Ukukhusela imigxobhozo kwihlabathi liphela, ngelo xesha nangoku: Indibano yeRamsar

nguLuka Mdala
Sabine Wetlands Walk, Hackberry, Louisiana (Ifoto ngoncedo lweNdawo zoKhenketho zaseLouisiana kunye neMisitho – Peter A Mayer Advertising / Assoc. Creative Director: Neil Landry; Account Executives: Fran McManus & Lisa Costa; Art Production: Janet Riehlmann)
Sabine Wetlands Walk, Hackberry, Louisiana (Ifoto ngoncedo lweNdawo zoKhenketho zaseLouisiana kunye neMisitho – Peter A Mayer Advertising / Assoc. Creative Director: Neil Landry; Account Executives: Fran McManus & Lisa Costa; Art Production: Janet Riehlmann)

Nyaka ngamnye, abantu abahlala ngaselunxwemeni abaxhalabileyo babukela uqikelelo lwezitshingitshane ezizayo—ezaziwa ngokuba ziinkanyamba okanye izaqhwithi xa zivuthwa, kuxhomekeka kwindawo ezikuyo. Xa ezo zaqhwithi zisondela emhlabeni, njengoko wenzayo iNkanyamba uIsaac ngasekupheleni kwenyanga ephelileyo, uluntu olukwindlela yoqhwithela lukhunjuzwa ngexabiso lemigxobhozo engaselunxwemeni, amahlathi, nezinye iindawo zokuhlala ekubakhuseleni kweyona miphumo mibi yesaqhwithi.

Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje lokunyuka kwamaqondo olwandle kunye nemozulu eshushu, imigxobhozo kunye nemisebenzi ye-ikhosistim yomhlaba omanzi ibalulekile ekuziqhelaniseni nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokunciphisa. Ukongezelela, imigxobhozo ingumthombo obalulekileyo wezoqoqosho, inzululwazi nokuzonwabisa. Ukanti ezi nkqubo zendalo zijongene nokuthotywa nokutshatyalaliswa.
I-RAMSARKunokubakho ilahleko engenakulungiseka kwimigxobhozo evela ekungeneni okuqhubekayo kophuhliso kwimigxobhozo ukusuka kwicala lomhlaba, kunye nokukhukuliseka kwemigxobhozo evela emanzini ngenxa yeendlela zamanzi ezenziwe ngabantu kunye neminye imisebenzi. Ngaphezu nje kweminyaka engama-40 eyadlulayo, izizwe zadibana ukuze ziqonde ixabiso lemigxobhozo kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezikufutshane, kunye nokuphuhlisa isakhelo sokhuseleko lwazo. INgqungquthela yeRamsar sisivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe esenzelwe ukunceda ukuthintela olu ngenelelo, kunye nenkxaso kumalinge okubuyisela, ukubuyisela kwisimo sangaphambili, kunye nokulondoloza imigxobhozo kwihlabathi jikelele. INgqungquthela ye-Ramsar ikhusela imigxobhozo ngenxa yemisebenzi kunye neenkonzo zayo ezizodwa ze-ikholoji, njengolawulo lolawulo lwamanzi kunye nendawo yokuhlala ababonelela ngayo ngeentlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayo ukusuka kwinqanaba le-ikhosistim ukuya kutsho kumgangatho weentlobo zezityalo.
Ingqungquthela yokuqala yeMigxobhozo yayibanjelwe kwisixeko sase-Iranian sase-Ramsar ngo-1971. Ngo-1975, iNkomfa yayisebenza ngokupheleleyo, ibonelela ngesikhokelo senyathelo lesizwe kunye nehlabathi jikelele kunye nentsebenziswano yokhuseleko oluzinzileyo kunye nokugcinwa kwemigxobhozo kunye nemithombo yendalo kunye neenkonzo zayo. . INgqungquthela ye-Ramsar sisivumelwano phakathi koorhulumente esibophelela amazwe angamalungu ayo ukuba agcine imfezeko yezendalo kwiziza ezithile zemigxobhozo kunye nokugcina ukusetyenziswa okuzinzileyo kwale migxobhozo. Ingxelo yomnqophiso wengqungquthela “kulondolozo nokusetyenziswa ngobulumko kwayo yonke imigxobhozo ngezenzo zasekhaya, zengingqi nezesizwe kunye nentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe, njengegalelo ekuphumezeni uphuhliso oluzinzileyo kwihlabathi liphela”.
Ingqungquthela yeRamsar yahlukile kwezinye iinzame ezifanayo zokusingqongileyo kwihlabathi ngeendlela ezimbini ezibalulekileyo. Okokuqala, ayidibanisi nenkqubo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yeeMvumelwano zeNdalo eZininzi, nangona isebenza nezinye ii-MEAs kunye nee-NGOs kwaye sisivumelwano esiqatshelweyo esinxulumene nazo zonke ezinye izivumelwano ezinxulumene ne-biodiversity-related. Okwesibini, kuphela kwesivumelwano sehlabathi jikelele sokusingqongileyo esijongene nenkqubo yendalo ethile: imigxobhozo. Le Ngqungquthela isebenzisa inkcazo ebanzi ngokwentelekiso yemigxobhozo, equka “imigxobhozo nemigxobhozo, amachibi nemilambo, ingca emanzi namathafa eengca, i-oases, amachweba, i-deltas kunye ne-tidal flats, imimandla yolwandle ekufuphi nonxweme, imango kunye ne-coral reefs, kunye nokwenziwa ngabantu. iindawo ezifana namachibi eentlanzi, amasimi erayisi, amadama kunye neepani zetyuwa.”
Ilitye elingundoqo leNgqungquthela ye-Ramsar luLuhlu lwe-Ramsar lweMigxobhozo eBalulekileyo kwiZizwe ngezizwe, uluhlu lwayo yonke imigxobhozo echongwe yiNgqungquthela njengeziza ezibalulekileyo kwimpilo yobutyebi baselunxwemeni naselwandle kwihlabathi liphela.
Injongo yolu Luhlu “kukuphuhlisa nokugcina uthungelwano lwezizwe ngezizwe lwemigxobhozo ebalulekileyo kulondolozo lweyantlukwano yebhayoloji yehlabathi nokugcina ubomi boluntu ngokugcina amacandelo e-ikhosistim, iinkqubo kunye neenzuzo/iinkonzo zabo.” Ngokuzimanya neNgqungquthela yeRamsar, ilizwe ngalinye linyanzelekile ukuba lonyule ubuncinane isiza esinye somgxobhozo njengoMgxobhozo oBalulekileyo baMazwe ngaMazwe, ngelixa ezinye iziza zikhethwa ngamanye amazwe angamalungu ukuze zibandakanywe kuluhlu lwemigxobhozo echongiweyo.
Eminye imizekelo yeRamsar Wetlands yoBaluko lwaMazwe ngaMazwe efumaneka kuMntla Melika iquka iChesapeake Bay Estuarine Complex (USA), iLaguna de Términos Reserve eCampeche (Mexico), ugcino olusekupheleni okusemazantsi eCuba's Isla de la Juventud, iEverglades National Park IFlorida (USA), kunye nesiza saseAlaskan eFraser River Delta yaseCanada. Nasiphi na isiza seRamsar esinengxaki ekugcineni ingqibelelo yendalo kunye nebhayoloji esekwe yiNgqungquthela inokubekwa kuluhlu olukhethekileyo kwaye inokufumana uncedo lobugcisa ukusombulula iingxaki esijongene nazo isiza. Ukongeza, amazwe anokufaka isicelo sokufumana inkxaso ngeNgxowa-mali yeSibonelelo esiNcinci se-Ramsar kunye neMigxobhozo yeFuture Fund ukuze kugqitywe iiprojekthi zolondolozo lwemigxobhozo. I-US yeSizwe yeNkonzo yeeNtlanzi kunye ne-Wildlife isebenza njenge-arhente ekhokelayo kwiindawo ze-34 ze-Ramsar e-US kunye nokulungelelaniswa namanye amazwe.
INgqungquthela ye-Ramsar ineNkomfa yamaQela aKhontraktha (i-COP) rhoqo emva kweminyaka emithathu ukuze ixoxe kwaye ikhuthaze ukusetyenziswa ngakumbi kwezikhokelo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yesiVumelwano. Ngokumalunga nomsebenzi wemihla ngemihla, kukho i-Secretariat ye-Ramsar e-Gland, eSwitzerland, elawula iNgqungquthela kumazwe ngamazwe. Kwinqanaba likazwelonke, iQela ngalinye leKhontrakthi lineGunya elichongiweyo loLawulo elijongene nokuphunyezwa kwezikhokelo zeNgqungquthela kwilizwe labo. Ngelixa iNgqungquthela ye-Ramsar ingumzamo wamazwe ngamazwe, iSivumelwano sikwakhuthaza amazwe angamalungu ukuba aseke iikomiti zelizwe ezingoomanzi ezizezawo, eziquka uthethathethwano nee-NGO, kwaye zibandakanywe uthethathethwano noluntu kumzamo wazo wokulondoloza imigxobhozo.
NgoJulayi ka-2012 kuye kwakho iNtlanganiso ye-11 yeNgqungquthela yamaQela eKontraka yeNgqungquthela yaseRamsar, eyayiseBucharest, eRomania. Apho, kwagxininiswa indlela ukhenketho oluzinzileyo lwemigxobhozo enegalelo kuqoqosho lohlaza.
Le nkomfa yaphela ngamawonga okuwonga umsebenzi omkhulu owenziweyo, nokuvunywa kwemfuneko yokunyamezela nokuzinikela ekulondolozweni nasekubuyiseleni imigxobhozo kwihlabathi jikelele. Ukusuka kwimbono yokugcinwa kolwandle, iNgqungquthela yeRamsar ixhasa ukhuseleko lweyona nto ibalulekileyo yokwakha impilo yolwandle.
United States of America: 34 Ramsar Sites, 4,122,916.22 Acres ukususela 15 Juni 2012 (Umthombo: USFWS)

I-Ash Meadows yokuKhusela kweZilwanyana zasendle zeSizwe 18/12/86    
Nevada
9,509 ha
Bolinas Lagoon 01/09/98    
California
445 ha
Cache-Lower White Rivers 21/11/89    
Arkansas
81,376 ha
Cache River-Cypress Creek Wetlands 01/11/94    
Illinois
24,281 ha
Caddo Lake 23/10/93    
Texas
7,977 ha
Catahoula Lake 18/06/91    
Louisiana
12,150 ha
Chesapeake Bay Estuarine Complex 04/06/87    
Virginia
45,000 ha
Cheyenne Bottoms 19/10/88    
Kansas
10,978 ha
Congaree National Park 02/02/12    
South Carolina
10,539 ha
Connecticut River Estuary & Tidal Wetlands Complex 14/10/94    
Connecticut
6,484 ha
Indawo yoMgxobhozo weCorkscrew 23/03/09    
Florida
5,261 ha
Delaware Bay Estuary 20/05/92    
eDelaware, eNew Jersey
51,252 ha
U-Edwin B Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge 18/12/86    
ijezi New
13,080 ha
Everglades National Park 04/06/87    
Florida
610,497 ha
Francis Beidler Forest 30/05/08    
South Carolina
6,438 ha
I-Grassland Ecological Area 02/02/05    
California
65,000 ha
Humbug Marsh 20/01/10    
Michigan
188 ha
Horicon Marsh 04/12/90    
Wisconsin
12,912 ha
Izembek Lagoon National Wildlife Refuge 18/12/86    
Alaska
168,433 ha
I-Kakagon kunye ne-Bad River Sloughs 02/02/12    
Wisconsin
4,355 ha
Kawainui kunye Hamakua Marsh Complex 02/02/05    
Hawaii
414 ha
Laguna de Santa Rosa Wetland Complex 16/04/10    
California
1576 ha
I-Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge 18/12/86    
Georgia, eFlorida
162,635 ha
IPalmyra Atoll National Wildlife Recuge 01/04/11    
Hawaii
204,127 ha
ISiqithi sasePelican sokuKhuselwa kwezilwanyana zasendle 14/03/93    
Florida
1,908 ha
Quivira National Wildlife Refuge 12/02/02    
Kansas
8,958 ha
Roswell Artesian Wetlands 07/09/10    
New Mexico
917 ha
INdawo yeSizwe yaseSand Lake yeZilwanyana zasendle 03/08/98    
South Dakota
8,700 ha
USue kunye noWes Dixon Waterfowl yokusabela eHennepin &
Hopper Lakes 02/02/12    
Illinois
1,117 ha
I-Emiquon Complex 02/02/12    
Illinois
5,729 ha
Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve 02/02/05    
California
1,021 ha
Tomales Bay 30/09/02    
California
2,850 ha
Amathafa oMgxobhozo oMntla woMlambo iMississippi 05/01/10    
Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois
122,357 ha
UWilma H. ​​Schiermeier Olentangy River Wetland Research Park 18/04/08    
Ohio
21 ha
U-Luke Elder wasebenza njenge-TOF yophando lwe-intern ehlobo ehlobo lika-2011. Kunyaka olandelayo wachitha efunda eSpain apho wayenomsebenzi kunye neBhunga loPhando leSizwe laseSpain elisebenza kwiQela labo lezoQoqosho lokuSingqongileyo. Kweli hlobo uLuka usebenze njengoMfundi woLondolozo lweNdalo kwiNdawo yoLondolozo lweNdalo esenza ulawulo lomhlaba kunye nobugosa. Umntu ophezulu kwiKholeji yaseMiddlebury, uLuka udlala indima enkulu kwi-Conservation Biology kunye ne-Environmental Studies kunye nomntwana omncinci ngeSpanishi, kwaye unethemba lokufumana umsebenzi wexesha elizayo kulondolozo lwaselwandle.