BUYELA OCWANINGO

Okuqukethwe

1. Isingeniso
2. Ungaqalaphi Ukufunda Nge-Deep Seabed Mining (DSM)
3. Izinsongo Zezimayini ze-Deep Seabed Emvelweni
4. Ukucatshangelwa Kwegunya Lomhlaba Wase-Seabed
5. Izimayini ze-Deep Seabed kanye Nokwehlukahlukana, Ukulingana, Ukufakwa, kanye Nobulungisa
6. Ukucatshangelwa Kwemakethe Yezobuchwepheshe Nezimbiwa
7. Ukuxhaswa Ngezimali, Ukucatshangelwa kwe-ESG, Nokukhathazeka Ngokuwasha Uhlaza
8. Ukucatshangelwa Kwesikweletu Nesinxephezelo
9. Izimayini ze-Deep Seabed kanye neGugu Lamasiko Angaphansi Kwamanzi
10. Ilayisensi Yomphakathi (Izingcingo Zokumisa, Ukuvinjelwa Kukahulumeni, kanye Nokuphawula Komdabu)

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1. Isingeniso

Iyini i-Deep Seabed Mining?

Izimayini ezijulile zolwandle (i-DSM) imboni yezohwebo engase ibe khona ezama ukumba izimbiwa phansi kusukela phansi olwandle, ngethemba lokukhipha amaminerali abalulekile ngokwentengiso afana ne-manganese, ithusi, i-cobalt, i-zinc, nezinsimbi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane. Kodwa-ke, lezi zimayini kulindeleke ukuthi zicekele phansi i-ecosystem echumayo nexhumene esingethe uchungechunge olumangalisayo lwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo: ulwandle olujulile.

Amadiphozi amaminerali enzalo atholakala ezindaweni ezintathu ezihlala phansi olwandle: amathafa alasha, izintaba zasolwandle, kanye nezikhala ezishisayo. Amathafa ase-Abyssal ama-expases aphansi ojulile ongaphansi kolwandle ambozwe yinhlabathi kanye nama-mineral deposits, abuye abizwe ngokuthi ama-polymetallic nodules. Lezi yizimpokophelo zamanje ze-DSM, ngokunaka okugxilwe ku-Clarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ): isifunda samathafa alasha ngobubanzi njengezwekazi lase-United States, esitholakala emanzini omhlaba wonke futhi sisuka ogwini olusentshonalanga yeMexico kuya maphakathi nezwe. iPacific Ocean, eningizimu nje yeziQhingi zaseHawaii.

Ingasebenza Kanjani I-Deep Seabed Mining?

I-DSM yezohwebo ayikaqali, kepha izinkampani ezahlukahlukene zizama ukwenza kube yiqiniso. Izindlela ezihlongozwayo njengamanje zokumbiwa kwama-nodule zihlanganisa ukuthunyelwa kwe imoto yezimayini, ngokuvamile umshini omkhulu kakhulu ofana nogandaganda omude onezitezi ezintathu, ukuya phansi kolwandle. Lapho isingenile olwandle, imoto izokhipha ama-intshi amane phezulu olwandle, ithumele inzika, amadwala, izilwane ezichotshoziwe namaqhuqhuva kukhuphukele emkhunjini okulindile phezulu. Emkhunjini, amaminerali ayahlungwa futhi udaka lwamanzi angcolile asele lwenhlabathi, amanzi, nama-ejenti okucubungula abuyiselwa olwandle ngepayipi elikhiphayo.

I-DSM kulindeleke ukuthi ibe nomthelela kuwo wonke amazinga olwandle, kusukela kumfucumfucu olahlwe kukholamu yamanzi aphakathi namanzi kuya ezimayini ezibonakalayo kanye nokuvuza phansi kolwandle. Kukhona futhi ubungozi obuvela odaka olungase lube yingozi (slurry = ingxube yento eminyene) amanzi alahlwe phezulu olwandle.

I-Deep Seabed Mining iwusongo kanjani Emvelweni?

Kuncane okwaziwayo ngendawo yokuhlala kanye ne-ecosystem ekujuleni kolwandle. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuhlolwa komthelela okufanele, kufanele kuqala kube nokuqoqwa kolwazi oluyisisekelo okuhlanganisa inhlolovo kanye nokwenza imephu. Ngisho noma lolu lwazi lungekho, izinto ezisetshenziswayo ziyohlanganisa ukugebhulwa phansi kolwandle, kubangele imfucumfucu onqenqemeni lwamanzi bese kuhlaliswa kabusha endaweni ezungezile. Ukuklwebheka phansi kolwandle ukuze kukhishwe amaqhuqhuva kuzocekela phansi izindawo ezihlala olwandle eziphila emanzini kanye namagugu amasiko endaweni. Siyazi ukuthi ama-deep olwandle aqukethe izilwane zasolwandle ezingase zibaluleke kakhulu. Ezinye zalezi zinhlobo zezilwane zijwayele ukuntuleka kokukhanya kwelanga futhi umfutho ophakeme wamanzi ajulile ungase ube yigugu kakhulu ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwemithi, izinto zokuzivikela, nokunye ukusetshenziswa okubalulekile. Akukho okwanele okwaziwayo ngalezi zinhlobo zezilwane, indawo yazo yokuhlala, kanye nemvelo ehlobene ukuze kusungulwe isisekelo esanele lapho kungaba khona ukuhlolwa kwemvelo okufanele, ingasaphathwa eyokusungula izindlela zokuzivikela kanye nokuqapha umthelela wezimayini.

Indawo engaphansi kolwandle akuyona yodwa indawo yolwandle ezozwa umthelela we-DSM. Izinhlaka zenhlabathi (ezaziwa nangokuthi izivunguvungu zothuli ezingaphansi kwamanzi), kanye nomsindo nokungcoliswa okuncane, kuzothinta ingxenye enkulu yekholomu yamanzi. Amapulangwe enhlabathi, kokubili asuka kumqoqi kanye namanzi angcolile angemuva kokuwakhipha, angasabalala Amakhilomitha angu-1,400 ezindaweni eziningi. Amanzi angcolile aqukethe izinsimbi nobuthi angase athinte imvelo ephakathi namanzi okuhlanganisa izindawo zokudoba kanye nezilwane zasolwandle. Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, inqubo yezimayini izobuyisela udaka lwenhlabathi, ama-ejenti okucubungula, namanzi olwandle. Kuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo mayelana nemiphumela yaloludaka emvelweni, okuhlanganisa: yiziphi izinsimbi kanye nama-ejenti okucubungula angaxutshwa odongeni uma udaka lungaba nobuthi, nokuthi kuzokwenzekani ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane zasolwandle ezingase zichayeke odongeni. ama-plums.

Kudingeka ucwaningo olwengeziwe ukuze uqonde ngempela imiphumela yaloludaka endaweni ejulile yolwandle. Ukwengeza, imiphumela yemoto eqoqiwe ayaziwa. Ukulingiswa kwezimayini ezisogwini lolwandle kwenziwa ngasogwini lwasePeru ngeminyaka yo-1980 futhi lapho isiza sibuyekezwa ngo-2020, isiza asizange sibonise ubufakazi bokuthola kabusha. Ngakho-ke noma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka kungenzeka kube nemiphumela yemvelo ehlala isikhathi eside.

Kukhona futhi i-Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) esengozini. Ucwaningo lwakamuva luyabonisa anhlobonhlobo amagugu amasiko angaphansi kwamanzi oLwandlekazini i-Pacific kanye nasezifundeni zezimayini ezihlongozwayo, okuhlanganisa izinto zobuciko kanye nemvelo ehlobene namagugu amasiko oMdabu, uhwebo lwaseManila Galleon, kanye neMpi Yezwe II. Intuthuko entsha yezimayini olwandle ihlanganisa ukwethulwa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa obusetshenziselwa ukuhlonza amaminerali. I-AI ayikafundi ukuhlonza ngokunembile izindawo ezibalulekile zomlando namasiko ezingaholela ekubhujisweni kweNdawo Yamagugu Amasiko Angaphansi Kwamanzi (UCH). Lokhu kuyakhathaza kakhulu uma kucatshangelwa ukuvunywa okukhulayo kwe-UCH kanye ne-Middle Passage kanye nethuba lokuthi iziza ze-UCH zingacekelwa phansi ngaphambi kokuba zitholwe. Noma iyiphi indawo eyigugu yomlando noma yamasiko ebanjwe endleleni yale mishini yezimayini ingacekelwa phansi ngokufanayo.

Abameli

Inani elandayo lezinhlangano njengamanje lisebenzela ukuvikela ukujula kolwandle.I I-Deep Sea Conservation Coalition (i-Ocean Foundation eyilungu layo) yamukela ukuma okuphelele kokuzibophezela Kumgomo Wokuqapha futhi ikhuluma ngamathoni ashintshiwe. I-Ocean Foundation ingumsingathi wezezimali we I-Deep Sea Mining Campaign (DSMC), iphrojekthi egxile emithelelaneni engase ibe khona ye-DSM kumvelo yasolwandle nasogwini kanye nemiphakathi. Ingxoxo eyengeziwe yabadlali abakhulu ingatholakala lapha.

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2. Ungaqalaphi Ukufunda Nge-Deep Seabed Mining (DSM)

I-Environmental Justice Foundation. Ibheke kwalasha: Ukujaha ukuya ezimayini ekujuleni kolwandle kusongela kanjani abantu neplanethi yethu. (2023). Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-Mashi 14, 2023, kusukela https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpJL_1EzAts

I-Environmental Justice Foundation. (2023, Mashi 7). Ibheke kwalasha: Ukujaha ukuya ezimayini ekujuleni kolwandle kusongela kanjani abantu neplanethi yethu. I-Environmental Justice Foundation. Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-Mashi 14, 2023, kusukela https://ejfoundation.org/reports/towards-the-abyss-deep-sea-mining

Umbiko wezobuchwepheshe ovela ku-Environmental Justice Foundation, ohambisana nevidiyo engenhla, ugqamisa ukuthi izimayini zasolwandle ezijule kangakanani zibangelwa ukulimaza imvelo yasolwandle eyingqayizivele.

I-IUCN (2022). Izingqinamba Kafushane: Izimayini zasolwandle olujulile. I-International Union for Conservation of Nature. https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-brief/deep-sea-mining

Umbiko omfushane nge-DSM, izindlela ezihlongozwayo njengamanje, izifunda ezinentshisekelo yokuxhashazwa kanye nencazelo yemithelela emithathu eyinhloko yezemvelo, okuhlanganisa ukuphazanyiswa kwendawo engaphansi kolwandle, izimila zenhlabathi, kanye nokungcola. Lesi sifinyezo siphinde sihlanganise izincomo zenqubomgomo zokuvikela lesi sifunda, okuhlanganisa nokumiswa komthetho okusekelwe kumgomo wokuqapha.

I-Imbler, S., & Corum, J. (2022, Agasti 29). Ukuceba ekujuleni kolwandle: Ukumba i-ecosystem ekude. I New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/08/
29/world/deep-sea-richs-mining-nodules.html

Lesi sihloko esisebenzisanayo sigqamisa ukuhlukahluka kolwandle okujulile kanye nemiphumela elindelekile yezimayini ezijulile zolwandle. Kungumthombo omuhle wokusiza ukuqonda ukuthi ingakanani indawo yolwandle ezothintwa yizimayini ezijulile zasolwandle kulabo abasha kulesi sihloko.

U-Amon, u-DJ, u-Levin, LA, Metaxas, A., Mudd, GM, Smith, CR (2022, Mashi 18) Sibheke ekugcineni ngaphandle kokwazi ukubhukuda: Ingabe sidinga imayini ye-deep-seabed? Umhlaba owodwa. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2022.02.013

Ukuphawula okuvela eqenjini lososayensi ngezindlela ezihlukile zokubhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngaphandle kokuphendukela ku-DSM. Leli phepha liphikisa impikiswano yokuthi i-DSM iyadingeka ekushintsheni kwamandla avuselelekayo namabhethri, ikhuthaza ukushintshela kumnotho oyindilinga. Umthetho wamanje wamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezindlela zomthetho eziya phambili nazo ziyaxoxwa.

Umkhankaso we-DSM (2022, Okthoba 14). Iwebhusayithi yeBlue Peril. Ividiyo. https://dsm-campaign.org/blue-peril.

Luick, J. (2022, Agasti). Inothi Lobuchwepheshe: I-Oceanographic Modelling ye-Benthic and Midwater Plumes Ebikezelwe Ngezimayini Ezijulile Ehlelwe I-Metals Company endaweni yase-Clarion Clipperton yoLwandlekazi i-Pacific, https://dsm-campaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Blue-Peril-Technical-Paper.pdf

Inothi lobuchwepheshe elivela ku-Blue Peril Project, elihambisana nefilimu emfushane ye-Blue Peril. Leli nothi lichaza ucwaningo nokumodela okusetshenziselwa ukulingisa izinsimbi zezimayini ezibonwa kufilimu ye-Blue Peril.

I-GEM. (2021). Pacific Community, Geoscience, Energy and Maritime Division. https://gem.spc.int

I-Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Geoscience, Energy, and Maritime Division inikeza uhlu oluhle kakhulu lwezinto ezihlanganisa izici ze-geological, oceanographic, ezomnotho, ezomthetho, kanye nezemvelo ze-SBM. Amaphepha ziwumkhiqizo webhizinisi elisebenzisanayo le-European Union / Pacific Community.

Leal Filho, W.; Abubakar, IR; Nunes, C.; Platje, J.; Ozuyar, PG; Intando, M.; Nagy, GJ; Al-Amin, AQ; Hunt, JD; Li, C. Imayini ye-Deep Seabed: Inothi Ngamanye Amandla Nezingozi Zokumbiwa Kweminerali Okuqhubekayo Kusuka Olwandle. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 521. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9050521

Ukubuyekezwa okuphelele kwezincwadi ze-DSM zamanje ezibheka ubungozi, imithelela yemvelo, nemibuzo yezomthetho kuze kube sekushicilelweni kwephepha. Iphepha lethula izifundo ezimbili zezingozi zemvelo futhi likhuthaza ucwaningo nokunaka mayelana nezimayini ezisimeme.

Miller, K., Thompson, K., Johnson, P. and Santillo, D. (2018, January 10). Uhlolojikelele Lwezimayini Zase-Seabed Kubandakanya Isimo Samanje Sokuthuthukiswa, Imithelela Yendawo Ezungezile, kanye Nemingcele Yezikhala Zolwazi kuSayensi Yasolwandle. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00418

Kusukela maphakathi nawo-2010, kube nokufufusa kwentshisekelo ekuhloleni nokumbiwa kwezimbiwa olwandle. Kodwa-ke, izifunda eziningi ezihloselwe ukumba izimayini zasolwandle esikhathini esizayo sezivele zibonwa njengezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle ezisengozini. Namuhla, eminye imisebenzi yezimayini engaphansi kolwandle isivele yenzeka emashalofini ezwekazi lasezifundazweni, ngokuvamile ekujuleni okungashoni kakhulu, kanti eminye isezigabeni ezithuthukile zokuhlela. Lokhu kubuyekezwa kuhlanganisa: isimo samanje sokuthuthuka kwe-DSM, imithelela engaba khona endaweni ezungezile, kanye nokungaqiniseki namagebe olwazini lwesayensi nokuqonda okwenza ukuhlola okuyisisekelo kanye nomthelela kube nzima ikakhulukazi olwandle. Nakuba i-athikili manje isineminyaka engaphezu kwemithathu ubudala, iwukubuyekezwa okubalulekile kwezinqubomgomo zomlando ze-DSM futhi igqamisa ukuphusha kwesimanje kwe-DSM.

I-IUCN. (2018, Julayi). Izinkinga Ezimfushane: Imayini ye-Deep-Sea. Inyunyana Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yokugcinwa Kwemvelo. PDF. https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/deep-sea_mining_issues_brief.pdf

Njengoba umhlaba ubhekene nokuncipha kwezimbiwa phansi abaningi babheke ekujuleni kolwandle ukuthola imithombo emisha. Kodwa-ke, ukukhuhla phansi olwandle kanye nokungcoliswa okuvela ezinqubweni zezimayini kungaqeda zonke izinhlobo zezilwane futhi kulimaze phansi olwandle amashumi eminyaka - uma kungenjalo. Iphepha leqiniso lifuna izifundo eziyisisekelo ezengeziwe, ukuhlolwa komthelela kwemvelo, ukulawulwa okuthuthukisiwe, nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha obunciphisa ukulimala kwemvelo okubangelwa ukumbiwa olwandle.

Cuyvers, L. Berry, W., Gjerde, K., Thiele, T. kanye no-Wilhem, C. (2018). Izimayini ezijulile olwandle: inselele ekhulayo yemvelo. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN kanye neGallifrey Foundation. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.16.en. PDF. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/ files/documents/2018-029-En.pdf

Ulwandle luqukethe ingcebo enkulu yezimbiwa phansi, ezinye ezigxile kakhulu. Izingqinamba zomthetho ngeminyaka yawo-1970 kanye nawo-1980 zavimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwezimayini ezijulile zolwandle, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi eminingi yale mibuzo engokomthetho yaphendulwa nge-International Seabed Authority ivumela isithakazelo esikhulayo sokumbiwa kwezimayini ezijulile zolwandle. Umbiko we-IUCN ugqamisa izingxoxo zamanje ezithinta ukuthuthukiswa kwayo okungenzeka kwemboni yezimayini engaphansi kolwandle.

I-MIDAS. (2016). Ukuphatha Imithelela Yokuxhashazwa Kwensiza Yasolwandle. I-European Union's Seventh Framework Programme yocwaningo, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe kanye nokuboniswa, Isivumelwano Sesibonelelo Sikahulumeni No. 603418. I-MIDAS yahlanganiswa yi-Seascape Consultants Ltd. http://www.eu-midas.net/

Imithelela Yokuphatha exhaswe yi-EU ye-Deep-seA reSource exploitation (MIDAS) Iphrojekthi eqale ukusebenza kusukela ngo-2013-2016 bekuwuhlelo locwaningo lwemikhakha ehlukene oluphenya imithelela yemvelo yokukhipha imithombo yamaminerali namandla endaweni ejulile yolwandle. Ngenkathi i-MIDAS ingasasebenzi ucwaningo lwabo lufundisa kakhulu.

Centre for Biological Diversity. (2013). I-FAQ Yezimayini Ezijulile Zolwandle. Centre for Biological Diversity.

Ngenkathi i-Centre for Biological Diversity ifaka icala enkantolo iphikisa izimvume ze-United States mayelana nezimayini ezihlolwayo futhi yakha uhlu lwamakhasi amathathu emibuzo evame ukubuzwa nge-Deep Sea Mining. Imibuzo ihlanganisa: Zingakanani izinsimbi ze-deep-sea? (approx. $150 trillion), Ingabe i-DSM iyafana nokukhumula izimayini? (Yebo). Ingabe ulwandle olujulile aluyincithakalo futhi alunakuphila? (Cha). Sicela uqaphele ukuthi izimpendulo ezisekhasini zijule kakhulu futhi zifaneleka kakhulu izethameli ezifuna izimpendulo zezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-DSM ezibekwe ngendlela eqondakala kalula ngaphandle kwesizinda sesayensi. Ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana necala ngokwalo lingatholakala lapha.

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3. Izinsongo Zezimayini ze-Deep Seabed Emvelweni

Thompson, KF, Miller, KA, Wacker, J., Derville, S., Laing, C., Santillo, D., & Johnston, P. (2023). Ukuhlola okuphuthumayo kuyadingeka ukuze kuhlolwe imithelela engaba khona kuma-cetaceans avela ezimayini ezijulile ekujuleni kolwandle. I-Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, 1095930. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1095930

Imisebenzi ye-Deep Sea Mining ingase iveze izingozi ezinkulu nezingenakulungiseka endaweni yemvelo, ikakhulukazi ezilwaneni ezincelisayo zasolwandle. Imisindo ekhiqizwa emisebenzini yezimayini, okuhlelwe ukuthi iqhubeke amahora angama-24 ngosuku ekujuleni okuhlukahlukene, idlula amaza ama-cetaceans axhumana nawo. Izinkampani zezimayini zihlela ukusebenza e-Clarion-Clipperton Zone, okuyindawo yokuhlala idlanzana lama-cetaceans okuhlanganisa kokubili i-baleen kanye nemikhomo enamazinyo. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukuze kutholwe imiphumela ezilwaneni ezincelisayo zasolwandle ngaphambi kokuba noma yimiphi imisebenzi yezohwebo ye-DSM iqale. Ababhali bayaqaphela ukuthi lokhu kungenye yezifundo zokuqala eziphenya ngalo mthelela, futhi zikhuthaza isidingo socwaningo olwengeziwe mayelana nokungcoliswa komsindo we-DSM kuma-whales namanye ama-cetaceans.

Hitchin, B., Smith, S., Kröger, K., Jones, D., Jaeckel, A., Mestre, N., Ardron, J., Escobar, E., van der Grient, J., & Amaro, T. (2023). Ama-Thresholds ezimayini ezijulile zolwandle: Isiqalo sokuthuthukiswa kwazo. Inqubomgomo Yasolwandle, 149, 105505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105505

Ama-Threshold azoba yingxenye yemvelo yomthetho nomthetho wokuhlolwa kwezezimayini ezijulile. I-threshold yinani, ileveli, noma umkhawulo wenkomba elinganisiwe, edalwe futhi isetshenziselwe ukusiza ukugwema ushintsho olungadingeki. Kumongo wokuphathwa kwemvelo, umkhawulo unikeza umkhawulo othi, uma ufinyelelwa, uphakamise ukuthi ingozi izoba - noma okulindeleke ukuthi - ibe yingozi noma ingaphephile, noma inikeza isexwayiso sangaphambi kwesikhathi saleso sigameko. Umkhawulo we-DSM kufanele ube ngu-SMART (Okucacile, Olinganisekayo, Ofezekayo, Ofanele, Oboshelwe Isikhathi), wethulwe ngokucacile futhi uqondakala, uvumele ukutholwa koshintsho, uhlobane ngokuqondile nezenzo zokuphatha kanye nezinhloso/izinjongo zemvelo, uhlanganise ukuqapha okufanele, uhlinzekele izinyathelo zokuthobela/ zokuphoqelela, futhi ubandakanye.

Carreiro-Silva, M., Martins, I., Riou, V., Raimundo, J., Caetano, M., Bettencourt, R., Rakka, M., Cerqueira, T., Godinho, A., Morato, T ., & Colaço, A. (2022). Imithelela yemishini kanye ne-toxicological yamapulangwe enhlabathi yezimayini ezimayini olwandle ehlala endaweni eyenza i-octocoral yamanzi abandayo. I-Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 915650. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.915650

Ucwaningo olumayelana nemithelela yenhlabathi emisiwe evela ku-DSM kumakhorali amanzi abandayo, ukuze kutholwe imiphumela yemishini kanye nobuthi yenhlabathi. Abacwaningi bahlole ukusabela kwamakhorali ekuchayekeni ezinhlayiyeni ze-sulfide ne-quartz. Bathole ukuthi ngemuva kokuchayeka isikhathi eside, amakhorali athola ingcindezi yomzimba kanye nokukhathala kwe-metabolic. Ukuzwela kwamakhorali ezinhlakeni kubonisa isidingo sezindawo zasolwandle ezivikelwe, izindawo ezivikelekile, noma izifunda ezikhethiwe ezingezona ezezimayini.

U-Amon, DJ, Gollner, S., Morato, T., Smith, CR, Chen, C., Christensen, S., Currie, B., Drazen, JC, TF, Gianni, M., et al. (2022). Ukuhlolwa kwezikhala zesayensi ezihlobene nokuphathwa kwemvelo okusebenzayo kwezimayini ezisogwini lolwandle. Inqubomgomo kaMar. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105006.

Ukuze kuqondwe imvelo ejulile yolwandle kanye nomthelela wezimayini empilweni, ababhali balolu cwaningo benze ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi ezibuyekezwe kontanga ku-DSM. Ngokubuyekezwa okuhlelekile kwama-athikili abuyekezwe ontanga engaphezu kuka-300 kusukela ngo-2010, abacwaningi balinganisele izifunda ezingaphansi kolwandle ngolwazi lwesayensi ngokuphathwa okusekelwe ebufakazini, bathola ukuthi yi-1.4% kuphela yezifunda ezinolwazi olwanele lokuphatha okunjalo. Bagomela ngokuthi ukuvala izikhala zesayensi ezihlobene nezimayini ezisogwini olujulile kuwumsebenzi omkhulu obalulekile ukuze kufezwe isibopho esikhulu sokuvimbela ukulimala okungathi sína nokuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka okusebenzayo futhi kuzodinga isiqondiso esicacile, izinsiza ezinkulu, nokuxhumana okuqinile nokusebenzisana. Ababhali baphetha lesi sihloko ngokuphakamisa imephu yomgwaqo yezinga eliphezulu lemisebenzi ehilela ukuchaza imigomo yezemvelo, ukusungula i-ajenda yokufinyelela yamazwe ngamazwe ukuze kukhiqizwe idatha entsha, futhi kuhlanganiswe idatha ekhona ukuze kuvalwe izikhala zesayensi ezibalulekile ngaphambi kokuba noma yikuphi ukuxhashazwa kucatshangelwe.

van der Grient, J., & Drazen, J. (2022). Ukuhlola ukuthambekela kwemiphakathi ekujuleni kolwandle emithonjeni yezimayini kusetshenziswa idatha yamanzi angashoni. Isayensi Yendawo Ephelele, 852, 158162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022. 158162.

Izimayini ezisogwini lolwandle zingaba nomthelela omkhulu ku-ecosystem emiphakathini yasolwandle kusuka ezimotweni eziqoqwayo kanye namapulangwe enzika. Ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni lwezimayini zamanzi angashoni, lezi zinsalela ezimisiwe zingase zidale ukuthi izilwane zifuthaniseleke, zilimaze amathambo azo, zishintshe indlela eziziphatha ngayo, zandise ukufa, zinciphise ukusebenzisana kwezinhlobo zezilwane, futhi zingabangela lezi zilwane ukuthi zingcoliswe yizinsimbi ekujuleni kolwandle. Ngenxa yokugcwala okuphansi kwenhlabathi emisiwe endaweni ejulile yolwandle, ukwenyuka okuncane kakhulu kokugxila kwenhlabathi emisiwe kungaholela emiphumeleni emibi kakhulu. Ababhali bathole ukuthi ukufana ohlotsheni kanye nesiqondiso sempendulo yezilwane ekukhuleni kwenhlabathi emisiwe ezindaweni ezihlala emanzini angashoni kubonisa izimpendulo ezifanayo ezindaweni ezingamelelwe kahle zingalindelwa, kuhlanganise nolwandle olujulile.

R. Williams, C. Erbe, A. Duncan, K. Nielsen, T. Washburn, C. Smith, Umsindo ovela ezimayini ezijulile zolwandle ungase udlule ezindaweni ezinkulu zolwandle, Isayensi, 377 (2022), https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science. abo2804

Uphenyo lwesayensi ngomthelela womsindo ovela emisebenzini yezimayini ekujuleni kolwandle ezindaweni ezijulile zolwandle.

I-DOSI (2022). “I-Deep Ocean Ikwenzelani?” Inqubomgomo ye-Deep Ocean Stewardship Initiative. https://www.dosi-project.org/wp-content/uploads/deep-ocean-ecosystem-services- brief.pdf

Umfushane wenqubomgomo omayelana nezinsizakalo ze-ecosystem kanye nezinzuzo zolwandle olunempilo kumongo we-deep sea ecosystem kanye nomthelela we-anthropogenic kulezi zinhlelo zemvelo.

U-Paulus E., (2021). Ukukhanyisa Ngezinhlobonhlobo Zezinto Eziphilayo Zasolwandle—Indawo Esengozini Kakhulu Lapho Kubhekene Noshintsho Lwe-Anthropogenic, Imingcele Yesayensi Yasolwandle, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.667048

Ukubuyekezwa kwendlela yokunquma ukuhlukahluka kolwandle okujulile nokuthi lezo zinhlobonhlobo zemvelo zizothinteka kanjani ekuphazamisekeni kwe-anthropogenic njengezimayini ezijulile olwandle, ukudoba ngokweqile, ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki, kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Miller, KA; Brigden, K; Santillo, D; Currie, D; Johnston, P; Thompson, KF, (2021). Ukuphonsela inselelo Isidingo Sezimayini Ezijulile Zasolwandle Ngokombono Wesidingo Sensimbi, Izinhlobonhlobo Zezinto Eziphilayo, Izinsiza Zemvelo, Nokwabelana Ngenzuzo, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.706161.

Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ukumbiwa kwezimbiwa phansi ekujuleni kolwandle kuyinzuzo enkulu kubatshalizimali kanye nezinkampani zezimayini. Futhi naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi azikho izimayini ezijulile olwandle ezenzekile kunengcindezi enkulu yokuthi izimayini zibe yizimpikiswano ezingokoqobo kwezomnotho. Umbhali waleli phepha ubheka izidingo zangempela zamaminerali olwandle olujulile, ubungozi bezinto eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene kanye nomsebenzi we-ecosystem kanye nokuntuleka kokwabelana ngenzuzo ngokulinganayo emphakathini womhlaba manje nasezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

Muñoz-Royo, C., Peacock, T., Alford, MH et al. Ubukhulu bomthelela wamapayipi okumba amaqhuqhuva olwandle aphakathi namanzi athonywa ukulayishwa kwentlenga, isiphithiphithi kanye nama-threshold. I-Commun Earth Environ 2, 148 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00213-8

Umsebenzi wocwaningo lwezimayini ze-deep-sea polymetallic nodule ukhule kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva, kodwa izinga elilindelekile lomthelela kwezemvelo lisasungulwa. Okunye okukhathazayo kwezemvelo ukuchithwa kwe-sediment plume kukholamu ephakathi namanzi. Senze ucwaningo oluzinikele sisebenzisa i-sediment evela ku-Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone. I-plume yaqashwa futhi yalandelelwa kusetshenziswa kokubili izinsimbi ezisunguliwe nezinoveli, okuhlanganisa izilinganiso ze-acoustic nesiphithiphithi. Ucwaningo lwethu lwasenkambu luveza ukuthi ukumodela kungabikezela ngokuthembekile izici ze-midwater plume eduze nendawo ekhishwayo nokuthi imiphumela yokuhlanganisa intlenga ayibalulekile. Imodeli ye-plume isetshenziselwa ukushayela ukulingisa kwezinombolo komsebenzi wezinga lezentengiso ku-Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone. Okuthathwayo okubalulekile ukuthi isikali somthelela we-plume sithonywa ngokuphawulekayo amanani wamazinga amukelekayo endaweni, inani lenhlabathi elahliwe, kanye nokuhlukana okuyaluzayo ku-Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone.

Muñoz-Royo, C., Peacock, T., Alford, MH et al. Ubukhulu bomthelela wamapayipi okumba amaqhuqhuva olwandle aphakathi namanzi athonywa ukulayishwa kwentlenga, isiphithiphithi kanye nama-threshold. I-Commun Earth Environ 2, 148 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00213-8. PDF.

Ucwaningo ngomthelela wemvelo wamapulangwe enzika avela ezimayini ze-deep sea polymetallic nodule. Abacwaningi baphothule ukuhlolwa kwensimu elawulwayo ukuze bathole ukuthi i-sediment ihlala kanjani futhi balingisa i-sediment plume efana naleyo ebizokwenzeka ngesikhathi sokumbiwa kwezimayini ekujuleni kolwandle. Baqinisekise ukwethembeka kwesofthiwe yabo yokumodela futhi bamodela ukulingiswa kwezinombolo kokusebenza kwesikali sezimayini.

Hallgren, A.; Hansson, A. Ukulandisa Okungqubuzanayo Kwezimayini Zasolwandle Olujulile. Ukusimama 2021, 13, 5261. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095261

Izindaba ezine eziphathelene nokumbiwa kolwandle olujulile ziyabuyekezwa futhi zethulwe, okuhlanganisa: ukusebenzisa i-DSM ukuze kube noshintsho oluqhubekayo, ukwabelana ngenzuzo, izikhala zocwaningo, kanye nokushiya izimbiwa zodwa. Ababhali bayavuma ukuthi ukulandisa kokuqala kuhamba phambili ezingxoxweni eziningi ze-DSM kanye nokungqubuzana nezinye izindaba ezikhona, okuhlanganisa izikhala zocwaningo nokushiya amaminerali wodwa. Ukushiya izimbiwa zodwa kugqanyiswa njengombuzo wesimilo futhi owokusiza ukwandisa ukufinyelela ezinqubweni zokulawula nezingxoxo.

van der Grient, JMA, kanye no-JC Drazen. "Ukuhlangana Kwendawo Okungenzeka Phakathi Kwezindawo Zokudoba Ezilwandle Eziphakeme kanye Nezimayini Zasolwandle Olujulile Emanzini Amazwe Ngamazwe." Inqubomgomo Yasolwandle, vol. 129, Julayi 2021, p. 104564. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104564.

Ucwaningo olubuyekeza ukugqagqana kwendawo yezinkontileka ze-DSM nezindawo zokudoba i-tuna. Ucwaningo lubala umthelela omubi olindelwe we-DSM ekudotshweni kwezinhlanzi ku-RFMO ngayinye ezifundeni ezinezinkontileka ze-DSM. Ababhali baxwayisa ngokuthi izinsimbi zezimayini kanye nokukhishwa kwezimayini kungase kuthinte kakhulu amazwe ase-Pacific Island.

de Jonge, DS, Stratmann, T., Lins, L., Vanreusel, A., Purser, A., Marcon, Y., Rodrigues, CF, Ravara, A., Esquete, P., Cunha, MR, Simon- Lledó, E., van Breugel, P., Sweetman, AK, Soetaert, K., & van Oevelen, D. (2020). Imodeli yewebhu ye-abysal ibonisa ukutholakala kokugeleza kwekhabhoni ephilayo kanye ne-microbial loop ekhubazekile eminyakeni engama-26 ngemva kokuhlolwa kokuphazamiseka kwenhlabathi. Inqubekelaphambili ku-Oceanography, 189, 102446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102446

Ngenxa yesidingo esibikezelwe sesikhathi esizayo sezinsimbi ezibucayi, amathafa alasha ambozwe ngamaqhuqhuva e-polymetallic okwamanje kulindeleke ukuba ambiwe ogwini lolwandle. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nemiphumela yezimayini ezijulile olwandle ababhali baleli phepha babheke imiphumela yesikhathi eside ye-'DISturbance and reCOLonization' (DISCOL) e-Peru Basin ebone ukuhlolwa kwegeja le-harrow olwandle ngo-1989. Ababhali babe sebethula imibono ye-benthic food web yenziwa ezindaweni ezintathu ezihlukene: ngaphakathi kwamathrekhi okulima weminyaka engu-26 (IPT, ethinteke ngokuqondile ngenxa yokulima), ngaphandle kwamathrekhi okulima (OPT, avuleleke ekuzinzeni. wenhlabathi emisiwe kabusha), nasezindaweni eziyinkomba (REF, awukho umthelela). Kutholwe ukuthi kokubili isamba esilinganiselwe sokuphuma kwesistimu kanye nokuhamba ngebhayisikili okuyiluphu ye-microbial kwehliswe kakhulu (ngo-16% no-35%, ngokulandelana) ngaphakathi kwamathrekhi okulima uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izilawuli ezimbili. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi ukusebenza kwewebhu yokudla, ikakhulukazi i-microbial loop, akukalulami ekuphazanyisweni okwadalwa endaweni ekulasha eminyakeni engama-26 edlule.

I-Alberts, EC (2020, Juni 16) "Izimayini zasolwandle olujulile: Isixazululo semvelo noma inhlekelele ezayo?" I-Mongabay News. Kubuyiswe kusuka: https://news.mongabay.com/2020/06/deep-sea-mining-an-environmental-solution-or-impending-catastrophe/

Nakuba izimayini ezijulile zolwandle zingakaqali kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yomhlaba, izinkampani zezimayini zamazwe ngamazwe ezingu-16 zinezinkontileka zokuhlola ulwandle lwezimbiwa ngaphakathi kwe-Clarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ) eMpumalanga ye-Pacific Ocean, kanti ezinye izinkampani zinezinkontileka zokuhlola ama-nodule. e-Indian Ocean kanye naseWestern Pacific Ocean. Umbiko omusha we-Deep Sea Mining Campaign kanye ne-Mining Watch Canada uphakamisa ukuthi ukumbiwa kwe-polymetallic nodule kuzoba nomthelela omubi ku-ecosystem, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ezokudoba, kanye nobukhulu bezenhlalo nezomnotho zezizwe eziqhingini zase-Pacific, nokuthi lezimayini idinga indlela yokuqapha.

UChin, A., kanye no-Hari, K., (2020). Ukubikezela imithelela yezimayini zamaqhuqhuva e-polymetallic olwandle olujulile e-Pacific Ocean: Ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi zeSayensi, umkhankaso we-Deep Sea Mining kanye ne-MiningWatch Canada, amakhasi angama-52.

Izimayini zasolwandle ezijulile ePacific ziyakhula intshisekelo kubatshalizimali, izinkampani zezimayini, kanye neminye iminotho yeziqhingi, nokho, kuncane okwaziwayo ngemiphumela yangempela ye-DSM. Lo mbiko uhlaziya izindatshana zesayensi ezibuyekezwe ontanga engaphezu kuka-250 bathola ukuthi umthelela wokumba izigaxana ze-polymetallic olwandle ungaba mkhulu, ube nzima, futhi uhlale ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, okubangela ukulahleka kwezinhlobo zezilwane okungenakulungiseka. Ukubuyekezwa kuthola ukumbiwa kwezimayini ekujuleni kolwandle kuzoba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu nehlala isikhathi eside ezindaweni ezingaphansi kolwandle futhi kungase kube yingozi enkulu ohlelweni lwendalo yasolwandle kanye nezindawo zokudoba, imiphakathi kanye nempilo yabantu. Ubudlelwano bezakhamuzi zaseziqhingini zase-Pacific nolwandle abuhlanganisiwe kahle ezingxoxweni ze-DSM futhi imithelela yezenhlalo nezamasiko akwaziwa kuyilapho izinzuzo zezomnotho zihlala zithandabuza. Le nsiza inconywa kakhulu kuzo zonke izethameli ezinentshisekelo ku-DSM.

Drazen, JC, Smith, CR, Gjerde, KM, Haddock, SHD et al. (2020) Imvelo emaphakathi namanzi kufanele icatshangelwe lapho kuhlolwa izingozi zemvelo zokumbiwa kwezimayini ezijulile zolwandle. I-PNAS 117, 30, 17455-17460. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2011914117. PDF.

Ukubuyekezwa kwemithelela yezimayini ezijulile olwandle kuma-midwater ecosystem. I-Midwater ecosystem iqukethe u-90% we-biosphere nezinhlanzi zezinhlanzi zokudoba ngenjongo yokuthengisa nokuvikeleka kokudla. Imithelela engaba khona ye-DSM ihlanganisa amapulangwe enzika nezinsimbi ezinobuthi ezingena ochungechungeni lokudla endaweni yolwandle i-mesopelagic. Abacwaningi batusa ukuthuthukisa izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zemvelo ukuze kufakwe izifundo ze-midwater ecosystem.

Christiansen, B., Denda, A., & Christiansen, S. Imiphumela engaba khona yezimayini ezijulile zolwandle ku-pelagic and benthopelagic biota. Inqubomgomo Yasolwandle 114, 103442 (2020).

Ukumbiwa kwezimayini ekujuleni kolwandle kungenzeka kuthinte i-pelagic biota, kodwa ukuqina nesikali kusalokhu kungacacile ngenxa yokuntuleka kolwazi. Lolu cwaningo lunwebeka ngaphezu kocwaningo lwemiphakathi ye-benthic (ama-macroinvertibrates afana nama-crustaceans) futhi lubheka olwazini lwamanje lwemvelo ye-pelagic (indawo ephakathi kolwandle nangaphezulu nje kolwandle) luphawula ukulimala kwezidalwa okungenzeka, kodwa okungeke kwenzeke. okubikezelwe ngalesi sikhathi ngenxa yokuntula ulwazi. Lokhu kuntuleka kolwazi kubonisa ukuthi ulwazi olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukuze kuqondwe kahle imiphumela ye-DSM yesikhathi esifushane neyesikhathi eside endaweni yolwandle.

Orcutt, BN, et al. Imithelela yezimayini ezijulile zolwandle kumasevisi we-microbial ecosystem. I-Limnology kanye ne-Oceanography 65 (2020).

Ucwaningo ngezinsizakalo ze-ecosystem ezihlinzekwa imiphakathi yolwandle olujulile endabeni yezimayini ezijulile ekujuleni kolwandle kanye nokunye ukuphazamiseka kwe-anthropogenic. Ababhali baxoxisana ngokulahleka kwemiphakathi yama-microbial at hydrothermal vents, imiphumela kumakhono okuthunjwa kwekhabhoni yamasimu wamaqhuqhuva, futhi bakhombise isidingo socwaningo olwengeziwe ngemiphakathi ephilayo emanzini angaphansi kwamanzi. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyanconywa ukuze kusungulwe isisekelo se-biogeochemical samagciwane ngaphambi kokwethulwa kwezimayini ezijulile olwandle.

B. Gillard et al., Izakhiwo ze-Physical and hydrodynamic zezimayini ezijulile zolwandle ezikhiqizwe, amapulangwe enzinga abilayo ku-Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (empumalanga-maphakathi nePacific). I-Elementa 7, 5 (2019), https://online.ucpress.edu/elementa/article/ doi/10.1525/elementa.343/112485/Physical-and-hydrodynamic-properties-of-deep-sea

Ucwaningo lwezobuchwepheshe ngemithelela ye-anthropogenic yezimayini ezijulile ekujuleni kolwandle, kusetshenziswa amamodeli ukuhlaziya ukukhishwa kwenzinga. Abacwaningi bathola izimo ezihlobene nezimayini zenza inzika ethwala amanzi yakha amafu amakhulu, noma amafu, akhula ngosayizi anamapulangwe amakhulu. Abonisa ukuthi inzika igcina ngokushesha endaweni endaweni yesiphazamiso ngaphandle uma inkimbinkimbi yamaza olwandle.

I-Cornwall, W. (2019). Izintaba ezifihlwe ekujuleni kolwandle ziyizindawo ezishisayo zebhayoloji. Ingabe izimayini zizobachitha? Isayensi. https://www.science.org/content/article/ mountains-hidden-deep-sea-are-biological-hot-spots-will-mining-ruin-them

I-athikili emfushane yomlando nolwazi lwamanje lwezintaba zasolwandle, okungenye yezindawo ezintathu ezihlala olwandle ezijulile ezisengozini yokumbiwa kwezimayini ezijulile zolwandle. Amagebe ocwaningweni ngemithelela yezimayini emanzini abangele iziphakamiso ezintsha zocwaningo kanye nophenyo, kodwa isayensi yezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle isafundwa kabi. Ososayensi basebenzela ukuvikela amanani asolwandle ngezinjongo zocwaningo. Ukudotshwa kwezinhlanzi ngokudoba kakade sekulimaza ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo kwezindawo eziningi zasolwandle ezingashoni ngokususa amakhorali, futhi imishini yezimayini kulindeleke ukuthi ibe yimbi nakakhulu inkinga.

I-Pew Charitable Trusts (2019). Ukumbiwa Kwezimayini Ezijulile Zasolwandle Kuma-Hydrothermal Vents Kusongela Izinhlobonhlobo Zezinto Eziphilayo. I-Pew Charitable Trusts. PDF

Ishidi lamaqiniso elinemininingwane ngemiphumela yezimayini ezijulile zasolwandle kuma-hydrothermal vents, enye yezindawo ezintathu zebhayoloji ezingaphansi kwamanzi ezisongelwa ukumbiwa kwezimayini ezijulile zolwandle. Ososayensi babika ukuthi izizinda ezisebenza ezimayini zizosongela ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo okungase zibe nomthelela kuma-ecosystem angomakhelwane. Izinyathelo ezilandelayo eziphakanyisiwe zokuvikela ama-hydrothermal vents zihlanganisa ukunquma indlela yokunquma yezinhlelo zokukhipha umoya ezisebenzayo nezingasebenzi, ukuqinisekisa ukucaca kolwazi lwesayensi kubenzi bezinqumo be-ISA kanye nokubeka amasistimu okulawula i-ISA ama-hydrothermal vents asebenzayo.

Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe olujwayelekile nge-DSM, i-Pew inewebhusayithi ekhethiwe yamaphepha amaqiniso engeziwe, uhlolojikelele lwemithethonqubo, nama-athikili engeziwe angasiza kulabo abasha ku-DSM kanye nomphakathi uwonke: https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/projects/seabed-mining-project.

D. Aleynik, ME Inall, A. Dale, A. Vink, Impact ye-eddies ekhiqizwe ukude ekuhlakazweni kweplamu ezindaweni zezimayini kwalasha e-Pacific. Isayensi. Rep. 7, 16959 (2017) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-16912-2

Ukuhlaziywa komthelela wama-ocean counter currents (eddies) ekuhlakazweni okungaba khona kwamapayipi ezimayini kanye nenzinga elandelayo. Ukuhlukahluka kwamanje kuncike ezintweni ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa amagagasi, umoya ovela phezulu, nama-eddies. Ukugeleza okukhulayo okuvela kuma-eddy currents kutholakala ukuthi kusakazeke futhi kuhlakaze amanzi, kanye nenhlabathi engase ibe namanzi, ngokushesha emabangeni amakhulu.

JC Drazen, TT Sutton, Dining in the deep: I-feeding ecology yezinhlanzi zasolwandle. Annu. Umfundisi Mar. Sci. 9, 337–366 (2017) doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060543

Ucwaningo mayelana nokuxhumana kwendawo ekujuleni kolwandle ngokusebenzisa imikhuba yokudla yezinhlanzi ezijulile zolwandle. Esigabeni sephepha esithi “Anthropogenic Effects”, ababhali baxoxa ngomthelela ongase ube nawo ezimayini ekujuleni kolwandle ezinhlanzini zasolwandle olujulile ngenxa yokuhlobana kwendawo okungaziwa kwemisebenzi ye-DSM. 

Umkhankaso Wezimayini Zasolwandle Olujulile. (2015, Septhemba 29). Isiphakamiso sokuqala sokumba izimayini ezijulile emhlabeni wonke asiyinaki imiphumela yemithelela yako olwandle. Ukukhishwa Kwemidiya. Umkhankaso Wezimayini Zasolwandle Olujulile, Isazi Somnotho Esikhulu, I-MiningWatch Canada, EarthWorks, Oasis Earth. PDF

Njengoba imboni yezimayini ezijulile zasolwandle ijaha abatshalizimali eNgqungqutheleni Yezimayini Yase-Asia Pacific Deep Sea, ukugxekwa okusha kwe-Deep Sea Mining Campaign kuveza amaphutha angenakuvinjelwa ekuHlaziyweni kweBenchmarking yezeMvelo kanye neNhlalakahle yephrojekthi ye-Solwara 1 egunyazwe yi-Nautilus Minerals. Thola umbiko ogcwele lapha.

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4. Ukucatshangelwa Kwegunya Lomhlaba Wase-Seabed

I-International Seabed Authority. (2022). Mayelana ne-ISA. I-International Seabed Authority. https://www.isa.org.jm/

I-International Seabed Authority, isiphathimandla esikhulu esisogwini lolwandle emhlabeni wonke yasungulwa yiNhlangano Yezizwe ngaphansi kweNgqungquthela Yezizwe Ezihlangene yango-1982 yoMthetho woLwandle (i-UNCLOS) kanye nokuchitshiyelwa ngendlela yeSivumelwano sika-1994 se-UNCLOS. Kusukela ngo-2020, i-ISA inamazwe angamalungu ayi-168 (okuhlanganisa ne-European Union) futhi ihlanganisa ama-54% olwandle. I-ISA igunyazwe ukuthi iqinisekise ukuvikelwa okusebenzayo kwendawo yasolwandle emiphumeleni eyingozi engavela emisebenzini ehlobene nolwandle. Iwebhusayithi ye-International Seabed Authority ibalulekile kukho kokubili imibhalo esemthethweni kanye namaphepha esayensi kanye nezingxoxo zeshabhu enomthelela onamandla ekuthathweni kwezinqumo kwe-ISA.

Morger, E., & Lily, H. (2022). Ukubamba iqhaza komphakathi ku-International Seabed Authority: Ukuhlaziywa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wamalungelo abantu. Ukubuyekezwa kwe-European, Comparative & International Environmental Law, 31 (3), 374-388. https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12472

Ukuhlaziywa okusemthethweni kwamalungelo abantu ezingxoxweni ezimayelana nokulawulwa kwezimayini ezijulile olwandle ku-International Seabed Authority. I-athikili iphawula ukuntuleka kokuhlanganyela komphakathi futhi ithi inhlangano ishaye indiva izibopho zenqubo yamalungelo abantu phakathi kwemihlangano ye-ISA. Ababhali batusa uchungechunge lwezinyathelo zokuthuthukisa nokukhuthaza ukubamba iqhaza komphakathi ekuthathweni kwezinqumo.

Woody, T., & Halper, E. (2022, Ephreli 19). Umjaho oya phansi: Emjahweni wokumba phansi olwandle amaminerali asetshenziswa kumabhethri e-EV, ubani obheke imvelo? Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-04-19/gold-rush-in-the-deep-sea-raises-questions-about-international-seabed-authority

Indatshana egqamisa ukubandakanyeka kukaMichael Lodge, unobhala-jikelele we-International Seabed Authority, ne-The Metals Company, enye yezinkampani ezinentshisekelo yokumba izimayini ekujuleni kolwandle.

Izitatimende ezinikezwe ummeli we-International Seabed Authority. (2022, Ephreli 19). Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/ 2022-04-19/statements-provided-by-attorney-for-international-seabed-authority

Iqoqo lezimpendulo zommeli oxhumene ne-ISA ezihlokweni ezihlanganisa: ukuzimela kwe-ISA njengenhlangano engaphandle kwe-UN, ukubonakala kukaMichael Lodge, unobhala-jikelele we-ISA kuvidiyo yokukhangisa ye-The Metals Company (TMC) , kanye nokukhathazeka kososayensi ukuthi i-ISA ayikwazi ukulawula nokubamba iqhaza kwezezimayini.

Ngo-2022, i-NY Times yashicilela uchungechunge lwezihloko, imibhalo, kanye ne-podcast ngobudlelwano phakathi kwe-The Metals Company, omunye wabanduleli ababefuna ukumba izimayini ezijulile olwandle, kanye noMichael Lodge, unobhala-jikelele wamanje we-International Seabed Authority. Lokhu okucashuniwe okulandelayo kuqukethe uphenyo lwe-New York Times mayelana nezimayini ezijulile ekujuleni kolwandle, abadlali abakhulu abaphusha ikhono lokumba imayini, kanye nobudlelwano obungabazekayo phakathi kwe-TMC ne-ISA.

Lipton, E. (2022, Agasti 29). Idatha eyimfihlo, iziqhingi ezincane kanye nokufuna umcebo phansi olwandle. I-New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/29/world/ deep-sea-mining.html

Ukudalulwa okujulile ezinkampanini ezihola imizamo yokumba izimayini ekujuleni kolwandle okuhlanganisa ne-The Metals Company (TMC). Kuxoxiswana ngobudlelwane obuseduze beminyaka yonke be-TMC no-Michael Lodge kanye neSigungu Samazwe Ngamazwe Ngasolwandle kanye nokukhathazeka ngokulingana mayelana nabazuzi baleyo misebenzi uma kwenzeka ukumbiwa kwezimayini. I-athikili iphenya imibuzo mayelana nokuthi inkampani yaseCanada, i-TMC, yaba kanjani umgijimi ophambili ezingxoxweni ze-DSM ngenkathi imayini ihlongozwa ekuqaleni ukunikeza usizo lwezezimali emazweni ampofu ase-Pacific Island.

Lipton, E. (2022, Agasti 29). Uphenyo luholela phansi kwePacific. I-New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/29/insider/ mining-investigation.html

Ingxenye yochungechunge lwe-NY Times oluthi “Race to the future”, le ndatshana iphinde ihlole ubudlelwano phakathi kweNkampani Yezinsimbi nezikhulu ezingaphakathi kwe-International Seabed Authority. Isihloko sichaza ngezingxoxo nokusebenzisana phakathi kwentatheli ephenyayo kanye nezikhulu zezinga eliphezulu kwa-TMC kanye ne-ISA, ukuhlola nokubuza imibuzo ngomthelela wemvelo we-DSM.

Kitroeff, N., Reid, W., Johnson, MS, Bonja, R., Baylen, LO, Chow, L., Powell, D., & Wood, C. (2022, September 16). Sethembiso nobungozi phansi kolwandle. I-New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/16/ podcasts/the-daily/electric-cars-sea-mining-pacific-ocean.html

I-podcast yemizuzu engama-35 exoxa no-Eric Lipton, intatheli ephenyayo ye-NY Times ebilandela ubudlelwano phakathi kweThe Metals Company kanye ne-International Seabed Authority.

Lipton, E. (2022) Imibhalo Ekhethiwe Yezimayini Yase-Seabed. https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/ 22266044-seabed-mining-selected-documents-2022

Uchungechunge lwemibhalo egcinwe yi-NY Times ebhala ngokusebenzelana kwasekuqaleni phakathi kukaMichael Lodge, unobhala-jikelele we-ISA wamanje, kanye ne-Nautilus Minerals, inkampani etholwe yi-TMC kusukela ngo-1999.

U-Ardron JA, u-Ruhl HA, u-Jones DO (2018). Ukufaka ukubeka izinto obala ekuphathweni kwezimayini ezisogwini lolwandle endaweni engale kombuso kazwelonke. Mar. Pol. 89, 58-66. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2017.11.021

Ukuhlaziywa kuka-2018 kweSigungu Samazwe Ngamazwe Sase-Seabed kwathola ukuthi ukuveza izinto obala okwengeziwe kuyadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuziphendulela, ikakhulukazi mayelana: nokufinyelela olwazini, ukubika, ukubamba iqhaza komphakathi, ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi, ulwazi lokuthobela kanye nokugunyazwa, kanye nekhono lokubuyekeza nokuvela izinqumo.

I-Lodge, M. (2017, May 26). I-International Seabed Authority kanye ne-Deep Seabed Mining. UN Chronicle, uMqulu 54, Issue 2, amakhasi 44 – 46. https://doi.org/10.18356/ea0e574d-en https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/journals/15643913/54/2/25

Iphansi lolwandle, njengomhlaba owumhlaba, lakhiwe izici eziyingqayizivele zendawo kanye nekhaya lamadiphozithi amakhulu amaminerali, ngokuvamile amafomu acebile. Lo mbiko omfushane nofinyelelekayo uhlanganisa izinto eziyisisekelo zokumbiwa olwandle ngokombono weNgqungquthela Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yomthetho Wasolwandle (i-UNCLOS) kanye nokwakhiwa kwemithetho yokulawula ukusetshenziswa kwale mithombo yezimbiwa.

I-International Seabed Authority. (2011, Julayi 13). Uhlelo lokuphathwa kwemvelo lwe-Clarion-Clipperton Zone, lwamukelwe ngoJulayi 2012. I-International Seabed Authority. PDF

Ngegunya elingokomthetho elinikezwe i-United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, i-ISA yabeka uhlelo lokuphathwa kwemvelo lwe-Clarion-Clipperton Zone, indawo okungenzeka ukuthi izimayini ezijule kakhulu zenziwa futhi lapho iningi lezimvume ye-DSM isikhishiwe. Lo mbhalo ungowokuphatha ukufunwa kwamanodule e-manganese ePacific.

I-International Seabed Authority. (2007, Julayi 19). Isinqumo soMkhandlu ophathelene nemithethonqubo yokuhlola nokuhlola amaqhuqhuva e-polymetallic endaweni. I-International Seabed Authority, Iqale kabusha Iseshini Yeshumi nantathu, Kingston, Jamaica, 9-20 July ISBA/13/19.

Ngomhla ziyi-19 kuJulayi, 2007 i-International Seabed Authority (ISA) yenza inqubekelaphambili mayelana nemithetho ye-sulphide. Lo mbhalo ubalulekile ngoba uchibiyela isihloko nezinhlinzeko zomthethonqubo 37 ukuze imithethonqubo yokuhlola manje ihlanganise izinto neziza zemvelo zemivubukulo noma zomlando. Lo mbhalo uphinde udingide izikhundla zamazwe ahlukahlukene ezihlanganisa imibono ngezindawo ezinomlando ezehlukene njengokuhweba ngezigqila kanye nokubika okudingekayo.

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5. Izimayini ze-Deep Seabed kanye Nokwehlukahlukana, Ukulingana, Ukufakwa, kanye Nobulungisa

Tilot, V., Willaert, K., Guilloux, B., Chen, W., Mulalap, CY, Gaulme, F., Bambridge, T., Peters, K., kanye noDahl, A. (2021). 'Ubukhulu Bendabuko Bokulawulwa Kwensiza Yase-Seabed Esimweni Sezimayini Zasolwandle Olujulile e-Pacific: Ukufunda Ku-Socio-Ecological Interconnectivity Between Island Communities and the Ocean Realm', Front. Mar, Sci. 8: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.637938/full

Ukubuyekezwa kwesayensi kwezindawo zokuhlala zasolwandle kanye namagugu aziwayo angaphatheki angaphansi kwamanzi angaphansi kwamanzi eziqhingini zase-Pacific okulindeleke ukuthi athintwe i-DSM. Lokhu kubuyekezwa kuhambisana nokuhlaziywa kwezomthetho kwezinhlaka zomthetho zamanje ukuze kutholwe izinqubo ezingcono kakhulu zokulondoloza nokuvikela imvelo emiphumeleni ye-DSM.

Bourrel, M., Thiele, T., Currie, D. (2018). Okujwayelekile kwamagugu esintu njengendlela yokuhlola nokuthuthukisa ukulingana ezimayini ezijulile zasolwandle. Inqubomgomo Yasolwandle, 95, 311-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.07.017. PDF.

Uma kucatshangelwa isimiso sefa elivamile lesintu ngaphakathi komongo waso kanye nokusetshenziswa ku-UNCLOS kanye ne-ISA. Ababhali bahlonza imibuso yezomthetho kanye nesimo esingokomthetho sefa elivamile lesintu kanye nendlela elisetshenziswa ngayo ngokoqobo e-ISA. Ababhali batusa uchungechunge lwezinyathelo okufanele zisetshenziswe kuwo wonke amazinga omthetho wolwandle ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukulingana, ubulungisa, ukuqapha, kanye nokuqashelwa kwezizukulwane ezizayo.

Jaeckel, A., Ardron, JA, Gjerde, KM (2016) Ukwabelana ngezinzuzo zefa elivamile lesintu - Ingabe umbuso wezimayini ojulile olwandle usulungile? Inqubomgomo Yasolwandle, 70, 198-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.03.009. PDF.

Ngokusebenzisa i-lens yefa elivamile lesintu, abacwaningi bahlonza izindawo zokuthuthukiswa kwe-ISA kanye nomthetho maqondana nefa elivamile lesintu. Lezi zindawo zihlanganisa ukubeka izinto obala, izinzuzo zezezimali, Ibhizinisi, ukudluliswa kobuchwepheshe kanye nokwakhiwa kwamakhono, ukulingana phakathi kwezizukulwane, kanye nemithombo yofuzo yasolwandle.

Rosembaum, uHelen. (2011, Okthoba). Okuphuma Ekujuleni Kwethu: Ukumbiwa Kwezimayini Eziphansi Zasolwandle ePapua New Guinea. Imayini Watch Canada. PDF

Lo mbiko uchaza ngemithelela engathi sína yezemvelo nenhlalo elindelwe ngenxa yezimayini ezingakaze zibonwe phansi olwandle ePapua New Guinea. Igqamisa amaphutha ajulile ku-Nautilus Minerals EIS njengokuhlolwa okunganele kwenkampani ebungozini benqubo yayo ezinhlotsheni ze-vent, futhi ayizange icabangele ngokwanele imiphumela enobuthi ezintweni eziphila ochungechungeni lokudla kwasolwandle.

Cuyvers, L. Berry, W., Gjerde, K., Thiele, T. kanye no-Wilhem, C. (2018). Izimayini ezijulile olwandle: inselele ekhulayo yemvelo. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN kanye neGallifrey Foundation. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.16.en. PDF. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/ files/documents/2018-029-En.pdf

Ulwandle luqukethe ingcebo enkulu yezimbiwa phansi, ezinye ezigxile kakhulu. Izingqinamba zomthetho ngeminyaka yawo-1970 kanye nawo-1980 zavimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwezimayini ezijulile zolwandle, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi eminingi yale mibuzo engokomthetho yaphendulwa nge-International Seabed Authority ivumela isithakazelo esikhulayo sokumbiwa kwezimayini ezijulile zolwandle. Umbiko we-IUCN ugqamisa izingxoxo zamanje ezithinta ukuthuthukiswa kwayo okungenzeka kwemboni yezimayini engaphansi kolwandle.

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6. Ukucatshangelwa Kwemakethe Yezobuchwepheshe Nezimbiwa

Blue Climate Initiative. (Okthoba 2023). Isizukulwane Esilandelayo EV Amabhethri Aqeda Isidingo Sezimayini Ezijulile Zasolwandle. Blue Climate Initiative. Ibuyiselwe ngo-Okthoba 30, 2023
https://www.blueclimateinitiative.org/sites/default/files/2023-10/whitepaper.pdf

Intuthuko kubuchwepheshe bebhethri lemoto kagesi (EV), kanye nokwamukelwa okusheshayo kwalobu buchwepheshe, kuholela ekushintshweni kwamabhethri e-EV ancike ku-cobalt, nickel, ne-manganese. Ngenxa yalokho, ukumbiwa kolwandle ekujuleni kwalezi zinsimbi akudingekile, kunenzuzo kwezomnotho, noma akululeki ngokwemvelo.

U-Moana Simas, u-Fabian Aponte, no-Kirsten Wiebe (Imboni ye-SINTEF), Umnotho Oyindilinga kanye Nezimbiwa Ezibalulekile Zenguquko Eluhlaza, amakhasi 4-5. https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/ downloads/the_future_is_circular___sintef mineralsfinalreport_nov_2022__1__1.pdf

Ucwaningo lwangoNovemba 2022 lwathola ukuthi “ukwamukelwa kwamakhemistri ahlukene amabhethri emoto kagesi nokusuka kude namabhethri e-lithium-ion ukuze asetshenziswe anganyakazi kunganciphisa isidingo esiphelele se-cobalt, i-nickel, ne-manganese ngo-40-50% wesidingo esikhulayo phakathi kuka-2022 no-2050. XNUMX uma kuqhathaniswa nobuchwepheshe bamanje kanye nezimo zebhizinisi njengenjwayelo.

U-Dunn, J., Kendall, A., Slattery, M. (2022) Amazinga wokuqukethwe ebhethri ye-lithium-ion asetshenziswe kabusha e-US yemoto kagesi - okuqondiwe, izindleko, nemithelela yemvelo. Izinsiza, Ukongiwa kanye Nokugaywa kabusha 185, 106488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022. 106488.

I-agumenti eyodwa ye-DSM ukuthuthukisa ukushintshela ohlelweni oluluhlaza, lwe-x loop recycling.

Miller, KA; Brigden, K; Santillo, D; Currie, D; Johnston, P; Thompson, KF, Ukuphonsela Inselele Isidingo Sezimayini Ezijulile Zasolwandle Ngokombono Wesidingo Sensimbi, Izinhlobonhlobo Zezinto Eziphilayo, Izinsizakalo Zemvelo, Nokwabelana Ngenzuzo, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.706161

Lesi sihloko sihlola ukungaqiniseki okukhulu okukhona mayelana nezimayini ezijulile olwandle. Ikakhulukazi, sihlinzeka ngombono kulokhu: (1) izimpikiswano zokuthi kudingeka ukumbiwa kwemigodi ekujuleni kolwandle ukuze kuhlinzekwe ngamaminerali okuguqula amandla aluhlaza, kusetshenziswa imboni yamabhethri ezimoto zikagesi njengomfanekiso; (2) ubungozi ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukusebenza kwe-ecosystem kanye nezinsizakalo ezihlobene ne-ecosystem; kanye (3) nokuntuleka kokwabelana ngenzuzo okulinganayo emphakathini womhlaba manje nasezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

I-Deep Sea Mining Campaign (2021) Ukwelulekwa Kwabanikazi Bamasheya: Inhlanganisela yebhizinisi ehlongozwayo phakathi kwe-Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition Corporation kanye ne-DeepGreen. (http://www.deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org/ wp-content/uploads/Advice-to-SOAC-Investors.pdf)

Ukusungulwa kwe-The Metals Company kwaletha ukunaka kwe-Deep Sea Mining Campaign nezinye izinhlangano ezifana ne-The Ocean Foundation, okuholele kulesi seluleko sabanikazi bamasheya mayelana nenkampani entsha eyakhiwa yi-Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition Corporation kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-DeepGreen. Umbiko udingida ukungasimami kwe-DSM, uhlobo lokuqagela lwezimayini, izikweletu, nobungozi obuhambisana nokuhlanganiswa nokutholwa.

I-Yu, H. kanye ne-Leadbetter, J. (2020, Julayi 16) I-Chemolihoautotrophy ye-Bacterial via Manganese Oxidation. Imvelo. I-DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2468-5 https://scitechdaily.com/microbiologists-discover-bacteria-that-feed-on-metal-ending-a-century-long-search/

Ubufakazi obusha bubonisa ukuthi amagciwane adla insimbi kanye nendle yaleli bhaktheriya angase anikeze incazelo eyodwa ngenani elikhulu lezimbiwa phansi olwandle. I-athikili ithi ucwaningo olwengeziwe ludinga ukuqedwa ngaphambi kokuba kumbiwe ulwandle.

I-European Union (2020) Uhlelo Lwesenzo Somnotho Oyindilinga: Olwe-Europe ehlanzekile neqhudelana kakhulu. Iyuniyani yase-Europe. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/pdf/circular-economy/new_circular_economy_action_plan. pdf

I-European Union ibilokhu yenza igxathu ekuqaliseni umnotho oyindilinga. Lo mbiko uhlinzeka ngombiko wenqubekelaphambili kanye nemibono yokwakha uhlaka lwenqubomgomo yemikhiqizo esimeme, ugcizelele amaketango abalulekile enani lemikhiqizo, ukusebenzisa imfucuza encane futhi kwandiswe inani, futhi kwandiswe ukusebenza komnotho oyindilinga kubo bonke.

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7. Ukuxhaswa Ngezimali, Ukucatshangelwa kwe-ESG, Nokukhathazeka Ngokuwasha Uhlaza

I-United Nations Environment Programme Initiative (2022) Izizinda Zasolwandle Eziyingozi: Ukuqonda ubungozi nemithelela yokuxhasa ngezimali izimboni ezingavuseleleki. Geneva. https://www.unepfi.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Harmful-Marine-Extractives-Deep-Sea-Mining.pdf

I-United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) ikhiphe lo mbiko oqondiswe kubabukeli abasemkhakheni wezezimali, njengamabhange, izinkampani zomshwalense, nabatshalizimali, kwezezimali, zebhayoloji, kanye nezinye izingozi zokumbiwa kwezimayini ezijulile olwandle. Lo mbiko kulindeleke ukuthi usetshenziswe njengensiza yezikhungo zezezimali ukuze zenze izinqumo mayelana nokutshalwa kwezimali ezimayini olwandle. Iphetha ngokubonisa ukuthi i-DSM ayihambisani futhi ayikwazi ukuhambisana nencazelo yomnotho oluhlaza osimeme.

I-WWF (2022). I-Deep Seabed Mining: Umhlahlandlela we-WWF wezikhungo zezimali. https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/ wwf_briefing_financial_institutions_dsm.pdf

Idalwe i-World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), le memo emfushane iveza ubungozi obethulwa yi-DSM futhi ikhuthaza izikhungo zezezimali ukuthi zicabangele futhi zisebenzise izinqubomgomo zokunciphisa ubungozi bokutshalwa kwezimali. Umbiko uphakamisa ukuthi izikhungo zezezimali kufanele zizibophezele esidlangalaleni ukuthi ngeke zitshale izimali ezinkampanini zezimayini zase-DSM, zihlanganyele nomkhakha, abatshalizimali, kanye nezinkampani ezingezona ezezimayini ezingase ziveze isifiso sokusebenzisa izimbiwa ukuvimbela i-DSM. Umbiko uqhubeka ubala izinkampani, izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nezikhungo zezezimali, okusukela kulo mbiko, zisayine ukumiswa kanye/noma zakha inqubomgomo yokukhipha i-DSM kumaphothifoliyo azo.

I-United Nations Environment Programme Initiative (2022) Izizinda Zasolwandle Eziyingozi: Ukuqonda ubungozi kanye nomthelela wokuxhasa ngezimali izimboni ezikhiphayo ezingavuseleleki. Geneva. https://www.unepfi.org/publications/harmful-marine-extractives-deep-sea-mining/;/;

Ukuhlaziywa kwemithelela yenhlalo nemvelo yezikhungo zokutshalwa kwezimali kanye nezezimali kanye nobungozi i-DSM ebubeka kubatshalizimali. Lo mfushane ugxile ekuthuthukisweni okungaba khona, ukusebenza, nokuvalwa kwe-DSM futhi uphetha ngezincomo zokushintshela kwenye indlela esimeme kakhudlwana, kuphikiswana ngokuthi angeke ibe khona indlela yokusungula le mboni ngokuqapha ngenxa yokushoda kwesiqiniseko sesayensi.

Bonitas Research, (2021, Okthoba 6) TMC the metals co. https://www.bonitasresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2021/10/ BonitasResearch-Short-TMCthemetalsco-Nasdaq-TMC-Oct-6-2021.pdf?nocookies=yes

Uphenyo nge-The Metals Company kanye nokusebenzisana kwayo ngaphambi nangemuva kokungena emakethe yamasheya njengenkampani yomphakathi. Lo mbhalo uphakamisa ukuthi i-TMC inikeze inkokhelo engaphezulu kwabangaphakathi abangadalulwanga be-Tonga Offshore Mining Limited (TOML), ukwenyuka kwamanani okwenziwa kwezindleko zokuhlola, esebenza ngelayisensi esemthethweni engabazekayo ye-TOML.

UBryant, C. (2021, Septhemba 13). $500 Izigidi Zemali Ye-SPAC Inyamalala Ngaphansi Kolwandle. IBloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/ 2021-09-13/tmc-500-million-cash-shortfall-is-tale-of-spac-disappointment-greenwashing?leadSource=uverify%20wall

Kulandela ukukhishwa kwemakethe yamasheya kokuqala kokuhlanganiswa kwe-DeepGreen and Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition, kwakha inkampani ehweba esidlangalaleni i-The Metals Company, inkampani yabhekana nokukhathazeka kusenesikhathi kubatshalizimali abahoxise ukwesekwa kwabo kwezezimali.

I-Scales, H., Steeds, O. (2021, Juni 1). Catch Our Drift Isiqephu 10: Izimayini ezijulile zasolwandle. I-Nekton Mission Podcast. https://catchourdrift.org/episode10 deepseamining/

Isiqephu se-podcast esiyimizuzu engu-50 nezihambeli ezikhethekile uDkt. Diva Amon ukuze sixoxe ngemithelela yezemvelo yezimayini ezijulile zasolwandle, kanye no-Gerrard Barron, uSihlalo kanye ne-CEO ye-The Metals Company.

Singh, P. (2021, May).I-Deep Seabed Mining and Sustainable Development Goal 14, W. Leal Filho et al. (eds.), Life Underwater, Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71064-8_135-1

Ukubuyekezwa kokuphambana kwezimayini ezijulile olwandle nge-Sustainable Development Goal 14, Life Underwater. Umbhali uveza isidingo sokuvumelanisa i-DSM ne-UN Sustainable Development Goals, ikakhulukazi i-Goal 14, ukwabelana ngokuthi “izimayini ezijulile ezingaphansi kolwandle zingagcina sezibhebhethekisa kakhulu imisebenzi yezimayini yasemhlabeni, okuholela emiphumeleni eyingozi eyenzeka ngesikhathi esisodwa emhlabeni nasolwandle.” (Ikhasi 10).

I-BBVA (2020) Uhlaka Lwezemvelo Nomphakathi. https://shareholdersandinvestors.bbva.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Environmental-and-Social-Framework-_-Dec.2020-140121.pdf.

Uhlaka Lwezemvelo Nenhlalo ye-BBVA luhlose ukwabelana ngamazinga neziqondiso zokutshalwa kwezimali emikhakheni yezimayini, yezokulima, yamandla, yengqalasizinda, neyokuvikela namakhasimende abamba iqhaza ohlelweni lwamabhange lwe-BBVA kanye nohlelo lokutshala imali. Phakathi kwamaphrojekthi ezimayini avinjelwe, i-BBVA ibala izimayini ezingaphansi kolwandle, okubonisa ukungafuni okuvamile ukuxhasa ngezimali amakhasimende noma amaphrojekthi anentshisekelo ye-DSM.

Levin, LA, Amon, DJ, and Lily, H. (2020)., Izinselelo zokusimama kokumbiwa kwezimayini ezijulile olwandle. Nat. Phakamisa. 3, 784–794. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0558-x

Ukubuyekezwa kocwaningo lwamanje mayelana nezimayini ezijulile olwandle kumongo wentuthuko esimeme. Ababhali baxoxa ngezisusa zokumbiwa kwezimayini ezijulile olwandle, imithelela yokusimama, ukukhathazeka kwezomthetho nokucatshangelwa, kanye nezimiso zokuziphatha. I-athikili iphetha ngokuthi ababhali basekela umnotho oyindilinga ukuze kugwenywe ukumbiwa kwezimayini ezijulile olwandle.

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8. Ukucatshangelwa Kwesikweletu Nesinxephezelo

U-Proelss, A., Steenkamp, ​​RC (2023). Isikweletu Ngaphansi Kwengxenye XI UNCLOS (Deep Seabed Mining). Ku-: Gailhofer, P., Krebs, D., Proelss, A., Schmalenbach, K., Verheyen, R. (eds) Isibopho Senkampani Sokulimala Kwendawo Edlula Umngcele. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13264-3_13

Isahluko sencwadi sangoNovemba 2022 esathola ukuthi, “[g]izicelo kumthetho wamanje wasekhaya zingase zihlanganise ukungathobeli [UNCLOS] I-Athikili 235, ehlanganisa ukwehluleka kwezibopho zoMbuso zokuqikelela okufanele futhi ezinamandla okuveza imibuso esibophweni. ” Lokhu kubalulekile ngoba phambilini bekugonyelwa ukuthi ukuvele kwakhiwe umthetho wasekhaya ozobusa i-DSM endaweni kungavikela izifundazwe ezixhasa ngemali. 

Ezinye izincomo zifaka i-athikili Isibopho Nesibopho Sokulimala Okuvela Emisebenzini Esendaweni: I-Attribution of Liabilty, nayo eyenziwe ngu-Tara Davenport: https://www.cigionline.org/publications/ responsibility-and-liability-damage-arising-out-activities-area-attribution-liability/

U-Craik, N. (2023). Ukunquma Izinga Lokubophezeleka Kokulimala Kwemvelo kusukela ku-Deep Seabed Mining Activities, p. 5 https://www.cigionline.org/publications/ determining-standard-liability-environmental-harm-deep-seabed-mining-activities/

I-Liability Issues for Deep Seabed Mining project yathuthukiswa yi-Center for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), i-Commonwealth Secretariat kanye ne-Secretariat ye-International Seabed Authority (ISA) ukusiza ekucaciseni izindaba zomthetho zesibopho kanye nesibopho esisekela ukuthuthukiswa kokuxhashazwa. imithethonqubo ekujuleni kolwandle. I-CIGI, ngokubambisana ne-ISA Secretariat kanye ne-Commonwealth Secretariat, ngo-2017, yamema ochwepheshe bezomthetho abaholayo ukuthi basungule iQembu Elisebenzayo Lezomthetho Ngesibopho Sokulimala Kwemvelo Okuvela Ezenzweni Ezisendaweni (LWG) ukuze kuxoxwe ngesikweletu esihlobene nokonakaliswa kwemvelo, ngenhloso. yokuhlinzeka Ikhomishini Yezomthetho Nezobuchwepheshe, kanye namalungu e-ISA ngokuhlolwa okujulile kwezindaba zomthetho ezingaba khona kanye nezindlela.

Mackenzie, R. (2019, February 28). Isibopho Sezomthetho Sokulimala Kwendawo Evela Emisebenzini Yezimayini Ezijulile Zase-Seabed: Ukuchaza Ukulimala Kwemvelo. I-CIGI. https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/

I-Liability Issues for Deep Seabed Mining iqukethe i-synthesis kanye nohlolojikelele, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwesihloko se-deep-dive eziyisikhombisa. Le phrojekthi yathuthukiswa yi-Center for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), i-Commonwealth Secretariat kanye ne-Secretariat ye-International Seabed Authority (ISA) ukusiza ekucaciseni izindaba ezingokomthetho zomthwalo wemfanelo kanye nesibopho esisekela ukuthuthukiswa kwemithetho yokuxhashazwa ekujuleni kolwandle. I-CIGI, ngokubambisana ne-ISA Secretariat kanye ne-Commonwealth Secretariat, ngo-2017, yamema ochwepheshe bezomthetho abaholayo ukuthi basungule iQembu Lezomthetho Elisebenza Ngesibopho Sokulimala Kwezemvelo Okuvela Ezenzweni Ezisendaweni ukuze kuxoxwe ngesikweletu esihlobene nokulimala kwemvelo, ngenhloso yokuhlinzeka Ikhomishini Yezomthetho Nezobuchwepheshe, kanye namalungu e-ISA ngokuhlolwa okujulile kwezindaba zomthetho ezingaba khona kanye nezindlela.”) 

Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana Nezinkinga Zesikweletu ezihlobene ne-Deep Seabed Mining, sicela ubheke uchungechunge lwe-Center for International Governance Innovation's (CIGI) olunesihloko esithi: I-Liability Issues for Deep Seabed Mining Series, engafinyelelwa ku-: https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/

Davenport, T. (2019, February 7). Isibopho Nesibopho Sokulimala Okuvela Emisebenzini Yasendaweni: Abathengi Abangaba Khona kanye Nezinkundla Ezingenzeka. I-CIGI. https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/

Leli phepha lihlola izindaba ezehlukene eziphathelene nokuhlonza abamangali abanentshisekelo eyanele yezomthetho yokuletha isimangalo somonakalo ovela ngenxa yezenzo endaweni engaphezu kwamandla kazwelonke (omile) kanye nokuthi labo bafake izicelo bayakwazi yini ukufinyelela esithangamini sokuxazulula izingxabano ukuze bahlulele lezi zicelo. , kungaba yinkantolo yamazwe ngamazwe, inkantolo noma izinkantolo zikazwelonke (ukufinyelela). Leli phepha lithi inselele enkulu endabeni yokumbiwa kwemigodi ekujuleni kolwandle ukuthi umonakalo ungaba nomthelela kokubili ezithakazelweni zomuntu ngamunye kanye neqoqo lomphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe, okwenza ukunquma ukuthi yimuphi umlingisi onomsebenzi onzima.

I-Seabed Dimbango Chamber ye-ITLOS, Izibopho kanye Nezibopho Zezizwe Ezixhasa Abantu Namabhizinisi Ngokuhlonishwa Kwemisebenzi Yasendaweni (2011), Umbono Wokululeka, Nombolo 17 (Umbono Wokweluleka we-SDC 2011) https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents /cases/case_no_17/17_adv_op_010211_en.pdf

Umbono ofanayo ovame ukucashunwa nongokomlando ovela ku-International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea's Seabed Disputes Chamber, ochaza amalungelo nezibopho zokuxhasa izifundazwe. Lo mbono izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokukhuthala okuhlanganisa nesibopho esingokomthetho sokusebenzisa ukuqapha, izinqubo ezingcono kakhulu zemvelo, kanye ne-EIA. Okubalulekile, ilawula ukuthi amazwe asathuthuka anezibopho ezifanayo mayelana nokuvikelwa kwemvelo njengamazwe athuthukile ukuze agweme ukuthenga ezinkundleni noma izimo “zefulegi lokunethezeka”.

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9. Izimayini zasolwandle kanye neGugu Lamasiko Angaphansi Kwamanzi

Ukusebenzisa i-lens ye-biocultural ukwakha i-pilina (Ubudlelwane) ne-kai lipo (I-Deep sea ecosystems) | Ihhovisi Lezindawo Ezingcwele Zikazwelonke Zasolwandle. (2022). Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-Mashi 13, 2023, kusukela https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/education/ teachers/utilizing-a-biocultural-lens-to-build-to-the-kai-lipo.html

I-webinar ka-Hōkūokahalelani Pihana, u-Kainalu Steward, kanye no-J. Hauʻoli Lorenzo-Elarco njengengxenye yochungechunge lwe-US National Marine Sanctuary Foundation ku-Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. Lolu chungechunge luhlose ukugqamisa isidingo sokwandisa ukubamba iqhaza kwaboMdabu kusayensi yolwandle, i-STEAM (Isayensi, Ubuchwepheshe, Ubunjiniyela, Ubuciko, kanye Nezibalo), kanye nemisebenzi kule mikhakha. Izikhulumi zixoxa ngephrojekthi yemephu yolwandle kanye nokuhlola ngaphakathi kwe-Monument kanye ne-Johnston Atoll lapho abantu bomdabu base-Hawaii babambe iqhaza njengabaqeqeshwayo.

Tilot, V., Willaert, K., Guilloux, B., Chen, W., Mulalap, CY, Gaulme, F., Bambridge, T., Peters, K., kanye noDahl, A. (2021). 'Ubukhulu Bendabuko Bokulawulwa Kwensiza Yase-Seabed Kokuqukethwe Kwezimayini Zasolwandle Olujulile e-Pacific: Ukufunda Ku-Socio-Ecological Interconnectivity Phakathi Kwemiphakathi Yasesiqhingini kanye Nendawo Yasolwandle', Ngaphambili. Mar, Sci. 8: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.637938/full

Ukubuyekezwa kwesayensi kwezindawo zokuhlala zasolwandle kanye namagugu aziwayo angaphatheki angaphansi kwamanzi angaphansi kwamanzi eziqhingini zase-Pacific okulindeleke ukuthi athintwe i-DSM. Lokhu kubuyekezwa kuhambisana nokuhlaziywa kwezomthetho kwezinhlaka zomthetho zamanje ukuze kutholwe izinqubo ezingcono kakhulu zokulondoloza nokuvikela imvelo emiphumeleni ye-DSM.

UJeffery, B., McKinnon, JF noVan Tilburg, H. (2021). Amagugu amasiko angaphansi kwamanzi e-Pacific: Izindikimba nezinkomba zesikhathi esizayo. Ijenali yamazwe ngamazwe ye-Asia Pacific Studies 17 (2): 135–168: https://doi.org/10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.6

Lesi sihloko sihlonza amagugu amasiko angaphansi kwamanzi atholakala ngaphakathi koLwandlekazi i-Pacific ezigabeni zamagugu amasiko oMdabu, ukuhweba kwe-Manila Galleon, kanye nezinto zobuciko ezivela eMpini Yomhlaba Yesibili. Ingxoxo yalezi zigaba ezintathu yembula ukuhlukahluka okubanzi kwesikhashana nendawo ye-UCH e-Pacific Ocean.

Turner, PJ, Cannon, S., DeLand, S., Delgado, JP, Eltis, D., Halpin, PN, Kanu, MI, Sussman, CS, Varmer, O., & Van Dover, CL (2020). Ukukhumbula i-Middle Passage ogwini lolwandle lwe-Atlantic ezindaweni eziNgaphesheya Kwendawo Yezwe. Inqubomgomo Yasolwandle, 122, 104254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104254

Ekusekeleni ukuqashelwa nobulungiswa beMinyaka Eyishumi Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yabantu Bomdabu Wase-Afrika (2015–2024), abacwaningi bafuna izindlela zokukhumbula nokuhlonipha labo abahlangabezane nolunye lohambo lwemikhumbi lwe-40,000 olusuka e-Afrika luya emazweni aseMelika njengezigqila. Ukuhlolwa kwemithombo yezimbiwa phansi olwandle lwamazwe ngamazwe (“Indawo”) e-Atlantic Basin sekuyaqhubeka, kubuswa yi-International Seabed Authority (ISA). Ngokusebenzisa iNgqungquthela Yezizwe Ezihlangene mayelana Umthetho Wasolwandle (I-UNCLOS), Amazwe Angamalungu e-ISA anomsebenzi wokuvikela izinto zesayensi yemivubukulo nezomlando ezitholakala endaweni. Izinto ezinjalo zingase zibe izibonelo ezibalulekile zamagugu amasiko angaphansi kwamanzi futhi zingahlanganiswa amagugu angaphatheki amasiko, njengoba kufakazelwa izixhumanisi nenkolo, amasiko, ubuciko kanye nezincwadi. Izinkondlo zesimanje, umculo, ubuciko, kanye nemibhalo idlulisa ukubaluleka kolwandle lwe-Atlantic enkumbulweni yamasiko e-African diasporic, kodwa leli gugu lamasiko kusamele liqashelwe ngokusemthethweni yi-ISA. Ababhali bahlongoza ukuba kube nesikhumbuzo semizila imikhumbi eyayithatha njengamagugu omhlaba. Le mizila idlula ezifundeni ezisolwandle lwe-Atlantic Ocean lapho kunentshisekelo yezimayini ezijulile olwandle. Ababhali batusa ukuqaphela iPhaseji Eliphakathi ngaphambi kokuvumela i-DSM kanye nokuxhashazwa kwamaminerali kwenzeke.

Evans, A and Keith, M. (2011, December). Ukucatshangelwa Kwezindawo Zemivubukulo Emisebenzini Yokumba Kawoyela Negesi. http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/ MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/Amanda%20M. %20Evans_Paper_01.pdf

E-United States, i-Gulf of Mexico, abaqhubi bemboni kawoyela negesi badingwa yi-Bureau of Ocean Energy Management ukuthi bahlinzeke ngokuhlolwa kwemivubukulo yezinsiza ezingaba khona endaweni yabo yephrojekthi njengombandela wenqubo yokufaka isicelo semvume. Nakuba lo mbhalo ugxile ekuhloleni uwoyela negesi, lo mbhalo ungase usebenze njengohlaka lwezimvume.

UBingham, B., Foley, B., Singh, H., kanye noCamilli, R. (2010, November). Amathuluzi ERobhothi Emivubukulo Yamanzi Ajulile: Ukuhlola Ukuphahlazeka Komkhumbi Wasendulo Ngemoto Engaphansi Kwamanzi Ezizimele. Ijenali ye-Field Robotics DOI: 10.1002/rob.20359. PDF.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezimoto ezizimele ezingaphansi kwamanzi (AUV) kuwubuchwepheshe obubalulekile obusetshenziselwa ukuhlonza nokufunda izindawo zamagugu zamasiko angaphansi kwamanzi njengoba kuboniswa ngempumelelo inhlolovo yendawo yaseChios oLwandle i-Aegean. Lokhu kukhombisa amandla obuchwepheshe be-AUV okufanele busetshenziswe ekuhloleni okwenziwa izinkampani ze-DSM ukusiza ukuhlonza izindawo ezibalulekile emlandweni namasiko. Kodwa-ke, uma lobu buchwepheshe bungasetshenziswa emkhakheni we-DSM khona-ke kukhona amandla aqinile wokuthi lezi zingosi zibhujiswe ngaphambi kokuba zitholakale.

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10. Ilayisensi Yomphakathi (Izingcingo Zokumisa, Ukuvinjelwa Kukahulumeni, kanye Nokuphawula Komdabu)

I-Kaikkonen, L., & Virtanen, EA (2022). Izimayini zamanzi angashoni zibukela phansi imigomo yokusimama komhlaba. Amathrendi ku-Ecology & Evolution, 37(11), i-931-934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2022.08.001

Imithombo yezimbiwa yasogwini ikhuthazwa njengendlela eqhubekayo ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zensimbi ezikhulayo. Kodwa-ke, izimayini zamanzi angashoni ziyangqubuzana nezinjongo zamazwe ngamazwe zokongiwa kwemvelo kanye nokusimama futhi nomthetho wazo olawulayo usathuthukiswa. Nakuba lesi sihloko sikhuluma ngezimayini zamanzi angashoni, impikiswano yokuthi azikho izizathu ezisekela ukumbiwa kwamanzi angashoni ingasetshenziswa ekujuleni kolwandle, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokuntuleka kokuqhathaniswa nezinqubo zokumba ezehlukene.

U-Hamley, GJ (2022). Imithelela yezimayini zasolwandle endaweni yelungelo lomuntu lezempilo. Ukubuyekezwa kwe-European, Comparative & International Environmental Law, 31 (3), 389-398. https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12471

Lokhu kuhlaziywa kwezomthetho kuveza isidingo sokucabangela impilo yomuntu ezingxoxweni ezithinta ukumbiwa olwandle olwandle. Umbhali uphawula ukuthi iningi lengxoxo e-DSM igxile emithelela yezezimali nemvelo yalo mkhuba, kodwa ukuthi impilo yomuntu ibingekho ngokuphawulekayo. Njengoba kwaphikiswana ephepheni, “ilungelo lomuntu lempilo, lincike ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle. Ngalesi sisekelo, imibuso ingaphansi kwesibopho sezibopho ngaphansi kwelungelo lezempilo mayelana nokuvikelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane zasolwandle… ilungelo lempilo.” Umbhali unikeza izincomo zezindlela zokufaka impilo yabantu kanye namalungelo abantu ezingxoxweni ezimayelana nezimayini ezijulile olwandle e-ISA.

I-Deep Sea Conservation Coalition. (2020). I-Deep-Sea Mining: Iphepha Leqiniso Lesayensi Nemithelela Engaba Khona 2. I-Deep Sea Conservation Coalition. http://www.deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org/ wp-content/uploads/02_DSCC_FactSheet2_DSM_ science_4pp_web.pdf

Ukumiswa kokumbiwa kwezimayini ezijulile zolwandle kubalulekile uma kubhekwa ukukhathazeka mayelana nokuba sengozini kwezinhlelo zemvelo ezijulile zolwandle, ukuntuleka kolwazi ngemiphumela yesikhathi eside, kanye nezinga lemisebenzi yezimayini ekujuleni kolwandle. Iphepha lamaqiniso lamakhasi amane lihlanganisa izinsongo zemvelo zokumbiwa kwezimayini ezijulile zolwandle emathafeni alasha, izintaba zasolwandle, kanye nezindawo ezishisayo ezishisayo.

Mengerink, KJ, et al., (2014, May 16). Isicelo sokuphatha i-Deep-Ocean Stewardship. Policy Forum, Oceans. I-AAAS. Isayensi, Umq. 344. PDF

Ulwandle olujulile seluvele lusengozini ngenxa yemisebenzi eminingana ye-anthropogenic futhi izimayini zasolwandle kungolunye usongo olubalulekile olungamiswa. Ngakho-ke iqoqo lososayensi abaholayo basolwandle lenze isimemezelo esisesidlangalaleni sokubiza ubuphathi bolwandle olujulile.

Levin, LA, Amon, DJ, and Lily, H. (2020)., Izinselelo zokusimama kokumbiwa kwezimayini ezijulile olwandle. Nat. Phakamisa. 3, 784–794. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0558-x

I-Ocean Foundation incoma ukuthi kubuyekezwe izikweletu zomthetho zamanje, okuhlanganisa uMthetho Wokuvinjelwa Kwezimayini wase-California Seabed, waseWashington Mayelana nokuvinjelwa kokumbiwa olwandle kwamaminerali aqinile, kanye nezinkontileka zase-Oregon Ezivinjiwe zokuhlola amaminerali aqinile. Lokhu kungasiza ukuqondisa abanye ekushayweni komthetho ukuze kukhawulwe umonakalo odalwe ukumbiwa olwandle okugqamisa amaphuzu abalulekile ukuthi ukumbiwa olwandle akuhambisani nezithakazelo zomphakathi.

• California - https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/ billCompareClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB1832& showamends=false
• Washington - https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?BillNumber=5145&Initiative=false &Year=2021
• Oregon - https://oregon.public.law/statutes/ors_ 274.610

I-Deepsea Conservation Coalition. (2022). Ukumelana Nezimayini Zasolwandle Olujulile: Ohulumeni kanye NabasePhalamende. https://www.savethehighseas.org/voices-calling-for-a-moratorium-governments-and-parliamentarians/

Kusukela ngoDisemba 2022, izifundazwe eziyi-12 zithathe isinyathelo ngokumelene ne-Deep Seabed Mining. Izifunda ezine zenze umfelandawonye wokusekela ukumisa i-DSM (i-Palau, i-Fiji, i-Federated States of Micronesia, ne-Samoa, izifunda ezimbili ziveze ukusekela ukumiswa (i-New Zealand kanye ne-French Polynesia Assembly. Izifundazwe eziyisithupha zisekele ukumiswa okwesikhashana (eJalimane, I-Costa Rica, i-Chile, i-Spain, i-Panama, ne-Ecuador), kuyilapho i-France ikhuthaze ukuvinjelwa.

I-Deepsea Conservation Coalition. (2022). Ukumelana Nezimayini Zasolwandle Olujulile: Ohulumeni kanye NabasePhalamende. https://www.savethehighseas.org/voices-calling-for-a-moratorium-fishing-sector/

I-Deepsea Conservation Coalition ihlanganise uhlu lwamaqembu embonini yokudoba efuna ukuthi kumiswe i-DSM. Lokhu kuhlanganisa: Inhlangano Yase-Afrika Yezinhlangano Zokudoba Ezichwepheshile, I-EU Advisory Councils, i-International Pole and Line Foundation, i-Norwegian Fisheries Association, i-South African Tuna Association, kanye ne-South African Hake Long Line Association.

Thaler, A. (2021, Ephreli 15). Amabhrendi Amakhulu Athi Cha Emayini ye-Deep-sea, okwamanje. Isibukeli se-DSM. https://dsmobserver.com/2021/04/major-brands-say-no-to-deep-sea-mining-for-the-moment/

Ngo-2021, izinkampani ezinkulu ezimbalwa zobuchwepheshe kanye nezimoto zenza isitatimende sokuthi ziyakweseka ukumiswa kwe-DSM okwamanje. Lezi zinkampani ezihlanganisa i-Google, i-BMW< Volvo, ne-Samsung SDI zonke zisayine i-World Wide Fund For Nature's Global Deep-sea Mining Moratorium Campaign. Nakuba izizathu ezicacile zokububula zihlukahluka kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi lezi zinkampani zingase zibhekane nezinselelo esimweni sazo sokusimama, ngenxa yokuthi izimbiwa zasolwandle ezijulile ngeke ziyixazulule inkinga yemiphumela eyingozi yezimayini nokuthi ukumba izimayini ezijulile zasolwandle mancane amathuba okuba kunciphise izinkinga izimayini zasemhlabeni.

Izinkampani ziqhubekile nokungena eMkhankasweni, okuhlanganisa iPatagonia, Scania, kanye neTriodos Bank, ukuthola eminye imininingwane bheka https://sevenseasmedia.org/major-companies-are-pledging-against-deep-sea-mining/.

Uhulumeni waseGuam (2021). I MINA'TRENTAI SAIS NA LIHESLATURAN GUÅHAN IZIXAZULULO. 36th Guam Legislature - Imithetho Yomphakathi. (2021). kusuka https://www.guamlegislature.com/36th_Guam _Legislature/COR_Res_36th/Res.%20No.% 20210-36%20(COR).pdf

UGuam ube ngumholi womkhankaso wokuthi kumiswe ukusebenza kwezimayini futhi ukhuthaze uhulumeni wase-US ukuthi umise isimemezelo endaweni yabo ye-Exclusive-economic zone, kanye nokuthi i-International Seabed Authority yenze umthetho wokumisa olwandle olujulile.

Oberle, B. (2023, Mashi 6). Incwadi evulelekile yoMqondisi-Jikelele we-IUCN eya kumaLungu e-ISA mayelana nezimayini ezisogwini lolwandle. Isitatimende se-IUCN DG. https://www.iucn.org/dg-statement/202303/iucn-director-generals-open-letter-isa-members-deep-sea-mining

Ku-2021 IUCN Congress e-Marseille, Amalungu e-IUCN avotele ukuvuma Isinqumo 122 icela ukuthi kumiswe ukumbiwa kwezimayini ezijuleni kolwandle ngaphandle uma kuze kube yilapho seziqondwa kabanzi izingozi, kwenziwa ukuhlolwa okuqinile nokungafihli, kuqaliswe umgomo womngcolisi wokukhokha, oqinisekisa ukuthi kuthathwa indlela yomnotho oyindilinga, umphakathi uyabandakanyeka, kanye nesiqinisekiso sokuthi ukubusa. ye-DSM isobala, iyaziphendulela, ibandakanya wonke umuntu, iyasebenza, futhi inesibopho sezemvelo. Lesi sinqumo siphinde saqinisekiswa encwadini kaMqondisi-Jikelele we-IUCN, uDkt. Bruno Oberle ezokwethulwa ngaphambi komhlangano we-International Seabed Authority ka-March 2023 owawuse-Jamaica.

I-Deep Sea Conservation Coalition (2021, Novemba 29). Ngokujule Kakhulu: Izindleko Zangempela Zezimayini Zasolwandle Olujulile. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OuUjDkcINOE

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