Ixesha Elidlulileyo Lithetha Ngekamva: I-Aquaculture yaMandulo eZinzileyo

Ngu: Mark J. Spalding, Kathryn Peyton kunye no-Ashley Milton

Le bhlog yavela kuqala kwiNational Geographic's Iimboniselo zoLwandle

Amabinzana afana “nezifundo zexesha elidlulileyo” okanye “ukufunda kwimbali yakudala” akulungele ukwenza amehlo ethu abengezela, kwaye sikhumbula iinkumbulo zeeklasi zembali ekruqulayo okanye ukubukela amaxwebhu kamabonakude. Kodwa kwimeko ye-aquaculture, ulwazi oluncinane lwembali lunokonwabisa kwaye lukhanyise.

Ukufuywa kweentlanzi akunto intsha; ibisenziwa kangangeenkulungwane kwiinkcubeko ezininzi. Imibutho yamandulo yaseTshayina yondla ilindle lesilika kunye nezilwanyana ezifuywayo kwi-carp ekhuliswe kumachibi kwiifama ze-silkworm, amaYiputa ayelima i-tilapia njengenxalenye yobugcisa babo bokunkcenkceshela, kwaye abantu baseHawaii babekwazi ukulima intaphane yeentlobo ezifana ne-milkfish, i-mullet, i-prawns kunye ne-crab. Abembi bezinto zakudala baye bafumana ubungqina bendalo yasemanzini kuluntu lwaseMayan nakwizithethe zabanye bomthonyama baseMntla Melika.

Ibhaso leerekhodi ezindala malunga nokufuywa kweentlanzi liya ku iTshayina, apho siyazi ukuba kwakusenzeka kwasekuqaleni kowama-3500 B.C.E., yaye ngowe-1400 B.C.E. sinokufumana iingxelo zokumangalelwa kwamasela entlanzi. Ngo-475 BCE, usomashishini weentlanzi ozifundisayo ngokwakhe (kunye ne-bureaucrat karhulumente) ogama linguFan-Li wabhala incwadi yokuqala eyaziwayo malunga nokufuya iintlanzi, kubandakanywa nokwakhiwa kwamachibi, ukukhetha i-broodstock kunye nokugcinwa kwechibi. Ngenxa yamava abo amade nge-aquaculture, akumangalisi ukuba i-China iqhubekile, ngokude, umvelisi omkhulu weemveliso zasemanzini.

EYurophu, amaRoma abalaseleyo ayelima iintlanzi kumasimi awo amakhulu, ukuze aqhubeke enandipha ukutya okutyebileyo nokwahlukahlukeneyo xa engekho eRoma. Iintlanzi ezinjenge mullet kunye netrout zazigcinwa kumadama abizwa ngokuba “sisityu.” Ingqikelelo yechibi lesityu yaqhubeka ukuya kumaXesha Aphakathi eYurophu, ngakumbi njengenxalenye yezithethe ezityebileyo zezolimo kwiindawo zoonongendi, kwaye kwiminyaka yamva, kwiinqaba zenqaba. I-aquaculture ye-Monastic yayilwa, ubuncinane ngokuyinxenye, ukuncedisa ukuhla kweentlanzi zasendle, umxholo wembali osebenza ngokumangalisayo namhlanje, njengoko sijongene nemiphumo yokuhla kweentlanzi zasendle emhlabeni jikelele.

Uluntu luhlala lusebenzisa i-aquaculture ukuze iqhelane nabantu abakhulayo, ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokusasazeka kwenkcubeko, ngeendlela eziyinkimbinkimbi kunye nezizinzileyo. Imizekelo yembali inokusikhuthaza ukuba sikhuthaze i-aquaculture egcina indalo kwaye ingakukhuthazi ukusetyenziswa kwamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kolwandle lwasendle.

Umzekelo, taro fishponds kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zaseHawaii zazisetyenziselwa ukukhulisa uluhlu olubanzi lweentlanzi ezinyamezela ityuwa kunye namanzi acwengileyo, njenge-mullet, i-silver perch, i-gobies yaseHawaii, i-prawns kunye ne-algae eluhlaza. La machibi ayesondliwa yimisinga esuka kunkcenkceshelo kunye namachweba enziwe ngezandla adityaniswe kulwandle olukufutshane. Zazinemveliso kakhulu, ngenxa yokuzalisa kwakhona imithombo yamanzi kwakunye neenduli zezityalo zetaro ezityalwe ngesandla ezijikeleze imiphetho, nto leyo eyayitsala izinambuzane ukuze zityiwe ziintlanzi.

Abantu baseHawaii baphinde benza iindlela ezingakumbi zokufuya iintlanzi zaselwandle kunye namachibi olwandle. Amachibi amanzi olwandle adalwe ngokwakhiwa kodonga lolwandle, oluhlala luyi-coral okanye ilitye le-lava. I-algae ye-Coralline eqokelelwe elwandle yayisetyenziselwa ukuqinisa iindonga, njengoko zisebenza njengesamente yendalo. Amachibi amanzi olwandle aqulathe yonke indalo engqongileyo yolwalwa lokuqala kwaye axhasa iindidi ezingama-22. Imijelo ephucukileyo eyakhiwe ngamaplanga neefern grates yayivumela amanzi olwandle, kunye neentlanzi ezincinane kakhulu, ukuba zidlule eludongeni lomjelo ukuya echibini. Iigrate zaziya kuthintela iintlanzi ezisele zikhulile ukuba zingabuyeli elwandle ngoxa kwangaxeshanye zivumela iintlanzi ezincinci ukuba zingene kwinkqubo. Iintlanzi zazilotywa ngezandla okanye ngeminatha entlakohlaza, xa zazizama ukubuyela elwandle ukuze zizalele. Iigrayiti zavumela amachibi ukuba aqhubeke egcwele intlanzi evela elwandle kwaye acocwe ilindle kunye nenkunkuma kusetyenziswa imisinga yamanzi endalo, kunye nokubandakanyeka okuncinci komntu.

AmaYiputa amandulo aqulunqa a indlela yokubuyisela umhlaba malunga no-2000 BCE yona isenemveliso ephezulu, ibuyisela ngaphezulu kwe-50,000ha yomhlaba onetyuwa kwaye ixhasa iintsapho ezingaphezu kwe-10,000. Ngexesha lentwasahlobo, amachibi amakhulu akhiwa kwimihlaba enetyuwa kwaye aphuphume ngamanzi ahlambulukileyo kwiiveki ezimbini. Emva koko amanzi ayakhutshwa kwaye isikhukula siyaphindwa. Emva kokuba umkhukula wesibini ulahlwe, amachibi azaliswe ngamanzi angama-30cm kwaye agcwele iminwe ye-mullet ebanjwe elwandle. Abalimi beentlanzi balawula ubutyuwa ngokugalela amanzi kulo lonke ixesha lonyaka kwaye akukho mfuneko yesichumiso. Malunga ne-300-500kg/ha/ngonyaka yentlanzi evunwa ukusuka kuDisemba ukuya ku-Epreli. Ukusasaza kwenzeka apho amanzi amileyo anetyuwa ephantsi enyanzela ukuba amanzi aphantsi anetyuwa ephezulu ahle ezantsi. Nyaka ngamnye emva kokuvuna kwentwasahlobo umhlaba uyajongwa ngokufaka isetyana leeucalyptus kumhlaba wedama. Ukuba isetyana liyafa, umhlaba uyaphinda usetyenziselwe ulimo lwasemanzini elinye ixesha lonyaka; ukuba isetyana liyasinda abalimi bayazi ukuba umhlaba ubuyiselwe kwaye ukulungele ukuxhasa izityalo. Le ndlela yokulima emanzini ibuyisela umhlaba kwisithuba seminyaka emithathu ukuya kwemine, xa kuthelekiswa nexesha leminyaka eli-10 elifunwa zezinye izenzo ezisetyenziswa kummandla.

Ezinye zezinto zakudala zasemanzini eTshayina naseThailand zathatha ithuba le nto ngoku ebizwa ngokuba yiyo i-multi-trophic aquaculture edibeneyo (IMTA). Iinkqubo ze-IMTA zivumela ukutya okungatyiwayo kunye nenkunkuma yezinto ezinqwenelekayo, ezithengiswayo, ezifana ne-shrimp okanye i-finfish, ukuba iphinde ithathwe kwaye iguqulelwe kwisichumisi, ukutya kunye namandla kwizityalo ezifama kunye nezinye izilwanyana zasefama. Iinkqubo ze-IMTA azikho nje kakuhle ngokwezoqoqosho; zikwathomalalisa eyona miba inzima yeaquaculture, efana nenkunkuma, umonakalo kwimo engqongileyo kunye nokuxinana.

Kwi-China neThailand yamandulo, ifama enye inokukhulisa iintlobo ezininzi, ezinje ngamadada, iinkukhu, iihagu kunye neentlanzi ngelixa ithatha ithuba lokugaywa kwe-anaerobic (ngaphandle kweoksijini) kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe inkunkuma ukuvelisa ukufuywa komhlaba okuchumayo kunye nokulima okuthe kwaxhasa iifama zasemanzini ezikhulayo. .

Izifundo esinokuzifunda kwiTekhnoloji ye-Aquaculture yaMandulo

Sebenzisa ukutya okusekelwe kwizityalo endaweni yeentlanzi zasendle;
Sebenzisa iindlela ezidibeneyo ze-polyculture ezifana ne-IMTA;
Ukunciphisa ungcoliseko lwenitrogen kunye neekhemikhali ngokusebenzisa i-multi-trophic aquaculture;
Ukunciphisa ukubaleka kweentlanzi ezifuywayo ziye endle;
Khusela iindawo zokuhlala zengingqi;
Qinisa imimiselo kwaye ukwandise ukungafihli;
Ukwazisa kwakhona ukutshintshwa okuhlonelwayo kwexesha kunye neendlela ezijikelezayo ze-aquaculture/agriculture (iModeli yaseYiputa).