Inzululwazi yoLwandle: UCwangciso lweMimandla yaseLwandle luyayitshintsha indlela esijongana ngayo neeLwandle kunye neeNxweme

Ababhali: UMark J. Spalding kunye noHooper Brooks
Igama loPapasho: UkuSebenza koCwangciso
Umhla wokupapashwa: ngoLwesine, Disemba 1, 2011

Wonke umcwangcisi uyayazi le nto: Amanzi aselunxwemeni lwase-US ziindawo ezixakeke ngokumangalisayo, ezinobuninzi bokusetyenziswa kwabantu kunye nezilwanyana ngokufanayo. Ukulungelelanisa ezo zinto zisebenzisayo-kunye nokuthintela eziyingozi-uMongameli Obama ngoJulayi 2010 wakhupha umyalelo wesigqeba owaseka isicwangciso sendawo yolwandle njengesixhobo sokuphucula ulawulo lolwandle.

Phantsi komyalelo, zonke iindawo zamanzi ase-US ekugqibeleni ziya kwenziwa imephu, ikwenza kucace ukuba zeziphi iindawo ekufuneka zibekelwe bucala ukuze zilondolozwe kwaye apho ukusetyenziswa okutsha okufana nezibonelelo zamandla omoya namaza kunye nendalo yaselwandle evulekileyo inokubekwa ngokufanelekileyo.

Imeko yomthetho yesi sigunyaziso nguMthetho woLawulo lweMimandla yoNxweme, ukususela ngo-1972. Iinjongo zenkqubo yalo mthetho zihlala zifana: “ukugcina, ukukhusela, ukuphuhlisa, kwaye apho kunokwenzeka, ukubuyisela okanye ukwandisa ubutyebi bommandla wonxweme wesizwe. .” Amashumi amathathu anesine amazwe aqhuba iinkqubo phantsi kweNkqubo yoLawulo lweZowuni yoNxweme yeSizwe yeCZMA. Amachweba angamashumi amabini anesibhozo ogcino asebenza njengeelabhoratri eziphantsi kweNational Estuarine Research Reserve System. Ngoku umyalelo wesigqeba sikamongameli ukhuthaza ukuba kujongwe ngokubanzi iinkqubo zonxweme.

Imfuneko ikhona. Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sabemi behlabathi bahlala kumgama weekhilomitha ezingama-40 kunxweme lonxweme. Elo nani linokunyuka liye kuma-75 ekhulwini ngo-2025, ngokoqikelelo oluthile.
Amashumi asibhozo eepesenti zokhenketho lonke lwenzeka kwimimandla eselunxwemeni, ngakumbi ecaleni konxweme lwamanzi, kwiilwandle nakwiingqaqa ezikufuphi nonxweme. Umsebenzi wezoqoqosho oveliswe kummandla woqoqosho okhethekileyo wase-US-ukwandisa i-200 yeemayile ze-nautical offshore-imele amakhulu eebhiliyoni zeedola.

Lo msebenzi uzingiswayo udala imingeni kuluntu oluselunxwemeni. Ezi ziquka:

• Ukulawula uzinzo loluntu kuqoqosho lwehlabathi olungazinzanga, kunye nemisebenzi yezoqoqosho engalinganiyo ngamaxesha onyaka nanjengoko kuchatshazelwa luqoqosho kunye nemozulu.
• Ukunciphisa kunye nokuziqhelanisa nefuthe lokutshintsha kwemozulu kwi-ikhosistim yonxweme
• Ukunciphisa iimpembelelo ze-anthropogenic ezifana neentlobo ezihlaselayo, ungcoliseko lonxweme, ukutshatyalaliswa kwendawo yokuhlala, kunye nokuloba ngokugqithisileyo

Isithembiso kunye noxinzelelo

Isicwangciso sesithuba sonxweme lolwandle sisixhobo sokucwangcisa esitsha ngokwembono yolawulo. Ibandakanya ubuchule kunye nemingeni ehambelanayo kwisicwangciso sehlabathi, kodwa ineempawu ezizodwa. Umzekelo, ingadala imida ethile ngaphakathi kwendawo yolwandle evulekileyo ngaphambili—ingqikelelo eqinisekileyo ukuba iya kubacaphukisa abo batshatileyo kwingcinga yolwandle lwasendle, oluvulekileyo nolufikelelekayo. 

Imveliso ye-oli nerhasi ekude nonxweme, ukuhambisa ngenqanawa, !ukushishina, ukhenketho kunye nolonwabo zezinye zeenjini eziqhuba uqoqosho lwethu. Iilwandle zijongene noxinzelelo olwandayo lophuhliso njengoko amashishini ekhuphisana ngeendawo ezifanayo, kwaye iimfuno ezintsha zivela kusetyenziso olufana nombane ohlaziyekayo elunxwemeni kunye nendalo yasemanzini. Ngenxa yokuba ulawulo lolwandle oluhlangeneyo namhlanje lwahlulwe phakathi kwama-23 ee-arhente zomdibaniso ezahlukeneyo, iindawo zolwandle zikholisa ukulawulwa kunye nokulawulwa kwecandelo ngokwecandelo kunye nemeko nganye, ngaphandle kokuqwalaselwa okuninzi kurhwebo-offs okanye iziphumo ezongezelekayo kweminye imisebenzi yabantu okanye imekobume yaselwandle.

Ezinye iimephu zaselwandle kunye nocwangciso olulandelayo lwenzekile kumanzi ase-US amashumi eminyaka. Phantsi kwe-CZMA, ummandla wonxweme wase-US wenze imephu, nangona ezo mephu zisenokungahlaziywa ngokupheleleyo. Imimandla ekhuselweyo engqonge iKapa iCanaveral, amaziko ombane enyukliya, okanye ezinye iindawo zomhlaba ezinovakalelo zibe nesiphumo sokucwangciswa kophuhliso lonxweme, iimarinas, kunye neendlela zeenqanawa. Iindlela ezifudukayo kunye neendawo zokutya ezisengozini yokuphela kweminenga yaseAtlantiki ekuthiwa yi<em>right whales yenziwa imaphu, kuba ukubetha kweenqanawa—oyena nobangela wokufa kwe<em>right whale—kunokuncipha kakhulu xa kuhlengahlengiswa iindlela zokuthumela iinqanawa ukuze ziphephe.

Imigudu efanayo iyaqhubeka kumazibuko akumazantsi eKhalifoniya, apho uqhankqalazo lweenqanawa luye lwachaphazela iindidi ezininzi zeminenga. Phantsi koMthetho we-1999 we-Marine Life Protection Act ka-XNUMX, amagosa karhulumente, abaququzeleli abangenzi nzuzo abamele ukuzonwabisa kunye norhwebo lwabalobi, kunye neenkokheli zoluntu baye basokola ukuchonga ukuba zeziphi iindawo zonxweme lwaseCalifornia ezikhuseleke kakhulu kwaye ukusetyenziswa kunokwenziwa kwezinye iindawo.

Umyalelo kamongameli ubeka inqanaba lemizamo ebanzi yeCMSP. Ebhala kwinkupho yowama-2010 yephephancwadi elithi Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, uG. Carleton Ray weYunivesithi yaseVirginia wachaza iinjongo zesigqeba esilawulayo esithi: “Ukucwangciswa kwemihlaba engaselunxwemeni naselwandle kubonelela ngenkqubo yomgaqo-nkqubo woluntu ukuze kuqondwe bhetele indlela iilwandle nendlela ebhetele ngayo. amanxweme amele asetyenziswe ngokuzinzileyo kwaye akhuselwe ngoku nakwizizukulwana ezizayo.” Inkqubo yenzelwe, utshilo, "ukwandisa ngononophelo into esiyifumanayo elwandle ngelixa sinciphisa izoyikiso kwimpilo yayo. Inzuzo ebalulekileyo, eqikelelweyo kukuphucula ukukwazi kwabasemagunyeni ukulungelelanisa ngokungenamthungo iinjongo zabo ngocwangciso olubanzi.”

Okuqukwe kumyalelo wesigqeba sommandla wolwandle wesizwe kunye nendawo yoqoqosho ekhethekileyo, iGreat Lakes, kunye neshelufu yelizwekazi, inabela emhlabeni ukuya kumda ophakathi wamanzi aphezulu kunye nokubandakanya amatheku angaphakathi kwelizwe namachweba.

Yintoni efunekayo?

Inkqubo yocwangciso lwendawo yaselwandle ayifani naleyo ye-charrette yasekuhlaleni apho bonke abachaphazelekayo badibana khona ukuze baxoxe ngendlela iindawo ezisetyenziswa ngayo ngoku kunye nokuba ukusetyenziswa okongezelelekileyo okanye uphuhliso lunokwenzeka njani. Ngokuqhelekileyo i-charrette iqala ngesakhelo esithile, njengokuba uluntu luza kuhlangabezana njani nomngeni wokubonelela ngeziseko zophuhliso loqoqosho olunempilo, okusingqongileyo kunye noluntu.
Umceli mngeni kummandla wolwandle kukuqinisekisa ukuba i-charrette imele ezo ntlobo zezilwanyana umsebenzi wezoqoqosho uxhomekeke kuzo (umz., ukuloba nokubukela iminenga); ukukwazi kwakhe ukubonisa etafileni kulinganiselwe ngokucacileyo; kwaye okukhethwa kukho, xa kusenziwa izigqibo eziphosakeleyo, kulinganiselwe ngakumbi. Ngaphaya koko, utshintsho lweqondo lobushushu kunye nekhemikhali, kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwendawo yokuhlala, kunokubangela utshintsho kwindawo ye-!sh kunye nezinye izilwanyana zaselwandle, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuchonga iindawo ezithile njengezokusetyenziswa okuthile. 

Ukucwangcisa indawo yaselwandle kunokubiza kakhulu, nako. Isicwangciso esibanzi sommandla othile kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo izinto ezininzi. Ibandakanya ukuphuhliswa kwezixhobo zokuvavanya ulwandle olunemilinganiselo emininzi elinganisa umphezulu, indawo enamaza, iindawo zokuhlala ezikufutshane, umgangatho wolwandle, kunye neendawo ezingaphantsi komgangatho wolwandle, kunye nayo nayiphi na imimandla egqitheneyo yolawulo kwindawo ethile. Ukuloba, imigodi, ukuveliswa kweoli negesi, iindawo eziqeshiselwe ioli nerhasi kodwa engekasetyenziswa, iiinjini zomoya, iifama zeeshellfish, iinqanawa, ulonwabo, ukubukela iminenga, kunye nezinye izinto ezisetyenziswa ngabantu kufuneka zidweliswe. Kukwanjalo nangeendlela ezisetyenziswayo ukuya kwiindawo ezisetyenziselwa ezo ndawo.

Imephu ebanzi inokuquka iintlobo zezityalo kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezigudle unxweme nakumanzi akufuphi nonxweme, njengemithi yemango, amadlelo engca yolwandle, iindunduma kunye namagxobhozo. Ibiya kubonisa ulwandle “olusuka kumgca wokuza kwamanzi odlula kwishelufa yelizwekazi, eyaziwa ngokuba ziindawo ezihlala abantu bentlombe, apho iintlobo ezininzi ze!sh nezinye izilwanyana zichitha inxalenye okanye wonke umjikelo wazo wobomi. Iza kudibanisa idatha eyaziwayo yendawo neyexeshana malunga ne-!sh, izilwanyana ezanyisayo, neentaka neepateni ezifudukayo kunye neendawo ezisetyenziselwa ukuzala nokondla. Ukuchonga iindawo zogcino lwezilwanyana ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ngabantwana !sh nezinye izilwanyana nako kubalulekile. Isiqalelo sexeshana sibaluleke kakhulu kubugosa bolwandle obunzulu, kwaye ihlala ingahoywa kwimephu yeCMSP.

"I-CMSP ijonge ukuba, okanye ngethemba lokuba iya kuba, imisebenzi eqhutywa yisayensi kunye neNzululwazi yenzeke iinyanga ezisibhozo ngonyaka kwi-Aquarius Reef Base, ekuphela kwesikhululo sophando esiphantsi kolwandle, esiguqukayo ekuphenduleni ubungqina obutsha, itekhnoloji kunye nokuqonda," wabhala uRay. . Enye injongo kukuvumela ukuchongwa kweendawo ekunokuthi kusetyenziswe kuzo izinto ezintsha, njengokuvelisa amandla okanye iindawo zolondolozo. Enye injongo kukuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzisi abakhoyo bachonga kwaye baqonde ukuba imisebenzi yabo yenziwa njani kwaye yenzeke phi kwimaphu yendawo.

Ukuba kunokwenzeka, iindlela zokufuduka kweentaka, izilwanyana zaselwandle, ufudo lwaselwandle, kunye ne-!sh nazo ziya kuqukwa ukuze iipaseji ezisetyenziswa kuzo zibe nokuqaqambisa. Injongo kukusebenzisa olu lwazi ukubonelela abachaphazelekayo kunye nabacwangcisi isixhobo sokufikelela kwimvumelwano kunye nokwenza izicwangciso ezandisa inzuzo kubo bonke.

Kwenziwa ntoni ukuza kuthi ga ngoku?

Ukuphehlelela iinzame zokucwangcisa iindawo zaselwandle kwilizwe lonke, urhulumente wobumbano kulo nyaka uphelileyo uye waseka iBhunga leSizwe loLwandlekazi ikomiti eququzelelayo yolawulo, ngokubonisana namalungu ali-18 avela kurhulumente, izizwe, kunye noorhulumente basekhaya kunye nemibutho, iza kusebenza njengequmrhu eliphambili lonxibelelaniso. kwimiba yomgaqo-nkqubo wolawulo lolwandle. Izicwangciso zesithuba solwandle kufuneka ziphuhliswe kwiingingqi ezilithoba kwasekuqaleni kowama-2015. Iiseshoni zokumamela ziye zabanjwa kwilizwe lonke ebutsheni balo nyaka ukufumana igalelo kwinkqubo yeCMSP. Loo nzame sisiqalo esihle, kodwa amaqela akhuthazayo awohlukeneyo acela okungakumbi. Kwileta eya kwiCongress ngasekupheleni kukaSeptemba, i-Ocean Conservancy-i-Washington-based nonprofit-yaqaphela ukuba amazwe amaninzi sele eqokelela idatha kunye nokudala iimephu zokusetyenziswa kolwandle kunye nonxweme. “Kodwa,” yatsho le leta, “amazwe akanako! Ngenxa yendima edlalwa ngurhulumente womanyano kumanzi olwandle, urhulumente wobumbano kufuneka akhe phezu kweenzame zengingqi zokunceda ukukhokela uphuhliso lolwandle ngeendlela ezinengqiqo. " Ingxelo yemigudu esele iqhubeka eMassachusetts yanikwa ngu-Amy Mathews Amos, umcebisi wendalo ozimeleyo, emva nje kokuba umyalelo wesigqeba sikamongameli ukhutshiwe kunyaka ophelileyo. “Kangangamashumi eminyaka uluntu luye lwasebenzisa ucando lwemida ukunciphisa ungquzulwano lokusetyenziswa komhlaba nokukhusela amaxabiso ezindlu. Ngo-2008, iMassachusetts yaba lilizwe lokuqala ukusebenzisa le mbono kulwandlekazi,” wabhala uAmos kwi “Obama Enacts Ocean Zoning,” iposwe ngo-2010. www.blueridgepress.com, ingqokelela ye-intanethi yeekholamu ezihlanganisiweyo. “Ngokupasiswa kukarhulumente umthetho obanzi ‘wokucandwa kwemida’ yolwandle, ngoku unenkqubo-sikhokelo yokuchonga ukuba yeyiphi imimandla ekude nonxweme ekufaneleyo ukuba isetyenziswe, kwaye ifake iflegi yongquzulwano olunokubakho kwangethuba.” 

Kuninzi okuphunyeziweyo kule minyaka mithathu ukusukela oko uMthetho woLwandle lwaseMassachusetts wafuna ukuba urhulumente welizwe aphuhlise isicwangciso esibanzi solawulo lolwandle ekujongwe ukuba zidityaniswe kwisicwangciso solawulo lwezowuni yonxweme yeSizwe kunye noLawulo lwe-Atmospheric kwaye sinyanzeliswe ngenkqubo yolawulo kunye nemvume karhulumente. . Amanyathelo okuqala aquka ukumisela ukuba ukusetyenziswa kolwandle okuthe ngqo kuya kuvunyelwa khona kwaye kukuphi ukusetyenziswa kolwandle okuhambelanayo.

Ukuququzelela inkqubo, urhulumente udale iKomishoni yeeNgcebiso zoLwandle kunye neBhunga leNgcebiso ngeNzululwazi. Iiseshoni zezimvo zoluntu zacwangciswa kwiindawo eziselunxwemeni naphakathi kwelizwe. Amaqela amathandathu omsebenzi we-arhente aye asekwa ukufumana kunye nokuhlalutya idatha malunga nendawo yokuhlala; !iisheri; ezothutho, ukuhamba ngenqanawa, kunye neziseko zophuhliso; intlenga iinkonzo zolonwabo nenkcubeko; kunye namandla ahlaziyekayo. Inkqubo entsha yedatha ekwi-intanethi ebizwa ngokuba yi-MORIS (iMassachusetts Ocean Resource Information System) yenzelwe ukukhangela nokubonisa idatha yendawo ephathelele kwizowuni yonxweme yaseMassachusetts.

Abasebenzisi be-MORIS banokujonga iileya zedatha ezahlukeneyo (izikhululo zokulinganisa amaza, iindawo ezikhuselweyo zaselwandle, iindawo zokungena, iibhedi ze-eelgrass) ngaphezu kweefoto zasemoyeni, imida yezopolitiko, imithombo yendalo, ukusetyenziswa kwabantu, i-bathymetry, okanye enye idatha, kubandakanywa neemephu zesiseko sikaGoogle. Injongo kukuvumela iingcali zolawulo lonxweme kunye nabanye abasebenzisi ukuba benze iimephu kwaye bakhuphele idatha eyiyo ukuze isetyenziswe kwinkqubo yolwazi lwejografi kunye neenjongo zokucwangcisa ezinxulumeneyo.

Nangona isicwangciso solawulo sokuqala saseMassachusetts sakhutshwa ngo-2010, uninzi loqokelelo lwedatha kunye nemephu yayingagqibekanga. Iinzame ziyaqhubeka ukuphuhlisa ulwazi olungcono !esheries, kunye !ze nezinye izikhewu zedatha ezifana nokuqhubeka nokuqokelelwa kwemifanekiso yendawo yokuhlala. Unyino lwenkxaso-mali luye lwamisa imimandla ethile yokuqokelelwa kwedatha, kuquka nemifanekiso yendawo yokuhlala, ukusukela ngoDisemba ka-2010, ngokutsho kweMassachusetts Ocean Partnership.

I-MOP liqela labucala likarhulumente elasekwa ngo-2006 kwaye lixhaswa zizibonelelo zesiseko, iikhontrakthi zikarhulumente, kunye nemirhumo. Isebenza phantsi kwebhodi elawulayo, eneqela labasebenzi abangundoqo abasisiqingatha seshumi elinesibini kunye namaqela anikezela ngeenkonzo zobuchwephesha. Ineenjongo ezinkulu, kubandakanya ulawulo lolwandle olusekwe kwisayensi kulo lonke elaseMntla-mpuma nakwilizwe lonke. Imisebenzi ephambili yentsebenziswano ibandakanya: Uyilo nolawulo lwenkqubo yeCMSP; uthethathethwano nabachaphazelekayo kunye nonxibelelwano; ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha, uhlalutyo kunye nokufikelela; uhlalutyo lokurhweba kunye nenkxaso yezigqibo; uyilo lwesixhobo kunye nokusetyenziswa; kunye nophuhliso lwezalathi ze-ikholoji nentlalo-qoqosho kwi-CMSP.

I-Massachusetts kulindeleke ukuba ikhuphe isicwangciso sayo sokugqibela solawulo lolwandle olubanzi ekuqaleni kwe-2015, kwaye i-MOP inethemba lokuba iSicwangciso soMmandla eNew England siya kugqitywa ngo-2016.

Isiqithi saseRhode sikwaqhubela phambili nocwangciso lwendawo yaselwandle. Iphuhlise inkqubo yokwenza imephu yokusetyenziswa kwabantu kunye nemithombo yendalo kwaye isebenze ukuchonga ukusetyenziswa okuhambelanayo ngesakhelo sendawo yamandla omoya.

Uphononongo olugunyaziswe ngurhulumente olugqitywe kwiminyaka ethile edlulileyo lufumanise ukuba iifama zomoya ezikude nonxweme zinokubonelela ngeepesenti ezili-15 okanye ngaphezulu kwiimfuno zombane zaseRhode Island; Ingxelo ichonge iindawo ezithile ezili-10 ezinokuthi zifaneleke iindawo zeefama zomoya. Ngo-2007, ngoko irhuluneli uDonald Carcieri wamema iqela elahlukileyo ukuba lithathe inxaxheba kwiingxoxo malunga neendawo ezili-10 ezinokubakho. Kwabanjwa iintlanganiso ezine ukuze kufunyanwe izimvo zabazimasayo, ababemele oorhulumente basekhaya, imibutho yokusingqongileyo, imibutho yophuhliso loqoqosho lwasekuhlaleni, kunye nemidla yorhwebo ngokuloba kwakunye nee-arhente zikarhulumente, i-US Coast Guard, iiyunivesithi zengingqi, nezinye.

Olona sukelo luphambili yayikukuphepha iingxabano ezinokubakho. Ngokomzekelo, kwanikelwa ingqalelo ecokisekileyo kwiindlela nakwiindawo ekuqheliselwa kuzo abo bakhuphisanayo kwiNdebe yeNdebe yaseMerika nezinye izinto ezinomdla wokuhamba ngeenqanawa, phakathi kwezinto ezininzi ezisetyenziswa kwiimaphu. Kwakunzima ukufumana ulwazi kwiindlela zangaphantsi kwamanzi zase-US eziphuma kwisiseko esikufutshane, kodwa ekugqibeleni, ezo ndlela zongezwa kumxube. Kwiindawo ezili-10 ezichongiweyo phambi kwenkqubo yabachaphazelekayo, ezininzi ziye zapheliswa ngenxa yongquzulwano olunokubakho nokusetyenziswa okukhoyo korhwebo, ngakumbi ukuloba. Nangona kunjalo, iimephu zokuqala azizange zibonise abathathi-nxaxheba iipateni zokufuduka kwezilwanyana okanye ziquka ukoleka okwexeshana kokusetyenziswa kwamaxesha onyaka.

Amaqela awohlukeneyo aneenkxalabo ezahlukeneyo malunga neziza ezinokubakho. Abaphathi beekreyifishi banexhala malunga nefuthe lokwakha kunye nokugcina izakhiwo kuzo zonke iziza ezili-10. Omnye ummandla wafunyanwa ungquzulana nesiza sokuhamba ngeenqanawa. Amagosa oKhenketho avakalise inkxalabo malunga nefuthe elibi elinokubakho kukhenketho oluvela kuphuhliso lomoya okufutshane nonxweme, ngakumbi kufutshane nonxweme olusemazantsi, oluluncedo lwezoqoqosho kurhulumente. Iimbono ezisuka kolo lwandle kunye noluntu lwasehlotyeni kwiBlock Island zaziphakathi kwezizathu ezikhankanyiweyo zokuhambisa iifama zomoya kwenye indawo.

Abanye babenenkxalabo malunga "nempembelelo yeConey Island" yeemfuno ze-Coney Guard zokukhanyisa ii-turbines njengesilumkiso kwiinqwelomoya kunye nabaqhubi beenqanawa kunye nenkathazo engaselunxwemeni yeefoghorns ezifunekayo.

Kuphela ezinye zezo mpikiswano zasonjululwa phambi kokuba umakhi wokuqala wamandla omoya aqalise umsebenzi wakhe wokwenza imephu yomgangatho wolwandle ngoSeptemba 2011, ngezicwangciso zokucebisa ngokusesikweni iziza zazo zombini iimegawathi ezingamashumi amathathu efama yomoya ngo-30 kwaye, kamva, ifama yomoya eyi-2012-megawatt. kumanzi aseRhode Island. Ii-arhente zikaRhulumente kunye ne-federal ziya kuphonononga ezo zindululo. Kuya kuhlala kubonakala ukuba zeziphi ukusetyenziswa komntu okanye izilwanyana eziza kubekwa phambili, kuba iifama zomoya zithintelwe kukuhamba ngesikhephe kunye nokuloba.

Amanye amazwe enza iinzame ezithile zokucwangcisa indawo yaselwandle: I-Oregon igxile kwiindawo ezikhuselweyo zaselwandle kunye ne-ocean wave energy siting; ICalifornia sele iza kuphumeza uMthetho wayo woKhuseleko loBomi baseLwandle; kunye nomthetho omtsha waseWashington State ufuna ukuba amanzi karhulumente angene kwinkqubo yocwangciso lwesithuba solwandle, xa kukho imali yokuwuxhasa. I-New York igqibezela ukuphunyezwa koMthetho woLondolozo lwe-Ocean kunye ne-Great Lakes Ecosystem Conservation Act, ethe yatshintsha ulawulo lommandla weemayile ezili-2006 zonxweme lwaselwandle kunye neGreat Lakes ngendlela ebanzi, esekwe kwi-ikhosistim, kunokuba ibenye igxininisa uhlobo oluthile okanye ingxaki.

Indima yomcwangcisi
Umhlaba nolwandle ziinkqubo ezidibeneyo; azinakulawulwa ngokwahlukeneyo. Unxweme kulapho sihlala ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sethu. Kwaye iindawo eziselunxwemeni zezona zinemveliso kakhulu kwisijikelezi-langa sethu. Xa iinkqubo zonxweme zisempilweni, zibonelela ngeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwiingenelo ezithe ngqo zezoqoqosho, kuquka imisebenzi, amathuba okuzonwabisa, indawo yokuhlala yezilwanyana zasendle, kunye nenkcubeko yenkcubeko. Banokunceda ukukhusela kwiintlekele zemvelo, ezikwanemiphumo yokwenene kwezoqoqosho.

Ngoko ke, inkqubo ye-CMSP kufuneka ilungelelaniswe kakuhle, yazi kakuhle, kwaye ithathele ingqalelo iinqobo ze-ikholoji, intlalo-ntle, nezoqoqosho kunye nezibonelelo. Abacwangcisi boluntu oluselunxwemeni kufuneka badityaniswe kwiingxoxo ze-CMSP ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela koluntu kwindawo yolwandle kunye nemithombo yobutyebi, kunye nokukhuselwa kweenkonzo ze-ikhosistim yolwandle nto leyo eya kuthi ifake isandla kuqoqosho oluzinzileyo lonxweme.

Ubuchule bokusebenza, ubuchwephesha, kunye nobunzululwazi boluntu olucwangcisiweyo kufuneka zidityaniswe kwaye lusetyenziswe kwezona zigqibo ze-CMSP zoncedo olungcono. Oko kubandakanyeka kufuneka kuqale kwangethuba kwinkqubo, xa urhulumente kunye namaqumrhu achaphazelekayo asekwayo. Ubuchwephesha boluntu olucwangcisiweyo lunokunceda kwakhona ukunyusa izibonelelo zemali ezifunekayo ukugqibezela i-CMSP ebanzi kula maxesha oqoqosho olunzima. Ngaphaya koko, abacwangcisi banokunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba iimephu ngokwazo ziyahlaziywa njengoko ixesha lihamba.

Okokugqibela, sinokuba nethemba lokuba uthethathethwano olunjalo luya kunceda ekwandiseni ukuqonda, inkxaso, kunye nokwandiswa kwendawo yonyulo yokukhusela iilwandle zethu ezisengozini.

UMark Spalding ngumongameli we-Ocean Foundation, eseWashington, DC Hooper Brooks ngumlawuli waseNew York kunye neLondon-based weenkqubo zamazwe ngamazwe kwiSiseko seNkosana seNdawo eyakhiweyo.