I-WHMSI: Ukuba ngabamelwane abalungileyo bokuxhasa izilwanyana ezifudukayo

Ngu: Mark J. Spalding, uMongameli

Ndibe nethamsanqa elikhulu lokuchitha ekuqaleni kwale veki kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo namahlakani ethu kwicandelo lamazwe ngamazwe le-US Fish and Wildlife Service. Intlanganiso, eyayiququzelelwe nguMbutho waMazwe aseMelika, ibhiyozele iinzame zokukhusela iintlobo ezifudukayo kwi-hemisphere yasentshona. Kudityaniswe abantu abangamashumi amabini abamele amazwe ama-6, iiNGO ezi-4, amaSebe eKhabhinethi ama-2 ase-US, kunye noonobhala beendibano ezi-3 zamazwe ngamazwe. Sonke singamalungu ekomiti elawulayo ye-WHMSI, i-Western Hemisphere Migratory Species Initiative. Sanyulwa ngabalingane bethu ukuba sincede ukukhokela ukuphuhliswa kweNyanga kunye nokugcina unxibelelwano nabachaphazelekayo phakathi kweenkomfa. 

Onke amazwe akuMbindi weNtshona anelifa elifanayo lebhayoloji, inkcubeko kunye nezoqoqosho - ngeentaka zethu ezifudukayo, iminenga, amalulwane, amafudo olwandle, kunye namabhabhathane. I-WHMSI yazalelwa kwi-2003 ukukhuthaza intsebenziswano malunga nokukhuselwa kwezi ntlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana ezihamba ngaphandle kwemida yezopolitiko kwiindlela zelizwe kunye neepatheni zexesha leenkulungwane ekwenzeni. Ukhuseleko oluhlangeneyo lufuna ukuba izizwe ziqaphele iintlobo ezinqamlezileyo kwaye zabelane ngolwazi lwendawo malunga neemfuno zendawo yokuhlala kunye nokuziphatha kweentlobo zokuhamba. Kuyo yonke loo ntlanganiso yeentsuku ezimbini, seva ngeenzame zabameli abavela eParaguay, eChile, eUruguay, e-El Salvador, eDominican Republic, naseSt. I-Conservancy, i-Inter-American Convention yoKhuselo kunye noLondolozo lweeTurtles zaseLwandle, kunye noMbutho woLondolozo kunye noPhononongo lweentaka zeCaribbean.

Ukusuka kwi-Arctic ukuya e-Antarctica, intlanzi, iintaka, izilwanyana ezincancisayo, iifudo zaselwandle, i-cetaceans, amalulwane, izinambuzane kunye nezinye iintlobo ezifudukayo zibonelela ngeenkonzo zendalo kunye nezoqoqosho ezikwabelwana ngazo ngamazwe kunye nabantu beNtshona yeHemisphere. Ziyimithombo yokutya, indlela yokuphila kunye nokuzonwabisa, kwaye zinexabiso elibalulekileyo lesayensi, ezoqoqosho, inkcubeko, ubuhle kunye nokomoya. Ngaphandle kwezi nzuzo, iintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana zasendle ezifudukayo ziya zisiba semngciphekweni ngenxa yolawulo olungalungelelaniswanga lwenqanaba lesizwe, ukonakaliswa kweendawo zokuhlala kunye nelahleko, iintlobo zezilwanyana zasemzini ezihlaselayo, ungcoliseko, ukuzingela nokuloba, ukubanjiswa ngengozi, izenzo ezingazinzanga kunye nokuloba nokurhweba ngokungekho mthethweni.

Kule ntlanganiso yekomiti elawulayo, sichithe ixesha lethu elininzi sisebenza kwiseti yemigaqo kunye nezenzo ezinxulumene nolondolozo lweentaka ezifudukayo, eziphakathi kweentlobo zomdla okhethekileyo kwi-hemisphere yethu. Amakhulu eentlobo zezilwanyana afuduka ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo onyaka. Olu fuduko lusebenza njengomthombo wamaxesha onyaka weedola zokhenketho ezinokubakho kunye nomngeni wolawulo, ngenxa yokuba iintlobo zezilwanyana azihlali kwaye kunokuba nzima ukukholisa uluntu ngexabiso lazo, okanye ukulungelelanisa ukhuseleko lweentlobo ezifanelekileyo zendawo yokuhlala.

Ukongeza kukho imiba yempembelelo yophuhliso olungathintelwanga kunye norhwebo ngeentlobo zokutya okanye ezinye iinjongo. Ngokomzekelo, ndamangaliswa kukufumanisa ukuba ufudo—lwazo zonke iindidi—lulolona luhlu lwezilwanyana ezinethambo lomqolo ezisengozini yokuphela kulo lonke elimiweyo. Imfuno yangaphambili yokubonelela ngeevenkile zezilwanyana zasekhaya iye yathatyathelwa indawo yimfuno yeemfudo zamanzi acwengileyo njengento emnandi ekusetyenzisweni kwabantu-ekhokelela ekuntlithekeni kwabantu kangangokuba kucetywa amanyathelo angxamisekileyo okukhusela iifudo yi-US ngenkxaso ye-China kwintlanganiso elandelayo. yamaqela kwi INgqungquthela yoRhwebo lweZizwe ngeZizwe ngeZilwanyana eziseMngciphekweni wokuTshabalala (CITES) ngoMatshi. Ngethamsanqa, imfuno enkulu inokuhlangatyezwa ngokubambelela ngokungqongqo ekuthengeni ufudo olufuywayo kwaye abemi basendle banokunikwa ithuba lokubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo ngokhuseleko olwaneleyo lwendawo yokuhlala kunye nokuphelisa isivuno.

Kwabo bakwimeko yolondolozo lwaselwandle, umdla wethu ngokwemvelo ujoliswe kwiimfuno zezilwanyana zaselwandle—iintaka, ufudo lwaselwandle, iintlanzi nezilwanyana ezanyisayo zaselwandle—ezifudukela emantla nasezantsi nyaka ngamnye. ityhuna yeBluefin ifuduka isuka kwiGulf of Mexico apho izalela khona ukuya eCanada njengenxalenye yomjikelo wabo wobomi. Amaqela aphuma kwiintlanganisela kude nonxweme lwaseBelize aze asasazeke kwezinye iindawo. Nyaka ngamnye, amawakawaka ofudo lugoduka lusiya kumanxweme olwandle olugudle iCaribbean, iAtlantiki, kunye noNxweme lwePasifiki ukuze lubeke amaqanda, kwaye malunga neeveki ezisi-8 kamva amantshontsho awo aqanduselayo enza okufanayo.

Iminenga engwevu ebusika eBaja ukuze izale ize ithwale amantshontsho ayo ichitha ihlobo layo ukuya kutsho emantla eAlaska, ifudukela kunxweme lwaseKhalifoniya. Iminenga eluhlaza iyafuduka iyokutya emanzini aseChile (kwindawo engcwele I-Ocean Foundation yayizidla ngokunceda ukuseka), ukuya eMexico nangaphaya. Kodwa, sisazi kancinci malunga nokuziphatha kokukhwelana okanye iindawo zokuzala zesi silwanyana sikhulu emhlabeni.

Emva kwentlanganiso ye-WHMSI 4 e-Miami, eyenzeka ngoDisemba 2010, siye saqulunqa uphando ukuze sibone imiba enzima kakhulu kwicandelo lolwandle, okwathi kwasivumela ukuba sibhale i-RFP yeziphakamiso zeprogram yenkxaso-mali encinci yokusebenza kwezo zinto zibalulekileyo. . Iziphumo zoPhando zibonise oku kulandelayo njengeendidi zeentlobo zezityalo ezifudukayo kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezixhalabisa kakhulu:

1. Izilwanyana ezincancisayo zaseLwandle
2. Ookrebe kunye neMitha
3. Izilwanyana zaseLwandle Ezikhulu
4. Iingqaqa zeCoral kunye neMangrove
5. Iilwandle (kubandakanywa neelwandle ezifuyayo)
   [QAPHELA: Ufudo lwaselwandle lwalubekwe phezulu, kodwa lwalukhuselwe phantsi kolunye uncedo-mali]

Kungoko, kule ntlanganiso yale veki sixoxe, saza sakhethelwa inkxaso-mali yezibonelelo ezi-5 kwezingama-37 izindululo ezigqwesileyo ezijolise kuxhotyiso lwezakhono zokujongana ngcono nezi zinto ziphambili ngokuphucula kakhulu ulondolozo lwazo.

Izixhobo esinazo ngokudibeneyo ziquka:

1. Ukuseka imimandla ekhuselweyo ngaphakathi kwemida yelizwe, ngakumbi ezo zifunekayo kwimiba yokufuya kunye nenkulisa
2. Ukuthatha ithuba le-RAMSAR, i-CITES, iLifa leMveli leHlabathi, kunye nezinye iindibano ezikhuselayo zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokutyunjwa ukuxhasa intsebenziswano kunye nokunyanzeliswa.
3. Ukwabelana ngedatha yesayensi, ngakumbi malunga nokubanakho kweenguqu ezinzulu kwiipateni zokufuduka ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu.

Kutheni utshintsho lwemozulu? Iintlobo ezifudukayo zingamaxhoba ezona ziphumo zikhoyo ngoku zokutshintsha kwemozulu yethu. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba imijikelo ethile yokufuduka ibangelwa bubude bemini njengokuba injalo ngenxa yobushushu. Oku kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki ezinzulu kwezinye iintlobo. Ngokomzekelo, ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ukuncibilika ukuya emantla kunokuthetha ukuqhakaza kwangaphambili kwezityalo ezixhasayo kwaye ngoko ke amabhabhathane afika ngexesha "eliqhelekileyo" ukusuka emzantsi akukho nto yokutya, kwaye mhlawumbi, amaqanda abo aqanduselayo akayi kuba njalo. Ukunyibilika kwasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo kunokuthetha ukuba izikhukula zasentwasahlobo zichaphazela ukutya okufumaneka kumanxweme aselunxwemeni kwiindlela zeentaka ezifudukayo. Izaqhwithi ezingalawulekiyo—umz. iinkanyamba ngaphambi kwexesha “eliqhelekileyo” lenkanyamba—zinokuvuthela iintaka kude neendlela eziqhelekileyo okanye ziziwise kwindawo engakhuselekanga. Kwanobushushu obuveliswa ziindawo ezixinene kakhulu zasezidolophini bungatshintsha iipateni zemvula kumgama wamawaka eekhilomitha kwaye buchaphazele ukufumaneka kokutya kunye nendawo yokuhlala yezidalwa ezifudukayo. Kwizilwanyana zaselwandle ezifudukayo, utshintsho kwimichiza yolwandle, ubushushu, nobunzulu bunokuchaphazela yonke into ukusuka kwimiqondiso yohambo, ukuya kubonelelo lokutya (umz. ukutshintsha iipatheni zendawo yokuhlala iintlanzi), ukukwazi ukumelana neziganeko ezimbi. Kwelinye icala, njengoko ezi zilwanyana ziziqhelanisa nemeko, imisebenzi esekelwe kukhenketho lwendalo kusenokufuneka itshintshe ngokunjalo—ukuze kugcinwe isiseko sezoqoqosho sokukhusela izilwanyana.

Ndenze impazamo yokushiya igumbi imizuzu embalwa ngentsasa yokugqibela yentlanganiso kwaye ke, ndiye ndabizwa ngokuba ngusihlalo weKomiti yaseLwandle ye-WHMSI, njengoko ndizukiswa kakhulu ukukhonza, kunjalo. Kulo nyaka uzayo, sinethemba lokuphuhlisa imigaqo kunye nezenzo eziphambili ezifana nezo ziboniswa ngabantu abasebenza kwiintaka ezifudukayo. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo ezinye zezi ziya kuquka ukufunda okungakumbi ngeendlela sonke esinokuxhasa ngazo iindidi ngeendidi zeentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezifudukayo nezixhomekeke kakhulu kwinkoliseko yabamelwane besizwe sethu esisemantla nasezantsi njengenkoliseko yethu nokuzibophelela ekuyilondolozeni. .

Ekugqibeleni, izoyikiso zangoku kwizilwanyana zasendle ezifudukayo zinokujongwa ngokufanelekileyo kuphela ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abaphambili abanomdla ekusindeni kwabo banokusebenza kunye njengembumbano yobuchule, ukwabelana ngolwazi, amava, iingxaki kunye nezisombululo. Kwethu icala, i-WHMSI ijonge uku:

1. Ukwakha amandla elizwe ukulondoloza nokulawula izilwanyana zasendle ezifudukayo
2. Ukuphucula unxibelelwano lwe-hemispheric kwimiba yolondolozo enomdla ofanayo
3. Yomeleza utshintshiselwano ngolwazi olufunekayo ukuze kwenziwe izigqibo ezizizo
4. Ukubonelela ngeforamu apho imiba evelayo inokuchongwa kwaye iqwalaselwe