CHOW 2013 Isifinyezo

Ngezansi kunezifinyezo ezibhaliwe zephaneli ngayinye ebanjwe ngesikhathi se-CHOW 2013 kulo nyaka.
Ibhalwe abaqeqeshelwa umsebenzi ehlobo: uCaroline Coogan, uScot Hoke, uSubin Nepal noPaula Senff

Isifinyezo Senkulumo Ebalulekile

I-Superstorm Sandy ibonise ngokucacile ukubaluleka kokuqina kanye nokuthathwa kwempahla. Emgqeni wayo wezingqungquthela zaminyaka yonke, iNational Marine Sanctuary Foundation ifuna ukubheka udaba lokongiwa kolwandle ngendlela ebanzi ebandakanya ababambiqhaza nongoti bemikhakha eyahlukene.

UDkt. Kathryn Sullivan uveze indima ebalulekile edlalwa yi-CHOW njengendawo yokuhlanganisa ubungcweti, inethiwekhi kanye nokuhlanganisa izinkinga. Ulwandle ludlala indima ebalulekile kule planethi. Amachweba abalulekile ekuhwebeni, u-50% we-oxygen yethu ukhiqizwa olwandle futhi abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.6 bancike emithonjeni yawo ukuze bathole ukudla. Nakuba kuye kwabekwa izinqubomgomo eziningi zokongiwa kwemvelo, izinselele ezinkulu, njengezinhlekelele zemvelo, ukwanda kwemikhumbi endaweni yase-Arctic, nokuwa kwezindawo zokudoba zisekhona. Kodwa-ke, ijubane lokuvikela olwandle lihlala lihamba kancane ngendlela ekhungathekisayo, njengoba kuphela i-8% yendawo e-US ekhethelwe ukulondolozwa kanye nokuntuleka kwezimali ezanele.

Imiphumela kaSandy iveze ukubaluleka kokuqina kwezindawo ezisogwini ezenzakalweni zesimo sezulu esibi kangaka. Njengoba abantu abaningi bethuthela ogwini, ukuqina kwabo kuba yindaba yokubona kusengaphambili. Ingxoxo yesayensi ibalulekile ukuze kuvikelwe imvelo yayo kanye nobuhlakani bezemvelo iyithuluzi elibalulekile lokumodela, ukuhlola nokucwaninga. Izehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu kulindeleke ukuthi zenzeke kaningi, kuyilapho izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zincipha, futhi ukudoba ngokweqile, ukungcoliswa komhlaba, kanye ne-asidi yolwandle kwengeza ingcindezi eyengeziwe. Kubalulekile ukuvumela lolu lwazi lukhuthaze isenzo. I-Superstorm Sandy njengesibonelo socwaningo sikhombisa lapho ukusabela nokuzilungiselela kube yimpumelelo, kodwa nalapho kuhlulekile khona. Izibonelo zicekelwa phansi intuthuko e-Manhattan, eyakhiwe ngokugxila ekuzinzeni esikhundleni sokuqina. Ukuqina kufanele kube mayelana nokufunda ukubhekana nenkinga ngamasu kunokuba nje ulwe nayo. USandy uphinde wakhombisa ukusebenza ngempumelelo kokuvikelwa kogu, okufanele kube yinto ehamba phambili yokubuyisela. Ukuze kwandiswe ukuqina, izici zayo zomphakathi kufanele zibhekwe kanye nosongo olubangelwa amanzi ngesikhathi sezehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu. Ukuhlela okufika ngesikhathi kanye namashadi e-nautical anembile kuyisici esibalulekile sokulungiselela izinguquko ezizayo izilwandle zethu ezibhekana nazo, njengezinhlekelele zemvelo noma ukukhuphuka kwethrafikhi e-Arctic. Ubuhlakani bezemvelo bube nempumelelo eminingi, njengezibikezelo ze-algal bloom ze-Lake Erie kanye nezindawo ze-No-Take e-Florida Keys ziholele ekubuyiselweni kwezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi kanye nokwanda kokubanjwa kwezinhlanzi. Elinye ithuluzi ukudwetshwa kwamabala e-asidi ogwini oluseNtshonalanga yi-NOAA. Ngenxa ye-acidification yolwandle, imboni yezimbaza endaweni yehle ngo-80%. Ubuchwepheshe besimanje bungasetshenziswa ukusiza njengendlela yokuxwayisa abadobi.

Ukubona kusengaphambili kubalulekile ukuze ingqalasizinda ivumelane nezimo zezulu ezishintshayo kanye nokwanda kokuqina komphakathi. Amamodeli athuthukisiwe wesimo sezulu kanye ne-ecosystem ayadingeka ukuze kubhekwane ngempumelelo nezindaba zokutholakala kwedatha engalingani nengqalasizinda eguga. Ukusimama kogu kunezingqinamba eziningi futhi izinselelo zakho zidinga ukubhekwana nazo ngokuhlanganisa amakhono nemizamo.

Sisengozini kangakanani? Umugqa Wesikhathi Wogu Oluguqukayo

I-MODERATOR: U-Austin Becker, Ikhandidethi le-Ph. D., iNyuvesi yase-Stanford, IPHANSI le-Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources: Kelly A. Burks-Copes, Research Ecologist, US Army Engineer Research and Development Centre; Lindene Patton, Isikhulu Esiyinhloko Somkhiqizo Wesimo Sezulu, Umshwalense waseZurich

Isemina yokuvula ye-CHOW 2013 igxile ezindabeni ezihlobene nengozi edalwe ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke emiphakathini egudle ugu nezindlela zokubhekana nakho. Ukuphakama kwezinga lolwandle ngamamitha angu-0.6 kuye kwayi-2 kulindeleke ngo-2100 kanye nokwenyuka kwamandla eziphepho kanye nemvula egudle ugu. Ngokufanayo, kunokwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa okulindelekile okuholela ku-100+ degrees kanye nokwanda kwezikhukhula ngonyaka ka-2100. Nakuba umphakathi ukhathazeke kakhulu ngekusasa eliseduze, imiphumela yesikhathi eside ibaluleke kakhulu uma uhlela ingqalasizinda, okuzodingeka ihambisane nekusasa. izimo zesikhathi esizayo kunedatha yamanje. I-US Army Engineer Research and Development Centre igxile kakhulu olwandle njengoba imiphakathi egudle ugu ibaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Izigu zibamba noma yini kusukela ekufakweni kwezempi kuya ezindaweni zokuhluza uwoyela. Futhi lezi yizici ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuvikelekeni kwezwe. Kanjalo, i-USAERDC icwaninga futhi yendlala izinhlelo zokuvikela ulwandle. Njengamanje, ukukhula ngokushesha kwenani labantu kanye nokuncipha kwezinsiza njengomphumela oqondile wokukhula kwenani labantu kuyizinto ezikhathaza kakhulu ezindaweni ezisogwini. Nakuba, ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe ngokuqinisekile kuyisize i-USAERDC ukuthi ilole izindlela zocwaningo futhi iqhamuke nezixazululo zokubhekana nezinkinga eziningi (Becker).

Uma kucutshungulwa umqondo wemboni yomshwalense, igebe eliyisisekelo lokusimama lapho kubhekene nokwanda kwezinhlekelele zasogwini likhathaza kakhulu. Uhlelo lwezinqubomgomo zomshwalense ezivuselelwa minyaka yonke alugxilile ekuphenduleni imiphumela ecatshangelwayo yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ukushoda kwezimali zokubuyiselwa kwezinhlekelele kuhulumeni kuqhathaniswa negebe lezokuphepha komphakathi leminyaka engama-75 kanye nezinkokhelo zezinhlekelele zenhlangano bezilokhu zikhula. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinkampani ezizimele zingase zisebenze kahle kakhulu ekuphatheni izimali zomshwalense womphakathi njengoba zigxile emananini asekelwe engozini. Ingqalasizinda eluhlaza, ukuzivikela kwemvelo ezinhlekeleleni, inamandla amakhulu futhi iya ngokuya ithakaseleka emkhakheni womshwalense (Burks-Copes). Njengenothi lomuntu siqu, uBurks-Copes uphethe amazwi akhe ngokukhuthaza ochwepheshe bemboni nebezemvelo ukuthi batshale imali kwezobunjiniyela obungasiza ukubhekana nesimo kanye nokunciphisa izinhlekelele ezibangelwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu esikhundleni sokususa amacala.

Ucwaningo oluhlanganyelwe loMnyango Wezokuvikela, uMnyango Wezamandla kanye ne-Army Corps of Engineers bathuthukise imodeli yokuhlola ukulungela kwezisekelo nezinsiza ezenzakalweni zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu. Yakhelwe i-Norfolk Naval Station e-Chesapeake Bay, izimo zingadalwa ukuze ziveze imiphumela yobukhulu obuhlukahlukene beziphepho, ukuphakama kwamagagasi nokuqina kokuphakama kwezinga lolwandle. Imodeli ibonisa imiphumela ezakhiweni ezinjiniyela kanye nendawo yemvelo, njengezikhukhula kanye nokungena kwamanzi anosawoti ku-aquifer. Ucwaningo lwecala lokuhlola lubonise ukuntula okushaqisayo kokulungela ngisho noma kwenzeka isikhukhula sonyaka owodwa kanye nokukhuphuka okuncane kwezinga lolwandle. I-double - pier esanda kwakhiwa ibonakale ingafaneleki izimo zesikhathi esizayo. Imodeli inamandla okukhuthaza ukucabanga okumatasa mayelana nokulungela izimo eziphuthumayo kanye nokuhlonza amaphuzu okuqinisekisa ngezinhlekelele. Idatha ethuthukisiwe ngomthelela wokuguquka kwesimo sezulu iyadingeka ukuze kube nokumodela okungcono (Patton).

Okusha Okujwayelekile: Ukuzivumelanisa Nezingozi Zasogwini

ISINGENISO: J. Garcia

Izinkinga zezemvelo zasogwini zibaluleke kakhulu eFlorida Keys kanti i-Joint Climate Action Plan ihlose ukubhekana nalokhu ngokusebenzisa inhlanganisela yemfundo, ukufinyelela emphakathini kanye nenqubomgomo. Akuzange kube nempendulo eqinile yeCongress futhi abavoti badinga ukufaka ingcindezi kubaphathi abakhethiwe ukuthi bakhuthaze izinguquko. Kube nokuqwashisa ngemvelo kwababambe iqhaza abathembele ezinsizeni zasolwandle, njengabadobi.

I-MODERATOR: Alessandra Score, Lead Scientist, EcoAdapt PANEL: Michael Cohen, Vice President for Government Affairs, Renaissance Re Jessica Grannis, Staff Attorney, Georgetown Climate Centre Michael Marrella, Director, Waterfront and Open Space Planning Division, Department of City Planning John D. Schelling, Umphathi Wezinhlelo Zokuzamazama Komhlaba/Tsunami/Volcano, Umnyango Wezempi WaseWashington, Isigaba Sokuphathwa Kwezimo Eziphuthumayo uDavid Waggonner, uMongameli, i-Waggonner & Ball Architects

Lapho ukuzivumelanisa nezingozi zasogwini kunzima ukubikezela izinguquko zesikhathi esizayo futhi ikakhulukazi ukungaqiniseki ngohlobo nobukhulu balezi zinguquko ezibonwa umphakathi kuyisithiyo. Ukuzijwayeza kuhlanganisa amasu ahlukene afana nokubuyisela, ukuvikelwa kogu, ukusebenza kahle kwamanzi kanye nokusungulwa kwezindawo ezivikelekile. Kodwa-ke, ukugxila kwamanje kusekuhlolweni komthelela, esikhundleni sokuqaliswa kwamasu noma ukuqapha ukusebenza kwawo ngempumelelo. Kungasuswa kanjani ukugxila ekuhleleni kuye esenzweni (Amaphuzu)?

Izinkampani zomshwalense kabusha (umshwalense wezinkampani zomshwalense) ziphethe ingozi enkulu kakhulu ehambisana nezinhlekelele futhi zizame ukuhlukanisa le ngozi ngokwendawo. Kodwa-ke, izinkampani zomshuwalense kanye nabantu ngabanye emazweni ngamazwe kuvame ukuba yinselelo ngenxa yokwehluka kwemithetho namasiko. Ngakho-ke imboni inentshisekelo yokucwaninga amasu okunciphisa ezindaweni ezilawulwayo kanye nasezifundweni zomhlaba wangempela. Izindunduma zesihlabathi saseNew Jersey, ngokwezibonelo, zawudambisa kakhulu umonakalo odalwe isiphepho esinguSandy entuthukweni eseduze (Cohen).

Ohulumeni bezifundazwe nabasekhaya badinga ukuthuthukisa izinqubomgomo zokuzivumelanisa nezimo futhi benze izinsiza nolwazi lutholakalele imiphakathi mayelana nemithelela yokukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle kanye nemithelela yokushisa yasemadolobheni (Grannis). Idolobha laseNew York lenze uhlelo lweminyaka eyishumi, umbono 22, lokubhekana nemithelela yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu endaweni yalo yamanzi (Morella). Izinkinga zokuphathwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo, ukusabela kanye nokululama kufanele kubhekwane nazo zombili isikhathi eside nesifushane (Shelling). Nakuba i-US ibonakala imatasa futhi isomathuba, kungafundwa izifundo eNetherlands, lapho izindaba zokukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle nezikhukhula kubhekwana nazo ngendlela ekhuthele kakhulu nephelele, ngokufakwa kwamanzi ekuhleleni amadolobha. E-New Orleans, ngemva kwesiphepho uKatrina, ukuvuselelwa kogu kwaba yinto okugxilwe kuyo nakuba kakade kwase kuyinkinga ngaphambili. Indlela entsha kungaba ukujwayela kwangaphakathi emanzini aseNew Orleans ngokwezinhlelo zesifunda nengqalasizinda eluhlaza. Esinye isici esibalulekile yindlela yokuguqula izizukulwane yokudlulisela lesi simo sengqondo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo (Waggonner).

Ambalwa amadolobha ahlole ubungozi bawo ekuguquguqukeni kwesimo sezulu (Amaphuzu) futhi umthetho awukwenzanga ukujwayela kube yinto ebaluleke kakhulu (iGrannis). Ukwabiwa kwezinsiza zikahulumeni ngakho kubalulekile (Marrella).

Ukuze ubhekane nezinga elithile lokungaqiniseki ekuqaguleni kanye namamodeli kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi i-master plan iyonke ayinakwenzeka (Waggonner), kodwa lokhu akufanele kuvinjwe ukuthatha isinyathelo futhi senze ngokuqapha (uGrannis).

Indaba yomshuwalense wezinhlekelele zemvelo inobuqili ngokukhethekile. Amazinga omxhaso akhuthaza ukunakekelwa kwezindlu ezindaweni eziyingozi; kungaholela ekulahlekelweni okuphindaphindiwe kwempahla kanye nezindleko eziphezulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikakhulukazi imiphakathi ehola kancane idinga ukunakekelwa (Cohen). Enye indida idalwa ukwabiwa kwezimali zosizo empahleni eyonakele okuholela ekwandeni kokusimama kwezindlu ezindaweni eziyingozi kakhulu. Lezi zindlu zizobe seziba namazinga omshwalense aphansi kunezindlu ezisezindaweni ezingenabungozi kangako (Marrella). Kunjalo, ukwabiwa kwezimali zokusiza kanye nombuzo wokuthutha kuba yinkinga yokulingana kwezenhlalo kanye nokulahlekelwa kwamasiko kanye (Waggonner). Ukuhlehla nakho kuyathinta ngenxa yokuvikelwa okusemthethweni kwempahla (Grannis), ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko (Marrella) nezici zemizwa (Cohen).

Sekukonke, ukulungela izimo eziphuthumayo kube ngcono kakhulu, kodwa ukucaciswa kolwazi lwabadwebi bezakhiwo nonjiniyela kudinga ukuthuthukiswa (Waggonner). Amathuba okwenza ngcono ahlinzekwa ngomjikelezo wemvelo wezakhiwo ezidinga ukwakhiwa kabusha futhi ngaleyo ndlela zishintshwe (i-Marrella), kanye nezifundo zombuso, ezifana ne-The Resilient Washington, eziveza izincomo zokulungela okuthuthukisiwe (Schelling).

Izinzuzo zokuzijwayeza zingathinta wonke umphakathi nakuba amaphrojekthi okuqina (Marrella) futhi azuzwe ngezinyathelo ezincane (Grannis). Izinyathelo ezibalulekile amazwi ahlanganisiwe (Cohen), izinhlelo zokuxwayisa nge-tsunami (i-Schelling) kanye nemfundo (i-Waggonner).

Gxila Emiphakathini Yasogwini: Ama-Paradigms Amasha Esevisi Kahulumeni

UMHLELI: Braxton Davis | Umqondisi, I-North Carolina Division of Coastal Management PANEL: Deerin Babb-Brott | Umqondisi, Umkhandlu Kazwelonke Wolwandle uJo-Ellen Darcy | Umsizi Unobhala Wezempi (Imisebenzi Yomphakathi) uSandy Eslinger | NOAA Coastal Services Centre Wendi Weber | Umqondisi Wesifunda, Isifunda SaseNyakatho-mpumalanga, Isevisi Yezinhlanzi Zase-US Nezilwane Zasendle

Isemina yokugcina yosuku lokuqala igqamise imisebenzi kahulumeni wobumbano kanye namaphiko akhe ahlukene endaweni yokuvikelwa kwemvelo futhi ikakhulukazi ukuvikela nokuphatha umphakathi ogwini.

Ama-ejensi kahulumeni muva nje aqale ukuqaphela ukuthi kunemiphumela emibi yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okwenzeka ezindaweni ezisogwini. Ngakho-ke, inani lemali yokusiza ezinhlekeleleni liye lenyuka ngendlela efanayo. ICongress isanda kugunyaza uxhaso lwezigidi ezingu-20 zamadola ukufunda iphethini yezikhukhula ye-Army Corps engathathwa njengomyalezo omuhle (Darcy). Okutholwe ocwaningweni kuyashaqisa - sibhekela ekushiseni okuphezulu kakhulu, izimo zezulu ezinolaka kanye nokukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle okuzohamba ngezinyawo, hhayi amayintshi; ikakhulukazi ugu lwaseNew York naseNew Jersey.

Ama-Federal Agencies nawo azama ukusebenzisana nawo ngokwawo, izifundazwe kanye nezinhlangano ezingenzi nzuzo ukuze zisebenze kumaphrojekthi ahlose ukukhulisa ukuqina kolwandle. Lokhu kunikeza izifundazwe nezingenzi-nzuzo umzila wamandla azo ngenkathi zinikeza izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuhlanganisa amakhono azo. Le nqubo ingase ibe usizo ngezikhathi zezinhlekelele njengesiphepho uSandy. Yize noma ubudlelwano obukhona phakathi kwama-ejensi kufanele bubahlanganise, kukhona ngempela ukuntuleka kokubambisana kanye nokuhlehla phakathi kwama-ejensi uqobo (Eslinger).

Iningi legebe lezokuxhumana libonakala lenzekile ngenxa yokushoda kwedatha kuma-ejensi athile. Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga, i-NOC kanye ne-Army Corps basebenzela ukwenza idatha yabo nezibalo zibe sobala kuwo wonke umuntu futhi bakhuthaze zonke izinhlaka zesayensi ezicwaninga ngezilwandle ukuze zenze idatha yazo itholakale kalula kuwo wonke umuntu. I-NOC ikholelwa ukuthi lokhu kuzoholela ebhange lolwazi elisimeme elizosiza ukulondoloza izilwane zasolwandle, izindawo zokudoba kanye nezindawo ezisogwini ukuze kuzuze isizukulwane esizayo (Babb-Brott). Ukuze kukhuliswe ukusimama kolwandle emphakathini wasogwini, kunomsebenzi oqhubekayo woMnyango Wezangaphakathi othungatha ama-ejensi - angasese noma omphakathi ukuze uwasize asebenzisane ezingeni lendawo. Nakuba, i-Army Corps isivele iqhuba konke ukuqeqeshwa kwayo nokuzivocavoca endaweni yangakini.

Sekukonke, yonke le nqubo ifana nokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi isikhathi sokufunda sihamba kancane kakhulu. Nokho, kukhona ukufunda okwenzekayo. Njenganoma iyiphi enye i-ejensi enkulu, kuthatha isikhathi eside ukwenza izinguquko ekusebenzeni nasekuziphatheni (Weber).

Isizukulwane Esilandelayo Sokudoba

I-MODERATOR: UMichael Conathan, uMqondisi, i-Ocean Policy, Center for American Progress PANEL: U-Aaron Adams, uMqondisi Wezokusebenza, i-Bonefish & Tarpon Trust Bubba Cochran, uMongameli, i-Gulf of Mexico Reef Fish Shareholders Alliance Meghan Jeans, uMqondisi Wezinhlelo Zokudoba Nezasemanzini, The I-New England Aquarium uBrad Pettinger, uMqondisi Omkhulu, i-Oregon Trawl Commission uMat Tinning, uMqondisi Omkhulu, i-Marine Fish Conservation Network

Ingabe kuzoba nesizukulwane esilandelayo sokudoba? Nakuba kube khona impumelelo ephakamisa ukuthi kuzoba nezinhlanzi ezingasetshenziswa esikhathini esizayo, izinkinga eziningi zisekhona (Conathan). Ukulahlekelwa indawo yokuhlala kanye nokuntuleka kolwazi ngokutholakala kwendawo yokuhlala kuyinselele yiFlorida Keys. Isisekelo esiphusile sesayensi kanye nedatha enhle iyadingeka ukuze kuphathwe ngempumelelo i-ecosystem. Abadobi kudingeka babambe iqhaza futhi bafundiswe ngale datha (Adams). Ukuziphendulela kwabadobi kufanele kuthuthukiswe. Ngokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obunjengamakhamera kanye nezincwadi zokungena zikagesi, izindlela ezisimeme zingaqinisekiswa. Izindawo zokudoba ezingalahlwayo zinhle njengoba zithuthukisa izindlela zokudoba futhi kufanele zifunwe kubadobi bezokungcebeleka kanye nabadobela ukuthengisa. Elinye ithuluzi elisebenzayo ezindaweni zokudoba zaseFlorida kube ukwabelana ngezinhlanzi (Cochrane). Izindawo zokudoba zokungcebeleka zingaba nomthelela omubi kakhulu futhi zidinga ukuphathwa okuthuthukisiwe. Ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo zokudoba ezidotshwayo bese zidedelwa, ngokwesibonelo, kufanele kuncike ohlotsheni lwezilwane futhi kukhawulelwe ezindaweni, njengoba kungavikeli inani labantu kuzo zonke izimo (Adams).

Ukuthola imininingwane ephusile ukuze kuthathwe izinqumo kubalulekile, kodwa ucwaningo luvamise ukukhawulelwa ngoxhaso. Iphutha lesenzo se-Magnuson-Stevens ukuncika kwayo enanini elikhulu ledatha kanye nezilinganiso zokubamba ze-NOAA ukuze kusebenze kahle. Ukuze imboni yokudoba ibe nekusasa, idinga nesiqiniseko ohlelweni lokuphatha (Pettinger).

Izinkinga ezinkulu wukuthambekela kwamanje kwemboni ukuhlinzeka ngesidingo senani nokwakheka kokudla kwasolwandle, kunokuba iqondiswe ukuhlinzekwa kwezinsiza kanye nokwehlukanisa okunikezwayo. Izimakethe kufanele zidalelwe izinhlobo ezahlukene ezingadotshwa ngokuqhubekayo (Ama-Jeans).

Nakuba ukudoba ngokweqile bekuyindaba ehamba phambili ekongiweni kwasolwandle e-US amashumi eminyaka, inqubekelaphambili enkulu ekuphathweni nasekubuyiselweni kwesitoko, njengoba kuboniswe Umbiko Waminyaka yonke Wesimo Sezokudoba we-NOAA. Nokho, akunjalo kwamanye amazwe amaningi, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi imodeli eyimpumelelo yase-US isetshenziswe phesheya njengoba u-91% wezilwane zasolwandle e-US zingenisiwe (Tinning). Imithethonqubo, ukubonakala kanye nokumiswa kohlelo kufanele kuthuthukiswe ukuze kwaziwe umthengi ngemvelaphi kanye nekhwalithi yokudla kwasolwandle. Ukubandakanywa kanye nokunikela ngezinsiza kubabambiqhaza abahlukene kanye nemboni, njengokusebenzisa Isikhwama Sokuthuthukisa Imboni Yezokudoba, kusiza inqubekelaphambili yokukhula obala (AmaJeans).

Imboni yokudoba ithole ukuthandwa ngenxa yokusakazwa kahle kwabezindaba (Cochrane). Izinqubo zokuphatha ezinhle zinembuyiselo ephezulu ekutshalweni kwezimali (Tinning), futhi imboni kufanele itshale ocwaningweni, nokongiwa kwemvelo, njengoba okwamanje kwenziwa ngo-3% wemali engenayo yabadobi eFlorida (Cochrane).

I-aquaculture inamandla njengomthombo wokudla osebenza kahle, ihlinzeka “ngamaprotheni omphakathi” esikhundleni sokudla kwasolwandle okuseqophelweni eliphezulu (Cochran). Kodwa-ke ihlotshaniswa nezinselelo ze-ecosystem yokuvunwa kwezinhlanzi ezidla ukudla okudliwayo kanye nokukhipha ukungcola (Adams). Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kubangela izinselele ezengeziwe zokukhula kwe-asidi yolwandle kanye nokushintsha kwesitoko. Nakuba ezinye izimboni, ezifana nezindawo zokudoba izimbaza, zihlupheka (Tinning), ezinye ogwini oluseNtshonalanga zihlomule ekudotshweni okuphindwe kabili ngenxa yamanzi abandayo (Pettinger).

ImiKhandlu Yesifunda Yokuphathwa Kwezokudoba ngokuvamile iyizigungu ezilawulayo ezisebenza ngempumelelo ezibandakanya ababambiqhaza abahlukene futhi inikeza inkundla yokwabelana ngolwazi (iTinning, Jeans). Uhulumeni wobumbano ngeke uphumelele kangako, ikakhulukazi ezingeni lendawo (Cochrane), kodwa ukusebenza kwemiKhandlu kusengathuthukiswa. Okuthile okuphathelene nokwandiswa kokubekwa eqhulwini kwezokungcebeleka ngaphezu kwezokudobela inzuzo eFlorida (Cochrane), kodwa izinhlangothi zombili zinokuncintisana okuncane kwezokudoba ePacific (Pettinger). Abadobi kufanele basebenze njengamanxusa, badinga ukumelwa ngokwanele futhi izindaba zabo kufanele zidingidwe nguMthetho kaMagnus-Stevens (Tinning). Imikhandlu kumele izibekele imigomo ecacile (i-Tinning) futhi ibambe iqhaza ukuze kubhekwane nezindaba ezizayo (Adams) nokuqinisekisa ikusasa lezokudoba zase-US.

Ukunciphisa Ubungozi Kubantu Nemvelo: Izibuyekezo ezivela eGulf of Mexico nase-Arctic

ISINGENISO: UMhlonishwa uMark Begich PANEL:Larry McKinney | Umqondisi, I-Harte Research Institute ye-Gulf of Mexico Studies, e-Texas A&M University Corpus Christi Jeffrey W. Short | I-Environmental Chemist, i-JWS Consulting, LLC

Le ngqungquthela inikeze ukuqonda ngendawo eguquguqukayo yogu eGulf of Mexico ne-Arctic futhi yaxoxa ngezindlela ezingase zibe khona zokubhekana nezinkinga ezizophakama ngenxa yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke kulezi zifunda ezimbili.

I-Gulf of Mexico ingenye yezimpahla ezinkulu ezweni lonke njengamanje. Kudingeka ukuhlukunyezwa okukhulu ezweni lonke njengoba cishe yonke imfucuza yesizwe igeleza ize iyofika eGulf of Mexico. Isebenza njengendawo enkulu yokulahla izwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isekela ukuzijabulisa kanye nocwaningo lwesayensi nezimboni kanye nokukhiqiza. Ngaphezu kwama-50% okudoba kokungcebeleka e-United States kwenzeka eGulf of Mexico, izinkundla zikawoyela negesi zisekela imboni yezigidigidi zamadola.

Kodwa-ke, uhlelo oluzinzile alubonakali lusetshenziswa ukuze kusetshenziswe iGulf of Mexico ngokuhlakanipha. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukufunda mayelana namaphethini okushintsha kwesimo sezulu namazinga olwandle eGulf of Mexico ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke noma iyiphi inhlekelele futhi lokhu kudinga ukwenziwa ngokutadisha umlando kanye namaphethini abikezelwe okushintsha kwesimo sezulu nezinga lokushisa kulesi sifunda. Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu njengamanje iqiniso lokuthi cishe zonke izinto ezisetshenziswayo ukwenza izivivinyo olwandle kufundwa phezulu kuphela. Kunesidingo esikhulu socwaningo olujulile lweGulf of Mexico. Okwamanje, wonke umuntu ezweni udinga ukubamba iqhaza ohlelweni lokugcina iGulf of Mexico iphila. Le nqubo kufanele igxile ekwakheni imodeli engasetshenziswa yizizukulwane zamanje kanye nezesikhathi esizayo. Le modeli kufanele ibonise zonke izinhlobo zobungozi kulesi sifunda ngokucacile njengoba lokho kuzokwenza kube lula ukubona ukuthi ungatshala kanjani futhi kuphi. Phezu kwakho konke, kunesidingo esisheshayo sesistimu yokubuka ebheka iGulf of Mexico nesimo sayo semvelo kanye noshintsho kuyo. Lokhu kuzodlala indima ebalulekile ekudaleni uhlelo olwakhiwe ngaphandle kokuhlangenwe nakho nokubhekwa futhi lusebenzise ngendlela efanele izindlela zokubuyisela (McKinney).

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Arctic ibaluleke ngokufanayo njengeGulf of Mexico. Ngandlela thize, empeleni kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi iGulf of Mexico. I-Arctic inikeza amathuba afana nokudoba, ukuhambisa ngemikhumbi nezimayini. Ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuntuleka kweqhwa elikhulu lesizini, kube namathuba amaningi avulekayo kamuva nje. Ukudoba ngezimboni kuyakhula, imboni yemikhumbi ikuthola kulula kakhulu ukuthumela izimpahla eYurophu futhi uhambo lukawoyela negesi lukhuphuke kakhulu. Ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kunendima enkulu ngemuva kwakho konke lokhu. Kusukela ngo-2018, kubikezelwa ukuthi ngeke libe khona nhlobo iqhwa lesizini e-arctic. Nakuba lokhu kungase kuvule amathuba, kuza nosongo olukhulu futhi. Lokhu kuzoholela ekulimaleni okukhulu kwendawo cishe yazo zonke izinhlanzi nezilwane zase-arctic. Sekuvele kube nezimo zokuminza kwamabhere e-Polar ngenxa yokuntuleka kweqhwa esifundeni. Muva nje, kube nemithetho emisha neziqondiso ezethulwe ukubhekana nokuncibilika kweqhwa e-arctic. Nokho, le mithetho ayishintshi ngokushesha isimo sezulu nezinga lokushisa. Uma i-arctic iba neqhwa unomphela, kuzophumela ekwenyukeni okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa lomhlaba, izinhlekelele zemvelo kanye nokuwohloka kwesimo sezulu. Ekugcineni lokhu kungase kuholele ekushabalaleni unomphela kwezilwane zasolwandle emhlabeni (Okufushane).

Ukugxila Emiphakathini Yasogwini: Izimpendulo Zasendaweni Ezinseleleni Zomhlaba

Isingeniso: UCylvia Hayes, Inkosikazi Yokuqala Yase-Oregon Moderator: Brooke Smith, Izikhulumi zeCOMPASS: Julia Roberson, Ocean Conservancy Briana Goldwin, Oregon Marine Debris Team Rebecca Goldburg, PhD, The Pew Charitable Trusts, Ocean Science Division John Weber, Northeast Regional Ocean Council Boze Hancock, I-Nature Conservancy

UCylvia Hayes uvule iphaneli ngokugqamisa izinkinga ezintathu eziyinhloko imiphakathi yangasogwini ebhekene nazo: 1) ukuxhumana kwezilwandle, ukuxhumanisa abantu bendawo emhlabeni wonke; 2) i-acidification yolwandle kanye “ne-canary emayini yamalahle” eyiPacific Northwest; kanye 3) nesidingo sokuguqula imodeli yethu yamanje yezomnotho ukuze sigxile ekusunguleni kabusha, hhayi ukubuyisela esimweni, ukuze sigcine futhi siqaphe izinsiza zethu nokubala ngokunembile inani lezinsizakalo ze-ecosystem. Umongameli u-Brooke Smith unanele lezi zihloko ngenkathi echaza ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu njengokuthi “kubekwe eceleni” kwamanye amaphaneli naphezu kwemiphumela yangempela ezwakala esikalini sendawo kanye nomthelela wabathengi bethu, umphakathi wepulasitiki emiphakathini yasogwini. UNksz Smith ugxile engxoxweni emizamweni yasendaweni enezela emithelelaneni yomhlaba wonke kanye nesidingo sokuxhumana okwengeziwe ezifundeni zonkana, kohulumeni, izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni, kanye nezinkampani ezizimele.

UJulia Roberson ugcizelele isidingo sokuxhaswa ngezimali ukuze imizamo yendawo “ikhule.” Imiphakathi yasendaweni ibona imiphumela yezinguquko zomhlaba, ngakho izifundazwe zithatha isinyathelo ukuvikela izinsiza zazo kanye nempilo yazo. Ukuze kuqhutshekwe nale mizamo, kudingeka uxhaso lwezimali, ngakho-ke kunendima yokuxhasa okuzimele kwentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe nezixazululo zezinkinga zasendaweni. Ephendula umbuzo wokugcina owawukhuluma ngokuzizwa ukhungathekile nokuthi imizamo yomuntu siqu ayinandaba, uNksz Roberson ugcizelele ukubaluleka kokuba yingxenye yomphakathi obanzi kanye nokunethezeka kokuzizwa uhileleke futhi wenze konke umuntu akwazi ukukwenza.

U-Briana Goodwin uyingxenye yesinyathelo semfucumfucu yasolwandle, futhi wagxila engxoxweni yakhe ekuxhumaneni kwemiphakathi yendawo ngokusebenzisa izilwandle. Imfucumfucu yasolwandle ixhumanisa umhlaba nogu, kodwa umthwalo wokuhlanza kanye nemiphumela emibi ibonakala kuphela emiphakathini yasogwini. UNksz Goodwin ugcizelele ukuxhumana okusha okwenziwa ngaphesheya kwePacific Ocean, ukufinyelela kuhulumeni waseJapane kanye nama-NGO ukuze aqaphe futhi anciphise imfucumfucu yasolwandle ehlala ogwini oluseNtshonalanga. Lapho ebuzwa mayelana nokuphathwa kwendawo noma okusekelwe ezindabeni, uNksz Goodwin ugcizelele ukuphathwa okusekelwe endaweni okuklanyelwe izidingo ezithile zomphakathi nezisombululo zasekhaya. Imizamo enjalo idinga imibono evela kumabhizinisi kanye nezinkampani ezizimele ukuze zisekele futhi zihlele amavolontiya endawo.

UDkt. Rebecca Goldburg ugxile ekutheni “inkinga” yezokudoba ishintsha kanjani ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, lapho ukudoba kuqhubekela phambili futhi kuxhashazwa izinhlanzi ezintsha. UDkt. Goldburg ubala izindlela ezintathu zokulwa nala mashifu, okuhlanganisa:
1. Ukugxila ekwehliseni izingcindezi zokungaguquki kwesimo sezulu ukuze kugcinwe izindawo zokuhlala eziqinile,
2. Ukubeka amasu okuphatha izindawo ezintsha zokudoba ngaphambi kokuba zidotshwe, kanye
3. Ukushintshela ku-ecosystem based fisheries management (EBFM) njengohlobo olulodwa lwesayensi yezokudoba kuyawohloka.

UDkt. Goldburg wabeka umbono wakhe wokuthi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo akuyona nje indlela “ye-band-aid”: ukuze uthuthukise ukuqina kwendawo yokuhlala kufanele uvumelane nezimo ezintsha nokuhlukahluka kwendawo.

U-John Weber wenze uhlaka lokubamba kwakhe iqhaza mayelana nembangela nobudlelwano bomphumela phakathi kwezinkinga zomhlaba nemithelela yendawo. Nakuba ugu, imiphakathi yendawo ibhekene nemiphumela, akukuningi okwenziwayo mayelana nezindlela eziyimbangela. Ugcizelele ukuthi imvelo “ayinandaba nemingcele yethu emincane yezomthetho”, ngakho kufanele sisebenze ngokubambisana kuzo zombili izimbangela zomhlaba kanye nemiphumela yasendaweni. UMnu. Weber uphinde waveza ukuthi imiphakathi yasendaweni akumele ilinde ukubandakanyeka kombuso enkingeni yendawo, futhi izixazululo zingavela kubambisene basendaweni bababambe iqhaza. Isihluthulelo sempumelelo, kuMnu. Weber, ukugxila enkingeni engaxazululwa phakathi nesikhathi esiphusile futhi ikhiqize umphumela obambekayo esikhundleni sokuphatha indawo noma okusekelwe endabeni. Ukukwazi ukukala lo msebenzi kanye nomkhiqizo womzamo onjalo kungolunye uhlangothi olubalulekile.

U-Boze Hancock uchaze izindima ezithile zikahulumeni wobumbano ukuze akhuthaze futhi aqondise imizamo yomphakathi wendawo, okufanele yona isebenzise isasasa lendawo kanye nogqozi emandleni oshintsho. Ukuxhumanisa isasasa elinjalo kungadala izinguquko zomhlaba kanye namashifu e-paradigm. Ukuqapha nokulinganisa ihora ngalinye noma idola elichithwa ekuphathweni kwendawo kuzosiza ukunciphisa ukuhlela ngokweqile futhi kukhuthaze ukubamba iqhaza ngokukhiqiza imiphumela ephathekayo, elinganisekayo namamethrikhi. Inkinga enkulu yokulawulwa kolwandle ukulahleka kwezindawo zokuhlala kanye nemisebenzi yazo ngaphakathi kwe-ecosystem kanye nezinsizakalo emiphakathini yendawo.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukukhula Komnotho: Ukudalwa Kwamathuba Emisebenzi, Ezokuvakasha Zasogwini, Nezokungcebeleka Kwasolwandle

Isingeniso: Umhlonishwa u-Sam Farr Moderator: Isabel Hill, Umnyango Wezohwebo wase-US, Izikhulumi Zehhovisi Lezokuvakasha Nezokuvakasha: UJeff Gray, Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary Rick Nolan, Boston Harbour Cruises Mike McCartney, Hawaii Tourism Authority Tom Schmid, Texas State Aquarium Pat UMaher, i-American Hotel & Lodging Association

Ethula ingxoxo yephaneli, uKhongolose uSam Farr ucaphune idatha ebeka "izilwane zasendle ezibukwayo" ngaphezu kwayo yonke imidlalo kazwelonke ekungeniseni imali. Leli phuzu ligcizelele ingqikithi eyodwa yengxoxo: kufanele kube nendlela yokukhuluma “ngemibandela yase-Wall Street” mayelana nokuvikelwa kolwandle ukuze uthole ukwesekwa komphakathi. Izindleko zezokuvakasha kanye nemihlomulo, njengokuvulwa kwamathuba emisebenzi, kumele zibalwe. Lokhu kwesekelwe umongameli u-Isabel Hill, owathi ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kuvame ukucatshangwa njengokungqubuzana nokuthuthukiswa komnotho. Ezokuvakasha nezokuvakasha, nokho, zidlule izinjongo ezishiwo kuMyalelo Omkhulu wokwakha isu lokuhamba likazwelonke; lo mkhakha womnotho uhamba phambili ngokusimama, udlula isilinganiso sokukhula komnotho usuwonke kusukela ngesikhathi sokwehla komnotho.

Amaphaneli abe esexoxa ngesidingo sokushintsha imibono mayelana nokuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukuguquka enkolelweni yokuthi ukuvikela kuvimbela ukukhula komnotho kumbono wokuthi ukuba “nendawo ekhethekile” kunenzuzo ezindleleni zokuziphilisa. Esebenzisa i-Thunder Bay National Sanctuary njengesibonelo, uJeff Gray uchaze kabanzi ukuthi imibono ingashintsha kanjani phakathi neminyaka embalwa. Ngo-1997, inhlolovo yokwakha indawo engcwele yavotelwa phansi ngama-70% abavoti e-Alpina, MI, idolobha lezimboni elihlaselwe kanzima ngenxa yokuwohloka komnotho. Ngo-2000, indawo engcwele yavunywa; ngo-2005, umphakathi awuzange uvotele ukugcina indawo engcwele kuphela kodwa futhi nokuyinweba ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-9 kunosayizi wokuqala. U-Rick Nolan uchaze ukushintshwa kwebhizinisi lomndeni wakhe kusuka embonini yokudoba amaphathi kuya ekubukeni imikhomo, nokuthi lesi siqondiso esisha sikhulise kanjani ukuqwashisa ngakho-ke intshisekelo yokuvikela “izindawo ezikhethekile” zendawo.

Isihluthulelo salolu shintsho ukuxhumana ngokusho kukaMike McCartney kanye namanye amaphaneli. Abantu bazofuna ukuvikela indawo yabo eyisipesheli uma bezwa sengathi bayabandakanyeka kulolu hlelo futhi belalelwa - ukwethembana okwakhiwa ngale migudu yokuxhumana kuzoqinisa impumelelo yezindawo ezivikelekile. Okuzuzwayo kulokhu kuxhumana imfundo kanye nokuqaphela okubanzi kwezemvelo emphakathini.

Kanye nokuxhumana kuhambisana nesidingo sokuvikeleka ngokufinyelela ukuze umphakathi wazi ukuthi awunqamuki ezinsizeni zawo. Ngale ndlela ungakwazi ukubhekana nezidingo zezomnotho zomphakathi futhi udambise ukukhathazeka ngokuwohloka komnotho ngokwakhiwa kwendawo evikelekile. Ngokuvumela ukufinyelela emabhishi avikelekile, noma ngokuvumela ukuqashwa kwe-jet ski ngezinsuku ezithile endaweni ethile yokuthwala, indawo ekhethekile yasendaweni ingavikelwa futhi isetshenziswe ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ukukhuluma "ngemibandela ye-Wall Street," izintela zehhotela zingasetshenziselwa ukuhlanza amabhishi noma zisetshenziselwe ukuxhasa ucwaningo endaweni evikelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwenza amahhotela namabhizinisi abe luhlaza ngokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla namanzi kunciphisa izindleko zebhizinisi futhi konga insiza ngokunciphisa umthelela wemvelo. Njengoba amaphaneli abonisa, kufanele utshale imali yakho kusisetshenziswa sakho nasekuvikelweni kwayo ukuze uqhube ibhizinisi - gxila ekukhiqizeni, hhayi ekukhangiseni.

Ukuphetha ingxoxo, amaphaneli agcizelele ukuthi "kanjani" izinto - ukuzibandakanya ngempela nokulalela umphakathi ekumiseni indawo evikelekile kuzoqinisekisa impumelelo. Kumelwe kugxilwe esithombeni esibanzi - ukuhlanganisa bonke ababambiqhaza kanye nokuletha wonke umuntu etafuleni ukuze abe ngabanikazi bangempela futhi azibophezele enkingeni efanayo. Uma nje wonke umuntu emelwe futhi nemithethonqubo ephusile imisiwe, ngisho nentuthuko - noma ngabe ezokuvakasha noma ukuhlola amandla - ingenzeka ngaphakathi kwesistimu elinganiselayo.

Izindaba Eziluhlaza: Yini Ekhavayo, Futhi Kungani

Isingeniso: USenator Carl Levin, Michigan

Umongameli: Sunshine Menezes, PhD, Metcalf Institute, URI Graduate School of Oceanography Izikhulumi: Seth Borenstein, The Associated Press Curtis Brainard, Columbia Journalism Review Kevin McCarey, Savannah College of Art and Design uMark Schleifstein, NOLA.com kanye neThe Times-Picayune

Inkinga ngobuntatheli bezemvelo ukungabi bikho kwezindaba zempumelelo ezishiwo - abaningi abebehambele ithimba leBlue News eCapitol Hill Oceans Week baphakamise izandla ukuze bavumelane nalesi sitatimende. USenator Levin wethule le ngxoxo ngokugomela okuningana: ukuthi ubuntatheli bubi kakhulu; ukuthi kunezindaba zempumelelo ezizoxoxwa ngokongiwa kolwandle; nokuthi abantu kudingeka batshelwe ngale mpumelelo ukuze baqonde imali, isikhathi, nomsebenzi ochithwa ezindabeni zemvelo akulona ize. Kwakuyizinkulumo ezizogxekwa uma uSenator esephumile ebhilidini.

Inkinga ngobuntatheli bezemvelo ibanga - amaphaneli, abemele inqwaba yemithombo yezindaba, alwela ukwenza izindaba zezemvelo zisebenze empilweni yansuku zonke. Njengoba umongameli uDkt. Sunshine Menezes abonisa, izintatheli zivame ukufuna ukubika ngezilwandle zomhlaba, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, noma ukufakwa kweasidi kodwa azikwazi. Abahleli kanye nentshisekelo yabafundi ngokuvamile kusho ukuthi isayensi ayibikwa kangako kwabezindaba.

Ngisho noma izintatheli zingasetha i-ajenda yazo - umkhuba okhulayo ngokufika kwamabhulogi kanye nokushicilelwa ku-inthanethi - ababhali kusafanele benze izindaba ezinkulu zibe ngokoqobo futhi zibambeke empilweni yansuku zonke. Ukuhlela ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu ngamabhere asezindaweni ezishisayo noma i-acidification ngezixhobo zamakhorali ezinyamalalayo, ngokusho kukaSeth Borenstein noDkt. Menezes, empeleni kwenza lezi zimo zibe kude kakhulu kubantu abangahlali eduze kwezixhobo zamakhorali futhi abangalokothi bahlose ukubona ibhere elimhlophe. Ngokusebenzisa i-megafauna enomusa, izazi zezemvelo zakha ibanga phakathi kwe-Big Issues nomuntu ongenzi lutho.

Okunye ukungaboni ngaso linye kwaqubuka ngalesi sikhathi, njengoba u-Kevin McCarey ephikelela ngokuthi okudingwa yilezi zinkinga uhlobo lomlingiswa othi “Ukuthola i-Nemo” okuthi lapho ebuyela olwandle, aluthole lugugulekile futhi lwehlisiwe. Amathuluzi anjalo angaxhumanisa izimpilo zabantu emhlabeni wonke futhi asize labo abangakathintwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu noma i-acidity yolwandle ukuba babone ngeso lengqondo ukuthi izimpilo zabo zingathinteka kanjani. Okwavunyelwana ngakho yiwo wonke amaphaneli kwakuwudaba lokuklama - kufanele kube nombuzo ovuthayo okufanele awubuze, kodwa hhayi ngempela impendulo - kufanele kube nokushisa - indaba kufanele ibe yizindaba "EZINTSHA".

Ebuyela emazwini okuvula kaSenator Levin, uMnu. Borenstein wagcizelela ukuthi izindaba kufanele zisuke kulelo gama elithi, “elisha.” Ngalokhu, noma yiziphi izimpumelelo ezivela emthethweni ophasiswe noma izindawo ezingcwele ezisebenzayo ngokubandakanyeka komphakathi azizona “izindaba.” Awukwazi ukubika ngendaba yempumelelo unyaka nonyaka; ngendlela efanayo, awukwazi futhi ukubika ngezindaba ezinkulu ezifana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu noma i-acidification yolwandle ngoba zilandela izitayela ezifanayo. Yizindaba eziqhubekayo zokubhebhetheka ezingakaze zihluke. Akukho okushintshile kulowo mbono.

Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi wezintatheli zezemvelo ukugcwalisa izikhala. Ku-Mark Schleifstein we-NOLA.com kanye neThe Times Picayune kanye noCurtis Brainard be-Columbia Journalism Review, ukubika ngezinkinga nalokho okungenziwa kuCongress noma ezingeni lendawo yindlela ababhali bezemvelo abagcina ngayo umphakathi unolwazi. Yingakho futhi intatheli yezemvelo ibonakala imbi kakhulu - labo ababhala ngezindaba zemvelo bafuna izinkinga, okungenziwa noma okungenziwa kangcono. Esifanisweni esimibalabala, uMnu. Borenstein ubuze ukuthi izethameli zingayifunda kangaki indaba echaza ukuthi u-99% wezindiza zifika kanjani ngokuphephile lapho ziya khona - mhlawumbe kanye, kodwa hhayi kanye ngonyaka. Indaba ilele kulokho okungahambi kahle.

Kwalandela ezinye ingxoxo mayelana nokwehluka kwemithombo yezindaba - izindaba zansuku zonke ngokumelene namadokhumentari noma izincwadi. UMnu. McCarey noMnu. Schleifstein bagqamisa indlela abahlupheka ngayo ngenxa yokukhubazeka okufanayo besebenzisa izibonelo ezithile - abantu abaningi bazochofoza endabeni emayelana neziphepho kunomthetho ophumelelayo wase-Hill njengoba nje izingcezu zemvelo ezithakazelisayo mayelana nezingulule ziphendukezelwa umbukiso we-Killer Katz. okuhloswe ngakho kubantu besilisa abaneminyaka engu-18-24 ubudala. Ukuzwela kubonakala kudlangile. Nokho izincwadi namadokhumentari - uma kwenziwa kahle - kungaba nemiphumela ehlala njalo ezikhumbuzweni zesikhungo kanye namasiko kunemithombo yezindaba, ngokusho kukaMnu. Brainard. Okubalulekile, imuvi noma incwadi kufanele iphendule imibuzo evuthayo ebuzwa lapho izindaba zansuku zonke zingashiya le mibuzo ivulekile. Ngakho-ke lezi zitolo zithatha isikhathi eside, zibiza kakhulu, futhi kwesinye isikhathi azithakaseli kakhulu kunokufundwa okufushane mayelana nenhlekelele yakamuva.

Zombili izinhlobo zemidiya, nokho, kufanele zithole indlela yokuxhumana nesayensi kumuntu ongeyena. Lokhu kungaba umsebenzi onzima kakhulu. Izinkinga ezinkulu kufanele zenziwe ngezinhlamvu ezincane - umuntu ongakwazi ukudonsa ukunaka futhi ahlale eqondakala. Inkinga evamile phakathi kwamaphaneli, eqashelwa ngokuhleka nokugedla kwamehlo, isuka engxoxweni nososayensi futhi ebuza ukuthi “usanda kuthini?” Kukhona ukungqubuzana okungokwemvelo phakathi kwesayensi nobuntatheli, okuchazwe nguMnu. McCarey. Amadokhumentari nezindaba zezindaba zidinga izitatimende ezimfushane, ezigomelayo. Nokho, ososayensi basebenzisa isimiso sokuqapha lapho besebenzelana khona. Uma kungenzeka bakhulume kabi noma bagomele kakhulu ngombono othile, umphakathi wesayensi ungabahlukanisa; noma imbangi ingancisha umqondo. Lokho kuncintisana okuhlonzwe abahlanganyeli kukhawulela ukuthi usosayensi angajabulisa futhi amemezele kangakanani.

Okunye ukungqubuzana okucacile ukushisa okudingekayo kubuntatheli kanye nenjongo - funda, "ukoma," - yesayensi. Ezindabeni "EZINTSHA", kufanele kube nokungqubuzana; ngesayensi, kufanele kube nokuchazwa okunengqondo kwamaqiniso. Kodwa nangaphakathi kwalokhu kungqubuzana kukhona okuvumelanayo. Kuyo yomibili le mikhakha kunombuzo othinta udaba lokumela. Umphakathi wesayensi uhlukene phakathi ngokuthi kungcono yini ukufuna amaqiniso kodwa ungazami ukuthonya inqubomgomo noma uma ufuna amaqiniso unesibopho sokufuna ushintsho. Amaphaneli nawo abe nezimpendulo ezihlukene embuzweni wokumela ubuntatheli. UMnu. Borenstein wagomela ngokuthi ubuntatheli abukho mayelana nokukhulumela; imayelana nalokho okwenzekayo noma okungenzeki emhlabeni, hhayi okufanele kwenzeke.

UMnu. McCarey waveza kahle ukuthi ubuntatheli kumele bufike nomgomo wabo wokuba khona; ngakho-ke izintatheli ziba ngabasekeli beqiniso. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izintatheli zivame “ukusekela” isayensi kumaqiniso - isibonelo, kumaqiniso esayensi okushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ngokuba abameli beqiniso, izintatheli zibuye zibe abameli bokuvikela. KuMnu. Brainard, lokhu futhi kusho ukuthi izintatheli ngezinye izikhathi zibonakala zicabangela futhi ezimweni ezinjalo ziba yizimbuzi emphakathini - zihlaselwa kwezinye iziteshi zezindaba noma ezigabeni zokuphawula ze-inthanethi ngenxa yokumelela iqiniso.

Ngephimbo elifanayo lesexwayiso, amaphaneli akhulume ngamathrendi amasha ezindaba zemvelo, okuhlanganisa nenani elandayo lezintatheli "ze-inthanethi" noma "ezizimele" esikhundleni "sezisebenzi" ezivamile. Amaphaneli akhuthaze isimo sengqondo "somthengi qaphela" lapho efunda imithombo kuwebhu njengoba kunokukhulumela okuhle okuvela emithonjeni ehlukene kanye noxhaso lwe-inthanethi. Ukuqhakaza kwezinkundla zokuxhumana njengoFacebook noTwitter kusho nokuthi izintatheli zingase ziqhudelane nezinkampani noma imithombo yokuqala ukuze kuphume izindaba. UMnu. Schleifstein ukhumbule ukuthi ngesikhathi kuchitheka uwoyela we-BP imibiko yokuqala yavela kumakhasi e-BP Facebook ne-Twitter ngokwawo. Kungathatha inani elibalulekile lokuphenya, uxhaso, kanye nephromoshini ukuze ukhiphe imibiko enjalo yangaphambi kwesikhathi, eqondile esuka emthonjeni.

Umbuzo wokugcina owabuzwa uDkt. Menezes ugxile endimeni yama-NGO - lezi zinhlangano zingavala izikhala zikahulumeni kanye nalezo zobuntatheli kukho kokubili isenzo nokubika? Amaphaneli wonke avumelene ngokuthi ama-NGO angenza umsebenzi obalulekile ekubikeni kwezemvelo. Ziyisiteji esihle sokuhlela indaba enkulu ngomuntu omncane. UMnu. Schleifstein ufake isandla ngesibonelo sezinhlangano ezizimele ezithuthukisa isayensi yezakhamizi ezibika ngokushiswa kukawoyela eGulf of Mexico futhi zidlulisele lolo lwazi kwenye i-NGO eqhuba ama-fly-overs ukuhlola ukuchitheka nokusabela kukahulumeni. Amaphaneli bonke bavumelana noMnu. Brainard ngekhwalithi yobuntatheli be-NGO uqobo, becaphuna omagazini abambalwa abakhulu abeseka izindinganiso eziqinile zobuntatheli. Okufuna ukubonwa amaphaneli uma kukhulunywa nama-NGO kuyisenzo - uma i-NGO ifuna ukunakwa kwabezindaba kufanele ikhombise isenzo kanye nesimilo. Kufanele bacabange ngendaba ezoxoxwa: uthini umbuzo? Ingabe kukhona okushintshayo? Ingabe ikhona idatha yobuningi engaqhathaniswa futhi ihlaziywe? Ingabe akhona amaphethini amasha avelayo?

Ngamafuphi, ingabe yizindaba "EZINTSHA"?

Izixhumanisi Ezithokozisayo:

I-Society of Environmental Journalists, http://www.sej.org/ - ituswe ngamalungu ephaneli njengenkundla yokuxhumana nezintatheli noma ukwazisa imicimbi namaphrojekthi

Uthi bewazi? Ama-MPA Ayasebenza Futhi Asekela Umnotho Onyakazayo

Izikhulumi: Dan Benishek, Lois Capps, Fred Keeley, Jerald Ault, Michael Cohen

I-US House of Representatives u-Dan Benishek, MD, isifunda sokuqala sase-Michigan kanye no-Louis Capps, isifunda samashumi amabili nane e-California banikeze izethulo ezimbili ezisekelayo engxoxweni yezindawo ezivikelekile zasolwandle (MPA.) UCongressman Benishek usebenze eduze nendawo evikelekile yasolwandle i-Thunder Bay (MPA). ) futhi ukholelwa ukuthi indawo engcwele “iyinto engcono kakhulu eye yenzeka kule ndawo yase-United States.” UCongresswoman Capps, ummeli wemfundo yezilwane zasendle zasolwandle, ubona ukubaluleka kwama-MPA njengethuluzi lezomnotho futhi ukhuthaza ngokugcwele I-National Marine Sanctuary Foundation.

U-Fred Keeley, umongameli wale ngxoxo, uke waba nguSomlomo u-pro Tempore futhi umele indawo yaseMonterey Bay eMhlanganweni Wesifunda SaseCalifornia. Amandla e-California okuthinta ukuphusha okuhle kwezindawo ezihlala olwandle angabonwa njengenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuvikela indawo yethu yesikhathi esizayo nomnotho.

Umbuzo omkhulu uthi, ukuphatha kanjani ukushoda kwezinsiza ezivela olwandle ngendlela enenzuzo? Ingabe ngama-MPA noma ngokunye? Ikhono lomphakathi wethu lokubuyisa idatha yesayensi lilula kakhulu kodwa ngokombono wezombusazwe umsebenzi ohilelekile ekwenzeni umphakathi uguqule indlela yokuziphilisa udala izinkinga. Uhulumeni udlala indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni kusebenze uhlelo lokuvikela kodwa umphakathi wethu udinga ukwethemba lezi zenzo njengoba zingasekho ukuze usimamise ikusasa lethu leminyaka ezayo. Singahamba ngokushesha nama-MPA kodwa ngeke sikhule umnotho ngaphandle kokusekelwa yisizwe sakithi.

Onikeza ukuqonda ngokutshalwa kwezimali ezindaweni ezivikelekile zasolwandle uDkt. Jerald Ault, uprofesa wesayensi yezinto zasolwandle nezokudotshwa kwezinhlanzi eNyuvesi yaseMiami kanye noMichael Cohen, Umnikazi/Umqondisi we-Santa Barbara Adventure Company. Laba bobabili bakhulume nesihloko sezindawo ezivikelekile zasolwandle emikhakheni ehlukene kodwa bakhombisa ukuthi basebenzisana kanjani ukukhuthaza ukuvikelwa kwemvelo.

UDkt. Ault ungusosayensi wezokudoba owaziwayo emhlabeni wonke osebenze eduze ne-Florida Keys coral reefs. Lezi zixhobo ziletha ngaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingu-8.5 endaweni nemboni yezokuvakasha futhi azikwazi ukwenza lokhu ngaphandle kokusekelwa ama-MPA. Amabhizinisi nezindawo zokudoba angakwazi futhi azobona izinzuzo zalezi zifunda esikhathini esiyiminyaka eyi-6. Ukutshalwa kwezimali ekuvikeleni izilwane zasendle zasolwandle kubalulekile ekusimameni. Ukusimama akuveli nje ngokubheka imboni yezohwebo kodwa kuhilela uhlangothi lwezokungcebeleka. Kufanele sivikele izilwandle ndawonye futhi ukweseka ama-MPA kungenye yezindlela zokwenza lokhu ngendlela efanele.

UMichael Cohen ungusomabhizinisi futhi unguthisha weChannel Islands National Park. Ukubona imvelo mathupha kuyindlela enenzuzo kakhulu yokukhuthaza ukuvikelwa olwandle. Ukuletha abantu endaweni yase-Santa Barbara kuyindlela yakhe yokufundisa, abantu abangaphezu kwe-6,000 ngonyaka, ukuthi kubaluleke kangakanani ukuvikela izilwane zasendle zasolwandle. Imboni yezokuvakasha ngeke ikhule e-United States ngaphandle kwama-MPA. Ngeke kube khona esikubonayo ngaphandle kokuhlelwa kwesikhathi esizayo okuzonciphisa ukukhula komnotho wesizwe sethu. Kudingeka kube nombono ngekusasa futhi izindawo ezivikelwe zasolwandle ziyisiqalo.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukukhula Komnotho: ukubhekana nama-Rick kumachweba, uHwebo, namaChain Supply Chains

Izikhulumi: Umhlonishwa u-Alan Lowenthal: Omele INdlu Yase-US, CA-47 Richard D. Stewart: Umqondisi-kanye: Isikhungo Socwaningo Lwe-Great Lakes Maritime U-Roger Bohnert: Iphini Lomqondisi, Ihhovisi Lokuthuthukiswa Kohlelo Lwe-Intermodal, I-Maritime Administration Kathleen Broadwater: Iphini Lomqondisi Omkhulu , Ukuphathwa Kwechweba laseMaryland uJim Haussener: Umqondisi Omkhulu, Inkomfa Yezindaba Zasolwandle YaseCalifornia UJohn Farrell: Umqondisi Omkhulu Wekhomishini Yokucwaninga Yase-Arctic yase-US

Umhlonishwa u-Alan Lowenthal uqale ngesethulo mayelana nezingozi umphakathi ozithathayo ngokuthuthukiswa kwamachweba namaketanga okuhlinzeka. Ukutshala izimali kwingqalasizinda yamachweba namachweba akuwona umsebenzi olula. Umsebenzi ohilelekile ekwakheni itheku elincane unezindleko ezinkulu. Uma ichweba linganakekelwa kahle yithimba elisebenza kahle lizoba nezinkinga eziningi ezingafuneki. Ukubuyiselwa kwamachweba ase-United States kungasiza ekukhuphuleni ukukhula komnotho wethu ngohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Umongameli wale ngxoxo, u-Richard D. Stewart, uveza isizinda esithakazelisayo esinolwazi ngemikhumbi yasolwandle ejulile, ukuphathwa kwemikhumbi, umhloli womhlaba, ukaputeni wetheku kanye nomgijimi wezimpahla futhi okwamanje unguMqondisi weSikhungo Sokucwaninga Sezokuthutha Nezokuthutha seNyuvesi yaseWisconsin. Njengoba ubona umsebenzi wakhe embonini yezohwebo mkhulu futhi uchaza ukuthi ukwanda kwesidingo sempahla ehlukahlukene kubeka kanjani ingcindezi emachwebeni ethu kanye ne-supply chain. Sidinga ukwandisa ukumelana okuncane kakhulu ezinhlelweni zethu zokusabalalisa ngokulungisa izimo ezithile zamachweba asogwini namaketango wokuhlinzeka ngohleloxhumano oluyinkimbinkimbi. Akusona isithiyo esilula. Okwakugxilwe kulo mbuzo kaMnu. Stewart bekuwukuthola ukuthi uhulumeni wobumbano kufanele yini azibandakanye nokuthuthukiswa nokuvuselelwa kwamachweba?

Isihloko esingaphansi kombuzo oyinhloko sanikezwa nguJohn Farrell oyingxenye yekhomishana ye-arctic. UDkt. Farrell usebenza nama-ejensi amagatsha aphezulu ukuze asungule uhlelo lukazwelonke locwaningo lwe-arctic. I-Arctic iba lula ukweqisa ngokusebenzisa imizila esenyakatho edala ukunyakaza kwezimboni esifundeni. Inkinga ukuthi ayikho ngempela ingqalasizinda e-Alaska eyenza kube nzima ukusebenza kahle. Isifunda asikulungele ukwanda okungaka ngakho ukuhlela kumele kuqale ukusebenza ngokushesha. Ukubukeka kahle kubalulekile kodwa akukho maphutha esingawenza e-arctic. Yindawo entekenteke kakhulu.

Ukuqonda u-Kathleen Broadwater ovela ku-Maryland Port Administrator akulethe engxoxweni kwakumayelana nokuthi kubaluleke kangakanani uchungechunge lokuzulazula oluya ezikhumulweni ezingakwazi ukuhambisa impahla. Ukudonsa kuyisici esibalulekile uma kukhulunywa ngokugcina amachweba kodwa kumele kube nendawo yokugcina yonke imfucumfucu edalwa wukudonsa. Enye indlela iwukuqukatha udoti ngokuphepha ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi okwenza indlela evumelana nemvelo yokulahla udoti. Ukuze sihlale sincintisana emhlabeni wonke singalungisa izinsiza zethu zamachweba ukuze sigxile ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nenethiwekhi ye-supply chain. Singasebenzisa izinsiza zikahulumeni wobumbano kodwa kubalulekile ukuthi esikhumulweni sisebenze ngokuzimela. U-Roger Bohnert usebenza neHhovisi Lokuthuthukiswa Kwesistimu Ye-Intermodal futhi ubheka umqondo wokuhlala unokuncintisana emhlabeni jikelele. I-Bohnert ibona ichweba elihlala cishe iminyaka engama-75 ngakho-ke ukuthuthukisa izinqubo ezingcono kakhulu ohlelweni lwamaketanga okuhlinzeka kungenza noma kuphule uhlelo lwangaphakathi. Ukunciphisa ingozi yentuthuko yesikhathi eside kungasiza kodwa ekugcineni sidinga uhlelo lwengqalasizinda ehlulekayo.

Owokugcina ukukhuluma, uJim Haussener, udlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni nasekunakekeleni amachweba ogwini olusentshonalanga yeCalifornia. Usebenza neCalifornia Marine Affairs and Navigation Conference emele amachweba amathathu aphesheya kolwandle. Ukugcina ikhono lechweba lokusebenza kungaba nzima kodwa isidingo sethu somhlaba wonke sezimpahla ngeke sisebenze ngaphandle kokuthi imbobo ngayinye isebenze ngokugcwele. Ichweba elilodwa alikwazi ukukwenza lilodwa ngakho ngengqalasizinda yamachweba ethu singasebenza ngokubambisana ukwakha inethiwekhi eqhubekayo. Ingqalasizinda yamachweba izimele kuzo zonke izinto zokuthutha ezihamba phansi kodwa ukuthuthukisa uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka ngempahla nemboni yezokuthutha kungakhuphula ukukhula komnotho wethu. Ngaphakathi kwamasango echweba kulula ukumisa izinhlelo ezisebenza kahle ezisebenzisanayo kodwa ngaphandle kwezindonga ingqalasizinda ingaba nzima. Umzamo ohlanganyelwe phakathi kwamaqembu kahulumeni nazimele ngokuqapha nokugcina kubalulekile. Umthwalo we-United States global supply chain uhlukene futhi udinga ukuqhubeka ngale ndlela ukuze kugcinwe ukukhula komnotho wethu.