Inkcazo yakho ye-TOF kwiiNtlanganiso ze-March International Seabed Authority

Inxalenye ye-28^th Iseshoni ye-International Seabed Authority (ISA) isongwe ngokusesikweni ekupheleni kukaMatshi.

Sabelana ngamathuba abalulekileyo asuka kwiintlanganiso ezingokumbiwa kwemigodi enzulu elwandle, kuquka nohlaziyo lokuqukwa kwe ILifa leNkcubeko phantsi kwamanzi kwimimiselo ecetywayo yemigodi, ingxoxo "into-ukuba", kunye nokujonga ubushushu kwi-a uthotho lweenjongo I-Ocean Foundation yasungulwa kunyaka ophelileyo emva kweentlanganiso zikaJulayi 2022.

Tsibela ku:

• Iqela eliSebenzayo eliThathayo
• Umthetho weminyaka emibini
• Iziganeko ezisecaleni
• TOF Injongo Check-In

Amazwe angamaLungu nawo axoxa nge Isicatshulwa sikaMongameli, yingqokelela yemithetho eyilwayo engahambelaniyo nolunye lolunye udidi. Ingxubusho ethi “ukuba kuthekani” nayo yabalaseliswa kakhulu.

Njengoko abaququzeleli bevula umgangatho ukuze banike izimvo kummiselo ngamnye, amaLungu eBhunga, amazwe oMkhanyo, kunye nabakhi-mkhanyo baye bakwazi ukubonelela ngenkcazo emfutshane ethethwayo kwimimiselo, ukunika uhlengahlengiso okanye ukwazisa ulwimi olutsha njengoko iBhunga lisebenzela ukuphuhlisa imithetho yesicatshulwa. ishishini ngaphandle komzekelo. 

Amazwe akhankanyiweyo kwaye aqinisekisa okanye agxeka into ebithethwe ngurhulumente wangaphambili, ehlala esenza uhlengiso lwexesha lokwenyani kwisiteyitimenti esilungisiweyo. Ngelixa ingeyiyo incoko yemveli, olu cwangciso lwaluvumela umntu ngamnye osegumbini, kungakhathaliseki ukuba sisiphi na isimo, ukuba athembe ukuba izimvo zabo zaviwa kwaye zibandakanyiwe.

Ngokomgaqo, nangokungqinelana nemigaqo ye-ISA, abakhi-mkhanyo banokuthatha inxaxheba kwiingxoxo zeBhunga ngemiba ebachaphazelayo. Ngokwesiqhelo, inqanaba lokuthatha inxaxheba koMkhi-mkhanyo kwi-ISA 28-I lixhomekeke kumbhexeshi weseshoni nganye. Kwacaca ukuba abanye abaququzeleli babezibophelele ekunikeni ilizwi kuBakhi-mkhanyo nakuMalungu ngokufanayo, ukuvumela ukuthula okufunekayo kunye nexesha lokuba bonke abathunywa bacinge ngeengxelo zabo. Abanye abaququzeleli bacele aBakhi-Mkhanyo ukuba bagcine iinkcazo zabo kumda wemizuzu emithathu engafanelekanga kwaye baphuthuma kwimimiselo, betyeshela izicelo zokuthetha ngeenzame zokubonisa imvumelwano nangona loo mvumelwano ingekho. 

Ekuqaleni kweseshoni, amazwe avakalise inkxaso yawo kwisivumelwano esitsha esibizwa Iintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziNgaphaya koLawulo lweSizwe (BBNJ). Isivumelwano kwavunyelwana ngaso ngexesha leNkomfa yaMazwe ngaMazwe ngaMazwe ngamazwe ngesixhobo esibophelela ngokusemthethweni phantsi kwe-UNCLOS. Ijolise ekukhuseleni ubomi baselwandle nokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kobutyebi ngokuzinzileyo kwiindawo ezingaphaya kwemida yelizwe. Amazwe akwi-ISA aye aqaphela ixabiso lesivumelwano ekukhuthazeni ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nokubandakanya ulwazi lwemveli nolweMveli kuphando lolwandle.

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Izinto ezithathwe kwiQela eliSebenzayo ngalinye

IQela eliSebenzayo elivulelekileyo kwiMigaqo yezeMali yeSivumelwano (ngoMatshi 16-17)

• Abathunywa beva iintetho ezimbini ezivela kwiingcali zemali: omnye uvela kummeli weMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), kunye neyesibini evela kwiForam ye-Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development (IGF).
• Abaninzi ababekho bavakalelwa kukuba ukuxoxa ngemodeli yezemali kwakungekho luncedo ngaphandle kokuvuma kuqala kwimimiselo jikelele. Le mvakalelo yaqhubeka kuzo zonke iintlanganiso njengoko amazwe amaninzi evakalisa inkxaso ukuvalwa, ukunqunyanyiswa, okanye ukunqumama kokhuseleko kwimigodi enzulu yolwandle.
• Ingqikelelo yokudluliselwa kwamalungelo kunye nezibophelelo phantsi kwekhontrakthi yokuxhaphaza yaxoxwa ngokubanzi, nabanye abathunywa begxininisa ukuba amazwe axhasayo kufuneka abe nelizwi kolu dluliselo. I-TOF ingenelele ukuze iqaphele ukuba naluphi na utshintsho lolawulo kufuneka lwenziwe uphononongo oluqatha njengodluliselo, kuba lubonisa imiba efanayo yolawulo, iziqinisekiso zemali, kunye noxanduva.

IQela eliSebenzayo elingekho sikweni kuKhuseleko noLondolozo lweNdalo yaseLwandle (ngoMatshi 20-22)

• Abemi bomthonyama beZiqithi zePasifiki bamenywa ngabathunywa beGreenpeace International ukuba bathethe nabathunywa malunga nonxibelelwano lwezinyanya kunye nenkcubeko kulwandle olunzulu. USolomon “uMalume uSol” Kaho'ohalahala uvule intlanganiso ngeoli (ingoma) yaseHawaii ukwamkela bonke kwisithuba seengxoxo zoxolo. Ugxininise ukubaluleka kokubandakanya ulwazi lwemveli kwimithetho, izigqibo, kunye nophuhliso lomgaqo wokuziphatha.
• U-Hinano Murphy uthe thaca i-Blue Climate Initiative's Amazwi oMthonyama wokuVinjwa kwesicelo seMigodi eNzulu yeSeabed, ebiza amazwe ukuba aqonde unxibelelwano phakathi kwabantu boMthonyama kunye nolwandle olunzulu kwaye aquke amazwi abo kwiingxoxo. 
• Ngokunxuseneyo namazwi eeMveli, incoko ejikeleze iLifa leMveli yeNkcubeko eNgaphantsi kwamanzi (UCH) yahlangatyezwana nobugorha nomdla. I-TOF ingenelele ukuqaqambisa ilifa elibambekayo nelingabonakaliyo elinokuba semngciphekweni kwimigodi enzulu yolwandle, kunye nokungabikho kobuchwepheshe bokukhusela okwangoku. I-TOF iphinde yakhumbula ukuba amazwe amaninzi angamalungu e-ISA aye azibophelele ekukhuseleni ilifa lenkcubeko yangaphantsi kwamanzi ngokusebenzisa izivumelwano ezivunyelwene ngamazwe ngamazwe, kubandakanywa iNqaku le-149 le-UNCLOS, eligunyazisa ukukhusela izinto zakudala kunye nembali, iNgqungquthela ye-UNESCO ka-2001 yoKhuseleko lweLifa leMveli yeNkcubeko engaphantsi kwamanzi, kunye ne-UNESCO. INgqungquthela yowama-2003 yokukhuselwa kweLifa leMveli leNkcubeko elingaphathekiyo.
• Amazwe amaninzi avakalise ukuzibophezela kwawo ekuhlonipheni i-UCH kwaye anqume ukubamba i-workshop intersessional ukuxoxa ngendlela yokubandakanya kunye nokuchaza kwimimiselo. 
• Njengoko uphando oluninzi luphuma, kuya kucaca ngakumbi ukuba ubomi bolwandle obunzulu, izinto eziphilayo, kunye nelifa lemveli lomntu kunye nelingabonakaliyo lisemngciphekweni wokumbiwa kolwandle. Njengoko amazwe angamalungu eqhubeka nokusebenzela ukugqiba le migaqo, ukuzisa izihloko ezifana ne-UCH phambili kucela abathunywa ukuba bacinge malunga nobunzima kunye noluhlu lweempembelelo eziya kuba nazo eli shishini.

IQela eliSebenzayo elingekho sikweni kuHlolo, ukuThotyelwa, kunye nokuNyanzeliswa (ngoMatshi 23-24)

• Ngexesha leentlanganiso malunga nokuhlolwa, ukuthotyelwa, kunye nemimiselo yonyanzeliso, abathunywa baxoxe ngendlela i-ISA kunye namaqumrhu ayo ancedisayo aya kuzisingatha ngayo ezi zihloko kwaye ngubani oya kuba noxanduva lwazo.
• Amanye amazwe avakalelwa kukuba ezi ngxoxo zazingaphambi kwexesha kwaye zingxamisekile, njengoko imiba yesiseko yemimiselo, eyimfuneko kwimimiselo emininzi, akukavunyelwana ngayo. 
• ILifa leMveli leNkcubeko yangaphantsi kwamanzi nalo liye lavela kwezi ngxoxo, kwaye amazwe amaninzi athetha ngokuqinisekisayo malunga nesidingo sengxoxo yangaphakathi kunye nesiphumo sengxoxo ukuba sibandakanywe kwiingxoxo ezinkulu kwiintlanganiso ezizayo.

IQela eliSebenzayo elingekho sikweni kwiMiba yeziko (ngoMatshi 27-29)

• Abathunywa baxoxe ngenkqubo yophononongo lwesicwangciso somsebenzi kwaye baxoxa ngokubandakanyeka kwamazwe akufuphi nonxweme ekuphononongeni isicwangciso esinjalo. Kuba iimpembelelo zokumbiwa kwemigodi enzulu elwandle zinokudlulela ngaphaya kwendawo echongiweyo yemigodi, ukubandakanya amazwe akufuphi nonxweme yenye yeendlela zokuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abachaphazelekayo abanokuchaphazeleka bayaqukwa. Nangona kungekho zigqibo kwafikelelwa kuzo kulo mbuzo ngexesha leentlanganiso zikaMatshi, abathunywa bavumile ukuthetha ngendima yamazwe aselunxwemeni kwakhona phambi kweentlanganiso zikaJulayi.
• Amazwe aphinde aqinisekisa imfuneko yokukhusela okusingqongileyo elwandle, kunokulinganisa iinzuzo zoqoqosho zoxhatshazo kunye nokhuseleko. Bagxininise ilungelo elipheleleyo lokukhusela okusingqongileyo elwandle njengoko kuchaziwe kwi-UNCLOS, bevuma ngakumbi ixabiso layo elingaphakathi.

Isicatshulwa sikaMongameli

• Amazwe athethe malunga nokuba yeyiphi imisitho ekufuneka ixelwe kwi-ISA ngoonokontraka xa izinto zingahambi njengoko bekucwangcisiwe. Ukutyhubela iminyaka, abathunywa baye baphakamisa iqela 'leziganeko eziya kwaziswa' ukuze iikontraka ziqwalaselwe, kuquka iingozi neziganeko. Ngeli xesha, baye baxoxa ukuba izinto zakudala ze-paleontological kufuneka zixelwe, kunye nenkxaso edibeneyo.
• Isicatshulwa sikaMongameli sikwabandakanya imimiselo emininzi kwi-inshurensi, izicwangciso zezemali, kunye nezivumelwano eziya kuxoxwa ngazo ngakumbi ekufundeni okulandelayo kwemimiselo.

Ngaphandle kwegumbi eliphambili lenkomfa, abathunywa bezibandakanya kuthotho lwezihloko, ezibandakanya umthetho weminyaka emibini kunye nemisitho esecaleni egxile kwimigodi, inzululwazi yolwandle, amazwi emveli, kunye nokubonisana nabachaphazelekayo.

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Umthetho weminyaka emibini

Ngomhla we-9 kaJulayi ka-2023, abathunywa basebenze ngezindululo ezininzi kumagumbi avaliweyo iveki yonke, kunye nesivumelwano ekufikelelwe kuso ngosuku lokugqibela. Isiphumo yaba sesomzuzwana Isigqibo seBhunga echaza ukuba iBhunga, nokuba liza kuphonononga isicwangciso somsebenzi, akunyanzelekanga ukuba lisivume okanye lisivume okwethutyana eso sicwangciso. Isigqibo sikwaqaphele ukuba iKomishoni yezoMthetho nezobuGcisa (i-LTC, iqumrhu elincedisayo leBhunga) alikho phantsi koxanduva lokucebisa ukuvunywa okanye ukungavunywa kwesicwangciso somsebenzi nokuba iBhunga linokunika imiyalelo kwi-LTC. Isigqibo sacela uNobhala-Jikelele ukuba axelele amalungu eBhunga ngokufunyanwa kwaso nasiphi na isicelo kwisithuba seentsuku ezintathu. Abathunywa bavumile ukuqhubeka neengxoxo ngoJulayi.

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Iziganeko ezisecaleni

I-Metals Company (TMC) ibambe imisitho emibini esecaleni njengenxalenye ye-Nauru Ocean Resources Inc. (NORI) ukwabelana ngeziphumo zenzululwazi kwimifuniselo yentlenga yentlenga kwaye ibonise isiseko sokuqala soVavanyo lweMpembelelo yoLuntu oluqhubekayo. Abazimasi babuze ukuba ukukala ukuya kumgangatho worhwebo ngoomatshini borhwebo kuyakuchaphazela iziphumo zovavanyo lwentlenga yentlama, ngakumbi njengoko imifuniselo yangoku isebenzisa izixhobo ezingezizo ezorhwebo. Umsasazi ubonise ukuba akukho tshintsho, nangona izixhobo zokumba ezingezizo ezentengiso zincinci kakhulu. Oosonzululwazi kubaphulaphuli baphinda bathandabuza indlela ezafunyanwa ngayo iintsiba, bephawula ubunzima obuqhelekileyo oosonzululwazi abanabo ekubekeni iliso nasekuvavanyeni izaqhwithi zothuli. Ephendula, umsasazi uvumile ukuba lo ngumba abadibana nawo, kwaye khange bawuhlalutye ngempumelelo umxholo wombhobho wokubuya phakathi kwamanzi.

Ingxoxo ngempembelelo yoluntu yahlangatyezwa nemibuzo malunga nokomelela kwezenzo zokubandakanywa kwabachaphazelekayo. Umda wangoku wovavanyo lwefuthe loluntu ubandakanya ukulungelelanisa nabantu phakathi kwamaqela amakhulu amathathu abachaphazelekayo: abalobi kunye nabameli babo, amaqela amabhinqa kunye nabameli babo, kunye namaqela olutsha kunye nabameli babo. Omnye umntu obekhona uye waqaphela ukuba la maqela abandakanya abantu abaphakathi kwe-4 kunye ne-5 yeebhiliyoni, kwaye wacela abanikezi ukuba bafumane ingcaciso malunga nendlela abafuna ukubandakanya ngayo iqela ngalinye. Abanikezeli-zinkcazo babonise ukuba izicwangciso zabo zijolise kwimpembelelo entle ekulindeleke ukuba imigodi yaselwandle ibe nayo kubemi baseNauru. Kwakhona baceba ukubandakanya iFiji. Ulandelelwano oluvela kumthunywa welizwe ubuze ukuba kutheni bekhethe ezo zizwe zimbini zeSiqithi sePasifiki kwaye bengakhange bazithathele ingqalelo ezinye iZiqithi zePasifiki ezininzi kunye nabemi beSiqithi sePasifiki eziya kuthi nazo zibone iimpembelelo zeDSM. Ukuphendula, ababonisi bathi kufuneka baphinde bajonge indawo yempembelelo njengenxalenye yoVavanyo lweMpembelelo yokuSingqongileyo.

I-Deep Ocean Stewardship Initiative (DOSI) yeza iingcali zebhayoloji ezinzulu zolwandle ezintathu, uJesse van der Grient, uJeff Drazen, noMatthias Haeckel, ukuba bathethe ngeempembelelo zokumbiwa kwemigodi enzulu elwandle olunentlenga yentlenga, kumbindi wamanzi ecosystem, nakushishino lokuloba. Izazinzulu zibonise idatha evela kuphando olutsha kraca olusaphononongwayo. I-Global Sea Mineral Resources (GSR), i-subsidiary ye-Belgian marine engineering ifemu iDEME Group, nayo ibonelele ngembono yenzululwazi ngeempembelelo zentlenga zentlenga kwaye yabelane ngeziphumo zophando lwakutsha nje. Umbutho osisigxina waseNigeria eKingston, eJamaica uye wabamba umsitho wokuxoxa ngamanyathelo urhulumente anokuwathatha xa efaka isicelo sekhontrakthi yokuhlola izimbiwa.

IGreenpeace yaMazwe ngaMazwe isingathe iNgcaciso yeSiqithi kuMnyhadala weMigodi ye-Deep Seabed ukunika iinkokeli zeMveli zasePacific ebezizimase iintlanganiso isakhono sokuthetha. Isithethi ngasinye sinike imbono malunga neendlela uluntu lwazo oluthembele ngayo elwandle kunye nezoyikiso zemigodi enzulu yolwandle.

Kuzo zonke iintlanganiso, amaqela amabini abahlali baseJamaica beza ngaphambili ukuze babhiyozele ukubandakanywa kwamazwi eMveli kumagumbi okuhlangana kunye nokuqhankqalaza kwe-DSM. Iqela lemigqomo lesithethe laseJamaican Maroon linikezele ngomsitho wokwamkela amazwi eSiqithi sePasifiki kwiveki yokuqala, ekhatshwa yimiqondiso ebiza abathunywa ukuba "bathi HAYI kwimigodi enzulu yolwandle." Kwiveki elandelayo, umbutho wolutsha waseJamaican weza neebhanile kwaye wabonisa ngaphandle kwesakhiwo se-ISA, ebiza ukuvalwa kwemigodi yolwandle enzulu ukukhusela ulwandle.

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Ngo-Agasti 2022, emva kokuba i-TOF ibe nguMjongi e-ISA, sibeka phambili uthotho lweenjongo. Njengoko siqala uthotho lweentlanganiso zika-2023, nantsi indawo yokujonga ezinye zazo:

Injongo: Kubo bonke abachaphazelekayo abachaphazelekayo ukuba bazibandakanye kwimigodi enzulu yolwandle.

Xa kuthelekiswa neentlanganiso zangoNovemba, abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi baye bakwazi ukuba ngokoqobo kwigumbi - kodwa ngenxa yokuba iGreenpeace International, i-Observer NGO, ibamemile. Amazwi eSiqithi sasePasifiki ebebalulekile kwiintlanganiso zikaMatshi kwaye azisa ilizwi elitsha elingazange liviwe ngaphambili. Ii-NGOs nazo zaqinisekisa ukuba amazwi olutsha afakiwe, ezisa amatsha ntliziyo olutsha, iinkokeli zolutsha zeSustainable Ocean Alliance, kunye neenkokeli zolutsha zeMveli. Ubutshantliziyo bolutsha bebukho kanye ngaphandle kweentlanganiso ze-ISA nombutho wolutsha wase-Jamaica ubambe uqhanqalazo oludlamkileyo lokuqhankqalaza i-DSM. Camille Etienne, itshantliziyo lolutsha lwaseFransi egameni leGreenpeace International, bathethe ngomdla kubathunywa becela inkxaso yabo ekukhuseleni ulwandle kwi-DSM phambi kokuba luqale, njengoko “sakube silapha phambi kokuba indlu itshiswe.” (iguqulelwe ukusuka kwisiFrentshi)

Ubukho beqela ngalinye kula maqela achaphazelekayo kunika ithemba le-TOF lokuthethathethana nabachaphazelekayo kwixesha elizayo, kodwa olu xanduva akufunekanga lube kwii-NGOs kuphela. Endaweni yoko, kufanele ukuba kube yinto ephambili kubo bonke abazimasi ukumema abathunywa abahlukeneyo ukuze onke amazwi avakale kwigumbi. I-ISA kufuneka kwakhona ikhangele abantu abachaphazelekayo, kubandakanywa nezinye iintlanganiso zamazwe ngamazwe, ezifana nezo zezityalo nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo, ulwandle kunye nemozulu. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-TOF ithatha inxaxheba kwingxoxo yengxoxo yokuBonelwa kwabachaphazelekayo ukuze kuqhutyekwe nencoko.

Injongo: Phakamisa ifa lenkcubeko eliphantsi kwamanzi kwaye uqinisekise ukuba liyinxalenye ecacileyo yencoko ye-DSM ngaphambi kokuba itshatyalaliswe ngempazamo.

I-Underwater Cultural Heritage ifumene ingqalelo efunekayo kwiintlanganiso zikaMatshi. Ngokusebenzisa amandla adibeneyo eziphakamiso ezibhaliweyo, amazwi e-Pacific Indigenous Islanders, kunye nombuso ozimisele ukukhokela ingxoxo evunyelwe ukuba i-UCH ibe yinxalenye ecacileyo yengxoxo ye-DSM. Lo mzuzu ukhokelela kwisiphakamiso sengxoxo ye-intersessional malunga nendlela yokuchaza kakuhle kunye nokubandakanya i-UCH kwimimiselo. I-TOF ikholelwa ukuba i-DSM inokungahambelani nokukhuselwa kwe-UCH yethu ebonakalayo, nengabonakaliyo kwaye iya kusebenza ukuzisa le mbono kwingxoxo ye-intersessional.

Injongo: Ukuqhubeka nokukhuthaza ukumiswa kwe-DSM.

Ngexesha leentlanganiso, iVanuatu kunye neDominican Republic ibhengeze inkxaso yokumiswa kokhuseleko, inyusa inani lamazwe athathe izikhundla ngokuchasene nokumbiwa kolwandle olunzulu ukuya kwi-14. Igosa eliphezulu laseFinland likwabonise inkxaso nge-Twitter. I-TOF iyakholiswa kukuvumelana kwiBhunga ukuba i-UNCLOS ayigunyazisi ukuvunywa kwekhontrakthi yemigodi xa kungekho migaqo, kodwa ihleli idanile kukuba indlela eqinileyo yokuqinisekisa ukuba ukumbiwa kwemigodi akuvunywanga akugqitywanga. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-TOF iya kuthatha inxaxheba kwiingxoxo zangaphakathi malunga nemeko ethi "yintoni-ukuba".

Injongo: Ukungonakalisi i-ecosystem yethu yolwandle olunzulu phambi kokuba siyazi nokuba yintoni na, kwaye isenzela ntoni.

Abakhi-mkhanyo abaquka i-Deep Ocean Stewardship Initiative (DOSI), i-Deep Sea Conservation Coalition (DSCC), kunye nenkuthalo engakumbi bakhumbuze amazwe kuzo zonke iintlanganiso malunga nezikhewu ezininzi zolwazi esinalo malunga ne-ecosystem yolwandle olunzulu.