Olona khetho lulungileyo kwintlanzi-Ukutya kwiMpilo yethu kunye noKhuseleko

NguMark J. Spalding, uMongameli we-Ocean Foundation

[Iphenyane lokuloba kwiZibuko laseHong Kong (Ifoto: Mark J. Spalding)]

Kule veki iphelileyo bendizimase iNgqungquthela ye-10 yeHlabathi yoKutya okuZinzileyo yaseLwandle eHong Kong. Kwingqungquthela yalo nyaka, amazwe angama-46 ebemelwe, kunye nomxube wamashishini, ii-NGO, izifundiswa kunye norhulumente. Kwaye, kwakukhuthaza ukubona ukuba intlanganiso yaphinda yathengiswa kwaye ishishini lizibandakanye ngokwenene kwaye ligcwalisa izihlalo ezininzi.

Izinto endizifunde kwiNgqungquthela kunye nendlela eziyichaphazela ngayo into ebendicinga ngayo zininzi. Kuhlala kulungile ukufunda izinto ezintsha nokuva izithethi ezitsha. Ngoko ke ibikwayimeko yokwenyani yeminye yemisebenzi ebesiyenza enxulumene neaquaculture ezinzileyo - ukuqinisekiswa kunye neengcinga ezintsha. 

Njengoko ndihleli kwinqwelomoya ngenqwelomoya yeeyure ezili-15 ndibuyela e-US, ndisazama ukusonga intloko yam malunga nemiba yengqungquthela, uhambo lwethu lweentsuku ezine ukuya kujonga kwisikolo esidala kunye nenkcubeko yasemanzini yanamhlanje kwilizwe lase China. , kwaye ngokungafihlisiyo, imbono yam emfutshane malunga nobukhulu kunye nobunzima beTshayina ngokwayo.

Inqaku eliphambili lokuvula elivela kuGqr Steve Hall weZiko leeNtlanzi leHlabathi lakwenza kwacaca ukuba kufuneka sizixhalabise ngendima "yentlanzi-ukutya" (okuthetha amanzi anetyuwa kunye namanzi acwengekileyo), hayi ukutya kwaselwandle kuphela, ekupheliseni intlupheko nendlala. Ukuqinisekisa unikezelo oluzinzileyo lokutya kwentlanzi sisixhobo esinamandla sokwandisa ukhuseleko lokutya kwabo bahluphekayo, kunye nokugcina uzinzo lwezopolitiko (xa unikezelo lwempahla luyehla namaxabiso okutya esonyuka, ngokunjalo nokuphazamiseka koluntu). Kwaye, kufuneka siqinisekise ukuba sithetha ngokhuseleko lokutya xa sithetha ngokutya kwentlanzi, hayi nje imfuno eqhutywa yimarike. Imfuno yeyesushi eLos Angeles okanye iifins zikakrebe eHong Kong. Imfuneko yeyomama ofuna ukuthintela ukungondleki kunye nemiba enxulumene nophuhliso lwabantwana bakhe.

Undoqo kukuba ubungakanani bemiba bunokuvakala bunobunzima. Ngapha koko, ukujonga isikali saseTshayina kuphela kunokuba nzima. Ngaphezu kwe-50% yokusetyenziswa kweentlanzi zethu kwihlabathi jikelele kuvela kwimisebenzi yasemanzini. Kule China ivelisa isithathu, ubukhulu becala kusetyenziso lwayo, kwaye iAsia ivelisa phantse i-90%. Kwaye, iTshayina itya isinye kwisithathu sazo zonke iintlanzi ezibanjiweyo endle-kwaye ifuna ukubanjiswa okunje kwihlabathi jikelele. Ke ngoko, indima yeli lizwe elinye kubonelelo kunye nemfuno inkulu kuneminye imimandla yehlabathi. Kwaye, ngenxa yokuba iya isanda ngokwanda yasezidolophini kwaye ityebile, okulindelekileyo kukuba iya kuqhubeka ukongamela kwicala lemfuno.

[UDawn Martin, uMongameli we-SeaWeb, ethetha kwiNgqungquthela yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ye-Seafood 2012 eHong Kong (Ifoto: Mark J. Spalding)]

Ke ukubeka umxholo apha malunga nokubaluleka kwe-aquaculture kunokuxelela. Okwangoku, kuqikelelwa ukuba i-1 yebhiliyoni yabantu baxhomekeke kwiintlanzi kwiiprotheni. Ngaphezulu kancinane kwesiqingatha sale mfuno ihlangatyezwa yi-aquaculture. Ukukhula kwabemi, kudityaniswe nokutyeba okwandileyo kwiindawo ezifana neTshayina kuthetha ukuba sinokulindela ukuba imfuno yeentlanzi inyuke kwixesha elizayo. Kwaye, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba imfuno yeentlanzi ikhula ngokufudukela ezidolophini kunye nobutyebi ngokwahlukeneyo. Izityebi zifuna iintlanzi, kwaye amahlwempu asezidolophini axhomekeke kwiintlanzi. Rhoqo uhlobo olufunwayo luchaphazela kakubi uhlobo olufumanekayo kubantu abahluphekayo. Umzekelo, i-salmon, kunye neminye imisebenzi yokulima intlanzi edla inyama eKhanada, eNorway, e-US, nakwezinye iindawo, idla izixa ezikhulu ze-anchovies, isardadi, kunye nezinye iintlanzi ezincinci (kwindawo ethile phakathi kwe-3 kunye ne-5 yeeponti zeentlanzi kwiponti nganye yentlanzi eveliswayo) . Ukuphambukiswa kwezi ntlanzi kwindawo yentengiso yasekuhlaleni kwizixeko ezinjengeLima, ePeru kunyusa amaxabiso ale mithombo yomgangatho ophezulu weprotheyini yaye ngaloo ndlela kuthintela ukufumaneka kwazo kwabo bahluphekayo basezidolophini. Singasathethi ke ngezo zilwanyana zaselwandle nazo ezixhomekeke kwezo ntlanzi zincinane ukuze zifumane ukutya. Ngaphaya koko, siyazi ukuba uninzi lwamashishini okuloba asendle lulotywa ngokugqithisileyo, alulawulwa kakuhle, alunyanzeliswa buthathaka, kwaye luya kuqhubeka lonakaliswa ziziphumo zokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokunyuka kweasidi yolwandle. Ngaloo ndlela, ukwanda kwemfuno yeentlanzi akuyi kwaneliswa ngokubulala iintlanzi zasendle. Iya kwaneliswa yi-aquaculture.

Kwaye, ngendlela, ukunyuka ngokukhawuleza kwe-aquaculture "isabelo semarike" yokusetyenziswa kweentlanzi akukanciphisi iinzame zokuloba zasendle kwibhodi yonke. Uninzi lwemveliso yasemanzini efunwa yimarike ixhomekeke kukutya kweentlanzi kunye ne-oyile yentlanzi ekutyeni okuvela kwiintlanzi zasendle njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili. Ngoko ke, asinakutsho ukuba imveliso yasemanzini ithatha uxinzelelo ekulobeni ngokugqithisileyo ulwandle lwethu, kodwa ingenzeka ukuba iyanda ngeendlela esizifuna kakhulu ngayo: ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokhuseleko lokutya kwihlabathi. Kwakhona, sibuyela ekujongeni okwenzekayo ngomvelisi obalaseleyo, iTshayina. Ingxaki eTshayina kukukhula kwemfuno yayo iphezulu kakhulu kunomndilili wehlabathi. Ngoko umsantsa ozayo kwelo lizwe kuya kuba nzima ukuwuvala.

Kangangexesha elide ngoku, masithi iminyaka engama-4,000 XNUMX, iTshayina ibiqhelisela ukulima emanzini; ubukhulu becala ecaleni kwemilambo kumathafa akhukulayo apho ukufuywa kweentlanzi kwakudityaniswe nezityalo zolunye uhlobo okanye olunye. Kwaye, ngokwesiqhelo, indawo edibeneyo yayiluncedo kwintlanzi kunye nezityalo. I-China iqhubela phambili kwishishini le-aquaculture. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuveliswa kwemizi-mveliso emikhulu kunokuthetha i-carbon footprint engathandekiyo, ukusuka nje kumcimbi wokuthutha; okanye kusenokubakho uqoqosho oluluncedo lwesikali ukuhlangabezana neemfuno.

[Inqanawa edlulayo kwiZibuko laseHong Kong (Ifoto: Mark J. Spalding)]
 

Into esiyifundileyo kule ngqungquthela, kwaye sayibona kuhambo lokuya kwilizwe laseTshayina, kukuba kukho izisombululo ezininzi ezitsha zomceli mngeni wokulinganisa kunye nokuhlangabezana neemfuno zeprotheyini kunye nemarike. Kuhambo lwethu lwasendle sazibona zibekwe kwiindawo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Ziquka indlela ezafunyanwa ngayo ibrood stock, ukwenziwa kwesondlo, ukufuya, ukhathalelo lwempilo yeentlanzi, inethi ezintsha zokuloba, kunye neenkqubo ezivaliweyo zokujikeleza kwakhona. Undoqo kukuba kufuneka silungelelanise amacandelo ale misebenzi ukuze siqinisekise ukusebenza kwawo okwenyani: Ukukhetha uhlobo olululo, ubugcisa bokulinganisa kunye nendawo yokusingqongileyo; ukuchonga iimfuno zentlalo nenkcubeko yasekhaya (zombini ukutya kunye nokubonelela ngabasebenzi), kunye nokuqinisekisa iinzuzo zoqoqosho ezizinzileyo. Kwaye, kufuneka sijonge kuwo wonke umsebenzi - impembelelo eyongezelelweyo yenkqubo yokuvelisa ukusuka kwi-brood stock ukuya kwimveliso yentengiso, ukusuka kuthutho ukuya emanzini kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla.

I-SeaWeb, ebamba ingqungquthela yonyaka, ifuna "ubonelelo olusisigxina, oluzinzileyo lokutya kwaselwandle" kwihlabathi. Kwelinye icala, andinamathandabuzo ngalo mbono. Kodwa, sonke kufuneka siqonde ukuba kuya kuthetha ukwandisa i-aquaculture, kunokuba sithembele kwizilwanyana zasendle ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zeprotheyini zabemi behlabathi abakhulayo. Mhlawumbi kufuneka siqinisekise ukuba sibeka ecaleni ngokwaneleyo intlanzi yasendle elwandle ukuze kugcinwe ibhalansi ye-ecosystem, ukubonelela ngeemfuno zokuziphilisa kumgangatho wobugcisa (ukhuseleko lokutya), kwaye mhlawumbi sivumele ukuba uhlobo oluthile lwemarike yobunewunewu encinci ayinakuphepheka. Kuba, njengoko bendiphawulile kwiibhlog zangaphambili, ukuthatha nasiphi na isilwanyana sasendle ukuya kwisikali sorhwebo ukuze sisetyenziswe kwihlabathi jikelele akusoloko kuzinzile. Iyawa ngalo lonke ixesha. Kangangokuba, yonke into engaphantsi kwemarike yobunewunewu nangaphezulu kwesivuno sokuphila sasekhaya siya ngokwanda sivela kwi-aquaculture.

Ngokuqhubekayo kwemozulu kunye neempembelelo zokusingqongileyo zokusetyenziswa kweeprotheyini ezivela kwimithombo yenyama, oku mhlawumbi kuyinto enhle. Iintlanzi ezifuywe efama, ngelixa zingafezekanga, amanqaku angcono kunenkukhu kunye nehagu, kwaye angcono kakhulu kunenyama yenkomo. “Ezona zilungileyo” kwicandelo leentlanzi ezifuywayo kusenokwenzeka ukuba zikhokele kuwo onke amacandelo amakhulu eprotheyini yenyama kwiimethrikhi zokusebenza kozinzo. Ewe, iphantse ihambe ngaphandle kokutsho ukuba njengoko uHelene York (waseBon Apetit) watsho kwintetho yakhe ukuba iplanethi yethu encinci inokuba ngcono ukuba sisitya kancinci iprotein yenyama ekutyeni kwethu (okt ukubuyela kwixesha apho iprotein yenyama yayibubunewunewu. ).

Ingxaki kukuba, ngokwengcali ye-FAO yezaselwandle, u-Rohana Subasinghe, icandelo le-aquaculture alikhuli ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno eziqikelelweyo. Ikhule ngesantya se-4% ngonyaka, kodwa ukukhula kwayo kuye kwacotha kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ubona isidingo se-6% yezinga lokukhula, ngakumbi e-Asia apho imfuno ikhula ngokukhawuleza, kunye ne-Afrika apho ukuzinzisa ukunikezelwa kokutya kwendawo kubalulekile ekunyuseni uzinzo lwengingqi kunye nokukhula koqoqosho.

Kwelam icala, ndingathanda ukubona ukuqhubela phambili okutsha ekuzigcineni, ukulawulwa komgangatho wamanzi, iinkqubo zeentlobo ezininzi zeentlobo ezisasazwe ukubonelela ngemisebenzi kunye nokuhlangabezana neemfuno zeprotheyini kwimimandla yasezidolophini apho imisebenzi enjalo inokulungiswa kakuhle kwimarike yasekhaya. Kwaye, ndingathanda ukukhuthaza ukhuseleko olwandisiweyo lwezilwanyana zasendle zolwandle ukunika inkqubo ixesha lokubuyisela ekurhwebeni kwehlabathi ngabantu.

Kulwandle,
uphawu