I-Arctic: Ingingqi yeNgqungquthela yexesha elizayo okanye iNtsebenziswano

Kule veki inqanawa yokuqala yokuhamba ngenqanawa yahamba ngohambo lwaseArctic, kunye nezihloko ezibhengeza owona mgangatho uphantsi womkhenkce wolwandle lweArctic erekhodiweyo kule minyaka ili-125 idluleyo. Ukuhamba ngenqanawa kangangeeveki ezintathu kufuna umtsi omkhulu wolungiselelo ngamaxesha alungileyo—kwi-Arctic, kufuna iinyanga zokucwangciswa nokubonisana noMkhosi woNxweme lwase-US kunye nezinye ii-arhente zikarhulumente. Ngaphandle kweempembelelo zongcoliseko lwengxolo kunye nezinye iimpembelelo, iinqanawa zokuhamba ngenqanawa azibonakali ziyingxaki enokuthi ivelise impixano yexesha elizayo njengoko amanzi e-Arctic efudumele-kodwa ukulindela ungquzulwano kunye nokufuna ukuyisombulula kwangaphambili yenye yeenjongo zeBhunga le-Arctic. . Ndabuza ilungu leBhodi yethu uBill Eichbaum oyingcali kwimiba ye-Arctic kwaye uzibandakanye ngokukhutheleyo kwinkqubo yeBhunga le-Arctic ukwabelana ngeengcinga zakhe.

UMark J. eqhuma

Phakathi kwezona mpembelelo zimangalisayo zokufudumala kwehlabathi lutshintsho lweArctic, kubandakanywa nokunyibilika okungazange kubonwe ngaphambili komkhenkce kunye nekhephu, ukulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala kwiintlobo ezizodwa zehlabathi kunye nezoyikiso kwiipatheni zeminyaka zakudala zokuphila kwabantu. Kwangaxeshanye, njengoko iArctic ifikeleleka ngakumbi kwaye ukunxanelwa kwemithombo yendalo kwehlabathi kuqhubeka, kukho ukukhawuleza ukuxhaphaza ubutyebi balo mmandla.

Amajelo osasazo adumileyo anomdla wokuphakamisa imbono yongquzulwano olunokubakho phakathi kwezizwe njengoko oku kuxhaphazwa kwemithombo yobutyebi kukhula ngokukhawuleza. Ezi nkxalabo ziye zandiswa ngakumbi njengoko ukungavisisani kuye kwanda phakathi kwamazwe e-NATO kunye neRashiya malunga ne-Ukraine kunye neminye imiba yezopolitiko. Kwaye, eneneni, kukho imizekelo emininzi yamazwe ase-Arctic anyusa ubukho basemkhosini kwimimandla yawo ye-Arctic.

Nangona kunjalo, ndiyakholelwa ukuba i-Arctic ayinakwenzeka ukuba iqhambuke kwindawo entsha yongquzulwano njengoko izizwe ziqhuba uphuhliso lwemithombo yayo. Ngokuchaseneyo noko, kukho iimeko ezimbalwa zempikiswano ngendawo yokwenyani kunye neyona ibalulekileyo ibandakanya kuphela iCanada ne-United States neDenmark. Ngapha koko, amabango aseRashiya athethwayo malunga noLwandlekazi lweArctic phakathi kolwandle aphakathi kwemigudu yamazwe amaninzi eArctic ukwenza amabango afanayo. Zonke ezi zixhomekeke ekuzimiseleni nasekusonjululweni ngokwemigaqo ye-UN Convention kuMthetho woLwandle. Iyamangalisa into yokuba ukusilela kweUnited States ukuyivuma le ngqungquthela kuthetha ukuba kubonakala ngathi asinako ukuwafezekisa amabango anjalo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, nokuba indawo efikelelekayo ye-Arctic iya kuqhubeka ibe yindawo enobungozi kwaye inzima apho uqhuba imisebenzi yezoqoqosho enzima. Ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi oku kuthetha ukuba intsebenziswano karhulumente kulawulo ibalulekile ukubonelela ngeqonga lomsebenzi onjalo ukuba uqhubele phambili ngendlela enozinzo lokusingqongileyo, intlalo noqoqosho.   

Ukusukela ngo-1996, i-Arctic Council ebandakanya amazwe asibhozo e-Arctic, abathathi-nxaxheba abasisigxina abamele abantu bomthonyama, kunye nabakhi-mkhanyo ibe yeyona nto iphambili ekuphuhliseni inzululwazi eyimfuneko ukuhlangabezana nalo mngeni. Phantsi kobunkokeli bukaRhulumente wase-US, ngoku onguSihlalo weBhunga, iTask Force iqwalasela amanyathelo anamandla okuqinisekisa ukuba iingcebiso zeBhunga ziyaphunyezwa. Kwi iphepha la kutshanje epapashwe yiPolar Record I yathetha ngemiba engundoqo ukomeleza ulawulo lweArctic, ngakumbi kwimekobume yaselwandle. Ngeli xesha amazwe e-Arctic, kuquka neRashiya, avavanya ngokuqinisekileyo iinketho zokuphumeza intsebenziswano enjalo.

Ngeli hlotyeni inqanawa yabakhenkethi enabakhweli abangaphezu kwewaka inqumla i-arctic yaseCanada. kuqukwa nokudlula elwandle apho inqanawa isinye eshumini ngokobukhulu sisandula ukubaleka, ifuna ukuba kukhutshwe bonke abakhweli nabasebenzi. Emva kwehlobo lika-2012 uShell uye waphelisa uphononongo lwe-hydrocarbon yexesha elizayo kwi-Bering kunye neChukchi Seas kulandela iingozi ezininzi kunye nokungahambi kakuhle, kodwa uphuhliso luyaqhubeka kwenye indawo e-Arctic. Nangoku, inqanawa zamanzi ezikude zisiya emantla zisukela iintlanzi. Ngaphandle kokuba amazwe aseArctic anokuphuhlisa iindlela ezomeleleyo zentsebenziswano kulawulo lommandla, ezi kunye neminye imisebenzi iya kuba yonakalisa umhlaba wendalo njengoko kuye kwenzeka kwenye indawo. Ngentsebenziswano eyomeleleyo, banokugcinakala kungekuphela nje kwimithombo yendalo yommandla kodwa nakubantu baseArctic.