Ilizwekazi eliMhlophe eliEthe-ethe

UClaire Christian nguMlawuli obambeleyo we I-Antarctic kunye ne-Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC), abamelwane bethu beofisi abanobuhlobo apha e-DC nangaphandle kulwandlekazi lwehlabathi.

Kulo Meyi udlulileyo, bendizimase i-39 ye-Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM), intlanganiso yonyaka yamazwe atyikitye isivumelwano ISivumelwano se-Antarctic ukwenza izigqibo malunga nendlela i-Antarctica elawulwa ngayo. Kwabo bangathathi nxaxheba kuzo, iintlanganiso zozakuzo zamazwe ngamazwe zihlala zibonakala zicotha. Kuthatha ixesha nje ukuba amazwe amaninzi avumelane ngendlela yokuwusingatha umcimbi. Ngamanye amaxesha, nangona kunjalo, i-ATCM yenze izigqibo ezikhawulezayo kunye nenkalipho, kwaye kulo nyaka yayiyiyo 25th anniversary yenye yeempumelelo ezinkulu zenkulungwane yama-20 kwimo engqongileyo yehlabathi – isigqibo sokuvala imigodi e-Antarctica.

Ngelixa ukuvalwa komsebenzi kuye kwabhiyozelwa ukususela oko kwakuvunyelwene ngo-1991, abaninzi baye bavakalisa ukuthandabuza ukuba kungahlala. Kucingelwa ukuba, ukuxhatshazwa kwabantu kuya kuphumelela ekugqibeleni kwaye kuya kuba nzima kakhulu ukungahoyi amathuba amatsha oqoqosho. Kodwa kwi-ATCM yalo nyaka, amazwe angama-29 athatha izigqibo ayinxalenye yeSivumelwano se-Antarctica (ebizwa ngokuba yi-Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties okanye ii-ATCPs) avumelene ngamxhelo mnye kwisigqibo esichaza “ukuzibophelela okuqinileyo kokugcina nokuqhubeka nokuphumeza…ngowona mcimbi uphezulu. okubalulekileyo” ukuvalwa kwemisebenzi yemigodi e-Antarctic, eyinxalenye yeProtocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (ekwabizwa ngokuba yiMadrid Protocol). Nangona ukuqinisekiswa kwenkxaso yesithintelo esikhoyo kungabonakali njengempumelelo, ndiyakholelwa ukuba bubungqina obuqinileyo bokuqina kokuzinikela kwe-ATCPs ekugcineni i-Antarctica njengendawo eqhelekileyo kubo bonke abantu.

Nangona ukuqinisekiswa kwenkxaso yesithintelo esikhoyo kungabonakali njengempumelelo, ndiyakholelwa ukuba bubungqina obuqinileyo bokuqina kokuzinikela kwe-ATCPs ekugcineni i-Antarctica njengendawo eqhelekileyo kubo bonke abantu. 

Imbali yendlela ukuvalwa kwemigodi okwabakho ngayo iyamangalisa. Ii-ATCPs zichithe kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi zithethathethana ngemigaqo yolawulo lwezemigodi, nto leyo eya kuthatha uhlobo lwesivumelwano esitsha, iNgqungquthela yoLawulo lweMisebenzi yeMithombo yeziMbiwa yase-Antarctic (CRAMRA). Olu thethwano lwabangela ukuba uluntu lwendalo esingqongileyo luququzelele i-Antarctic kunye ne-Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC) ukuba baxoxe ngokuyilwa kweWorld Park Antarctica, apho imigodi iya kuthintelwa. Nangona kunjalo, i-ASOC ilandele iingxoxo zeCRAMRA ngokusondeleyo. Bona, kunye nezinye ii-ATCPs, abazange baxhase ukumbiwa kwemigodi kodwa bafuna ukwenza imimiselo ibe yomelele ngokusemandleni.

Xa iingxoxo zeCRAMRA zagqitywayo, ekuphela kwento eyayisele kukuba ii-ATCPs ziyisayine. Wonke umntu kwafuneka asayine ukuze isivumelwano siqale ukusebenza. Kwinguqu eyothusayo, iOstreliya neFrance, bobabini bebesebenze kwiCRMRA iminyaka, babhengeze ukuba abasayi kusayina kuba kwanemigodi elawulwa kakuhle ibonisa umngcipheko omkhulu kwi-Antarctica. Kunyaka omfutshane emva koko, kwa ezo ATCP zinye zathethathethana ngeProtocol yokuSingqongileyo endaweni yoko. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo awuvalanga kuphela ukumbiwa kwemigodi kodwa wamisela imithetho yemisebenzi engabandakanyiyo kwakunye nenkqubo yokuchongwa kweendawo ezikhuselwe ngokukodwa. Inxalenye yeProtocol ichaza inkqubo yokuphononongwa kwesivumelwano iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ukususela ekuqaliseni kwayo ukusebenza (2048) ukuba iceliwe lilizwe eliliQela lesiVumelwano, kunye noluhlu lwamanyathelo athile okuphelisa ukuvalwa kwemigodi, kubandakanywa noqinisekiso lolawulo olubophelelayo olusemthethweni lokulawula imisebenzi yotsalo lwemigodi.

Bekungayi kuba kokungachanekanga ukuthi iProtocol iguqule iNkqubo yeSivumelwano se-Antarctic. 

Bekungayi kuba kungachanekanga ukuthi iProtocol iyiguqule iNkqubo yeSivumelwano se-Antarctic. Amaqela aqala ukugxila ekukhuselweni kwendalo ukuya kwinqanaba elikhulu kunangaphambili. Izikhululo zophando zase-Antarctic ziqalise ukuphonononga imisebenzi yazo ukuze ziphucule ifuthe lazo lokusingqongileyo, ngakumbi ngokuphathelene nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma. I-ATCM idale iKomiti yoKhuseleko lokusiNgqongileyo (CEP) ukuqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa kweProtocol kunye nokuhlola iimvavanyo zempembelelo kokusingqongileyo (EIA) ukwenzela imisebenzi emitsha ecetywayo. Ngelo xesha, iNkqubo yeSivumelwano ikhulile, yongeza ii-ATCP ezintsha ezifana neRiphabhliki yaseCzech kunye ne-Ukraine. Namhlanje, amazwe amaninzi anebhongo ngokufanelekileyo ngobugosa bawo bemekobume ye-Antarctic kunye nesigqibo sawo sokukhusela ilizwekazi.

Ngaphandle kolu rekhodi lunamandla, kusekho amarhe kumajelo eendaba ukuba ii-ATCP ezininzi zilindele nje ukuba iwotshi ihambe phantsi kwixesha lophononongo lweProtocol ukuze bakwazi ukufikelela kubutyebi obufunwayo ngaphantsi komkhenkce. Abanye bade babhengeze ukuba iSivumelwano se-Antarctic ka-1959 okanye iProtocol "iyaphelelwa" ngo-2048, ingxelo engachanekanga kwaphela. Isisombululo salo nyaka siqinisekisa ukuba ii-ATCPs ziyaqonda ukuba umngcipheko kwilizwekazi elimhlophe eliethe-ethe mkhulu kakhulu ukuba ungavumela nokulawulwa kakhulu kwemigodi. Iwonga elikhethekileyo le-Antarctica njengelizwekazi elilungiselelwe uxolo nenzululwazi kuphela lixabiseke kakhulu kwihlabathi kunobutyebi obunokubakho ngezimbiwa. Kulula ukugxeka izinto ezikhuthazayo zelizwe kwaye ucinge ukuba amazwe azenzela nje iimfuno zawo ezimxinwa. I-Antarctica ngomnye umzekelo wendlela izizwe ezinokumanyana ngayo kwiminqweno efanayo yehlabathi.

I-Antarctica ngomnye umzekelo wendlela izizwe ezinokumanyana ngayo kwiminqweno efanayo yehlabathi.

Nangona kunjalo, kulo nyaka wesikhumbuzo, kubalulekile ukubhiyozela impumelelo kwaye ukujonga kwikamva. Ukuvalwa kwemigodi kuphela akusayi kugcina i-Antarctica. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kugrogrisa ukudodobalisa umkhenkce omkhulu welizwekazi, ukuguqula imixokomelwano yasekhaya neyehlabathi ngokufanayo. Ngaphaya koko, abathathi-nxaxheba kwiNtlanganiso yokuNxibelelana yeSivumelwano sase-Antarctic banokuthatha inzuzo enkulu yezibonelelo zeProtocol ukukhuthaza ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo. Ngokukodwa banako kwaye kufuneka bakhethe uthungelwano olubanzi lweendawo ezikhuselweyo eziya kukhusela iintlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayo kwaye zincede ukulungisa ezinye zeempembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu kwimithombo yommandla. Izazinzulu ziye zachaza iindawo zangoku ezikhuselweyo ze-Antarctic njenge "abanelanga, ayimelo kwaye isengozini" (1), okuthetha ukuba abahambeli kude ngokwaneleyo ekuxhaseni elona lizwekazi lethu likhethekileyo.

Njengoko sibhiyozela iminyaka engama-25 yoxolo, isayensi, kunye nentlango engonakaliswanga e-Antarctica, ndiyathemba ukuba iNkqubo yeSivumelwano se-Antarctic kunye nehlabathi liphela liya kuthatha inyathelo ukuqinisekisa enye ikota yenkulungwane yozinzo kunye nenkqubo ekhulayo yendalo kwilizwekazi lethu elincanyana.