BUYELA KUPHANDO

Isiqulatho

1. intshayelelo
2. Iziseko ze-Ocean Acidification
3. Iimpembelelo ze-Ocean Acidization kuluntu oluselunxwemeni
4. I-Acidification yoLwandle kunye neziphumo zayo ezinokuthi zibe kho kwi-Ecosystems yaseLwandle
5. Izibonelelo zooTitshala
6. IziKhokelo zoMgaqo-nkqubo kunye noPapasho lukaRhulumente
7. Izixhobo ezongezelelweyo

1. intshayelelo

Ulwandle lufunxa inxalenye ebalulekileyo yekharbon diokside ekhutshwayo, nto leyo etshintsha imichiza yolwandle ngesantya esingazange sabonwa ngaphambili. Malunga nesinye esithathwini sayo yonke imisi ekhutshwayo kule minyaka ingama-200 idlulileyo ifunxwe lulwandle, nto leyo ebangele ukuhla komndilili we-pH kumanzi olwandle malunga neyunithi ye-0.1 – ukusuka kwi-8.2 ukuya kwi-8.1. Olu tshintsho sele lubangele ixesha elifutshane, iimpembelelo zasekhaya kwizityalo nezilwanyana zaselwandle. Imiphumo yokugqibela, yexesha elide yolwandle oluneasidi eyandayo isenokungaziwa, kodwa ubungozi obunokubakho buphezulu. I-acidification yolwandle yingxaki ekhulayo njengoko ukukhutshwa kwe-anthropogenic carbon dioxide kuqhubeka nokutshintsha i-atmosfera kunye nemozulu. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ekupheleni kwenkulungwane, kuya kubakho ukuhla okongezelelweyo kweeyunithi ze-0.2-0.3.

Yintoni iAcidification yoLwandle?

Igama elithi acidification yolwandle lidla ngokungaqondwa kakuhle ngenxa yegama layo elintsonkothileyo. 'I-acidification yolwandle inokuchazwa njengotshintsho kwimichiza yolwandle eqhutywa kukuthathwa kweekhemikhali kwi-atmosphere equka i-carbon, initrogen, kunye ne-sulphur compounds.' Ngamagama alula, oku kuxa i-CO engaphezulu₂ inyibilika kumphezulu wolwandle, itshintsha imichiza yolwandle. Oyena nobangela uqhelekileyo woku kungenxa yemisebenzi yeanthropogenic efana nokutshiswa kwamafutha efosili kunye notshintsho losetyenziso lomhlaba olukhupha isixa esikhulu seCO.₂. Iingxelo ezifana neNgxelo eKhethekileyo ye-IPCC malunga noLwandle kunye neCryosphere kwiMozulu eTshintshayo zibonise ukuba izinga lolwandle lokuthatha i-COO ye-atmospheric.₂ iye yanda kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo. Okwangoku, i-atmospheric CO₂ Ugxininiso yi ~ 420ppmv, inqanaba elingabonwanga ubuncinane iminyaka engama-65,000. Esi siganeko siqhele ukubizwa ngokuba yi-acidification yolwandle, okanye "enye i-CO₂ ingxaki,” ukongeza kukufudumala kolwandle. I-Global surface yolwandle i-pH sele yehle ngeeyunithi ezingaphezulu kwe-0.1 ukususela kwiNguqulelo yezoShishino, kwaye iPhaneli yoRhulumente weZizwe eziManyeneyo malunga neNgxelo eKhethekileyo yoTshintsho lweMozulu malunga neemeko zokuThuthwa kweMozulu iqikelela ukwehla kwexesha elizayo le-0.3 ukuya kwi-0.5 yeeyunithi ze-pH kwihlabathi ngonyaka ka-2100, nangona izinga kunye nobukhulu bo ukuhla kuyaguquguquka ngokwengingqi.

Ulwandle ngokubanzi luya kuhlala lune-alkaline, kunye ne-pH engaphezu kwe-7. Ngoko, kutheni kubizwa ngokuba yi-acidification yolwandle? Xa CO₂ isabela ngamanzi olwandle, iba yi-carbonic acid, engazinzanga. Le molekyuli iphinda ihlangane namanzi olwandle ngokukhupha i-H⁺ ion ukuba ibe yibicarbonate. Xa ukhulula i-H⁺ ion, kubakho intsalela yayo ebangela ukuhla kwe-pH. Ngoko ke ukwenza amanzi abe asidi ngakumbi.

Yintoni i-pH Scale?

Umlinganiselo we-pH ngumlinganiselo wokuxinana kwee-ion ze-hydrogen zasimahla kwisisombululo. Ukuba kukho i-concentration ephezulu ye-hydrogen ions, isisombululo sithathwa njenge-acidic. Ukuba kukho i-concentration ephantsi ye-hydrogen ion ngokubhekiselele kwi-hydroxide ions, isisombululo sithathwa njengesiseko. Xa ulungelelanisa ezi ziphumo kwixabiso, umlinganiselo we-pH ukwisikali se-logarithmic (utshintsho lwe-10-fold) ukusuka kwi-0-14. Nantoni na engaphantsi kwe-7 ithathwa njengesiseko, kwaye ngaphezu kwayo ithathwa njenge-acidic. Njengoko isikali se-pH siyilogarithmic, ukuhla kweyunithi kwi-pH ilingana nokunyuka okuphindwe kashumi kwi-asidi. Umzekelo wokuba thina bantu sikuqonde oku kukuthelekisa nepH yegazi lethu, leyo ngokomlinganiselo imalunga ne-7.40. Ukuba i-pH yethu ibinokutshintsha, besiya kuba nengxaki yokuphefumla kwaye siqale ukugula kakhulu. Le meko iyafana noko kwenzekayo kwizinto eziphila elwandle kunye nosoyikiso olwandayo lwe-asidi yolwandle.

I-Acidification yoLwandle ibuchaphazela njani ubomi baseLwandle?

Ukwenziwa kweasidi yolwandle kunokuba yingozi kwizinto eziphila elwandle, ezifana nemollusks, coccolithophores, foraminifera, kunye neepteropods ezenza i-biogenic calcium carbonate. I-Calcite kunye ne-aragonite zezona zimbiwa ze-carbonate ezenziwe nge-biogenically eziveliswa zezi khalipha zaselwandle. Ukuzinza kwezi zimbiwa kuxhomekeke kubungakanani beCO2 emanzini kwaye ngokuyinxenye ngamaqondo obushushu. Njengoko ugxininiso lwe-anthropogenic CO2 luqhubeka nokunyuka, ukuzinza kwezi minerali ze-biogenic kuncipha. Xa kukho ubuninzi be-H⁺ ion emanzini, enye yeebhloko zokwakha zecalcium carbonate, carbonate ion (CO₃^2-) iyakubopha ngokulula ngakumbi nge-hydrogen ion kune-calcium ions. Ukuze i-calcifiers ivelise izakhiwo ze-calcium carbonate, kufuneka ziququzelele ukubopha i-carbonate kunye ne-calcium, enokuthi ibe namandla kakhulu. Ke, ezinye izinto eziphilayo zibonisa ukuhla kwemilinganiselo yokubala kunye/okanye ukonyuka kokunyibilika xa kutyhilwa kwiimeko zexa elizayo ze-asidi yolwandle.  (ulwazi oluvela kwiDyunivesithi yasePlymouth).

Nkqu nezinto eziphilayo ezingezizo izixhobo zokubala zinokuchatshazelwa yi-asidi yolwandle. Ummiselo wangaphakathi we-asidi-base efunekayo ukulwa nokutshintsha kwamanzi olwandle angaphandle angaphambukisa amandla kwiinkqubo ezisisiseko, ezifana nemetabolism, ukuvelisa, kunye nokuziva okusingqongileyo okuqhelekileyo. Izifundo zebhayoloji ziyaqhubeka ukucwangciswa ukuqonda uluhlu olupheleleyo lweziphumo ezinokubakho zokutshintsha iimeko zolwandle kububanzi beentlobo zaselwandle.

Ukanti, ezi ziphumo zisenokungapheleli kwiintlobo zohlobo oluthile. Xa iingxaki ezinje zivela, i-web yokutya iphazamiseka ngokukhawuleza. Nangona isenokungabonakali njengengxaki enkulu kuthi bantu, sithembele kwezi ziphilayo zineeqokobhe eliqinileyo ukuze ziphembelele ubomi bethu. Ukuba ayenzi okanye ayivelisi ngokufanelekileyo, i-domino effect iya kwenzeka kuyo yonke iwebhu yokutya, kunye neziganeko ezifanayo. Xa izazinzulu nabaphandi beqonda imiphumo eyingozi enokuba nayo iasidi yolwandle, amazwe, abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo noluntu kufuneka badibane ukuze banciphise imiphumo yako.

Senza ntoni iSiseko soLwandle malunga neAcidification yoLwandle?

Inyathelo le-Ocean Foundation's International Ocean Acidification Initiative lakha amandla enzululwazi, abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo, kunye noluntu lokubeka iliso, baqonde, kwaye baphendule kwi-OA ekuhlaleni nangentsebenziswano kumlinganiselo wehlabathi. Sikwenza oku ngokwenza izixhobo ezisebenzayo kunye nezixhobo ezilungiselelwe ukusebenza kwihlabathi liphela. Ukufumana ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga nendlela i-Ocean Foundation isebenza ngayo ukulungisa i-Ocean Acidification nceda undwendwele Iwebhusayithi yeInternational Ocean Acidification Initiative. Sikwacebisa ukuba undwendwele i-Ocean Foundation yonyaka Iphepha lewebhu le-Ocean Acidification Day of Action. Isiseko se-Ocean Incwadi yesiKhokelo ye-Ocean Acidification yabaSebenzi bemigaqo-nkqubo yenzelwe ukubonelela ngemizekelo esele yamkelwe yowiso-mthetho kunye nolwimi ukunceda ukuyilwa kowiso-mthetho olutsha ukujongana ne-asidi yolwandle, Incwadi yesiKhokelo iyafumaneka xa uyicelile.

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2. IziBonelelo eziSisiseko kwi-Ocean Acidification

Apha kwiSiseko se-Ocean, iNyathelo lethu le-International Ocean Acidification Initiative linyusa amandla enzululwazi, abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo, kunye noluntu ukuze baqonde kwaye baphande i-OA kwinqanaba lasekhaya nehlabathi jikelele. Siyazingca ngomsebenzi wethu wokwandisa amandla ngoqeqesho lwehlabathi, inkxaso yexesha elide ngezixhobo, kunye nezibonelelo zokuxhasa ukubekwa kweliso okuqhubekayo kunye nophando.

Injongo yethu kwilinge le-OA kukuba ilizwe ngalinye libe ne-OA yesizwe eyomeleleyo yokubeka iliso kunye nesicwangciso sokunciphisa esiqhutywa ziingcali kunye neemfuno zasekhaya. Ngelixa kuququzelelwa amanyathelo ommandla kunye namazwe ngamazwe ukubonelela ngolawulo oluyimfuneko kunye nenkxaso yemali efunekayo ukujongana nalo mngeni wehlabathi. Ukususela ekuphuhlisweni kweli nyathelo siye sakwazi ukuphumeza:

• Kusetyenziswe izixhobo ezili-17 zokubeka iliso kumazwe ali-16
• Ukhokele uqeqesho lwengingqi olusi-8 kunye noosonzululwazi abangaphezu kwe-150 ababekhona abavela kwihlabathi liphela
• Kupapashwe incwadi yesikhokelo ebanzi malunga nomthetho we-asidi yolwandle
• Kuphuhliswe ikhithi entsha yezixhobo zokubeka iliso ezanciphisa iindleko zokubeka iliso ngama-90%
• Kuxhaswe ngemali iiprojekthi ezimbini zokubuyisela elunxwemeni ukuze kufundwe indlela ikhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, efana nemango kunye nengca yolwandle, inokunciphisa iasidi yolwandle ekuhlaleni.
• Kusekwe ubuhlakani obusesikweni noorhulumente besizwe kunye nee-arhente ezisebenzisana norhulumente ukunceda ukulungelelanisa izenzo ezinkulu
• Uncediswe ngokupasiswa kwezisombululo ezibini zengingqi ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ezisesikweni ze-UN ukuvuselela amandla

Ezi ziimbalasane ezimbalwa kwezininzi eziye zaphunyezwa liphulo lethu kule minyaka imbalwa idluleyo. Iikhithi zophando ze-OA, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-“Global Ocean Acidization Observing Network in a Box,” zibe lilitye lembombo lomsebenzi we-IOAI. Ezi projekthi ziseka rhoqo uhlolo lokuqala lwekhemistri yolwandle kwilizwe ngalinye kwaye zivumela abaphandi ukuba bongeze kuphando ukuba bafunde iziphumo zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zaselwandle njengentlanzi kunye nekorale. Ezi projekthi zixhaswe yi-GOA-ON kwikhithi yeBhokisi zibe negalelo kuphando njengoko abanye abamkeli befumene isidanga okanye bazakhele iilebhu zabo.

I-Acidification yoLwandle ibhekisa ekuthotyweni kwe-pH yolwandle ixesha elide, ngokuqhelekileyo amashumi eminyaka okanye ngaphezulu. Oku kubangelwa kukuthathwa kwe-CO₂ ukusuka kwiatmosfera, kodwa kunokubangelwa zezinye iikhemikhali ezongeziweyo okanye ukuthatyathwa kolwandle. Oyena nobangela uxhaphakileyo we-OA kwihlabathi lanamhlanje kungenxa yemisebenzi ye-anthropogenic okanye ngamagama alula, imisebenzi yabantu. Xa CO₂ isabela ngamanzi olwandle, iba yi-asidi ebuthathaka, ivelisa inani lotshintsho kwi-chemistry. Oku kwandisa ion bicarbonate [HCO₃^-] kunye nekhabhoni enyibilikisiweyo ye-inorganic (C_t), kwaye yehlisa i-pH.

Yintoni i-pH? Umlinganiselo weasidi yolwandle enokuxelwa kusetyenziswa izikali ezahlukeneyo: I-Bureau yeMigangatho yeSizwe (pH_NBS), amanzi olwandle (pH_sws), kunye netotali (pH_t) izikali. Isikali esipheleleyo (pH_t) kucetyiswa (Dickinson, 2007) kwaye yeyona isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo.

Hurd, C., Lenton, A., Tilbrook, B. & Boyd, P. (2018). Ukuqonda kwangoku kunye nemingeni yeelwandle kwindawo ephezulu-CO₂ hlabathi. Indalo. Ifunyenwe kwi https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0211-0

Nangona i-asidi yolwandle iyinto yehlabathi jikelele, ukuqatshelwa kokungafani okubalulekileyo kwengingqi kukhokelele ekusekweni kothungelwano loqwalaselo. Imingeni yexesha elizayo kwi-CO ephezulu₂ Ihlabathi libandakanya uyilo olungcono kunye novavanyo olungqongqo lokuziqhelanisa, unciphiso, kunye nongenelelo ongakhetha kulo ukuphelisa iziphumo zokwenziwa kweasidi yolwandle.

ICaucus yeSizwe yabaPhathi beMithetho yokuSingqongileyo. Iphepha leNgcaciso le-NCEL: i-Ocean Acidification.

Iphepha leenyani elichaza amanqaku aphambili, umthetho, kunye nolunye ulwazi malunga neasidi yolwandle.

Amaratunga, C. 2015. Yintoni umtyholi i-acidification yolwandle (OA) kwaye kutheni kufuneka sikhathalele? UThungelwano lokuQaphela kokuSingqongileyo koLwandle kunye neMpendulo (MEOPAR). Khanada.

Eli nqaku leendwendwe liquka indibano yezazinzulu zaselwandle kunye namalungu oshishino lwasemanzini eVictoria, BC apho iinkokeli zaxoxa ngemeko eyothusayo yokwenziwa kweasidi yolwandle kunye neziphumo zayo kwiilwandle zaseKhanada nakwindalo yasemanzini.

Eisler, R. (2012). I-Ocean Acidification: Isishwankathelo esiBanzi. Enfield, NH: Abapapashi beNzululwazi.

Le ncwadi iphonononga uncwadi olukhoyo kunye nophando kwi-OA, kubandakanywa inkcazo yembali ye-pH kunye ne-atmospheric CO₂ amanqanaba kunye nemithombo yendalo kunye ne-anthropogenic ye-CO₂. Igunya ligunya eliphawulweyo kuvavanyo lomngcipheko weekhemikhali, kwaye le ncwadi ishwankathela iziphumo zokwenyani neziqikelelweyo ze-asidi yolwandle.

Gattuso, J.-P. & L. Hansson. Ed. (2012). I-Acidification yoLwandle. ENew York: iOxford University Press. ISBN- 978-0-19-959108-4

I-Ocean Acidification yingxaki ekhulayo kwaye le ncwadi inceda ukulungisa ingxaki. Le ncwadi ibaluleke kakhulu kwizifundiswa njengoko isicatshulwa esikwinqanaba lophando kwaye idibanisa uphando lwangoku malunga nemiphumo enokubakho ye-OA, ngenjongo yokwazisa zombini izinto eziphambili ngophando lwexesha elizayo kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wolawulo lolwandle.

Gattuso, J.-P., J. Orr, S. Pantoja. H.-O. Portner, U. Riebesell, & T. Trull (Eds.). (2009). Ulwandle kwihlabathi eliphezulu-CO2 II. EGottingen, eJamani: Iimpapasho zeCopernicus. http://www.biogeosciences.net/ special_issue44.html

Olu shicilelo lukhethekileyo lweBiogeosciences lubandakanya ngaphezulu kwamanqaku enzululwazi angama-20 malunga nekhemistri yolwandle kunye nefuthe le-OA kwizinto eziphilayo zaselwandle.

Turley, C. and K. Boot, 2011: Imiceli mngeni yokwenziwa kweasidi yolwandle ejongene nenzululwazi noluntu. Kwi: Ocean Acidification [Gattuso, J.-P. kunye noL. Hansson (eds.)]. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, iphepha 249-271

Uphuhliso loluntu luqhubele phambili ngokubonakalayo kwinkulungwane edlulileyo kunye neziphumo ezilungileyo nezibi kokusingqongileyo. Njengoko inani labantu liqhubeka likhula, abantu bebesoloko bedala kwaye beyila itekhnoloji entsha ukuze baqhubeke nokuzuza ubutyebi. Xa injongo ephambili kubutyebi, ngamanye amaxesha iziphumo zezenzo zabo azithathelwa ngqalelo. Ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kobutyebi beplanethi kunye nokwakhiwa kweegesi kuye kwatshintsha i-atmospheric kunye ne-oceanic chemistry eneziphumo ezibi. Ngenxa yokuba abantu banamandla kakhulu, xa imozulu isengozini, siye sakhawuleza ukuphendula kunye nokuguqula le monakalo idala okulungileyo. Ngenxa yengozi enokubakho yeziphumo ezibi kokusingqongileyo, izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemithetho kufuneka zenziwe ukugcina umhlaba usempilweni. Iinkokeli zezopolitiko kunye neengcali zenzululwazi kufuneka zihlangane ukuze zibone xa kubonakala kuyimfuneko ukungenelela ukubuyisela umva imiphumo yokutshintsha kwemozulu.

Mathis, JT, JN Cross, kunye no-NR Bates, 2011: Ukudibanisa imveliso yokuqala kunye nokubaleka komhlaba ukuya kwi-asidi yolwandle kunye noxinzelelo lweminerali ye-carbonate kwimpuma yoLwandle lwaseBering. Ijenali yoPhando lweGeophysical, 116, C02030, doi:10.1029/2010JC006453.

Ukujonga i-organic carbon (DIC) edibeneyo kunye ne-alkalinity epheleleyo, ugxininiso olubalulekileyo lwe-carbonate minerals kunye ne-pH inokubonwa. Idatha ibonise ukuba i-calcite kunye ne-aragonite ziye zachaphazeleka kakhulu ngomlambo, imveliso ephambili, kunye nokuhlaziywa kwezinto eziphilayo. Ezi zimbiwa zekhabhoniti zibalulekileyo zazaliswa ngaphantsi koluhlu lwamanzi ukusuka kwezi ziganeko ezivela kwi-anthropogenic carbon dioxide elwandle.

Gattuso, J.-P. I-Acidification yoLwandle. (2011) Villefranche-sur-mer Developmental Biological Laboratory.

Isishwankathelo esifutshane samaphepha amathathu e-acidification yolwandle, eli nqaku libonelela ngemvelaphi ye-chemistry, isikali se-pH, igama, imbali, kunye neempembelelo ze-acidification yolwandle.

UHarrould-Kolieb, E., M. Hirshfield, & A. Brosius. (2009). Emitter Emikhulu Phakathi Kwezona Zibethwe Yi-Acidification yoLwandle. eOceana.

Olu hlalutyo luvavanya ukuba semngciphekweni okunokwenzeka kunye neempembelelo ze-OA kumazwe ahlukeneyo kwihlabathi jikelele ngokusekwe kubungakanani bentlanzi yabo kunye nokubanjiswa kweentlanzi, inqanaba labo lokutya kwaselwandle, ipesenti ye-coral reefs ngaphakathi kwe-EEZ yabo, kunye nenqanaba eliqikelelweyo le-OA kwiimveliso zabo. amanzi onxweme ngo-2050. Ingxelo iphawula ukuba amazwe aneendawo ezinkulu ze-coral reef, okanye abambe kwaye adle izixa ezikhulu zeentlanzi kunye ne-shellfish, kwaye ezo zibekwe kwiindawo eziphezulu zisengozini kakhulu kwi-OA.

UDoney, SC, VJ Fabry, RA Feely, kunye noJA Kleypas, 2009: Ocean acidification: Enye CO₂ ngxaki. Uphononongo loNyaka lweNzululwazi yaseLwandle, 1, 169-192, doi:10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834.

Njengoko ukukhutshwa kwe-anthropogenic carbon dioxide kwandisa utshintsho kwikhemistry ye-carbonate kwenzeka. Oku kuguqula imijikelo ye-biogeochemical yeekhemikhali ezibalulekileyo ezifana ne-aragonite kunye ne-calcite, ukunciphisa ukuveliswa okufanelekileyo kwezinto eziphilayo eziqinileyo. Iimvavanyo zaseLab zibonise ukunciphisa ukubala kunye namazinga okukhula.

Dickson, AG, Sabine, CL kunye noChristian, JR (Eds.) 2007. Isikhokelo seendlela ezilungileyo zokulinganisa iCO2 yolwandle. I-PIces Impapasho Ekhethekileyo 3, 191 iphe.

Imilinganiselo yekharbhon dayoksayidi isisiseko kuphando lokwenziwa kweasidi yolwandle. Esinye sezona zikhokelo zokulinganisa zaphuhliswa liqela lezenzululwazi kunye neSebe lezaMandla lase-US (i-DOE) kwiprojekthi yabo yokuqhuba uphando lokuqala lwehlabathi lwe-carbon dioxide elwandle. Namhlanje isikhokelo sigcinwe yiNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

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3. Iimpembelelo ze-Ocean Acidization kuluntu oluselunxwemeni

I-acidification yolwandle ichaphazela umsebenzi osisiseko wobomi baselwandle kunye ne-ecosystem. Uphando lwangoku lubonisa ukuba iasidi yolwandle iya kuba neziphumo ezimandundu kuluntu oluselunxwemeni oluxhomekeke kukhuseleko lonxweme, ukuloba, kunye nezilwanyana zasemanzini. Njengoko iasidi yolwandle ikhula kwiilwandle zehlabathi, kuya kubakho utshintsho kulawulo lwe-macroalgal, ukonakaliswa kwendawo yokuhlala, kunye nokulahleka kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Uluntu kwiindawo ezikwiitropikhi kunye nezikweleenjiko ngabona basemngciphekweni wokuhla okubonakalayo kwengeniso evela elwandle. Uphononongo oluphonononga iziphumo ze-asidi yolwandle kwiintlanzi eziveziweyo lubonisa utshintsho oluyingozi kwi-olfactory, ukuziphatha kokuzala, kunye nempendulo yokuphuma (izicatshulwa ezingezantsi). Olu tshintsho luya kwaphula isiseko esibalulekileyo soqoqosho lwasekhaya kunye ne-ecosystem. Ukuba abantu bebenokuqwalasela olu tshintsho ngokwabo, ingqwalasela yokucothisa amaxabiso angoku eCO₂ izinto ezikhutshwayo ziyakutenxa ngokuphawulekayo kuyo nayiphi na imeko ephononongwe ngasentla. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ukuba ezi ziphumo ziqhubeka zineziphumo ezibi kwiintlanzi, kunokubakho amakhulu ezigidi zeerandi ngonyaka ngo-2060.

Ecaleni kwezokuloba, i-coral reef ecotourism izisa izigidi zeerandi zengeniso nyaka ngamnye. Uluntu oluhlala ngaselunxwemeni luxhomekeke kwaye luxhomekeke kwiingqaqa zekorale ukuze baphile. Kuqikelelwa ukuba njengoko i-asidi yolwandle iqhubeka ikhula, imiphumo ye-coral reef iya kuba namandla, ngoko ke ukunciphisa impilo yabo eya kubangela ukuba i-870 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi eziqikelelwayo zilahleke ngonyaka ngo-2100. Oku kuphela yimpembelelo ye-acidification yolwandle. Ukuba izazinzulu zongeza iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo zoku, ngokufudumeza, ukukhutshwa kweoksijini, kunye nokunye, kunokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezibi nangakumbi kuqoqosho nakwinkqubo yendalo kuluntu oluselunxwemeni.

Moore, C. kunye noFuller J. (2022). Iimpembelelo zezoQoqosho ze-Ocean Acidification: Uhlalutyo lwe-Meta. IYunivesithi yaseChicago Press Journals. Uqoqosho lweziBonelelo zaseLwandle Vol. 32, No. 2

Olu phononongo lubonisa uhlalutyo lweziphumo ze-OA kuqoqosho. Iziphumo zamashishini okuloba, iaquaculture, ulonwabo, ukukhuselwa konxweme, kunye nezinye izalathi zoqoqosho ziye zaphononongwa ukuze kufundwe banzi ngeziphumo zexesha elide zokwenziwa kweasidi yolwandle. Olu phononongo lufumene izifundo ezingama-20 zizonke ukususela ngo-2021 ezihlalutye iziphumo zoqoqosho lwe-asidi yolwandle, nangona kunjalo, kuphela i-11 yayo eyayinamandla ngokwaneleyo ukuba ihlolwe njengezifundo ezizimeleyo. Kwezi, uninzi lwajolisa kwiimarike zemollusk. Ababhali baqukumbela uphononongo lwabo ngokubiza imfuno yophando olongezelelekileyo, ngakumbi izifundo ezibandakanya ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezithile kunye neemeko zentlalo noqoqosho, ukuze bafumane uqikelelo oluchanekileyo lweziphumo zexesha elide le-asidi yolwandle.

IHolo-Spencer JM, uHarvey BP. Ukwenziwa kweasidi yolwandle kuneempembelelo kwiinkonzo zenkqubo yendalo engaselunxwemeni ngenxa yokonakala kwendawo yokuhlala. Emerg Top Life Sci. 2019 Meyi 10; 3 (2): 197-206. doi: 10.1042/ETLS20180117. PMID: 33523154; I-PMCID: PMC7289009.

Ukwenziwa kweasidi yolwandle kwehlisa ukomelela kweendawo zokuhlala eziselunxwemeni ukuya kwiqela labanye abaqhubi abayanyaniswa nokutshintsha kwemozulu (ukufudumala kwehlabathi, ukunyuka komgangatho wolwandle, ukwanda kwezaqhwithi) kwandisa umngcipheko wokutshintsha kolawulo lwaselwandle kunye nelahleko yemisebenzi ebalulekileyo neenkonzo ze-ikhosistim. Imingcipheko yempahla yaselwandle iyakhula nge-OA ebangela utshintsho kulawulo lwe-macroalgal, ukonakaliswa kwendawo yokuhlala, kunye nelahleko yezityalo nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo. Ezi ziphumo ziye zabonwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo emhlabeni jikelele. Izifundo kwi-CO₂ iiseeps ziya kuba nefuthe kushishino lokuloba olukufuphi, kwaye iindawo ezitshisayo nezinetropikhi ziya kuba neziphumo ezibi ngenxa yezigidi zabantu abaxhomekeke kukhuseleko lonxweme, ukuloba, kunye ne-aquaculture.

Cooley SR, Ono CR, Melcer S kunye noRoberson J (2016) Iintshukumo zoMgangatho woLuntu ezinokujongana ne-Ocean Acidation. Ngaphambili. Mar. Sci. 2:128. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2015.00128

Eli phepha lintywila kumanyathelo akhoyo ngoku athathwa ngamazwe kunye neminye imimandla engazange iyive imiphumo ye-OA kodwa ediniweyo yimiphumo yayo.

Ekstrom, JA et al. (2015). Ukuba sesichengeni kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokuloba oonokrwece base-US kwi-acidification yolwandle. indalo. 5, 207-215, doi: 10.1038/climate2508

Amanyathelo okuthomalalisa asebenzayo nafanelekileyo ekuhlaleni ayafuneka ukujongana neziphumo zeasidi yolwandle. Eli nqaku libonisa ucazululo lokuba sesichengeni ngokwesithuba kuluntu oluselunxwemeni eMelika.

Spalding, MJ (2015). Ingxaki yeLagoon yaseSherman – kunye noLwandlekazi lweHlabathi. IForam yokusiNgqongileyo. 32 (2), 38-43.

Le ngxelo igxininisa ubunzima be-OA, impembelelo yayo kwiwebhu yokutya kunye nemithombo yabantu yeprotheni, kunye nenyaniso yokuba akuyona nje ingozi ekhulayo kodwa ingxaki ekhoyo kunye nebonakalayo. Eli nqaku lixoxa ngesenzo sombuso wase-US kunye nempendulo yamazwe ngamazwe kwi-OA, kwaye iphetha ngoluhlu lwamanyathelo amancinci anokuthi athathwe kwaye afanele athathwe ukunceda ukulwa ne-OA.

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4. I-Acidification yoLwandle kunye neziphumo zayo kwi-Ecosystems yaseLwandle

Doney, Scott C., Busch, D. Shallin, Cooley, Sarah R., & Kroeker, Kristy J. Iimpembelelo ze-Acidization yoLwandle kwi-Ecosystems yaseLwandle kunye noLuntu oluNyenzelekileyo loLuntu. Uphononongo loNyaka lweNdawo kunye neZibonelelo, 45 (1). Ifunyenwe ku-https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10164807. https:// doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083019

Olu phononongo lujolise kwiziphumo zokunyuka kwamanqanaba e-carbon dioxide kumafutha e-fossil kunye neminye imisebenzi ye-anthropogenic. Uvavanyo lwaselebhu lubonisa ukuba oku kudale utshintsho kwifiziyoloji yezilwanyana, amandla oluntu, kunye nokutshintsha kwenkqubo yendalo. Oku kuya kubeka uqoqosho emngciphekweni oxhomekeke kakhulu elwandle. Ukuloba, ukufuywa kwezilwanyana zasemanzini, nokhuseleko lonxweme ziphakathi kwezona zininzi eziya kuba nemiphumo ebuhlungu.

Olsen E, Kaplan IC, Ainsworth C, Fay G, Gaichas S, Gamble R, Girardin R, Eide CH, Ihde TF, Morzaria-Luna H, Johnson KF, Savina-Rolland M, Townsend H, Weijerman M, Fulton EA kunye neLink JS (2018) I-Ocean Futures Phantsi kwe-Acidification yoLwandle, ukuKhuselwa koLwandle, kunye noTshintsho loxinzelelo lokuLoba oluphononongwayo kusetyenziswa i-Worldwide Suite ye-Ecosystem Models. Ngaphambili. Mar. Sci. 5:64. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00064

Ulawulo olusekwe kwi-ikhosistim, ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-EBM, ibe ngumdla okhulayo wokuvavanya iindlela ezizezinye zolawulo kunye nokunceda ekuchongeni urhwebo lokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwabantu. Le yindlela yokuphanda izisombululo zeengxaki zolawulo lolwandle oluntsonkothileyo ukuphucula impilo ye-ecosystem kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi.

Mostofa, KMG, Liu, C.-Q., Zhai, W., Minella, M., Vione, D., Gao, K., Minakata, D., Arakaki, T., Yoshioka, T., Hayakawa, K. ., Konohira, E., Tanoue, E., Akhand, A., Chanda, A., Wang, B., kunye neSakugawa, H.: Uphononongo kunye ne-Syntheses: I-acidification yolwandle kunye neempembelelo zayo ezinokuthi zibekho kwizinto eziphilayo zaselwandle, i-Biogeosciences, i-13 , 1767–1786, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1767-2016, 2016.

Eli nqaku lingena kwingxoxo yezifundo ezahlukeneyo ezenziweyo ukubona iziphumo ze-OA elwandle.

Cattano, C, Claudet, J., Domenici, P. kunye noMilazzo, M. (2018, May) Ukuhlala kwihlabathi le-CO2 ephezulu: uhlalutyo lwe-meta yehlabathi lubonisa iimpendulo ezininzi zeentlanzi ezixutywe neempawu kwi-acidification yolwandle. I-Ecological Monographs 88(3). I-DOI: 10.1002 / ecm.1297

Iintlanzi zingumthombo obalulekileyo wokuphila kuluntu oluselunxwemeni kunye necandelo eliphambili lozinzo lwenkqubo yendalo yaselwandle. Ngenxa yeziphumo ezinxulunyaniswa noxinzelelo lwe-OA kwifiziyoloji, kufuneka kwenziwe okungakumbi ukuzalisa isithuba solwazi kwiinkqubo ezibalulekileyo ze-eco-physiological kunye nokwandisa uphando kwimimandla efana nokufudumala kwehlabathi, i-hypoxia, kunye nokuloba. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, iziphumo zeentlanzi azikhange zibe ngqongqo, ngokungafaniyo neentlobo zezilwanyana ezingenamqolo eziphantsi komgangatho wokusingqongileyo we-spatiotemporal. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho izifundo ezininzi ezibonisa iziphumo ezahlukeneyo kwii-vertebrates kunye nee-invertebrates. Ngenxa yokwahluka, kubalulekile ukuba kuqhutywe izifundo ukuze kubonwe ezi yantlukwano ukuze kuqondwe ngakumbi ukuba i-asidi yolwandle iyakuchaphazela njani uqoqosho loluntu lwaselunxwemeni.

Albright, R. kunye noCooley, S. (2019). Uphononongo lwamaNgenelelo acetywayo ukuthomalalisa iimpembelelo kwi-asidi yolwandle kwiingqaqa zekorale Izifundo zeNgingqi kwiNzululwazi yaseLwandle, Vol. 29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2019.100612

Olu phononongo lungena kwiinkcukacha malunga nendlela i-coral reefs ezichatshazelwe ngayo yi-OA kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Kolu phononongo, abaphandi bafumanise ukuba iingqaqa zekorale ziyakwazi ukuphinda zibuyele umva kwisiganeko sokwenza i-bleaching. 

1. Iingqaqa zekorale zilindeleke ukuba zibuye umva kwisiganeko sokwenza mhlophe ngendlela ecothayo xa ibandakanya iziphumo zokusingqongileyo, ezifana neasidi yolwandle.
2. “Iinkonzo ze-ikhosistim zisemngciphekweni we-OA kwi-coral reef ecosystems. Iinkonzo zobonelelo zidla ngokubalwa ngokwezoqoqosho, kodwa ezinye iinkonzo zibaluleke ngokufanayo kuluntu oluselunxwemeni.”

Malsbury, E. (2020, ngoFebruwari 3) “Iisampulu ezisuka kuhambo oludumileyo lweNkulungwane ye-19 zityhila iZiphumo 'Ezothusayo' zokuGcinwa kweAcid yoLwandle." Imagazini yeNzululwazi. AAAS. Ifunyenwe kwi: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/02/ plankton-shells-have-become-dangerously-thin-acidifying-oceans-are-blame

Iisampulu zeShell, eziqokelelwe kwi-HMS Challenger ngo-1872-76, zityebe kakhulu kuneeqokobhe zohlobo olufanayo olufunyenwe namhlanje. Abaphandi baye bafumanisa oku xa amaqokobhe awayeneminyaka eli-150 ubudala awayeqokelelwe kwiMuseum of Natural History yaseLondon afaniswa nemizekelo yale mihla yangelo xesha. Izazinzulu zasebenzisa uludwe lwenqanawa ukuze zifumane eyona ntlobo yohlobo, indawo, kunye nexesha lonyaka ezaqokelelwa ngazo oonokrwece baze basebenzise oku ukuqokelela iisampuli zale mihla. Uthelekiso lwalucacile: amaqokobhe anamhlanje ayenokrwece ukuya kuthi ga kwi-76% kunoogxa bawo bembali kwaye iziphumo zalatha kwi-asidi yolwandle njengonobangela.

IMacRae, Gavin (12 kuTshazimpuzi 2019.) I-Watershed Sentinel. https://watershedsentinel.ca/articles/ocean-acidification-is-reshaping-marine-food-webs/

Ubunzulu bolwandle buyacothisa utshintsho lwemozulu, kodwa ngexabiso. Iasidi yamanzi olwandle iyanda njengoko iilwandle zifunxa ikharbon diokside kumafutha efosili.

Spalding, uMark J. (21 kaJanuwari 2019.) "Amagqabantshintshi: Ulwandle luyatshintsha - luya lusiba neasidi ngakumbi." Channel News Asia. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/ commentary/ocean-acidification-climate-change-marine-life-dying-11124114

Zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni ziya kuthi ekugqibeleni zichaphazeleke njengoko ulwandle olushushu ngakumbi kunye neasidi luvelisa ioksijini encinane ebangela iimeko ezibeka esichengeni iindidi zezilwanyana zaselwandle kunye nenkqubo yokuphilisana kwezidalwa. Kukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokwakha ukuxhathisa ngokuchasene neasidi yolwandle ukukhusela iintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo zaselwandle kwisijikelezi-langa sethu.

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5. Izibonelelo zooTitshala

NOAA. (2022). Imfundo kunye nokufikelela eluntwini. Inkqubo ye-Ocean Acidification. https://oceanacidification.noaa.gov/AboutUs/ EducationOutreach/

I-NOAA inenkqubo yemfundo kunye neyokufikelela ngesebe layo le-asidi yolwandle. Oku kubonelela ngezibonelelo kuluntu malunga nendlela yokutsalela ingqalelo kubaqulunqi bomgaqo-nkqubo ukuba baqalise ukuthatha imithetho ye-OA bayibeke kwinqanaba elitsha kwaye isebenze. 

Thibodeau, Patrica S., Ukusebenzisa iDatha yexesha elide ukusuka e-Antarctica ukufundisa i-Acidification yoLwandle (2020). Ngoku iJenali yeMfundo yaseLwandle, 34 (1), 43-45.https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles

Iziko laseVirginia leSayensi yaseLwandle lenze esi sicwangciso sesifundo sokubandakanya abafundi besikolo esiphakathi ukusombulula imfihlakalo: yintoni iasidi yolwandle kwaye ibuchaphazela njani ubomi baselwandle e-Antarctic? Ukusombulula imfihlakalo, abafundi baya kuthatha inxaxheba ekuzingeleni i-asidi yolwandle, bacebise iingqikelelo kwaye bafikelele kwizigqibo zabo ngokutolikwa kwedatha yexesha lokwenyani evela e-Antarctic. Isicwangciso sesifundo esineenkcukacha siyafumaneka: https://doi.org/10.25773/zzdd-ej28.

Ingqokelela yeKharityhulam ye-Ocean Acidification. 2015. Isizwe saseSuquamish.

Lo vimba we-intanethi yingqokelela egciniweyo yezibonelelo zasimahla kwi-acidification yolwandle kootitshala nabanxibelelanisi, kumabakala K-12.

I-Alaska Ocean Acidification Network. (2022). I-Ocean Acidification yabaFundisi-ntsapho. https://aoan.aoos.org/community-resources/for-educators/

I-Ocean Acidification Network yaseAlaska iphuhlise izibonelelo ukusuka kwi-PowerPoints ebaliswayo kunye namanqaku ukuya kwiividiyo kunye nezicwangciso zezifundo ezahlukeneyo zamabanga. Ikharityhulamu eqinisekisiweyo kwi-acidification yolwandle ithathwa njengefanelekileyo e-Alaska. Sisebenza kwiikharityhulam ezongezelelweyo ezibonisa ikhemistri yamanzi e-Alaska ekhethekileyo kunye nabaqhubi be-OA.

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6. IziKhokelo zoMgaqo-nkqubo kunye neeNgxelo zikaRhulumente

IQela eliSebenzayo le-Interagency kwi-Ocean Acidification. (2022, Oktobha, 28). Ingxelo yesiThandathu kuPhando lwe-Ocean Acidification oluxhaswa yi-Federally kunye neMisebenzi yokuHlola. Ikomitana yeKomiti yeNzululwazi neTekhnoloji yezoBume beNdawo yeBhunga leSizwe leNzululwazi nobuChwepheshe. https://oceanacidification.noaa.gov/sites/oap-redesign/Publications/SOST_IWGOA-FY-18-and-19-Report.pdf?ver=2022-11-01-095750-207

I-Ocean acidification (OA), ukucutheka kwe-pH yolwandle okubangelwa ikakhulu kukufunyaniswa kwecarbon dioxide ekhutshwa ngeanthropogenic (CO)₂) ukusuka kwiatmosfera, sisoyikiso kwizinto eziphilayo zaselwandle kunye neenkonzo ezo nkqubo zibonelela ngazo kuluntu. Olu xwebhu lushwankathela imisebenzi ye-Federal kwi-OA kwi-Fiscal Years (FY) 2018 kunye no-2019. Ihlelwe ngokwamacandelo ahambelana nemimandla yejografi elithoba, ngokukodwa, inqanaba lehlabathi, inqanaba lesizwe, kunye nomsebenzi eUnited States Northeast, United States Mid. -Atlantiki, eUnited States mpuma-mpuma kunye neGulf Coast, iCaribbean, iUnited States yoNxweme oluseNtshona, i-Alaska, i-US Pacific Islands, i-Arctic, i-Antarctic.

IKomiti yezokusiNgqongileyo, iMithombo yeNdalo, kunye noZinzo lweBhunga leSizwe leNzululwazi nobuChwepheshe. (2015, Epreli). Ingxelo yesiThathu kuPhando lwe-Ocean Acidification oluxhaswa ngemali nguRhulumente kunye neMisebenzi yokuHlola.

Olu xwebhu lwaphuhliswa yi-Interagency Working Group kwi-Ocean Acidification, ecebisa, inceda, kwaye yenza iingcebiso kwimibandela enxulumene ne-acidification yolwandle, kuquka ukulungelelaniswa kwemisebenzi ye-Federal. Le ngxelo ishwankathela uphando oluxhaswa ngemali yi-ocean-acidification kunye nemisebenzi yokubeka iliso; ibonelela ngenkcitho yale misebenzi, kwaye ichaza ukukhutshwa kwamva nje kwesicwangciso sophando sophando lweFederal kunye nokubeka iliso kwi-acidification yolwandle.

Ii-Arhente ze-NOAA zijongana noMba wokuFakwa kweAcidi yoLwandle kuManzi eNgingqi. Ulawulo lweSizwe loLwandlekazi kunye ne-Atmospheric.

Le ngxelo ibonelela ngesifundo esifutshane se-"Ocean Chemistry 101" malunga neekhemikhali ze-OA kunye nesikali se-pH. Ikwadwelisa iinkxalabo ze-NOAA ze-asidi yolwandle ngokubanzi.

NOAA iNzululwazi yeMozulu kunye neeNkonzo. Indima eBalulekileyo yokuQatshelwa koMhlaba ekuqondeni uTshintsho lweKhemistri yoLwandle.

Le ngxelo ichaza iinzame ze-NOAA ze-Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) ezijolise ekuphawuleni, ukuqikelela, nokubeka iliso kunxweme, ulwandle, kunye ne-Great Lake.

Ingxelo kwiRhuluneli kunye neNdibano Jikelele yaseMaryland. Iqela eliSebenzayo lokuPhonononga iMpembelelo ye-Acidation yoLwandle kuManzi kaRhulumente. Web. NgoJanuwari 9, 2015.

Ilizwe laseMaryland lilizwe elingaselunxwemeni elingathembeli kuphela elwandle kodwa nakwiChesapeake Bay. Jonga eli nqaku ukuze ufunde ngakumbi malunga nophononongo lweqela lomsebenzi elenziwe yiMaryland yiNdibano Jikelele yaseMaryland.

Iphaneli yaseWashington State eBlue Ribbon kwi-Ocean Acidification. I-Acidification yoLwandle: Ukusuka kuLwazi ukuya kwisenzo. Web. NgoNovemba 2012.

Le ngxelo ibonelela ngemvelaphi kwi-acidification yolwandle kunye nefuthe layo kwilizwe laseWashington. Njengelizwe elingaselunxwemeni elixhomekeke ekulobeni nakwimithombo yobutyebi basemanzini, lingena kwiziphumo ezinokubakho zokutshintsha kwemozulu kuqoqosho. Funda eli nqaku ukuze ufunde ukuba yintoni eyenziwa yiWashington ngoku kwicala lezesayensi nezopolitiko ukulwa nezi ziphumo.

Hemphill, A. (2015, ngoFebruwari 17). IMaryland ithatha inyathelo lokulungisa iAcidation yoLwandle. IBhunga loMmandla we-Mid-Atlantic kuLwandlekazi. Ifunyenwe ukusuka http://www.midatlanticocean.org

Ilizwe laseMaryland liphambili kumazwe athatha inyathelo eliqinisekileyo ukulungisa iimpembelelo ze-OA. I-Maryland iphumelele i-House Bill 118, idala iqela elisebenzayo ukuba lifunde impembelelo ye-OA kumanzi karhulumente ngexesha leseshoni yayo ye-2014. Iqela elisebenzayo ligxile kwiinkalo ezisixhenxe eziphambili zokuphucula ukuqonda kwe-OA.

Upton, HF & P. ​​Folger. (2013). Ulwabiwo olwandle (INgxelo yeCRS enguNombolo ye-R40143). Washington, DC: Inkonzo yoPhando lweCongressional.

Imixholo ibandakanya iinyaniso ezisisiseko ze-OA, izinga okwenzeka ngalo i-OA, iziphumo ezinokubakho ze-OA, iimpendulo zendalo kunye nezomntu ezinokunciphisa okanye zinciphise i-OA, inzala yeCongressal kwi-OA, kunye nento eyenziwa ngurhulumente wobumbano malunga ne-OA. Ipapashwe ngoJulayi ka-2013, le ngxelo ye-CRS luhlaziyo kwiingxelo ze-CRS OA zangaphambili kwaye iphawula umthetho oyilwayo kuphela owaziswa kwi-113th Congress (I-Coral Reef Conservation Act Amendments ye-2013) eya kubandakanya i-OA kwiinkqubo ezisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya iziphakamiso zeprojekthi ukufunda izisongelo kwiingqaqa zekorale. Ingxelo yokuqala yapapashwa ngo-2009 kwaye inokufumaneka kweli khonkco lilandelayo: Buck, EH & P. ​​Folger. (2009). Ulwabiwo olwandle (INgxelo yeCRS enguNombolo ye-R40143). Washington, DC: Inkonzo yoPhando lweCongressional.

IGBP, IOC, SCOR (2013). IsiShwankathelo se-Ocean Acidification yabaSebenzi bemigaqo-nkqubo-Isimpoziyam yesiThathu kuLwandle oluPhezulu-CO₂ Hlabathi. Inkqubo ye-International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, eStockholm, eSweden.

Esi sishwankathelo sikwimo yolwazi malunga ne-asidi yolwandle esekelwe kuphando olwenziwe kwi-symposium yesithathu eLwandle kwi-High-CO.₂ Ihlabathi eMonterey, CA ngo-2012.

Iphaneli ye-InterAcademy kwiMiba yaMazwe ngaMazwe. (2009). Ingxelo ye-IAP malunga ne-Ocean Acidification.

Le ngxelo inamaphepha amabini, evunywe ngamaziko emfundo angaphezu kwama-60 kwihlabathi jikelele, ichaza ngokufutshane izoyikiso ezithunyelwe yi-OA, kwaye ibonelela ngeengcebiso kunye nokubizelwa kwisenzo.

Iziphumo zokusiNgqongileyo ze-Acidation yoLwandle: Umngcipheko kuKhuseleko loKutya. (2010). eNairobi, eKenya. UNEP.

Eli nqaku libandakanya ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-CO₂, utshintsho lwemozulu, kunye ne-OA, impembelelo ye-OA kwimithombo yokutya yaselwandle, kwaye iqukumbela ngoluhlu lwezenzo eziyimfuneko ze-8 zokunciphisa umngcipheko wemiphumo ye-acidification yolwandle.

Isibhengezo saseMonaco kwi-Ocean Acidification. (2008). I-Symposium yesiBini yaMazwe ngaMazwe ngoLwandle kwi-High-CO₂ Hlabathi.

Kucelwe yiNkosana u-Albert II emva kwe-symposium yesibini yamazwe ngamazwe eMonaco kwi-OA, esi sibhengezo, ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zenzululwazi ezingenakuphikiswa kwaye zisayinwe zizazinzulu ze-155 ezivela kwiintlanga ze-26, ibeka iingcebiso, ibiza ukuba abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo bajongane nengxaki enkulu ye-acidification yolwandle.

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7. Izixhobo ezongezelelweyo

I-Ocean Foundation icebisa ezi zixhobo zilandelayo zokufumana ulwazi olongezelelweyo ngoPhando lwe-Ocean Acidification

1. Inkonzo ye-NOAA yoLwandle
2. KwiYunivesithi yasePlymouth
3. Isiseko seNational Marine Sanctuary

Spalding, MJ (2014) I-Acidification yoLwandle kunye noKhuseleko lokutya. IYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, i-Irvine: iMpilo yoLwandle, i-Global Fishing, kunye nenkomfa yenkomfa yoKhuseleko lokutya ukurekhoda.

Ngo-2014, uMark Spalding wabonisa ngobudlelwane phakathi kwe-OA kunye nokhuseleko lokutya kwinkomfa yezempilo yolwandle, ukuloba kwehlabathi, kunye nokhuseleko lokutya e-UC Irvine. 

Iziko leSiqithi (2017). Uthotho lwefilimu yoTshintsho lweMozulu. Umbutho weSiqithi. https://www.islandinstitute.org/stories/a-climate-of-change-film-series/

I-Island Institute ivelise uthotho olufutshane olunamacandelo amathathu lujolise kwiziphumo zokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye ne-acidification yolwandle kushishino lokuloba eMelika. Iividiyo zaqala ukupapashwa ngo-2017, kodwa ulwazi oluninzi luhlala lufanelekile namhlanje.

Icandelo lokuQala, Amanzi afudumeleyo kwiGulf of Maine, igxile kwiziphumo zemozulu kushishino lokuloba lwesizwe sethu. Izazinzulu, abaphathi, nabalobi bonke baye baqalisa ukuxoxa ngendlela esinokuyicwangcisa ngayo nekufanele ukuba siyicwangcisele imozulu engenakuphepheka, kodwa engalindelekanga, impembelelo yemozulu kwi-ikhosistim yolwandle. Ngengxelo epheleleyo, Cofa apha.

Icandelo lesibini, Ocean Acidification e Alaska, igxininisa kwindlela abalobi baseAlaska abahlangabezana ngayo nengxaki eyandayo yokwenziwa kweasidi yolwandle. Ngengxelo epheleleyo, Cofa apha.

KwiCandelo lesithathu, Ukuwa kunye noKuqhelanisa kwi-Apalachicola Oyster Fishery, Abaphathi bahamba baya e-Apalachicola, eFlorida, ukuze babone okwenzekayo xa ushishino lokuloba luwa ngokupheleleyo kunye nento eyenziwa luluntu ukulungelelanisa nokuzihlaziya. Ngengxelo epheleleyo, Cofa apha.

Amanyathelo onokuwathatha

Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla oyena nobangela wokwenziwa kweasidi yolwandle kukwanda kwekharbon diokside, ethi emva koko ifunxwe lulwandle. Ke ngoko, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni linyathelo elilandelayo elibalulekileyo lokumisa ukwanda kweasidi elwandle. Nceda undwendwele i Iphepha lenyathelo leInternational Ocean Acidification Initiative ukufumana ulwazi malunga namanyathelo athathwa yi-Ocean Foundation malunga ne-Ocean Acidification.

Ngolwazi oluthe kratya malunga nezinye izisombululo ezibandakanya uhlalutyo lweeprojekthi zokuSuswa kweCarbon Dioxide kunye nobuchwepheshe nceda ubone Iphepha loPhando leSiseko se-Ocean kwiNguqu yeMozulue, ngolwazi oluthe vetshe bona Inyathelo le-Blue Resilience ye-Ocean Foundation. 

Sebenzisa yethu SeaGrass Khulisa Carbon Calculator ukubala ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yakho kwaye unikele ukuphelisa impembelelo yakho! Ikhatyhuleyitha yaphuhliswa yiThe Ocean Foundation ukunceda umntu okanye umbutho ukubala CO yonyaka₂ Ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo ukuze, kulandele, kumisele ubungakanani bekhabhoni ebhlowu eyimfuneko ukuyiphelisa (iihektare zengca yolwandle eziza kubuyiselwa okanye ezilingana nayo). Ingeniso evela kwindlela yokuthenga ngetyala eblue carbon ingasetyenziselwa ukuxhasa ngemali iinzame zokubuyiswa, nto leyo eya kuthi ivelise amatyala amaninzi. Iinkqubo ezinjalo zivumela ukuphumelela kabini: ukudalwa kweendleko ezinokulinganiswa kwiinkqubo zehlabathi ze-CO₂-imisebenzi yokukhutshwa kwezityalo kunye, okwesibini, nokubuyiselwa kwamadlelo engca yaselwandle ayinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yendalo engaselunxwemeni kwaye anesidingo esimandla sokubuyiselwa.

BUYELA KUPHANDO