Iintlanzi kwiNtliziyo yeNkqubo yokutya

Eli nqaku lavela kuqala kwiLimn kwaye labhalwa ngu-Alison Fairbrother kunye noDavid Schleifer.

Awuzange wayibona i-menhaden, kodwa ukhe wayitya. Nangona kungekho mntu uhlala phantsi kwipleyiti yezi ntlanzi, zine-bug-eyed, inyawo ezinde kwindawo yokutyela yokutya kwaselwandle, i-menhaden ihamba ngetsheyini lokutya kwabantu ikakhulu ingabonwa kwimizimba yezinye iintlobo, efihlwe kwisalmon, ihagu, itswele, kunye okunye ukutya okuninzi.

Izigidi zeeponti ze-menhaden zilotywa kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki nakwiNyoba yaseMexico yinkampani enye eseHouston, eTexas, enegama elivakalayo: iOmega Protein. Ingeniso yale nkampani ifumaneka ikakhulu kwinkqubo ebizwa “ngokunciphisa,” ebandakanya ukupheka, ukucola, kunye nokwahlula ngokwemichiza amanqatha e-menhaden kwiprotein kunye ne-micronutrients. La macandelo ecandelo aba ligalelo lemichiza kwi-aquaculture, imfuyo yemizi-mveliso, kunye nokukhula kwemifuno. Ukutya okutyebileyo kweoli kunye neprotheyini kuba kukutya kwezilwanyana. I-micronutrients iba sisichumisi sesityalo.

Isebenza ngolu hlobo: ukusuka kuEpreli ukuya kuDisemba, idolophu encinci eselunxwemeni yaseReedville, eVirginia, ithumela abalobi abaninzi kwiChesapeake Bay nakuLwandle lweAtlantiki kwiinqanawa ezilithoba zeOmega Protein. Abaqhubi be-spotter kwiinqwelo-moya ezincinci babhabha phezulu, bekhangela i-menhaden evela phezulu, ebonwa ngumthunzi obomvu abawushiya emanzini njengoko bepakisha kunye kwizikolo ezixineneyo zamashumi amawaka eentlanzi.

Xa i-menhaden ichongiwe, i-spotter iqhubela irediyo kwinqanawa ekufutshane kwaye isalathise esikolweni. Abalobi be-Omega Protein bathumela izikhephe ezibini ezincinci, ezithiyelela isikolo ngomnatha omkhulu obizwa ngokuba yi-purse seine. Xa iintlanzi zivalelwe, umnatha wepurse seine ubotshelelwa ngokuqinileyo njengomtya wokutsala. Impompo yokufunxa ngehydraulic emva koko ifunxa i-menhaden ukusuka kumnatha ukuya kwindawo yokugcina inqanawa. Emuva kumzi-mveliso, ukunciphisa kuqala. Inkqubo efanayo yenzeka kwiGulf of Mexico, apho i-Omega Protein inamashishini amathathu okunciphisa.

Kubanjiswa i<em>menhaden eninzi kunayo nayiphi na enye intlanzi kwilizwekazi laseUnited States ngokomthamo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, lo msebenzi mkhulu kunye neemveliso zawo beziphantse zingalawulwa, nangona kukho impembelelo enkulu kwindalo. Inani labantu be-menhaden lehlile phantse ngeepesenti ezingama-90 ukusuka ngexesha abantu baqala ukuvuna i-menhaden ukusuka kunxweme lweAtlantiki kunye namanzi e-estuarine.

I-Omega Protein yayingeyokuqala ukuqaphela ixabiso le-menhaden. I-etymology ye-menhaden ibonisa indawo yayo ende kwimveliso yokutya. Igama layo lithatyathwe kwigama lesiNarragansett elithi munnawhatteaûg, elithetha "oko kutyebisa umhlaba." Uphando lwe-Archaeological kwi-Cape Cod lubonisa ukuba abantu baseMelika balapho bangcwaba iintlanzi ekukholelwa ukuba ziyi-menhaden kwiindawo zabo zombona (Mrozowski 1994: 47-62). Ingxelo kaWilliam Bradford noEdward Winslow yowe-1622 yeePilgrim zasePlymouth, eMassachusetts, ichaza amathanga asonga iifama zawo ngeentlanzi “ngokwendlela yamaIndiya” (uBradford noWinslow 1622).

Oosomashishini kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo baqala ukwakha amaziko amancinci ukunciphisa i-menhaden kwioli kunye nokutya ukuze kusetyenziswe kwimveliso yemveliso kunye nezolimo. Embindini wenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabini ezi zixhobo zazithe thaa kunxweme olusempuma yeUnited States nakwiGulf of Mexico. Inkoliso yaloo minyaka, abalobi babebambisa iminatha ababeyirhuqa ngesandla. Kodwa ukuqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950s, iimpompo zokufunxa nge-hydraulic zenze ukuba kube lula ukufunxa izigidi ze-menhaden ukusuka kwiminatha emikhulu ukuya kwiinqanawa ezinkulu. Kwiminyaka engama-60 edlulileyo, i-47 yeebhiliyoni zeeponti ze-menhaden ziye zavunwa kwiAtlantiki.

Njengoko i-menhaden yayisiba sanda, imizi-mveliso emincinane neenqwelo-mafutha zokuloba zaphelelwa lishishini. Ngo-2006, yayinye kuphela inkampani eyayisele imile. I-Omega Protein, ikomkhulu eTexas, ibamba phakathi kwekota kunye nesiqingatha sebhiliyoni yeeponti ze-menhaden nyaka ngamnye ukusuka kwiAtlantiki, kwaye iphantse yaphinda kabini loo mali kwiGulf of Mexico.

Ngenxa yokuba i-Omega Protein ilawula ishishini, iingxelo zayo zonyaka zotyalo-mali zenza kube lula ukulandelela i-menhaden ngokusebenzisa ikhonkco lokutya lehlabathi ukusuka kwindawo yokunciphisa e-Reedville, eVirginia, kunye neefektri ezimbalwa eLouisiana nase-Mississippi.

Ngokuvisisana nokusetyenziswa koMthonyama waseMerika, i<em>menhaden micronutrients—ngokuyintloko initrogen, iphosphorus, nepotassium—iyasetyenziswa ukwenza izichumisi. EUnited States, izichumisi ezisekwe kwi-menhaden zisetyenziselwa ukukhulisa itswele eTexas, iiblueberries eGeorgia, kunye neerozi eTennessee, phakathi kwezinye izityalo.

Inxalenye encinci yamafutha isetyenziselwa ukwenza izongezo zesondlo somntu, ezizezi iipilisi zeoli yeentlanzi ezine-omega-3 fatty acids, eziye zadibaniswa nokunciphisa ezinye izinto ezinobungozi kwisifo senhliziyo. I-Omega-3s ifumaneka ngokwemvelo kwimifuno eluhlaza kunye namandongomane. Zikwakwi-algae, ethi i-menhaden idle ngobuninzi. Ngenxa yoko, i-menhaden kunye neentlobo zeentlanzi ezixhomekeke kwi-menhaden ngokutya zigcwele i-omega-3s.

Kwi-2004, i-US Food and Drug Administration yavumela abavelisi ukuba benze amabango kwiiphakheji zokutya ezidibanisa ukusetyenziswa kokutya okuqukethe i-omega-3s kwingozi ephantsi yesifo senhliziyo. Ingaba okanye ungathathi i-omega-3 iipilisi zeoli yeentlanzi zineenzuzo ezifanayo kunye nokutya ukutya okuqukethe i-omega-3s kuhlala kuyingxoxo-mpikiswano (Allport 2006; Kris-Etherton et al. 2002; Rizos et al. 2012). Nangona kunjalo, ukuthengiswa kweepilisi zeoli yeentlanzi kukhule ukusuka kwi-$ 100 yezigidi kwi-2001 ukuya kwi-$ 1.1 yezigidigidi kwi-2011 (i-Frost & Sullivan Research Service 2008; Herper 2009; I-Packaged Facts 2011). Imarike yezongezo ze-omega-3 kunye nokutya kunye neziselo eziqiniswe nge-omega-3s yayiyi-195 yezigidi zeedola ngo-2004. Ngo-2011, kwakuqikelelwa kwi-13 yeebhiliyoni zeedola.

KwiProtein ye-Omega, imali yokwenyani ikwiiproteni ze-menhaden kunye namafutha, eziye zaba zizithako kukutya kwezilwanyana kushishino lwasemanzini, iihagu, kunye nokukhulisa iinkomo eUnited States nakwamanye amazwe. Inkampani ikwindawo entle yokuqhubeka nokwandisa intengiso ye-menhaden kwihlabathi jikelele. Ngelixa unikezelo lwehlabathi lwamafutha kunye neeprotheyini luthe tyaba ukusukela ngo-2004, imfuno ikhule kakhulu. Ingeniso ye-Omega yeProtein ngetoni nganye iphindaphindwe ngaphezulu kwesithathu ukusukela ngo-2000. Ingeniso iyonke ibingama-236 ezigidi zeedola ngo-2012, umyinge we-17.8 yeepesenti.

Isiseko somthengi “seblue chip” ye-Omega ye-Omega yesondlo sezilwanyana kunye nezongezelelo zabantu ziquka i-Whole Foods, i-Nestlé Purina, i-Iams, i-Land O'Lakes, i-ADM, i-Swanson Health Products, i-Cargill, i-Del Monte, i-Science Diet, i-Smart Balance, kunye ne-Vitamin Shoppe. Kodwa iinkampani ezithenga i-menhaden isidlo kunye ne-oyile kwi-Omega Protein akufuneki ukuba zibhale ukuba ngaba iimveliso zabo ziqulethe intlanzi, nto leyo eyenza ukuba abathengi bangakwazi ukuchonga ukuba bayayiginya i-menhaden. Nangona kunjalo, xa kujongwa umthamo weshishini lokuloba kunye nobungakanani bokusasazwa kwe-Omega Protein, ukuba uthe watya isalmon ekhuliswe efama okanye unikeze ibhekoni yevenkile enkulu, kusenokwenzeka ukuba utyile izilwanyana ezikhuliswe ubuncinane ngokuyinxenye kwi-menhaden. Usenokuba uye wondla izilwanyana ezikhuliswe kwi-menhaden kwizilwanyana zakho zasekhaya, uginye i-menhaden kwii-capsules zejeli ezicetyiswa ngugqirha wentliziyo yakho, okanye uzifefe kwigadi yakho yemifuno engasemva kwendlu.

“Siyiphucule inkampani ekuhambeni kwexesha apho unokuvuka khona kusasa, ube ne-Omega-3 (ioyile yentlanzi) ukuze uqale usuku lwakho, unokunqanda ukulamba kwakho phakathi kokutya ngeprotein shake, kwaye ungahlala. phantsi kwisidlo kunye neqhekeza le-salmon, kwaye amathuba okuba, enye yeemveliso zethu yayisetyenziselwa ukunceda ukuphakamisa loo salmon, "i-Omega Protein CEO uBrett Scholtes uthe kudliwano-ndlebe lwakutsha nje neHouston Business Journal (Ryan 2013).

Kutheni kubalulekile ukuba le ntlanzi encinci isetyenziselwa ukunyusa imfuno ekhulayo yehlabathi yeprotheni yezilwanyana njengoko ingeniso yehlabathi inyuka kunye nokutya kutshintsha (WHO 2013: 5)? Ngenxa yokuba i-menhaden ayixabisekanga kuphela kubonelelo lokutya kwabantu, ikwayi-linchpins yekhonkco lokutya lolwandle.

I-Menhaden izala elwandle, kodwa uninzi lweentlanzi zibhekisa amabombo kwi-Chesapeake Bay ukuze zikhule zaluphele kumanzi anobuthi elona chweba likhulu lesizwe. Ngokwembali, iChesapeake Bay yayixhasa abantu abaninzi be-menhaden: intsomi ithi uKapteni uJohn Smith wabona amadoda amaninzi egcwele eChesapeake Bay xa wayefika ngo-1607 kangangokuba wayenokuwabamba ngepani yokuqhotsa.

Kulo mmandla we-nursery, i-menhaden ikhula kwaye iphumelele kwizikolo ezikhulu ngaphambi kokuba ifuduke ihla inyuka kunxweme lweAtlantiki. Ezi zikolo ze-menhaden zibonelela ngokutya okubalulekileyo, okunezondlo kuninzi lwezilwanyana ezizingelayo ezibalulekileyo, njenge-bass enemigca, i- weakfish, i-bluefish, i-spiny dogfish, i-dolphin, i-humpback whale, i-harbor seal, i-osprey, i-loons, kunye nokunye.

Ngo-2009, izazinzulu zezokuloba zabika ukuba inani labantu baseAtlantic menhaden liye lancipha laya kutsho ngaphantsi kwe-10 ekhulwini lobungakanani bayo bangaphambili. Izazinzulu zemizi-mveliso zixoxa ukuba iintlanzi ezincinci ezifana ne-menhaden, i-sardines, kunye ne-herring zizala ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo ukuze zithathe indawo yezo zisuswe kwikhonkco lokutya lolwandle ngokuloba ngokurhweba. Kodwa uninzi lweengcali zokusingqongileyo, oorhulumente kunye nezazinzulu zezemfundo, kunye nabahlali baselunxwemeni bathi ukuloba i-menhaden kuphazamisa imeko yendalo, kushiya i-menhaden embalwa kakhulu emanzini ukuba iphendule ngemfuno yezilwanyana.

I-bass ene-striped kudala yaba yenye yezona zilwanyana zikhohlakeleyo ze-menhaden kuNxweme oluseMpuma. Namhlanje, iibass ezininzi ezinemigca eChesapeake Bay zithwaxwa yi-mycobacteriosis, isifo esingaqhelekanga esidala isilonda esidityaniswa nokungondleki.

I-Osprey, enye i-menhaden predator, ayihambanga ngcono. Ngeminyaka yee-1980, ngaphezu kwe-70 pesenti yokutya kwe-osprey kwakuyi-menhaden. Ngo-2006, elo nani liye lehla laya kutsho kuma-27 ekhulwini, kwaye ukusinda kwee-osprey nestlings eVirginia kwakuwele kumanqanaba aphantsi ukususela ngo-1940, xa i-DDT yesibulali-zinambuzane yaziswa kwindawo, eyaphelisa i-osprey encinane. Kwaye phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-2000s, abaphandi baqala ukufumanisa ukuba i- weakfish, intlanzi ebaluleke kakhulu kwezoqoqosho kuLwandle lweAtlantiki, yayifa ngamanani aphezulu. Ngaphandle kwesitokhwe esisempilweni, esinentabalala yesitokhwe se-menhaden ekunokutya kuso, iibass ezinemigca bezitya intlanzi encinci ebuthathaka kwaye inciphisa kakhulu inani labo.

Ngo-2012, igqiza leengcaphephe zaselwandle ezaziwa njengeLenfest Forage Fish Task Force liqikelele ukuba ixabiso lokushiya intlanzi yefula elwandle njengomthombo wokutya wamarhamncwa laliyi-11 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi: ngokuphindwe kabini kwi-5.6 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ziveliswa ngokususa iintlobo ezifana ne-menhaden. ukusuka elwandle kwaye uzicinezele kwiipellets zokutya zentlanzi (Pikitch et al, 2012).

Emva kwamashumi eminyaka ebhengezwe yimibutho yokusingqongileyo, ngoDisemba ka-2012, i-arhente elawulayo ebizwa ngokuba yi-Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission yaphumeza ummiselo wokuqala kunxweme ngokubanzi kushishino lokuloba i-menhaden. IKomishoni inqumle isivuno semenhaden ngama-20 ekhulwini kumanqanaba angaphambili ngelizama ukukhusela abemi ukuba bangehli ngakumbi. Ummiselo waphunyezwa ngexesha lokuloba lika-2013; ingaba ichaphazele abantu be-menhaden ngumbuzo oosonzululwazi bakarhulumente abazama ukuwuphendula.

Ngeli xesha, iimveliso ze-menhaden zihlala zibalulekile kwimveliso yehlabathi yentlanzi kunye nenyama ephantsi. Inkqubo yokutya yemizi-mveliso ixhomekeke ekukhupheni izondlo kwimizimba yezilwanyana zasendle. Sitya i-menhaden ngohlobo lwenyama yehagu, ibele lenkukhu, kunye ne-tilapia. Kwaye ngokwenza njalo, indlela esitya ngayo ikhokelela ekufeni kweentaka kunye neentlanzi ezidla inyama ezingazange zidlule emilebeni yethu.
U-Alison Fairbrother ngumlawuli olawulayo weProjekthi yeTrasti yoLuntu, umbutho ongenzi nzuzo, ongenzi nzuzo ophanda kwaye unike ingxelo malunga nokuchazwa kakubi kwesayensi ngamaqumrhu, urhulumente, kunye namajelo eendaba.

UDavid Schleifer uphanda kwaye ubhala malunga nokutya, unyango, iteknoloji kunye nemfundo. Ukwangumhlobo ophezulu wophando kwi-Public Agenda, umbutho ongenzi nzuzo, uphando kunye nombutho wokuzibandakanya. Iimbono ezichazwe apha ayizizo ezo ze-Public Agenda okanye abaxhasi bayo ngezimali. 

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