Inkinga: Ososayensi Bathi Sesingaphezu Komkhawulo Wekhabhoni

Isixazululo: Ngeke Sitholakale Kumthethosivivinywa Wengqalasizinda

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuwusongo olukhulu futhi olukhula ngokushesha endaweni yethu yolwandle kanye nemvelo yasogwini. Sesivele sibhekene nemiphumela yako: ekukhuphukeni kwezinga lolwandle, ekushintsheni okusheshayo kwezinga lokushisa kanye namakhemikhali, kanye namaphethini wesimo sezulu esibi emhlabeni jikelele.

Naphezu kwemizamo engcono kakhulu yokunciphisa ukungcola, i Umbiko we-IPCC we-AR6 ixwayisa ngokuthi kumele sehlise ukukhiqizwa kwe-CO2 emhlabeni jikelele cishe ngama-45% ukusuka emazingeni ka-2010 ngaphambi kuka-2030 - futhi sifinyelele "net-zero" ngo-2050 ukuze sinqande ukufudumala komhlaba I-1.5 degrees Celsius. Lona umsebenzi onzima lapho njengamanje, imisebenzi yabantu ikhiphela amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-40 e-CO2 emkhathini ngonyaka owodwa.

Imizamo yokunciphisa iyodwa ayisanele. Asikwazi ukunqanda ngokugcwele imiphumela empilweni yolwandle lwethu ngaphandle kwezindlela zokususa i-Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) ezingalawuleki, ezithengekayo, neziphephile. Kumelwe sicabangele izinzuzo, izingozi, kanye nezindleko CDR ezinze olwandle. Futhi ngesikhathi sezimo eziphuthumayo zesimo sezulu, umthethosivivinywa omusha wengqalasizinda uyithuba eliphuthiwe lempumelelo yangempela yezemvelo.

Buyela Eziyisisekelo: Kuyini Ukususwa KweCarbon Dioxide? 

The IPCC 6th Assessment yabona isidingo sokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa (GHG). Kodwa futhi yabona amandla e-CDR. I-CDR inikeza amasu anhlobonhlobo okuthatha i-CO2 emkhathini futhi iyigcine “emadamu emvelo, asemhlabeni noma olwandle, noma emikhiqizweni”.

Kalula nje, i-CDR ibhekana nomthombo oyinhloko wokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngokukhipha isikhutha ngokuqondile emoyeni noma kukholomu yamanzi olwandle. Ulwandle lungaba umfelandawonye we-CDR enkulu. Futhi i-CDR esekwe olwandle ingathwebula futhi igcine izigidigidi zamathani ekhabhoni. 

Kunamagama amaningi ahlobene ne-CDR nezindlela ezisetshenziswa ezimweni ezehlukene. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izixazululo ezisekelwe emvelweni - njengokutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi, ukushintsha kokusetshenziswa komhlaba, nezinye izindlela ezisekelwe kuhlelo lwendalo. Zihlanganisa nezinqubo eziningi zezimboni - njengokuthwebula komoya okuqondile kanye ne-bioenergy ne-carbon capture and storage (BECCS).  

Lezi zindlela ziyaguquguquka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ziyahlukahluka kwezobuchwepheshe, unomphela, ukwamukelwa, kanye nobungozi.

IMIGOMO EYINGQONDO

Lapho Umthethosivivinywa Omusha Wengqalasizinda Uphuthelwa Umaki

Ngo-Agasti 10, iSenethi yase-US yaphasisa ikhasi le-2,702, $ 1.2 trillion Umthetho Wokutshalwa Kwengqalasizinda Nemisebenzi. Umthethosivivinywa ugunyaze imali engaphezu kwezigidigidi eziyi-12 zamaRandi obuchwepheshe bokuthwebula i-carbon. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukuthunjwa komoya okuqondile, izizinda zezikhungo eziqondile, amaphrojekthi emiboniso ngamalahle, nokusekelwa kwenethiwekhi yamapayipi. 

Nokho, akushiwo lutho nge-CDR esekwe olwandle noma ngezixazululo ezisekelwe emvelweni. Umthethosivivinywa ubonakala unikeza imibono engamanga esekwe kubuchwepheshe bokunciphisa ikhabhoni emkhathini. U-$2.5 billion wabelwe ukugcina i-CO2, kodwa kungenandawo noma uhlelo lokuyigcina. Okubi nakakhulu, ubuchwepheshe be-CDR obuhlongozwayo buvula indawo yamapayipi ane-CO2 egxilile. Lokhu kungaholela ekuvuzeni okuyinhlekelele noma ukwehluleka. 

Izinhlangano zezemvelo ezingaphezu kuka-500 ziphikisana esidlangalaleni nomthethosivivinywa wengqalasizinda, futhi zasayina incwadi ecela izinhloso eziqinile zesimo sezulu. Kodwa-ke, amaqembu amaningi kanye nososayensi bayabusekela ubuchwepheshe bokukhipha ikhabhoni kulo mthethosivivinywa naphezu kokusekelwa kwawo okuyisisekelo ezimbonini zikawoyela negesi. Abasekeli bacabanga ukuthi izodala ingqalasizinda engaba usizo esikhathini esizayo futhi ikufanele ukutshalwa kwezimali manje. Kodwa sisabela kanjani ekuphuthumeni kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu - futhi sivikele izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngokuletha izenzo zokubuyisela esikalini - kuyilapho siqaphela ukuthi ukuphuthuma hhayi impikiswano yokungaqapheli ekuqondeni izindaba?

I-Ocean Foundation kanye ne-CDR

E-The Ocean Foundation, sikhona unentshisekelo kakhulu ku-CDR njengoba kuhlobene nokubuyisela impilo yolwandle kanye nenala. Futhi silwela ukusebenza ngelensi yalokho okuhle olwandle nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle. 

Sidinga ukukala ukulimala kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu olwandle siqhathanisa nemiphumela engahlosiwe yezemvelo, ukulingana, noma ubulungisa obuvela ku-CDR. Phela ulwandle seluyahlupha izingozi eziningi, ezifinyelela umvuthwandaba, okuhlanganisa ukulayishwa kwepulasitiki, ukungcoliswa komsindo, kanye nokukhipha ngokweqile kwemithombo yemvelo. 

Amandla angenawo amafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi ayimfuneko ebalulekile kubuchwepheshe be-CDR. Ngakho-ke, uma uxhaso lwebhili yengqalasizinda yabelwa kabusha ekuthuthukisweni kwamandla avuselelekayo angekho nhlobo, besingaba nethuba elingcono lokumelana nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni. Futhi, uma olunye uxhaso lomthethosivivinywa beluqondiswe kabusha ezisombululweni zemvelo ezigxile olwandle, besiyoba nezixazululo ze-CDR esazi kakade ukuthi zigcina ikhabhoni ngokwemvelo nangokuphepha.

Emlandweni wethu, siziba ngamabomu imiphumela yokwanda komsebenzi wezimboni ekuqaleni. Lokhu kwadala ukungcoliswa komoya namanzi. Kodwa-ke, kule minyaka engu-50 edlule, sisebenzise izigidigidi ukuhlanza lokhu kungcola futhi manje silungiselela ukusebenzisa izigidigidi ezengeziwe ukuze sinciphise ukukhishwa kwe-GHG. Asikwazi ukukwazi ukuziba amandla emiphumela engahlosiwe futhi njengomphakathi womhlaba, ikakhulukazi uma manje sesiyazazi izindleko. Ngezindlela ze-CDR, sinethuba lokucabanga ngokucabangisisa, ngamasu, nangokulingana. Sekuyisikhathi sokuthi siwasebenzise ngokuhlanganyela la mandla.

Esikwenzayo

Embulungeni yonke, siye sahlola izixazululo ezisekelwe emvelweni ze-CDR ezigcina futhi zisuse ikhabhoni kuyilapho zivikela ulwandle.

Kusukela ngo-2007, yethu I-Blue Resilience Initiative igxile ekubuyiseleni nasekulondolozeni imihlume, izimfunda zasolwandle, namaxhaphozi anamanzi anosawoti. Lokhu kunikeza amathuba okubuyisela inala, ukwakha ukusimama komphakathi, kanye nokugcina ikhabhoni ngezinga eliphezulu. 

Ngo-2019 nango-2020, sazama ukuvunwa kwe-sargassum, ukuze sithwebule izimbali eziyingozi ze-macro-algal ze-sargassum futhi siyiguqule ibe umanyolo ohambisa ikhabhoni ethathwe emkhathini ukuze ibuyisele ikhabhoni yomhlabathi. Kulo nyaka, sethula le modeli yezolimo ezivuselelayo e-St. Kitts.

Siyilungu elisungule le I-Ocean and Climate Platform, ikhuthaza abaholi bamazwe ukuthi banake ukuthi ulwandle lulinyazwa kanjani ngokuphazamiseka kwethu kwesimo sezulu. Sisebenzisana ne-Aspen Institute's Ocean CDR Discussion Group “Ngendlela Yokuziphatha” ye-CDR ezinze olwandle. Futhi singabalingani Ocean Visions, esanda kuphakamisa ukuthuthukiswa kwe-“Core Premises of the Ocean Climate Alliance.” 

Manje yisikhathi esisodwa ngesikhathi lapho isidingo sokwenza okuthile mayelana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu siphoqa futhi siyadingeka. Masitshale ngokucophelela iphothifoliyo yonkana yezindlela ze-CDR ezisekelwe olwandle - ocwaningweni, ekuthuthukisweni, nasekusatshalalisweni - ukuze sikwazi ukubhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngezinga elidingekayo emashumini eminyaka ezayo.

Iphakethe lamanje lengqalasizinda lihlinzeka ngezimali ezibalulekile zemigwaqo, amabhuloho, kanye nokulungiswa okudingekayo kwengqalasizinda yamanzi yezwe lethu. Kodwa, igxila kakhulu kuzixazululo zezinhlamvu zesiliva uma kuziwa endaweni ezungezile. Ukuphila kwendawo, ukuvikeleka kokudla, nokumelana nesimo sezulu kuncike ezixazululweni zemvelo zesimo sezulu. Kufanele sibeke phambili ukutshalwa kwezimali kulezi zixazululo okufakazelwe ukuthi ziyasebenza, kunokuba siguqule izinsiza zezezimali ziye kubuchwepheshe obungaqinisekisiwe.