu luntu luhlelelekileyo lulindeleke ukuba luhlupheke ngenxa yokungalingani, kwaye ke ngoko lufuna inkxaso-mali eyongezelelweyo kunye noqwalaselo lothintelo.

TEDx. (2010). I-TEDx iPatch yeNkunkuma yePasifiki enkulu - uVan Jones - UbuLungisa beNdalo. YouTube. https://youtu.be/3WMgNlU_vxQ.

Kwintetho ka-Ted ka-2010 egxininisa impembelelo engafanelekanga kwiindawo ezihluphekayo ezivela kwinkunkuma yongcoliseko lweplastiki, uVan Jones ucela umngeni ngokuxhomekeka kwethu ekulahlekeni "ukuze ulahle iplanethi kufuneka ulahle abantu." Abantu abafumana imivuzo ephantsi abanayo inkululeko yezoqoqosho yokukhetha ukhetho olunempilo okanye olungenayo iplastiki ekhokelela ekwandeni kokuvezwa kweekhemikhali zeplastiki ezinetyhefu. Abantu abahluphekayo nabo bathwele lo mthwalo ngenxa yokuba bakufutshane ngokungafanelekanga kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma. Imichiza eyityhefu engakholelekiyo ikhutshwa kuluntu oluhlelelekileyo noluhlelelekileyo olubangela uluhlu olubanzi lweziphumo zempilo. Kufuneka sibeke amazwi aphuma kolu luntu phambili kuwiso-mthetho ukuze kuphunyezwe utshintsho olululo olusekwe kuluntu.

Iziko loMthetho wokuSingqongileyo waMazwe ngaMazwe. (2021). Phefumla Lo Moya-Zikhulule kuMthetho woNgcoliseko lwePlastiki. Iziko loMthetho wokuSingqongileyo waMazwe ngaMazwe. YouTube. https://youtu.be/liojJb_Dl90.

Umthetho weBreak Free kwiPlastiki ugxile ngokukhethekileyo kubulungisa bokusingqongileyo uphikisa ngelithi "xa uphakamisa abantu ezantsi, uphakamisa wonke umntu." Iinkampani zepetrochemical zenzakalisa ngokungafanelekanga abantu bebala kunye noluntu olufumana imivuzo ephantsi ngokuvelisa nokulahla inkunkuma yeplastiki kwiindawo abahlala kuzo. Kufuneka sihlukane nokuxhomekeka kwiplastiki ukuze sizuze ubulungisa kwiindawo ezihlelelekileyo ezichatshazelwa lungcoliseko lwemveliso yeplastiki.

Iingxoxo zeSivumelwano sePlastiki yeHlabathi. (2021, Juni 10). Uthungelwano lobuNkokheli bePlastiki yoLwandle. YouTube. https://youtu.be/GJdNdWmK4dk.

Ingxoxo yaqala ngothotho lweengqungquthela ze-intanethi zehlabathi jikelele ukulungiselela isigqibo seNgqungquthela yezokusiNgqongileyo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo (UNEA) ngoFebruwari 2022 malunga nokuba silandele isivumelwano sehlabathi seeplastiki. I-Ocean Plastics Leadership Network (OPLN) amalungu angama-90 e-activist-to-industry umbutho udityaniswa neGreenpeace kunye neWWF ukuvelisa uthotho lwengxoxo olusebenzayo. Amazwe angamashumi asixhenxe ananye acela isivumelwano seplastiki yehlabathi jikelele ecaleni kwee-NGO, kunye neenkampani ezinkulu ezingama-30. Amaqela afuna ingxelo ecacileyo ngeeplastiki kubomi babo bonke ukuze baphendule ngayo yonke into eyenziwayo kunye nendlela ephathwa ngayo, kodwa kusekho izithuba ezinkulu zokungavisisani eziseleyo.

Tan, V. (2020, Matshi 24). Ngaba i-Bio-plastiki sisisombululo esiZinzileyo? TEDx IiNtetho. YouTube. https://youtu.be/Kjb7AlYOSgo.

Iiplastiki zeBio zinokuba zizisombululo kwimveliso yeplastiki esekwe kwipetroleum, kodwa i-bioplastics ayiyeki ingxaki yenkunkuma yeplastiki. Ii-Bioplastics okwangoku zibiza kakhulu kwaye azifumaneki lula xa kuthelekiswa neeplastiki ezisekwe kwipetroleum. Ngaphaya koko, ii-bioplastics azikho ngcono kwindalo esingqongileyo kuneeplastiki ezisekwe kwipetroleum njengoko ezinye iiplastiki zebhayoloji zingayi kuthotywa ngokwendalo kokusingqongileyo. I-Bioplastics yodwa ayikwazi ukusombulula ingxaki yethu yeplastiki, kodwa ingaba yinxalenye yesisombululo. Sifuna umthetho obanzi ngakumbi kunye nokuphunyezwa okuqinisekisiweyo okubandakanya imveliso yeplastiki, ukusetyenziswa, kunye nokulahlwa.

Scarr, S. (2019, Septemba 4). Ukutshona kwiPlastiki: Ukubona umlutha wehlabathi kwiibhotile zeplastiki. Imizobo yeReuters. Ibuyisiwe kwi: graphics.reuters.com/ENVIRONMENT-PLASTIC/0100B275155/index.html

Ehlabathini lonke, phantse i-1 yezigidi zeebhotile zeplastiki zithengiswa ngomzuzu ngamnye, iibhotile ze-1.3 yezigidigidi zithengiswa yonke imihla, elilingana nesiqingatha sobukhulu be-Eiffel Tower. Ngaphantsi kwe-6% yazo zonke iplastiki ezakha zenziwa iye yarisayikilishwa. Ngaphandle kwabo bonke ubungqina beplastiki esongelayo kukusingqongileyo, imveliso iyanda.

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