Okuyingozi Kakhulu: Izilwandle Ezine-Acid kanye nalokho Okufanele Sikwenze

nguMark J. Spalding, uMongameli we-The Ocean Foundation

Ngesonto eledlule bengiseMonterey, eCalifornia I-Symposium Yesithathu Yamazwe Ngamazwe Olwandle Ezweni Eliphezulu Le-CO3, okwakungasikhathi sinye ku I-BLUE Ocean Film Festival ehhotela elingumakhelwane (kodwa leyo enye indaba okufanele siyixoxe). Kungqungquthela, ngihlanganyele namakhulu abanye ababekhona ekufundeni ngesimo samanje solwazi kanye nezixazululo ezingaba khona ukubhekana nemiphumela ye-carbon dioxide ephakeme (CO2) empilweni yezilwandle zethu kanye nempilo yangaphakathi. Imiphumela siyibiza ngokuba yi-asidi olwandle ngenxa yokuthi i-pH yolwandle lwethu iye iyancipha futhi ngaleyo ndlela iba ne-asidi eyengeziwe, okungaba khona umonakalo omkhulu ezinhlelweni zolwandle njengoba sizazi.

Ukuqina kolwandle

Umhlangano we-CO2012 ka-2 wawuyigxathu elikhulu kakhulu kusukela emhlanganweni wesi-2 eMonaco ngo-2008. Ababekhona abangaphezu kuka-500 nezikhulumi ezingu-146, ezimele izizwe ezingu-37, zahlangana ukuze kuxoxwe ngezinkinga ezikhona. Yayihlanganisa ukufakwa kokuqala okukhulu kwezifundo zezenhlalo nezomnotho. Futhi, nakuba ukugxila okuyinhloko kwakusezimpendulo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle ekuguqulweni kwe-asidi olwandle nokuthi lokho kusho ukuthini ohlelweni lolwandle, wonke umuntu wayevumelana ngokuthi ulwazi lwethu ngemiphumela nezisombululo ezingaba khona luthuthuke kakhulu eminyakeni emine edlule.

Mina ngokwami, ngahlala ngimangele ngokumangala lapho usosayensi oyedwa ngemva komunye enikeza umlando wesayensi mayelana ne-ocean acidification (OA), ulwazi mayelana nesimo samanje solwazi lwesayensi mayelana ne-OA, kanye nemininingwane yethu yokuqala yemininingwane ethile mayelana ne-ecosystem nemiphumela yezomnotho. yolwandle olufudumele olune-asidi kakhudlwana futhi olunamazinga omoya-mpilo aphansi.

Njengoba uDkt. Sam Dupont we-The Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Sciences - Kristineberg, eSweden wathi:

Yini esiyaziyo?

I-Ocean Acidification ingokoqobo
Ivela ngokuqondile ekukhiqizweni kwethu kwekhabhoni
Kwenzeka ngokushesha
Umthelela uqinisekile
Ukushabalala kuqinisekile
Isivele ibonakala ezinhlelweni
Ushintsho luzokwenzeka

Ukushisa, okumuncu nokuphefumula konke kuyizimpawu zesifo esifanayo.

Ikakhulukazi uma ihlanganiswa nezinye izifo, i-OA iba usongo olukhulu.

Singalindela ukuhlukahluka okuningi, kanye nemiphumela emihle nemibi.

Ezinye izinhlobo zizoshintsha ukuziphatha ngaphansi kwe-OA.

Sazi ngokwanele ukwenza okuthile

Siyazi ukuthi kuza umcimbi omkhulu oyinhlekelele

Siyazi ukuthi singakuvimbela kanjani

Siyazi esingakwazi

Siyazi okufanele sikwenze (kwisayensi)

Siyazi ukuthi sizogxila kuphi (ukuletha izixazululo)

Kodwa, kufanele sizilungiselele lezimanga; siluphazamise ngokuphelele uhlelo.

UDkt. Dupont uvale ukuphawula kwakhe ngesithombe sezingane zakhe ezimbili nesitatimende semisho emibili esinamandla nesimangazayo:

Angisona isishoshovu, ngingusosayensi. Kodwa, nami ngingubaba onomthwalo wemfanelo.

Isitatimende sokuqala esicacile sokuthi ukuqoqwa kwe-CO2 olwandle kungaba "nemiphumela engaba khona eyinhlekelele yezinto eziphilayo" yanyatheliswa ngo-1974 (Whitfield, M. 1974. Ukuqoqwa kwezinsalela ze-CO2 emkhathini nasolwandle. Imvelo 247:523-525.). Eminyakeni emine kamuva, ngo-1978, ukuxhumana okuqondile kwamafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi nokutholwa kwe-CO2 olwandle kwasungulwa. Phakathi kuka-1974 no-1980, izifundo eziningi zaqala ukukhombisa ushintsho lwangempela ku-alkalinity yolwandle. Futhi, ekugcineni, ngo-2004, i-specter of ocean acidification (OA) yamukelwa umphakathi wesayensi wonkana, futhi okokuqala kwe-symposia ephezulu ye-CO2 yabanjwa.

Ngentwasahlobo elandelayo, abaxhasi bezimali zasolwandle bazisiwe emhlanganweni wabo waminyaka yonke eMonterey, okuhlanganisa nohambo lokuyobona ucwaningo olusezingeni eliphezulu eMonterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI). Kufanele ngiqaphele ukuthi iningi lethu kwadingeka likhunjuzwe ukuthi sisho ukuthini isikali se-pH, nakuba wonke umuntu wayebonakala ekhumbula ukusebenzisa iphepha le-litmus ukuhlola uketshezi emakilasini esayensi esikole esiphakathi. Ngenhlanhla, ochwepheshe bebezimisele ukuchaza ukuthi isikali se-pH sisuka ku-0 siye ku-14, nesi-7 singathathi hlangothi. I-pH ephansi, kusho i-alkalinity ephansi, noma i-acidity eyengeziwe.

Kuleli qophelo, sekucacile ukuthi intshisekelo yokuqala ku-pH yolwandle ikhiqize imiphumela ethile ebonakalayo. Sinezifundo ezithile zesayensi ezithembekile, ezisitshela ukuthi njengoba i-pH yolwandle iwa, ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zizokhula kahle, ezinye ziphile, ezinye ziyashintshwa, futhi eziningi ziyashabalala (umphumela olindelekile ukulahlekelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kodwa ukugcinwa kwe-biomass). Lesi siphetho esibanzi siwumphumela wokuhlolwa kwelebhu, ukuhlolwa kokuchayeka emkhakheni, ukubonwa ezindaweni eziphakeme ngokwemvelo ze-CO2, kanye nocwaningo olugxile kumarekhodi ezinsalela ezivela ezenzakalweni zangaphambilini ze-OA emlandweni.

Esikwaziyo Emicimbini Yangaphambili Ye-Ocean Acidification

Nakuba singabona izinguquko kumakhemikhali olwandle kanye nezinga lokushisa kwamanzi olwandle ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-200 kusukela ekuguqukeni kwezimboni, sidinga ukuphindela emuva ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuze siqhathanise ukulawula (kodwa hhayi kude kakhulu). Ngakho isikhathi se-Pre-Cambrian (iminyaka engu-7/8s yokuqala yomlando wokwakheka komhlaba) sihlonzwe njengokuphela kwe-analogue enhle ye-geological (uma kungekho esinye isizathu ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ezifanayo) futhi ihlanganisa nezikhathi ezithile ezine-pH ephansi. Lezi zikhathi zangaphambilini zihlangabezane nomhlaba ofanayo ophezulu we-CO2 one-pH ephansi, amazinga aphansi komoyampilo, namazinga okushisa olwandle afudumele.

Nokho, akukho lutho emlandweni womlando olingana nowethu izinga lamanje loshintsho i-pH noma izinga lokushisa.

Umcimbi wokugcina omangalisayo we-acidification olwandle waziwa nge-PETM, noma i-Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, eyenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-55 edlule futhi iyisiqhathaniso sethu esingcono kakhulu. Kwenzeka ngokushesha (eminyakeni engaba ngu-2,000) kwathatha iminyaka engu-50,000. Sinedatha/ubufakazi obuqinile bayo - futhi ngalokho ososayensi bayisebenzisa njenge-analog yethu etholakalayo yokukhishwa kwekhabhoni enkulu.

Nokho, akuyona i-analog ephelele. Sikala lokhu kukhishwa ngama-petagram. Ama-PgC angamaPetagrams ekhabhoni: 1 petagram = 1015 grams = 1 billion metric tons. I-PETM imele isikhathi lapho i-3,000 PgC yakhululwa eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa. Okubalulekile izinga loshintsho kule minyaka engu-270 edlule (uguquko lwezimboni), njengoba sikhiphe u-5,000 PgC wekhabhoni emkhathini weplanethi yethu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukukhishwa ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyi-1 PgC y-1 uma kuqhathaniswa nenguquko yezimboni, engu-9 PgC y-1. Noma, uma ungumuntu wezomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe njengami, lokhu kuhumushela eqinisweni elimangalisayo lokuthi esikwenzile ngaphansi nje kwamakhulu amathathu eminyaka Izikhathi ezingama-10 kubi kakhulu kunalokho okubangele izehlakalo zokushabalala olwandle e-PETM.

Umcimbi we-PETM we-acidification ocean ubangele izinguquko ezinkulu ezinhlelweni zolwandle zomhlaba wonke, kuhlanganise nokushabalala okuthile. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi isayensi ibonisa ukuthi i-biomass isiyonke yahlala cishe ngokulinganayo, ngokuqhakaza kwe-dinoflagellate nezenzakalo ezifanayo ezaqeda ukulahlekelwa ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. Sekukonke, irekhodi le-geological libonisa imiphumela eminingi: ukuqhakaza, ukushabalala, ukuphenduka, izinguquko zokubala, kanye nobuncane. Ngakho, i-OA ibangela ukusabela okubalulekile kwe-biotic ngisho nalapho izinga loshintsho lihamba kancane kunezinga lethu lamanje lokukhishwa kwekhabhoni. Kodwa, ngenxa yokuthi lalihamba kancane, “ikusasa liyindawo engakaze ibonwe emlandweni wokuziphendukela kwemvelo wezinto eziningi eziphilayo zanamuhla.”

Ngakho, lo mcimbi we-anthropogenic OA uzophakamisa kalula i-PETM emthelela. FUTHI, kufanele silindele ukubona izinguquko endleleni uguquko lwenzeka ngayo ngoba siluphazamise kakhulu uhlelo. Ukuhumusha: Lindela ukumangala.

I-Ecosystem kanye Nempendulo Yezinhlobo

I-Ocean acidification kanye nokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa kokubili kune-carbon dioxide (CO2) njengomshayeli. Futhi, ngenkathi zikwazi ukuxhumana, azigijimi ngokufana. Izinguquko ku-pH zilandelana kakhulu, zinokuchezuka okuncane, futhi zifana kakhulu ezindaweni ezihlukene zendawo. Izinga lokushisa liyashintshashintsha kakhulu, liyahluka kakhulu, futhi liyashintshashintsha kakhulu ngokwendawo.

Izinga lokushisa liyiyona ndlela ehamba phambili yoshintsho olwandle. Ngakho-ke, akumangazi ukuthi ushintsho lubangela ukushintsha ekusabalaliseni kwezinhlobo zezilwane ngezinga ezingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nazo. Futhi kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi zonke izinhlobo zinemikhawulo kumthamo we-acclimation. Yiqiniso, ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zihlala zizwela kakhulu kunezinye ngenxa yokuthi zinemingcele emincane yamazinga okushisa ezikhula kuzo. Futhi, njengamanye ama-stressers, amazinga okushisa akhulisa ukuzwela emiphumeleni ye-CO2 ephezulu.

Indlela ibukeka kanjena:

Ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 → OA → umthelela we-biophysical → ukulahlekelwa kwezinsizakalo ze-ecosystem (isib. idwala liyafa, futhi alisakunqandi ukuqubuka kwesiphepho) → umthelela kwezenhlalo-mnotho (lapho isivunguvungu sikhipha umgodi wedolobha)

Ngokuqaphela ngesikhathi esifanayo, leso sidingo sezinsizakalo ze-ecosystem sikhuphuka ngokukhula kwenani labantu kanye neholo elikhulayo (ingcebo).

Ukubheka imiphumela, ososayensi bahlole izimo ezihlukene zokunciphisa (amazinga ahlukene okushintsha kwe-pH) uma kuqhathaniswa nokugcina isimo se-quo esibeka engcupheni:

Ukwenza lula ukuhlukahluka (kufika ku-40%), kanjalo nokuncipha kwekhwalithi ye-ecosystem
Kuncane noma awukho umthelela kwinala
Usayizi omaphakathi wezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene wehla ngo-50%
I-OA ibangela ukugudluka ekubuseni ngama-calcifiers (izinto eziphilayo ezakhiwe nge-calcium-based material):

Alikho ithemba lokusinda kwamakhorali ancike ngokuphelele emanzini akwi-pH ethile ukuze aqhubeke ephila (kanye namakhorali amanzi abandayo, amazinga okushisa afudumele azoyandisa inkinga);
I-Gastropods (iminenke yasolwandle enamagobolondo amancane) yizona ezizwela kakhulu kuma-mollusk;
Kunomthelela omkhulu ezilwaneni ezingenamgogodla zasemanzini ezine-exoskeleton ezithwala umgogodla, okuhlanganisa nezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-mollusk, ama-crustaceans, nama-echinoderm (cabanga ngamaclams, amalobster nama-urchins)
Ngaphakathi kwalesi sigaba sezinhlobo, ama-arthropods (njenge-shrimp) awabi kangako, kodwa kukhona isignali ecacile yokuncipha kwawo.

Ezinye izilwane ezingenamgogodla zizivumelanisa ngokushesha (njenge-jellyfish noma izikelemu)
Izinhlanzi, hhayi kakhulu, nenhlanzi ingase ingabi nayo indawo yokuthuthela kuyo (isibonelo e-SE Australia)
Impumelelo ethile yezitshalo zasolwandle ezingase ziphumelele lapho zidla i-CO2
Okunye ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kungenzeka ngezilinganiso zesikhathi esifushane, okungase kusho ithemba
Ukukhululwa okuguquguqukayo kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezizwela kancane noma inani labantu phakathi kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kusukela ekumeni kwezakhi zofuzo ukubekezelela i-pH (singakubona lokhu ekuhlolweni kokuzalanisa; noma ekuguquleni okusha (okungavamile))

Ngakho, umbuzo obalulekile usasele: Yiziphi izinhlobo zezilwane eziyothintwa i-OA? Sinombono omuhle wempendulo: ama-bivalves, ama-crustaceans, izilwane ezidla ama-calcifiers, nezilwane ezidla ezinye eziphakeme kakhulu. Akunzima ukubona ngeso lengqondo ukuthi imiphumela yezezimali izoba mibi kangakanani ezimbonini ze-shellfish, zezilwane zasolwandle, nezokuvakasha ze-dive kuphela, ingasaphathwa eyeminye kunethiwekhi yabahlinzeki nesevisi. Futhi lapho sibhekene nobukhulu benkinga, kungase kube nzima ukugxila ezixazululweni.

Indlela Impendulo Yethu Okufanele Ibe Ngayo

Ukwenyuka kwe-CO2 kuyimbangela (yalesi sifo) [kodwa njengokubhema, ukuthola obhemayo ukuba ayeke kunzima kakhulu]

Kumelwe selaphe izimpawu [high blood pressure, emphysema]
Kumele sinciphise ezinye izinto ezisicindezelayo [sinciphise ukuphuza nokudla ngokweqile]

Ukunciphisa imithombo ye-acidification yolwandle kudinga imizamo eqhubekayo yokunciphisa imithombo kuwo womabili isikali somhlaba nasemazweni. Ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide emhlabeni wonke kungumshayeli omkhulu we-acidity yolwandle esikalini solwandle lomhlaba, ngakho-ke kufanele sikunciphise. Ukwengezwa kwasendaweni kwe-nitrogen nekhabhoni okuvela emithonjeni yamaphuzu, imithombo engaqondile, nemithombo yemvelo kungabhebhethekisa imiphumela ye-acidification yolwandle ngokudala izimo ezisheshisa ngokwengeziwe ukuncishiswa kwe-pH. Ukubekwa kokungcoliswa komoya wendawo (ikakhulukazi i-carbon dioxide, i-nitrogen ne-sulphur oxide) nakho kungaba nomthelela ekwehliseni i-pH kanye ne-asidi. Isenzo sasendaweni singasiza ekubambezeleni ijubane le-acidification. Ngakho-ke, sidinga ukulinganisa izinqubo ezibalulekile ze-anthropogenic nezemvelo ezifaka isandla ekwenzeni i-asidi.

Okulandelayo izinto ezibalulekile, zesikhathi esiseduze zokubhekana ne-asidi yolwandle.

1. Yehlisa ngokushesha futhi ngokuphawulekayo ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide emhlabeni wonke ukuze kuncishiswe futhi kuhlehliswe i-asidi yezilwandle zethu.
2. Nciphisa ukuchithwa kwezakhi ezingena emanzini asolwandle kusuka ezindleleni zokukhucululwa kwendle ezincane nezinkulu ezisendaweni, izinsiza zamanzi angcolile kamasipala, kanye nezolimo, ngaleyo ndlela unciphise izingcindezi zokuphila olwandle ukuze usekele ukuzivumelanisa nezimo nokuphila.
3. Ukusebenzisa ukuqapha kwamanzi ahlanzekile ngendlela ephumelelayo kanye nezinqubo zokuphatha ezingcono kakhulu, kanye nokubuyekeza amazinga akhona kanye/noma amukele izindinganiso ezintsha zekhwalithi yamanzi ukuze alenze ahambisane nokugcwala kwe-asidi olwandle.
4. Phenya ukuzalanisa okukhethekile kokubekezelela i-acidity yolwandle ezigobolondweni nezinye izinhlobo zasolwandle ezisengozini.
5. Khomba, uqaphe futhi ulawule amanzi asolwandle kanye nezinhlobo zezilwane ezindaweni ezingase ziphephele ekugawulweni kwe-asidi olwandle ukuze zikwazi ukubekezelela izingcindezi ngesikhathi esisodwa.
6. Qonda ukuhlobana phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo zamakhemikhali amanzi kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezimbaza nokuphila ezindaweni ezichanyuselwa amagobolondo kanye nendawo yemvelo, ukhuthaze ukubambisana phakathi kososayensi, abaphathi, nabatshali be-shellfish. Futhi, sungula isexwayiso esiphuthumayo namandla okuphendula lapho ukuqapha kukhombisa ukukhuphuka kwamanzi e-pH ephansi asongela indawo yokuhlala ebucayi noma ukusebenza kwemboni ye-shellfish.
7. Buyisela utshani basolwandle, imihlume, utshani obunamaxhaphozi njll. obuzothatha futhi bulungise ikhabhoni encibilikile emanzini olwandle futhi buvimbele (noma buhambe kancane) izinguquko ku-pH yalawo manzi olwandle.
8. Ukufundisa umphakathi ngenkinga ye-acidification yolwandle kanye nemiphumela yako kumvelo yasolwandle, umnotho, namasiko.

Okuhle wukuthi kunenqubekela phambili kuzo zonke lezi zinhlaka. Emhlabeni jikelele, amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu asebenzela ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa (kuhlanganise ne-CO2) emazingeni omhlaba, kazwelonke nawendawo (Into 1). Futhi, e-USA, into yesi-8 iyinhloko ekugxilwe kuyo umfelandawonye wama-NGO adidiyelwe abangani bethu e-Ocean Conservancy. Okwento 7, abasingathi be-TOF umzamo wethu siqu wokubuyisela izimfunda zasolwandle ezilimele. Kodwa, entuthukweni ethokozisayo yezinto 2-7, sisebenzisana nabathatha izinqumo ababalulekile bezifundazwe ezine ezisogwini ukuthuthukisa, ukwabelana nokwethula umthetho oklanyelwe ukubhekana ne-OA. Imiphumela ekhona ye-acidification yolwandle ku-shellfish nezinye izilwane zasolwandle e-Washington nase-Oregon emanzini asogwini ikhuthaze isenzo ngezindlela eziningi.

Zonke izikhulumi engqungqutheleni zakwenza kwacaca ukuthi ulwazi olwengeziwe luyadingeka—ikakhulukazi mayelana nokuthi i-pH ishintsha ngokushesha, yiziphi izinhlobo ezizokwazi ukuchuma, ukusinda, noma ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, kanye namasu endawo nawesifunda asebenzayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isifundo esithathayo sasiwukuthi nakuba singakwazi konke esifuna ukukwazi mayelana ne-acidification yolwandle, singakwazi futhi kufanele sithathe izinyathelo zokunciphisa imiphumela yako. Sizoqhubeka nokusebenzisana nabaxhasi bethu, abeluleki bethu, namanye amalungu omphakathi we-TOF ukuze sisekele izixazululo.