Ulondolozo lwasemanzini lunokuba ngundoqo ekondleni abemi bethu abakhulayo. Okwangoku, i-42% yokutya kwaselwandle esikutyayo kuyafuywa, kodwa akukho migaqo imisela ukuba yintoni into "elungileyo" yokulima emanzini. 

I-aquaculture inegalelo elikhulu ekuboneleleni kwethu ukutya, ngoko ke kufuneka kwenziwe ngendlela ezinzileyo. Ngokukodwa, i-OF ijonge kwiitekhnoloji ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo evaliweyo, kubandakanya amatanki ajikelezayo kwakhona, iindlela zomdyarho, iinkqubo zokuqukuqela, kunye namachibi angaphakathi. Ezi nkqubo zisetyenziselwa iintlobo ezininzi zeentlanzi, i-shellfish, kunye nezityalo zasemanzini. Nangona izibonelelo ezicacileyo (impilo kunye nezinye) zeenkqubo ezivaliweyo zokufuya emanzini ziye zaqatshelwa, sikwaxhasa iinzame zokuthintela iziphene zokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko lokutya kwi-open pen aquaculture. Sinethemba lokusebenzela kwiinzame zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nezasekhaya ezinokuthi ziphembelele utshintsho oluhle.

I-Ocean Foundation iqulunqe le mithombo yangaphandle ilandelayo kwi-bibliography eneenkcukacha ukunika ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga ne-Sustainable Aquaculture kubo bonke abaphulaphuli. 

Isiqulatho

1. Intshayelelo nge Aquaculture
2. IziSeko zeNdalo yasemanzini
3. Ungcoliseko kunye nezoyikiso zokusiNgqongileyo
4. Uphuhliso lwangoku kunye neeNdlela eziNtsha kwi-Aquaculture
5. I-Aquaculture kunye neYantlukwano, uBulungisa, ukuBandakanya, kunye noBulungisa
6. IMithetho neMithetho emalunga neNdalo yasemanzini
7. Izixhobo ezongezelelweyo kunye namaPhepha eNgcacisonkqubo eveliswe yi-Ocean Foundation

1. intshayelelo

I-aquaculture kukulima okanye ukulima okulawulwayo kweentlanzi, iishellfish, kunye nezityalo zasemanzini. Injongo kukudala umthombo wokutya okuvela emanzini kunye neemveliso zorhwebo ngendlela eya kwandisa ukufumaneka ngelixa kuncitshiswa umonakalo wendalo kunye nokukhusela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zasemanzini. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ze-aquaculture ukuba nganye inemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yozinzo.

Ukunyuka kwabemi behlabathi kunye nengeniso kuya kuqhubeka ukonyusa imfuno yeentlanzi. Kwaye ngamaqondo okubanjiswa endle ngokubalulekileyo, konke ukonyuka kweentlanzi kunye nemveliso yokutya kwaselwandle kuvela kwi-aquaculture. Ngelixa i-aquaculture ijongene nemingeni efana neentwala zolwandle kunye nongcoliseko abadlali abaninzi kolu shishino basebenza ngenkuthalo ukujongana nemingeni yabo. 

I-Aquaculture—Iindlela Ezine

Kukho iindlela ezine eziphambili zokufuywa kwezilwanyana zasemanzini ezibonwayo namhlanje: iipeni ezivulekileyo kufuphi nonxweme, iipeni ezivulekileyo zovavanyo zangaphandle konxweme, iinkqubo "ezivaliweyo" ezisekwe emhlabeni, kunye neenkqubo "zakudala" ezivulekileyo.

1. Iipeni ezivulekileyo ezikufuphi nonxweme.

Iinkqubo zasemanzini ezikufuphi nonxweme bezisoloko zisetyenziselwa ukukhulisa oonokrwece, isalmon kunye nezinye iifinfish ezityiwayo kwaye, ngaphandle nje kwe-mariculture ye-shellfish, zibonwa njengezona zilondolozekayo kunye nolona hlobo luyingozi kwindalo yasemanzini. Uyilo lwendalo "luvuleleke kwi-ecosystem" yezi nkqubo lwenza kubenzima kakhulu ukujongana neengxaki zenkunkuma yelindle, ukusebenzisana namarhamncwa, ukwaziswa kweentlobo ezingezizo ezendalo/ezingaqhelekanga, amagalelo angaphezulu (ukutya, amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane), ukutshatyalaliswa kwendawo yokuhlala, kunye nezifo. ugqithiselo. Ukongeza, amanzi aselunxwemeni akakwazi ukugcina inkqubo yangoku yokuhamba ezantsi kunxweme kulandela ukuqhambuka kwezifo ezikhubazayo phakathi kweentlanti. [QAPHELA: Ukuba sikhulisa imollusk kufuphi nonxweme, okanye sinciphise kakhulu iipeni ezivulekileyo kufuphi nonxweme ngokomlinganiselo kwaye sigxile ekukhuliseni izilwanyana ezitya utyani, kukho ukuphucuka okuthile kuzinzo lwenkqubo yeaquaculture. Ngokombono wethu kufanelekile ukuphonononga ezi ndlela zimbalwa.]

2. Iipeni ezivulekileyo ze-Offshore.

Izixokelelwano ezintsha zovavanyo lwangaphandle kwelwandle zisusa ezi ziphumo zimbi zifanayo zingabonwa kwaye zongeze ezinye iimpembelelo kokusingqongileyo, kubandakanywa indawo enkulu yekhabhoni yokulawula izibonelelo ezikude nonxweme. 

3. Iinkqubo ezisekelwe kumhlaba “ezivaliweyo”.

Iinkqubo “ezivaliweyo” ezisekwe emhlabeni, ezidla ngokubizwa ngokuba ziinkqubo zokujikeleza kwezilwanyana zasemanzini (recirculating aquaculture systems) (RAS), zifumana ingqwalasela eyongezelelekileyo njengesisombululo esizinzileyo sexesha elide kulimo lwasemanzini, kumazwe aphuhlileyo nasakhulayo. Izixokelelwano ezincinci, ezingabizi kakhulu zivaliwe ziya kusetyenziswa kumazwe asakhasayo ngelixa iinketho ezinkulu, ezinokuthengiseka ngakumbi, kunye neendleko eziphezulu zisenziwa kumazwe aphuhlileyo. Ezi nkqubo zizimele kwaye zihlala zivumela iindlela ezisebenzayo ze-polyculture zokukhulisa izilwanyana kunye nemifuno kunye. Ngokukodwa zibhekwa njengezizinzileyo xa zinikwa amandla amandla avuselelekayo, ziqinisekisa phantse i-100% yokubuyisela amanzi abo, kwaye zijolise ekukhuliseni ii-omnivores kunye nezilwanyana ezidliwayo.

4. Iinkqubo "zamandulo" ezivulekileyo.

Ukufuywa kweentlanzi akunto intsha; ibisenziwa kangangeenkulungwane kwiinkcubeko ezininzi. Imibutho yamandulo yaseTshayina yondla indle ye-silkworm kunye ne-nymphs kwi-carp ephakanyiswe emachibini kwiifama ze-silkworm, ama-Egypt ayelima i-tilapia njengenxalenye ye-teknoloji yabo yokunkcenkceshela, kwaye abantu baseHawaii babekwazi ukulima iindidi ezininzi ezifana ne-milkfish, i-mullet, i-prawns kunye ne-crab (eCosta -Pierce, 1987). Abembi bezinto zakudala baye bafumana ubungqina bendalo yasemanzini kuluntu lwaseMayan nakwizithethe zabahlali baseMntla Melika. (www.enaca.org).

Imiba yokusiNgqongileyo

Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla kukho iindidi ezininzi ze-Aquaculture nganye eneenyawo zayo zokusingqongileyo ezohluka ukusuka kokuzinzileyo ukuya kwingxaki enkulu. I-offshore aquaculture (edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-ocean evulekileyo okanye i-open water aquaculture) ibonwa njengomthombo omtsha wokukhula koqoqosho, kodwa ayihoyi uthotho lwemiba yendalo esingqongileyo kunye nemigaqo yeenkampani ezimbalwa ezilawula ubutyebi obuninzi ngokuthengisa izinto zabucala. Ufuyo lwaselwandle olungaselunxwemeni lusenokukhokelela ekusasazweni kwezifo, lukhuthaze iindlela zokutyisa iintlanzi ezingazinzanga, lubangele ukukhutshwa kwezinto eziyingozi kwindalo, kurhintyele izilwanyana zasendle, kunye nokubaleka kweentlanzi ezinelothe. Ukubaleka kweentlanzi kuxa iintlanzi ezifuywayo zibalekela kokusingqongileyo, nto leyo ebangela umonakalo omkhulu kuninzi lweentlanzi zasendle kunye ne-ecosystem iyonke. Ngokwembali ayizange ibe ngumbuzo if ukubaleka kwenzeka, kodwa nini ziya kwenzeka. Olunye uphononongo lwakutsha nje lufumene ukuba i-92% yazo zonke iintlanzi ezibalekayo zisuka kwiifama zeentlanzi eziselwandle (Føre & Thorvaldsen, 2021). I-offshore aquaculture ifuna imali eninzi kwaye ayisebenzi ngokwemali njengoko imile ngoku.

Kukwakho nemiba malunga nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma kunye nokulahlwa kwamanzi amdaka kwiindawo zasemanzini ezikufuphi nonxweme. Kumzekelo omnye izibonelelo ezikufuphi nonxweme zafunyanwa zikhupha iilitha ezizigidi ezingama-66 zamanzi amdaka - kubandakanywa amakhulu eeponti zenitrate - kumachweba asekuhlaleni yonke imihla.

Kutheni i-Aquaculture kufuneka ikhuthazwe?

Izigidi zabantu ehlabathini lonke zixhomekeke kwiintlanzi ukuze zifumane ukutya neendlela zokuphila. Kuqikelelwa ukuba isinye kwisithathu seentlanzi zehlabathi zilotywa ngokungazinzanga, ngelixa isibini esithathwini sentlanzi yolwandle ilotywa ngokuzinzileyo. I-aquaculture inegalelo elikhulu ekuboneleleni kwethu ukutya, ngoko ke kufuneka kwenziwe ngendlela ezinzileyo. Ngokukodwa, i-TOF ijonge kwiitekhnoloji ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo evaliweyo, kubandakanya amatanki ajikelezayo, iindlela zomdyarho, iinkqubo zokuqukuqela, kunye namachibi angaphakathi. Ezi nkqubo zisetyenziselwa iintlobo ezininzi zeentlanzi, i-shellfish, kunye nezityalo zasemanzini. Nangona izibonelelo ezicacileyo (impilo kunye nezinye) zeenkqubo ezivaliweyo zokufuya emanzini ziye zaqatshelwa, sikwaxhasa iinzame zokuthintela iziphene zokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko lokutya kwi-open pen aquaculture. Sinethemba lokusebenzela iinzame zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nezasekhaya ezinokuchaphazela utshintsho oluhle.

Ngaphandle kwemiceli mngeni ye-Aquaculture, i-Ocean Foundation ixhasa uphuhliso oluqhubekayo lweenkampani ze-aquaculture - phakathi kwezinye iinkampani ezifanelekileyo kwimpilo yolwandle - njengoko ihlabathi liya kubona imfuno ekhulayo yokutya kwaselwandle. Kumzekelo omnye, i-Ocean Foundation isebenza kunye neRockefeller kunye neCredit Suisse ukuthetha neenkampani ze-aquaculture malunga nemigudu yazo yokujongana neentwala zaselwandle, ungcoliseko, kunye nokuzinza kokutya kweentlanzi.

I-Ocean Foundation ikwasebenza ngokubambisana namahlakani e- I-Environmental Law Institute (ELI) kwaye i Isikolo soMthetho saseHarvard se-Emmett yoMthetho wokusiNgqongileyo kunye neKliniki yoMgaqo-nkqubo ukucacisa nokuphucula indlela aquaculture elawulwa eUnited States federal ocean amanzi.

Fumana ezi zixhobo zingezantsi nangaphezulu Iwebhusayithi ye-ELI:

2. Iziseko zeAquaculture

Umbutho woKutya kunye nezoLimo weZizwe eziManyeneyo. (2022). Ukuloba kunye nezaselwandle. Amazwe adbeneyo. https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/aquaculture

I-aquaculture ngumsebenzi weminyaka eliwaka okhoyo namhlanje obonelela ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sazo zonke iintlanzi ezityiwa kwihlabathi jikelele. Nangona kunjalo, i-aquaculture ibangele utshintsho olungafunekiyo lwendalo engqongileyo kuquka: iingxabano zentlalo phakathi kwabasebenzisi bomhlaba kunye nemithombo yamanzi, ukutshatyalaliswa kweenkonzo ezibalulekileyo ze-ecosystem, ukutshatyalaliswa kwendawo yokuhlala, ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali ezinobungozi kunye neziyobisi zonyango lwezilwanyana, imveliso engazinzanga ye-fishmeal kunye neoli yeentlanzi, kunye nentlalo kunye nentlalontle iimpembelelo zenkcubeko kubasebenzi baselwandle kunye noluntu. Olu shwankathelo lubanzi lwe-Aquaculture yabo bangamakholwa kunye neengcaphephe lubandakanya inkcazo ye-aquaculture, izifundo ezikhethiweyo, amaphepha enyaniso, izalathisi zokusebenza, uphononongo lwengingqi, kunye nomgaqo wokuziphatha wamashishini okuloba.

Jones, R., Dewey, B., kunye noSeaver, B. (2022, Januwari 28). I-Aquaculture: Kutheni iHlabathi lifuna iLiza elitsha leMveliso yoKutya. IForam yezoQoqosho yeHlabathi. 

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/01/aquaculture-agriculture-food-systems/

Abalimi basemanzini banokuba ngabakhi-mkhanyo ababalulekileyo bokutshintsha kwenkqubo yendalo. I-aquaculture yaselwandle ibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi ekuncedeni ihlabathi ukuba liguqule iinkqubo zalo zokutya ezinoxinzelelo, kwiinzame zokunciphisa imozulu ezifana nokuhluthwa kwekhabhoni kunye negalelo kumashishini avelisa iimveliso ezilungele indalo. Amafama eAquaculture akwimeko ekhethekileyo yokuba ngabakhi-mkhanyo be-ecosystem kwaye banike ingxelo ngotshintsho lwemo engqongileyo. Ababhali bayavuma ukuba i-aquaculture ayikhuselekanga kwiingxaki kunye nongcoliseko, kodwa emva kokuba ulungelelwaniso lwezenzo lwenziwe, i-aquaculture iyishishini elibaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwexesha elide.

UAlice R Jones, uHeidi K Alleway, uDominic McAfee, uPatrick Reis-Santos, uSeth J Theuerkauf, uRobert C Jones, ukutya kwaselwandle okuLungeleleneyo neMozulu: Amandla okuNcitshiswa koMkhuko kunye neCarbon Capture kwi-Marine Aquaculture, BioScience, Volume 72, Issue 2, February 2022, amaphepha 123–143 , https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biab126

I-aquaculture ivelisa i-52% yeemveliso zezilwanyana zasemanzini ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye ne-mariculture ivelisa i-37.5% yale mveliso kunye ne-97% yesivuno solwandle lwehlabathi. Nangona kunjalo, ukugcina ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse (GHG) esezantsi kuya kuxhomekeka kwimigaqo-nkqubo ecingisiswe ngononophelo njengoko ukhula lwaselwandle luqhubeka nokukhula. Ngokunxulumanisa ukunikezelwa kweemveliso zaselwandle namathuba okuthomalalisa i-GHG, ababhali baxoxa ukuba ishishini le-aquaculture lingaqhubela phambili izenzo ezihambelana nemozulu ezivelisa iziphumo ezizinzileyo zokusingqongileyo, ezentlalo, kunye nezoqoqosho kwixesha elide.

I-FAO. 2021. World Food and Agriculture – INcwadi Yonyaka yamanani 2021. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4477en

Nyaka ngamnye i-Food and Agriculture Organisation ivelisa i-yearbook yamanani ngolwazi malunga nokutya kunye nezolimo zehlabathi jikelele kunye nolwazi olubalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho. Le ngxelo iquka amacandelo amaninzi axoxa ngeenkcukacha zokuloba nezaselwandle, ezamahlathi, amaxabiso ezinto ezithengiswa kumazwe ngamazwe, kunye namanzi. Ngelixa obu butyebi bungajoliswanga njengeminye imithombo echazwe apha, indima yabo ekulandeleni uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho lwasemanzini ayinakubethwa ngoyaba.

I-FAO. 2019. Umsebenzi weFAO wokutshintsha kwemozulu – Ukuloba nokufuya emanzini. eRoma. https://www.fao.org/3/ca7166en/ca7166en.pdf

UMbutho woKutya kunye nezoLimo unxulumanise ingxelo ekhethekileyo ukuze ingqamane neNgxelo eKhethekileyo yowama-2019 kuLwandlekazi kunye neCryosphere. Baxoxa ukuba ukutshintsha kweMozulu kuya kukhokelela kutshintsho olubonakalayo ekufumanekeni nasekurhwebeni kweentlanzi kunye neemveliso zaselwandle ezineziphumo ezibalulekileyo zezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho. Oku kuya kuba nzima ngakumbi kumazwe axhomekeke kulwandle nakukutya kwaselwandle njengomthombo weprotheyini (abemi abaxhomekeke kushishino lokuloba).

Bindoff, NL, WWL Cheung, JG Kairo, J. Arístegui, VA Guinder, R. Hallberg, N. Hilmi, N. Jiao, MS Karim, L. Levin, S. O'Donoghue, SR Purca Cuicapusa, B. Rinkevich, T. Suga, A. Tagliabue, kunye no-P. Williamson, 2019: Ukutshintsha uLwandle, i-Ecosystems yaseLwandle, kunye noluntu oluXhomekekileyo. Kwi: INgxelo eKhethekileyo ye-IPCC kuLwandlekazi nakwiCryosphere kwiMozulu eTshintshayo [H.-O. Pörtner, DC Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, NM Weyer ( eds.)]. Kushicilelo. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/09_SROCC_Ch05_FINAL.pdf

Ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu, imizi-mveliso esekwe elwandle ayinakwenzeka ixesha elide ngaphandle kokwamkela iindlela ezizinzileyo. Ingxelo eKhethekileyo yowama-2019 kuLwandle kunye neCryosphere iphawula ukuba icandelo lezokuloba kunye necandelo lezasemanzini lisengozini kakhulu kubaqhubi bemozulu. Ngokukodwa, isahluko sesihlanu sengxelo sithetha ngokunyuka kotyalo-mali kwi-aquaculture kwaye sigxininisa iinkalo ezininzi zophando ezifunekayo ukukhuthaza ukuzinza kwexesha elide. Ngokufutshane, imfuno yeendlela ezizinzileyo zokufuya emanzini ayinakungahoywa.

Heidi K Alleway, Chris L Gillies, Melanie J Bishop, Rebecca R Gentry, Seth J Theuerkauf, Robert Jones, The Ecosystem Services of Marine Aquaculture: Valuing Benefits to People and Nature, BioScience, Volume 69, Issue 1, January 2019, amaphepha 59 -68, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biy137

Njengoko inani labemi behlabathi liqhubeka likhula, i-Aquaculture iya kuba yinto ebalulekileyo kubonelelo lwexesha elizayo lokutya kwaselwandle. Nangona kunjalo, imiceli mngeni eyayanyaniswa nemiba engemihle ye-aquaculture inokuthintela ukwanda kwemveliso. Ukwenzakala kokusingqongileyo kuya kuthomalaliswa kuphela ngokunyuka kokuqondwa, ukuqonda, kunye nokubalwa konikezelo lwenkonzo ye-ikhosistim ngorhwebo lwaselwandle ngokusebenzisa imigaqo-nkqubo evelisa izinto ezintsha, ukuxhaswa ngemali, kunye nezikimu zezatifiketi ezinokukhuthaza ukunikezelwa kweenzuzo ezisebenzayo. Ngoko ke, ukufuywa kwezilwanyana zasemanzini kufuneka kujongwe kungengokwahlukileyo kokusingqongileyo kodwa njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-ikhosistim, ukuba nje iindlela zolawulo ezizizo zisetyenziswa.

Ulawulo lweSizwe lwe-Oceanic kunye ne-Atmospheric (2017). UPhando lwasemanzini lwe-NOAA – Imephu yeBali. ISebe lezoRhwebo. https://noaa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Shortlist/index.html?appid=7b4af1ef0efb425ba35d6f2c8595600f

I-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration idale imephu yebali elisebenzisanayo eliqaqambisa ezabo iiprojekthi zophando lwangaphakathi kwi-aquaculture. Ezi projekthi ziquka uhlalutyo lwenkcubeko yeentlobo ezithile, uhlalutyo lomjikelo wobomi, ezinye izidlo, i-asidi yolwandle, kunye neenzuzo ezinokubakho zendawo yokuhlala kunye neempembelelo. Imephu yebali ibonisa iiprojekthi ze-NOAA ukusuka kwi-2011 ukuya kwi-2016 kwaye iluncedo kakhulu kubafundi, abaphandi abanomdla kwiiprojekthi ze-NOAA ezidlulileyo, kunye nabaphulaphuli ngokubanzi.

Engle, C., McNevin, A., Racine, P., Boyd, C., Paungkaew, D., Viriyatum, R., Quoc Tinh, H., kunye noNgo Minh, H. (2017, April 3). I-Economics of Sustainable Intensation of Aquaculture: Ubungqina obuvela kwiiFama zaseVietnam naseThailand. Ijenali yeWorld Aquaculture Society, Vol. 48, No. 2, p. 227-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12423.

Ukukhula kwe-aquaculture kuyafuneka ukuze kubonelelwe ngokutya ukuze kwandiswe amanqanaba abantu behlabathi. Olu phononongo lujonge iifama ze-aquaculture ezingama-40 eThailand kunye nama-43 eVietnam ukubona ukuba ukukhula kolondolozo lwasemanzini kule mimandla kuzinzileyo. Uphononongo lufumanise ukuba kwakukho ixabiso elinamandla xa amafama eshrimps esebenzisa ubutyebi bendalo kunye namanye amagalelo ngendlela esebenzayo kwaye i-aquaculture elunxwemeni ingenziwa ukuze igcineke ngakumbi. Uphando olongezelelweyo lusafuneka ukunika isikhokelo esiqhubekayo esinxulumene nezenzo zolawulo oluzinzileyo lwezilwanyana zasemanzini.

3. Ungcoliseko kunye neZigrogriso zokusiNgqongileyo

Føre, H. and Thorvaldsen, T. (2021, February 15). Uhlalutyo lwe-Causal ye-Escape ye-Atlantic Salmon kunye ne-Rainbow Trout evela kwiiFama zeentlanzi zaseNorway ngo-2010 - 2018. I-Aquaculture, Vol. 532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736002

Uphononongo lwakutsha nje lweefama zentlanzi zaseNorway lufumanise ukuba i-92% yazo zonke iintlanzi ezibalekayo zisuka kwiifama zeentlanzi eziselwandle, ngelixa ngaphantsi kwe-7% bezisuka kwiindawo ezisemhlabeni kwaye i-1% ibisuka kwezothutho. Uphononongo lujonge kwithuba leminyaka elithoba (2019-2018) kwaye kwabalwa ngaphezulu kwe-305 yeziganeko ezixeliweyo ezibalekileyo malunga nezigidi ezi-2 zeentlanzi ezibalekileyo, eli nani libalulekile xa kujongwa uphononongo kuphela lweSalmon kunye neRainbow Trout efama eNorway. Uninzi lwezi zinto zibaleka zibangelwa ngokuthe ngqo yimingxuma kwiminatha, nangona ezinye izinto zobuchwepheshe ezifana nezixhobo ezonakalisiweyo kunye nemozulu embi yadlala indima. Olu phononongo luqaqambisa ingxaki ebalulekileyo ye-aquaculture yamanzi avulekileyo njengesenzo esingagcinekiyo.

Racine, P., Marley, A., Froehlich, H., Gaines, S., Ladner, I., MacAdam-Somer, I., kunye noBradley, D. (2021). Ityala lokubandakanywa kwe-aquaculture yolwandle kulawulo longcoliseko lwezondlo zase-US, iPolisi yaseLwandle, Vol. 129, 2021, 104506, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104506.

Ukhula lwaselwandle lunamandla okunciphisa ungcoliseko lwezondlo zaselwandle, luthintele ukukhula kwe-eutrophication (kuquka i-hypoxia), kunye nokwandisa ulawulo longcoliseko olusekelwe kumhlaba ngokususa izixa ezikhulu zenitrogen nephosphorus kwi-ikhosistim yonxweme. Nangona kunjalo, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ukhula lwaselwandle alukaze lusetyenziswe kule ndawo. Njengoko ihlabathi liqhubeka libandezeleka ngenxa yemiphumo yokubaleka kwezondlo, ukhula lwaselwandle lubonelela ngesisombululo esilungele ukusingqongileyo esinexabiso lotyalo-mali lwexesha elifutshane lokuhlawula ixesha elide.

UFlegel, T. kunye no-Alday-Sanz, V. (2007, Julayi) I-Crisis in Asian Shrimp Aquaculture: Isimo sangoku kunye neeMfuno zexesha elizayo. Ijenali ye-Applied Ichthyology. Wiley Online Library. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1998.tb00654.x

Phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-2000, zonke iishrimps ezidla ngokulinywa e-Asia zafunyaniswa zinesifo se-White-spot esibangela ilahleko yeebhiliyoni ezininzi zeedola. Ngelixa esi sifo sijongiwe, olu phononongo luqaqambisa isoyikiso sezifo kushishino lwasemanzini. Ukuqhubela phambili uphando olongezelelweyo kunye nomsebenzi wophuhliso luya kufuneka, ukuba ishishini le-shrimp liza kuzinza, kubandakanywa: ukuqonda kakuhle ukhuseleko lwe-shrimp kwizifo; uphando olongezelelweyo kwisondlo; kunye nokupheliswa kokwenzakala kokusingqongileyo.

Boyd, C., D'Abramo, L., Glencross,B., David C. Huyben, D., Juarez, L., Lockwood, G., McNevin, A., Tacon, A., Teletchea, F., Tomasso Jr, J., Tucker, C., Valenti, W. (2020, Juni 24). Ukufezekisa i-Aquaculture eZinzileyo: Iimbono zembali kunye nezangoku kunye neemfuno kunye nemingeni yexesha elizayo. Ijenali yeWorld Aquaculture Society. Wiley Online Libraryhttps://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12714

Kule minyaka mihlanu idlulileyo, ishishini le-Aquaculture liwucuthile ubukho bekhabhoni ngokudibanisa ngokuthe ngcembe iinkqubo ezintsha zemveliso eziye zanciphisa ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse, zanciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi ahlaziyekileyo ngeyunithi nganye evelisiweyo, ziphucule iindlela zokulawula ukutya, kwaye zamkela iindlela ezintsha zokulima. Olu phononongo lungqina ukuba ngelixa i-aquaculture iqhubeka nokubona ubungozi bokusingqongileyo, imeko iyonke iya kushishino oluzinzileyo.

Turchini, G., Jesse T. Trushenski, J., kunye noGlencross, B. (2018, Septemba 15). Iingcinga ngekamva leSondlo se-Aquaculture: Ukulungelelanisa iimbono zokubonisa imiba yangoku eNxulumene noSetyenziso oluLungileyo lweMithombo yaseLwandle kwi-Aquafeeds. I-American Fisheries Society. https://doi.org/10.1002/naaq.10067 https://afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/naaq.10067

Kwiminyaka emininzi edlulileyo 'abaphandi benze inkqubela phambili enkulu kuphando lwesondlo sasemanzini kunye nezinye iintlobo zokutya. Nangona kunjalo, ukuthembela kubutyebi baselwandle kuhlala kulunyanzeliso oluqhubekayo olunciphisa uzinzo. Isicwangciso sophando esipheleleyo-esilungelelaniswe neemfuno zeshishini kwaye sijolise ekubunjweni kwezondlo kunye nokuhambelana kwezithako-kuyafuneka ukukhuthaza ukuqhubela phambili kwikamva kwisondlo sasemanzini.

Buck, B., Troell, M., Krause, G., Angel, D., Grote, B., kunye noChopin, T. (2018, Meyi 15). Ubume boBugcisa kunye nemingeni ye-Offshore Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA). Imida kwiNzululwazi yaseLwandle. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00165

Ababhali beli phepha baxoxa ngelithi ukususa izibonelelo ze-aquaculture ukuya kulwandle oluvulekileyo kwaye kude ne-ecosystem ekufuphi nonxweme kuya kunceda ukwandiswa okukhulu kwemveliso yokutya elwandle. Olu phononongo lugqwesile kwisishwankathelo salo sophuhliso lwangoku lobuchwepheshe be-offshore aquaculture, ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa kwe-aquaculture edibeneyo ye-multi-trophic apho iintlobo ezininzi (ezifana ne-finfish, iimbatyisi, ii-sea cucumber, kunye ne-kelp) zilinywa kunye ukudala inkqubo yokulima edibeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba i-offshore aquaculture isenokubangela umonakalo kwimo engqongileyo kwaye ayikaphumeleli kwezoqoqosho.

Duarte, C., Wu, J., Xiao, X., Bruhn, A., Krause-Jensen, D. (2017). Ngaba ukuLima koLwandle lwaselwandle kunendima ekuNciphiseni uTshintsho lweMozulu kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokuziqhelanisa? Imida kwiNzululwazi yaseLwandle, Umqu. 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00100

I-aquaculture ye-seaweed ayisiyiyo kuphela icandelo elikhula ngokukhawuleza kwimveliso yokutya yehlabathi kodwa lishishini elikwaziyo ukunceda ukuthomalalisa utshintsho lwemozulu kunye namanyathelo okuziqhelanisa. I-aquaculture ye-aquaculture inokusebenza njenge-carbon sink yemveliso ye-biofuel, iphucule umgangatho womhlaba ngokusebenza njenge-substitute yesichumiso sokwenziwa esingcolisa ngakumbi, kunye nokunciphisa amandla amaza ukukhusela amanxweme. Nangona kunjalo, ishishini langoku lokufuywa kwezilwanyana zaselwandle lilinganiselwe kubukho beendawo ezifanelekileyo kunye nokhuphiswano lweendawo ezifanelekileyo ezinolunye usetyenziso, iinkqubo zobunjineli ezikwaziyo ukumelana neemeko ezirhabaxa kude nonxweme, kunye nokwanda kwemfuno yentengiso yeemveliso zokhula lwaselwandle, phakathi kwezinye izinto.

5. Inkcubeko yasemanzini kunye neYantlukwano, uBulungisa, ukuBandakanya, kunye noBulungisa

I-FAO. I-2018. I-State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 - Ukudibana neenjongo zophuhliso oluzinzileyo. eRoma. Ilayisensi: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. http://www.fao.org/3/i9540en/i9540en.pdf

I-Ajenda yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ye-2030 yoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo kunye neNjongo yoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo ivumela ukuhlalutya ukuloba kunye ne-aquaculture egxile ekukhuseleni kokutya, isondlo, ukusetyenziswa ngokuzinzileyo kwemithombo yendalo, kwaye ithathela ingqalelo imeko yezoqoqosho, yentlalo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ngelixa ingxelo ngoku iphantse ibe neminyaka emihlanu ubudala, ugqaliselo lwayo kulawulo olusekwe kumalungelo ophuhliso olulinganayo noluqukayo isabalulekile nanamhlanje.

6. IMimiselo neMithetho emalunga neNdalo yasemanzini

Ulawulo lweSizwe loLwandlekazi kunye ne-Atmospheric. (2022). Isikhokelo sokuVumela iMarine Aquaculture eMelika. ISebe lezoRhwebo, i-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/2022-02/Guide-Permitting-Marine-Aquaculture-United-States-2022.pdf

I-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration yenza isikhokelo kwabo banomdla kwimigaqo-nkqubo ye-aquaculture yase-United States kunye nemvume. Esi sikhokelo sijoliswe kubantu abanomdla wokufaka izicelo zeemvume zokufuya emanzini kunye nabo bafuna ukufunda ngakumbi malunga nenkqubo yemvume kuquka nezixhobo eziphambili zesicelo. Ngelixa olu xwebhu lungaphelelanga, luquka uluhlu lwemigaqo-nkqubo yemvume yelizwe nelizwe kwi-shellfish, i-finfish, kunye ne-seaweed.

IOfisi yesiGqeba sikaMongameli. (2020, Meyi 7). US Executive Order 13921, Ukukhuthaza uKhuphiswano lokutya kwaselwandle lwaseMelika kunye nokuKhula koQoqosho.

Ekuqaleni kuka-2020, uMongameli uBiden watyikitya i-EO 13921 ye-7 kaMeyi, 2020, ukuvuselela ishishini lokuloba lase-US. Ngokucacileyo, iCandelo lesi-6 limisela iindlela ezintathu zokuvumela iaquaculture: 

  1. ibekwe ngaphakathi kwe-EEZ nangaphandle kwamanzi alo naliphi na iLizwe okanye uMmandla,
  2. zifuna uphononongo lokusingqongileyo okanye ugunyaziso zi-arhente ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu (federal), kunye
  3. I-arhente enokuthi ngenye indlela ibe yi-arhente ekhokelayo igqibe ekubeni iya kulungisa ingxelo yempembelelo yokusingqongileyo (EIS). 

Ezi nqobo zijolise ekukhuthazeni ishishini lokutya kwaselwandle elikhuphisanayo ngakumbi e-United States, ukubeka ukutya okukhuselekileyo nokunempilo kwiitafile zaseMelika, kunye negalelo kuqoqosho lwaseMelika. Lo myalelo wesigqeba ukwalungisa iingxaki zokuloba okungekho mthethweni, okungaxelwanga, nokungalawulwayo, kwaye uphucula ukungafihli.

I-FAO. 2017. Climate Smart Agriculture Sourcebook – Climate-Smart Fisheries and Aquaculture. eRoma.http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture-sourcebook/production-resources/module-b4-fisheries/b4-overview/en/

Umbutho woKutya kunye nezoLimo wenze incwadi yomthombo "ukucacisa ngakumbi ingqikelelo yemozulu-smart kwezolimo" kubandakanya zombini amandla kunye nemida yokujongana nefuthe lokutshintsha kwemozulu. Lo mthombo unokuba luncedo kakhulu kubaqulunqi bomgaqo-nkqubo kuwo omabini amanqanaba kazwelonke nangaphantsi kwelizwe.

UMTHETHO KAZWELONKE WE-AQUACULTURE ACT OF 1980 Act of September 26, 1980, Public Law 96-362, 94 Stat. 1198, 16 USC 2801, kunye ne-seq. https://www.agriculture.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/National%20Aquaculture%20Act%20Of%201980.pdf

Uninzi lwemigaqo-nkqubo yase-United States malunga ne-Aquaculture ingalandwa emva kuMthetho weSizwe we-Aquaculture ka-1980. Lo mthetho wawufuna iSebe lezoLimo, iSebe lezoRhwebo, iSebe lezangaphakathi, kunye namaBhunga oLawulo lokuLoba eNgingqini ukuba aseke iNational Aquaculture Development. Cwangcisa. Umthetho wabiza isicwangciso sokuchonga iintlobo zezilwanyana zasemanzini ezinokusetyenziselwa urhwebo, wamisela amanyathelo acetyiswayo ukuba athatyathwe ngabathathi-nxaxheba babucala kunye nabasesidlangalaleni ukukhuthaza ukufuywa kwezilwanyana zasemanzini kunye nokuphanda ngefuthe le-aquaculture kwi-extuarine ne-ecosystems yaselwandle. Ikwadale iQela eliSebenzayo le-Interagency kwi-Aquaculture njengolwakhiwo lweziko ukuvumela ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwee-arhente zomdibaniso wase-US kwimisebenzi enxulumene ne-aquaculture. Inguqulelo entsha yesicwangciso, i IsiCwangciso soBuchule seSizwe soPhando lwe-Aquaculture ye-Federal (2014-2019), yadalwa yiKomiti yeBhunga leSizwe leNzululwazi kunye neThekhnoloji kwiNzululwazi yeQela eliSebenzayo le-Aquaculture.

7. Izixhobo ezongezelelweyo

I-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration yenza amaxwebhu enyani agxile kwimiba eyahlukeneyo ye-Aquaculture e-United States. Amaxwebhu eenkcukacha afanelekileyo kweli Phepha loPhando abandakanya: INtsebenziswano yezaselwandle kunye nokusiNgqongileyo, I-Aquaculture ibonelela ngeeNkonzo eziNzuzo ze-Ecosystem, Ukukwazi ukumelana neMozulu kunye neNdalo yasemanzini, Uncedo lweNtlekele kuLoba, I-Marine Aquaculture e-US, Imingcipheko enokubakho ye-Aquaculture Escapes, Ukulawulwa kweNdawo yaseLwandle, kwaye Ukutya okuZinzileyo kweAquaculture kunye neSondlo seentlanzi.

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