Ukuloba kunye noMngcipheko kwiLifa leMveli leNkcubeko engaphantsi kwamanzi

Inikezelwe kwiNtlanganiso yoNyaka ye-2022 yoMbutho waseYurophu we-Archaeologists

Ukuloba kunye neLifa leMveli leNkcubeko phantsi kwamanzi

Ukusukela oko yaqala ukukhankanywa kuxwebhu lwezikhalazo zasepalamente yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesine, ukuloba ngetrawling kuye kwaqatshelwa njengesenzo esiyingozi esineziphumo ezibi ezihlala zihleli kwi-ikholoji yolwandle nakwizinto eziphilayo zaselwandle. Igama elithi trawling libhekisela, ngokulula, kumkhwa wokutsalela umnatha emva kwephenyane ukuze ubambe iintlanzi. Ikhule isuka kwimfuno yokuhambisana nokwehla kwezitokhwe zentlanzi kwaye yaphuhliswa ngakumbi ngotshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe kunye neemfuno, nangona abalobi behlala bekhalaza ngeengxaki zokuloba ngokugqithisileyo okuzidalileyo. ITrawling ibe neempembelelo ezimangalisayo kwiziza ze-archaeology zaselwandle, nangona elo cala letrawling alifumani khuselo ngokwaneleyo.

Abembi bezinto zakudala zaselwandle kunye nee-ecologists zaselwandle kufuneka banxibelelane kwaye basebenze kunye ukuphembelela ukuvalwa kwetrawl. Ukwaphuka kweenqanawa kuyinxalenye enkulu yembonakalo yelizwe lolwandle, kwaye ke ngoko kubaluleke kakhulu kwi-ecologists, njengoko kunjalo kwinkcubeko, imbonakalo yembali.

Nangona kunjalo akukho nto yenziweyo ukunqanda ukwenza kunye nokukhusela imbonakalo-mhlaba yenkcubeko yangaphantsi kwamanzi, kunye neempembelelo ze-archaeology kunye neenkcukacha ezilahlekileyo kwiingxelo zebhayoloji kwinkqubo. Akukho migaqo-nkqubo yangaphantsi kwamanzi iye yaqulunqwa ukulawula ukuloba kude nonxweme ngokusekelwe kulondolozo lwenkcubeko. Ezinye izithintelo zokuloba ngomnatha ziye zabekwa emva kokubuyela umva ngeminyaka yoo-1990 kwaye iingcali ze-ecologists, zizazi kakuhle iingozi zokurhweba ngokuloba, ziye zafuna ezinye izithintelo. Olu phando kunye nokukhuthaza ukulawulwa sisiqalo esihle, kodwa akukho nanye koku ivela kwinkxalabo okanye i-activism eyenziwa ngabavubukuli. I-UNESCO isanda kuphakamisa iinkxalabo, kwaye, ngethemba lokuba iya kukhokela iinzame zokujongana nesi soyikiso. Kukho i umgaqo-nkqubo okhethwayo kuba in situ ukulondolozwa kwiNgqungquthela ka-2001 kunye namanyathelo athile asebenzayo kubaphathi besiza ukulungisa izoyikiso ezivela kwitrawling ephantsi. Ukuba in situ Ukugcinwa kufuneka kuxhaswe, iindawo zokuhombisa zingongezwa kwaye ukwaphuka kwenqanawa, ukuba kuyekwa endaweni, kunokuba yimiqaqa eyenziweyo kunye neendawo zokuloba ngakumbi, okuzinzileyo kwe hook-and-line. Nangona kunjalo, eyona nto ifunekayo kukuba imimandla kunye nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe yokuloba ithintele ukulotywa kwangaphantsi kwiindawo ezichongiweyo ze-UCH njengoko kuye kwenziwa kwezinye iindawo zolwandle. 

Imbonakalo yolwandle ibandakanya ulwazi lwembali kunye nentsingiselo yenkcubeko. Ayizondawo ezihlala iintlanzi kuphela ezitshatyalaliswayo—ukwaphukelwa yinqanawa okubalulekileyo kunye nezinto ezenziwe ngezandla nazo zilahlekile kwaye bezikho ukususela ekuqaleni kokulotywa. Abaphengululi be-Archaeologists basandul 'ukuqalisa ukwazisa malunga nempembelelo yokuloba kwiindawo zabo, kwaye umsebenzi ongakumbi uyafuneka. Ukuloba ngaselunxwemeni yonakalisa kakhulu, kuba kulapho uninzi lwazo lwaziwayo lukhoyo, kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba ulwazi kufuneka luthintelwe ekulotyweni konxweme kuphela. Njengoko iteknoloji iphucuka, ukugrunjwa kuya kuphumela enzonzobileni yolwandle, kwaye ezo ndawo kufuneka zikhuselwe ekulotyweni nazo—ingakumbi kuba kulapho ukuloba okuninzi okusemthethweni kwenzeka khona. Iindawo ezinzulu zolwandle zikwayimithombo yobutyebi exabisekileyo njengoko, ngenxa yokungafikeleleki ixesha elide, baye banowona monakalo omncinci we-anthropocentric ongafikelelekiyo ixesha elide. Ukuloba kuya konakalisa ezo sayithi nazo, ukuba akukenziwa.

Ukwembiwa kweMigodi eNzulu yoLwandle kunye neLifa leMveli leNkcubeko phantsi kwamanzi

Ngokumalunga namanyathelo okuya phambili, into esiyenzayo ngokurhweba ngamanatha ingavulela indlela yolunye uxhaphazo olubalulekileyo lolwandle. Utshintsho lwemozulu luya kuqhubeka lusongela ulwandle lwethu (umzekelo, ukunyuka komgangatho wolwandle kuya kutshona iindawo zomhlaba ngaphambili) kwaye sele sisazi ngokwendalo, kutheni kubalulekile ukukhusela ulwandle.

Imibandela yenzululwazi, yaye nangona kukho izinto ezininzi ezingaziwayo malunga neentlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana ezinzulu elwandle kunye neenkonzo ze-ikhosistim, into esiyaziyo ngokucacileyo yalatha kumonakalo omkhulu nofikelela kude. Ngamanye amazwi, sazi ngokwaneleyo kakade kumonakalo osele ukho wokurhweba ngomnatha osixelela ukuba kufuneka siyeke izenzo ezifanayo, ezifana nokumbiwa kwemigodi yolwandle, ukuya phambili. Kufuneka sisebenzise isigunyaziso esisisikhokelo esibonakaliswa ngomonakalo wokuloba kwaye singaqalisi ezinye izenzo zokuxhaphaza ezifana nokumbiwa kwemigodi elwandle.

Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwi-deep-sea, njengoko ihlala ishiywe ngaphandle kweengxoxo malunga nolwandle, oluye lwathi, kwixesha elidlulileyo, lwashiywa ngaphandle kweengxoxo malunga nemozulu kunye nokusingqongileyo. Kodwa eneneni, ezi zinto zonke ziimpawu ezibalulekileyo kwaye zinxibelelene ngokunzulu.

Asikwazi ukuqikelela ukuba zeziphi iisayithi ezinokubaluleka ngokwembali, kwaye ke ukurhweba ngokuloba akufuneki kuvunyelwe. Izithintelo ezicetywayo ngabanye abembi bezinto zakudala ukuba banciphise ukuloba kwiindawo ezinembali ephezulu yemisebenzi yaselwandle, sisiqalo esihle kodwa akwanelanga. Ukuloba kuyingozi—kubantu beentlanzi nakwiindawo zokuhlala, nakwimimandla yenkcubeko. Akufunekanga ibe yintsebenziswano phakathi kwabantu kunye nendalo, ifanele ivalwe.

ITrawling iboniswe kwi-EAA 2022

I-European Association of Archaeologists (EAA) ibambe zabo nganiso yonyaka eBudapest, eHungary ukususela ngo-Agasti 31 ukuya kuSeptemba 3, 2022. Kwinkomfa yokuqala yoMbutho, umxholo wawukuHlanganisa kwakhona kwaye wamkela amaphepha "abandakanya ukuhlukahluka kwe-EAA kunye ne-multidimensionality ye-archaeological practice, kuquka ukuchazwa kwezinto zakudala, ulawulo lwelifa. kunye nezopolitiko zamandulo nezangoku”.

Nangona inkomfa ngokwesiko ijoliswe kwiinkcazo-ntetho ezigxininise ekugrunjweni kwezinto zakudala kunye nophando lwakutsha nje, uClaire Zak (iYunivesithi yaseTexas A&M) kunye noSheri Kapahnke (iYunivesithi yaseToronto) babambe iseshoni malunga ne-archeology yonxweme kunye nemingeni evela kutshintsho lwemozulu abaya kuthi iimbali zaselwandle kunye nabembi bezinto zakudala. ubuso bubheke phambili.

UCharlotte Jarvis, umfundi oqeqeshelwa umsebenzi kwi-Ocean Foundation kunye no-archaeologist waselwandle, thaca kule seshoni kwaye wenza ikhwelo kwisenzo sokuba abembi bezinto zakudala zaselwandle kunye nee-ecologists zaselwandle basebenzisane kwaye basebenzele imimiselo eyongezelelweyo, kwaye kukhethwa ukuvalwa, ekulobeni elwandle. Oku kungqamene nenyathelo le-TOF: Ukusebenzela ukuSingisa kwiMigodi yeDead Seabed Mining (DSM)..