Okuqukethwe

1. Isingeniso
2. Isendlalelo Ngamalungelo Abantu kanye Nolwandle
3. Imithetho Nemithetho
4. IUU Ukudoba kanye Namalungelo Abantu
5. Imihlahlandlela Yokusebenzisa Ukudla Kwasolwandle
6. Ukudilizwa kanye Nokungavunyelwa
7. Ukubusa Kolwandle
8. Ukugqekezwa Kwemikhumbi kanye Nokuhlukunyezwa Kwamalungelo Abantu
9. Izixazululo Ezihlongozwayo

1. Isingeniso

Ngeshwa, ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu akwenzeki emhlabeni kuphela kodwa nasolwandle. Ukushushumbiswa kwabantu, inkohlakalo, ukuxhashazwa, nokunye ukwephulwa komthetho okungekho emthethweni, kuhlangene nokuntuleka kwamaphoyisa kanye nokuphoqelelwa okufanele kwemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe, kuyiqiniso elidabukisayo lemisebenzi eminingi yasolwandle. Lobu bukhona obukhula njalo bokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu olwandle kanye nokungaphathwa kahle kolwandle okuqondile nokungaqondile kuyahambisana. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungendlela yokudoba okungekho emthethweni noma ukubalekela ngenkani kwezizwe ezihlala eziqhingini eziphansi ukusuka ekuphakameni kolwandle, ulwandle lugcwele ubugebengu.

Ukusebenzisa kwethu kabi izinsiza zolwandle kanye nokwanda kokukhishwa kwekhabhoni kukhulise ukuba khona kwemisebenzi yasolwandle engekho emthethweni. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu okubangelwa abantu kuye kwabangela ukushisa kolwandle, ukuphakama kolwandle, neziphepho ezinamandla, okuphoqelela imiphakathi egudle ugu ukuba ibaleke emakhaya ayofuna ukuziphilisa kwezinye izindawo ngosizo oluncane lwezezimali noma lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ukudoba ngokweqile, njengempendulo yesidingo esikhulayo sezinhlanzi zasolwandle ezishibhile, sekuphoqe abadobi bendawo ukuthi bahambe ibanga elide ukuze bathole izinhlanzi ezitholakalayo noma bagibele imikhumbi yokudoba engekho emthethweni ukuze bathole inkokhelo encane noma bangakhokhelwa nhlobo.

Ukuntuleka kokuphoqelela, ukulawulwa, nokuqapha kolwandle akuyona itimu entsha. Kube yinselelo eqhubekayo ezigungwini zamazwe ngamazwe ezinesibopho sokuqapha ulwandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ohulumeni bayaqhubeka nokuwushaya indiva umthwalo wemfanelo wokunqanda ukukhishwa kwegesi nokusekela lezi zizwe ezinyamalalayo.

Isinyathelo sokuqala ekutholeni isixazululo sokuchichima kokuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu olwandle ukuqwashisa. Lapha sihlanganise ezinye zezinsiza ezihamba phambili ezihambisana nesihloko samalungelo abantu nolwandle.

Isitatimende Sethu Ngokusetshenziswa Ngempoqo Nokushushumbiswa Kwabantu Emkhakheni Wezokudoba

Sekuyiminyaka, umphakathi wasolwandle uye waqaphela ukuthi abadobi bahlala besengozini yokuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu emikhunjini yokudoba. Izisebenzi ziphoqeleka ukuba zenze umsebenzi onzima futhi ngezinye izikhathi oyingozi amahora amade zihola kancane, zisongelwa ngokuphoqelelwa noma ngokugqilazwa izikweletu, okuphumela ekuhlukunyezweni ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo ngisho nokufa. Njengoba kwabikwa yi-International Labour Organization, izindawo zokudoba zinezinga eliphezulu lokufa kwabantu emhlabeni. 

Ngokusho the I-UN Trafficking Protocol, ukushushumbiswa kwabantu kuhilela izici ezintathu:

• ukuqashwa ngobuqili noma ngomgunyathi;
• ukunyakaza kube lula ukuya endaweni yokuxhashazwa; futhi
• ukuxhashazwa endaweni oya kuyo.

Emkhakheni wezokudoba, ukusebenza ngempoqo kanye nokushushumbiswa kwabantu kokubili kwephula amalungelo abantu futhi kusongela ukusimama kolwandle. Uma kubhekwa ukuxhumana kwakho kokubili, indlela enezici eziningi iyadingeka futhi imizamo egxile kuphela ekulandeleleni kwe-supply chain ayanele. Abaningi bethu eYurophu nase-United States kungenzeka futhi bamukele ukudla kwasolwandle okubanjwe ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza ngempoqo. Ukuhlaziya okukodwa lokungeniswa kwezinhlanzi zasolwandle eYurophu nase-US kusikisela ukuthi lapho izinhlanzi ezithengwa kwamanye amazwe nezibanjwa kuleli zihlanganiswa ezimakethe zendawo, ingozi yokuthengwa kwezilwane zasolwandle ezingcoliswe ukusetshenziswa kobugqila besimanje ikhuphuka cishe izikhathi ezingu-8.5, uma iqhathaniswa nezinhlanzi ezibanjwe kuleli.

I-Ocean Foundation isekela kakhulu i-International Labour Organisation's “Uhlelo Lokusebenza Lomhlaba Wonke olulwisana nomsebenzi ophoqelelwe kanye nokushushumbiswa kwabadobi olwandle” (GAPfish), okubandakanya: 

• Ukuthuthukiswa kwezisombululo ezisimeme zokuvimbela ukuxhashazwa kwamalungelo abantu kanye nabasebenzi abadobi ezindaweni zokuqasha nezokuthutha;
• Ukukhuliswa kwamandla ezizwe zamafulege ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthotshelwa kwemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe neyezwe lonke emikhunjini ephephezelisa ifulegi layo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusebenza ngempoqo;
• Ukwenyuka kwamandla ezifundazweni zamachweba ukubhekana nokusabela ezimeni zokusebenza ngempoqo ekudobeni; futhi 
• Ukusungulwa kwesizinda sabathengi esinolwazi oluthe xaxa sokusebenza ngempoqo ezindaweni zokudoba.

Ukuze kungaqhubeki umsebenzi ophoqelelwe kanye nokushushumbiswa kwabantu emkhakheni wezokudoba, i-Ocean Foundation ngeke ibambisane noma isebenze (1) nezinhlangano ezingase zibe nengcuphe enkulu yobugqila besimanje emisebenzini yazo, ngokusekelwe olwazini oluvela ku-Global Slavery Index. phakathi kweminye imithombo, noma (2) nezinhlangano ezingenakho ukuzibophezela komphakathi okubonisiwe ekwandiseni ukulandeleka nokuba sobala kulo lonke uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwezilwane zasolwandle. 

Nokho, ukuqiniswa komthetho kulo lonke ulwandle kusenzima. Nokho, eminyakeni yamuva nje kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obusha ukuze kulandelelwe imikhumbi futhi kuliwe nokushushumbiswa kwabantu ngezindlela ezintsha. Umsebenzi omningi olwandle olwandle ulandela i-1982 I-United Nations Law of the Sea echaza ngokusemthethweni ukusetshenziswa kwezilwandle nolwandle ngenzuzo yomuntu ngamunye kanye neyonke, ikakhulukazi, yasungula izindawo zezomnotho ezikhethekile, amalungelo enkululeko yokuzulazula, futhi yakha i-International Seabed Authority. Kule minyaka emihlanu edlule, kube nokuphushwa kwe- I-Geneva Declaration on Human Rights at Sea. Kusukela ngo-February 26^th, 2021 inguqulo yokugcina Yesimemezelo iyabuyekezwa futhi izokwethulwa ezinyangeni ezizayo.

2. Isendlalelo Ngamalungelo Abantu kanye Nolwandle

Vithani, P. (2020, Disemba 1). Ukubhekana Nokuhlukunyezwa Kwamalungelo Abantu Kubalulekile Empilweni Esimeme Olwandle Nasemhlabeni. Inkundla Yezomnotho Yomhlaba.  https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/12/how-tackling-human-rights-abuses-is-critical-to-sustainable-life-at-sea-and-on-land/

Ulwandle lukhulu okwenza kube nzima kakhulu emaphoyiseni. Njengoba izenzo ezinjalo ezingekho emthethweni nezingekho emthethweni zidlangile futhi imiphakathi eminingi emhlabeni wonke ibona umthelela emnothweni wendawo kanye nempilo yendabuko. Lokhu kubhala okufushane kunikeza isethulo esihle kakhulu sezinga eliphezulu senkinga yokuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu ekudobeni futhi kuphakamisa amakhambi anjengokukhula kokutshalwa kwezimali kwezobuchwepheshe, ukwanda kokuqapha, kanye nesidingo sokubhekana nezimbangela zokudoba kwe-IUU.

UMnyango Wezwe. (2020). Umbiko Wokushushumbiswa Kwabantu. Ihhovisi Lomnyango Wezwe Lokuqapha kanye Nokulwa Nokushushumbiswa Kwabantu. PDF. https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-trafficking-in-persons-report/.

I-Trafficking in Persons Report (TIP) umbiko waminyaka yonke oshicilelwe uMnyango WezoMbuso wase-United States ohlanganisa ukuhlaziywa kokushushumbiswa kwabantu kuwo wonke amazwe, izinqubo ezithembisayo zokulwa nokushushumbiswa, izindaba zezisulu, kanye nezitayela zamanje. I-TIP ihlonze iBurma, iHaiti, iThailand, iTaiwan, iCambodia, i-Indonesia, iNingizimu Korea, iShayina njengamazwe abhekene nokushushumbiswa kwabantu kanye nokusebenza ngempoqo emkhakheni wezokudoba. Okubalulekile ukuthi umbiko we-TIP ka-2020 uhlukanise iThailand njengeSigaba sesi-2, nokho, ezinye izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu zithi i-Thailand kufanele yehliselwe ohlwini lokubuka lwe-Tier 2 njengoba bengenzanga okwanele ukulwa nokushushumbiswa kwabasebenzi bokufika.

Urbina, I. (2019, Agasti 20). I-Outlaw Ocean: Uhambo Oluwela Umngcele Wokugcina Ongaguquliwe. I-Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.

Ulwandle lukhulu kakhulu emaphoyiseni anezindawo ezinkulu ezingenalo igunya elicacile lamazwe ngamazwe. Eziningi zalezi zifunda ezinkulu zinobugebengu obudlangile kusukela kubashushumbisi kuya kubaphangi basolwandle, abashushumbisi baye ezisebenzini eziqashiwe, abazingeli abangekho emthethweni baye ezigqileni eziboshiwe. Umlobi, u-Ian Urbina, usebenzela ukuletha ukunakekela ezingxabanweni zaseNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia, e-Afrika nangale kwayo. Incwadi ethi Outlaw Ocean isuselwe ekubikeni kuka-Urbina ku-New York Times, izindatshana ezikhethiwe zingatholakala lapha:

1. "I-Stowaways kanye Nobugebengu Emkhunjini we-Scofflaw." I-New York Times, 17 July 2015.
   Isebenza njengesifingqo somhlaba ongenamthetho wezilwandle eziphakeme, lesi sihloko sigxile endabeni yama-stowaways amabili agibela umkhumbi we-scofflaws i-Dona Liberty.
2.  "Ukubulala Olwandle: Kuthwetshulwe Kuvidiyo, Kodwa Ababulali Bakhululeka." I-New York Times, 20 July 2015.
   Izithombe zamadoda amane angahlomile abulawa phakathi nolwandle ngezizathu ezingaziwa namanje.
3. ” ‘Izigqila Zasolwandle:’ Usizi Lomuntu Olondla Izilwane Ezifuywayo Nemfuyo.” I-New York Times, 27 July 2015.
   Izingxoxo zamadoda abalekele ukugqilazwa ezikebheni zokudoba. Balandisa ngokushaywa kwabo futhi okubi nakakhulu njengoba kuphonswa amanetha okubanjiwe azoba ukudla kwezilwane ezifuywayo kanye nokudla kwemfuyo.
4. "I-Renegade Trawler, Ezingelwa ama-Miles angu-10,000 ngu-Vigilantes." I-New York Times, 28 July 2015.
   Ukulandisa ngezinsuku eziyi-110 lapho amalungu enhlangano yezemvelo, i-Sea Shepherd, elandela umkhondo wesikebhe esidume kabi ngokudoba ngokungemthetho.
5.  “Ukhohlisiwe Futhi Unezikweletu Emhlabeni, Wahlukunyezwa Noma Washiywa Olwandle. ” I-New York Times, 9 Novemba 2015.
   “Ama-ejensi alawulayo” angekho emthethweni akhohlisa izakhamuzi zase-Philippines ngezithembiso ezingamanga zamaholo aphezulu futhi azithumele emikhunjini edume ngokuphepha okungekuhle namarekhodi abasebenzi.
6. "I-Maritime 'Repo Men': Indawo Yokungcebeleka Yokugcina Yemikhumbi Eyebiwe." I-New York Times, 28 Disemba 2015.
   Izinkulungwane zezikebhe ziyebiwa unyaka nonyaka, kanti ezinye zitholwa kusetshenziswa utshwala, abaqwayizi, izangoma nezinye izinhlobo zobuqili.
7. "I-Palau vs. Abazingeli Ngokungemthetho." I-New York Times Magazine, 17 uFebhuwari 2016.
   I-Paula, izwe elicezile elicishe lilingane ne-Philadelphia, inesibopho sokugada ulwandle olungangobukhulu beFrance, endaweni egcwele ama-supertrawlers, izindiza ezizingela ngokungemthetho ezixhaswe nguhulumeni, amanetha akhukhulekayo amamayela ubude kanye nabaheha izinhlanzi ezintantayo ezaziwa ngama-FAD. . Indlela yabo enolaka ingase ibeke indinganiso yokuphoqelela umthetho olwandle.

Tickler, D., Meeuwig, JJ, Bryant, K. et al. (2018). Ubugqila besimanje kanye Nomjaho Wokudoba. Nature nokuxhumana Vol. 9,4643 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07118-9

Emashumini eminyaka ambalwa edlule kube nokuthambekela kokuncipha kwenzuzo embonini yokudoba. Besebenzisa iGlobal Slavery Index (GSI), ababhali baphikisa ngokuthi amazwe anokuhlukunyezwa kwabasebenzi okubhaliwe nawo abelana ngamazinga aphezulu okudoba emanzini akude okuncishisiwe kanye nokubikwa okungalungile kwezinhlanzi. Ngenxa yokuncipha kwembuyiselo, kunobufakazi bokuhlukunyezwa kwabasebenzi okungathi sína nobugqila besimanje obuxhaphaza abasebenzi ukuze kwehliswe izindleko.

I-Associated Press (2015) I-Associated Press Investigation into Slaves at Sea in Southeast Asia, uchungechunge olunezingxenye eziyishumi. [ifilimu]. https://www.ap.org/explore/seafood-from-slaves/

Uphenyo lwe-Associated Press lwalungolunye lophenyo lokuqala olunzulu embonini yezilwane zasolwandle, e-US nakwamanye amazwe. Phakathi nezinyanga eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili, izintatheli ezine ze-Associated Press zalandelela imikhumbi, zathola izigqila, futhi zacanasa amaloli afakwe esiqandisini ukuze zidalule imikhuba ehlukumezayo yemboni yokudoba eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Uphenyo luholele ekukhululweni kwezigqila ezingaphezu kuka-2,000 kanye nokusabela ngokushesha kwabathengisi abakhulu kanye nohulumeni wase-Indonesia. Izintatheli ezine zawina Umklomelo we-George Polk Wokubika Ngamazwe Ngamazwe ngoFebhuwari 2016 ngomsebenzi wazo. 

Amalungelo Abantu oLwandle. (2014). Amalungelo Abantu oLwandle. London, United Kingdom. https://www.humanrightsatsea.org/

I-Human Rights At Sea (HRAS) iqhamuke njengenkundla ezimele yamalungelo abantu olwandle. Kusukela yethulwa ngo-2014, i-HRAS iye yamela ngamandla ukuthi kwandiswe ukusetshenziswa kanye nokuziphendulela kokuhlinzekwa kwamalungelo abantu okuyisisekelo phakathi kwabasebenzi basolwandle, abadobi, kanye nezinye izimpilo ezisekelwe olwandle emhlabeni jikelele. 

Fishwise. (2014, Mashi). ITraficked II – Isifinyezo Esibuyekeziwe Sokuhlukunyezwa Kwamalungelo Abantu Embonini Yezokudla Kwasolwandle. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/Trafficked_II_FishWise_2014%20%281%29.compressed.pdf

I-Trafficked II by FishWise ihlinzeka ngesifinyezo sezindaba zamalungelo abantu ochungechungeni lokuhlinzekwa kwezilwane zasolwandle kanye nezinselele zokuguqula imboni. Lo mbiko ungasebenza njengethuluzi lokuhlanganisa ama-NGO wokongiwa kwemvelo kanye nongoti bamalungelo abantu.

Treves, T. (2010). Amalungelo Abantu kanye Nomthetho Wasolwandle. I-Berkeley Journal of International Law. Umqulu 28, Ushicilelo 1. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/Human%20Rights%20and%20the%20Law%20of%20the%20Sea.pdf

Umbhali u-Tillio Treves ubheka uMthetho Wezilwandle ngokombono womthetho wamalungelo abantu onquma ukuthi amalungelo abantu ahlanganiswe noMthetho Wasolwandle. I-Treves idlula emacaleni omthetho ahlinzeka ngobufakazi bokuncikana koMthetho Wasolwandle kanye namalungelo abantu. Isihloko esibalulekile salabo abafuna ukuqonda umlando wezomthetho obangela ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu kwamanje njengoba ibeka kumongo ukuthi uMthetho Wasolwandle wadalwa kanjani.

3. Imithetho Nemithetho

Ikhomishini Yezohwebo Yamazwe Ngamazwe YaseMelika. (2021, February). Ukudla Kwasolwandle Kutholwe Ngokudotshwa Okungekho Emthethweni, Okungabikwa, Nokungalawulwa: Ukuthengwa Kwempahla Yase-US Nomthelela Wezomnotho Ku-US Commercial Fisheries. I-United States International Trade Commission Publication, No. 5168, Uphenyo No. 332-575. https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/pub5168.pdf

I-US International Trade Commission ithole ukuthi cishe ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.4 umsebenzi wokuthengwa kwezilwane zasolwandle kwamanye amazwe utholakala ekudobeni kwe-IUU ngo-2019, ikakhulukazi inkalankala yokubhukuda, izimfanzi ezibanjwe zasendle, i-yellowfin tuna, kanye nesquid. Abathumeli bangaphandle abakhulu bokuthengiswa kwe-IUU ye-marine-capture badabuka e-China, e-Russia, e-Mexico, e-Vietnam nase-Indonesia. Lo mbiko uhlinzeka ngokuhlaziywa okuphelele kokudoba kwe-IUU ngenothi elithile lokuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu emazweni okuyimithombo yokuthengwa kwezilwane zasolwandle zase-US. Ngokuphawulekayo, umbiko wathola ukuthi u-99% wemikhumbi ye-DWF yaseShayina e-Afrika ilinganiselwa ukuthi iwumkhiqizo wokudoba nge-IUU.

I-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2020). Bika kuCongress Human Traffing ku-Seafood Supply Chain, Isigaba 3563 soMthetho Wokugunyazwa Kwezokuvikela Kazwelonke Wonyaka Wezimali ka-2020 (PL 116-92). Umnyango Wezohwebo. https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/2020-12/DOSNOAAReport_HumanTrafficking.pdf?null

Ngaphansi kokuqondisa kweCongress, i-NOAA ishicilele umbiko mayelana nokushushumbiswa kwabantu ochungechungeni lokuhlinzekwa kwezilwane zasolwandle. Umbiko ubala amazwe angama-29 asengozini enkulu yokushushumbiswa kwabantu emkhakheni wezilwane zasolwandle. Izincomo zokulwa nokushushumbiswa kwabantu emkhakheni wezokudoba zihlanganisa ukufinyelela emazweni asohlwini, ukukhuthaza imizamo yokulandela umkhondo emhlabeni wonke kanye nezinhlelo zamazwe ngamazwe zokubhekana nokushushumbiswa kwabantu, kanye nokuqinisa ukusebenzisana nezimboni ukubhekana nokushushumbiswa kwabantu ochungechungeni lokuhlinzekwa kwezilwane zasolwandle.

Uxolo olukuhlazana. (2020). Ibhizinisi Lezinhlanzi: Indlela Ukuthutha Olwandle Kusiza Ngayo Ukudoba Okungekho emthethweni, Okungabikwa, Nokungalawulwa Okucekela Phansi Izilwandle zethu. IGreenpeace International. PDF. https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-international-stateless/2020/02/be13d21a-fishy-business-greenpeace-transhipment-report-2020.pdf

IGreenpeace ikhombe imikhumbi “eyingozi” engama-416 esebenza olwandle futhi isiza ukudoba kwe-IUU kuyilapho ibukela phansi amalungelo abasebenzi abasemkhunjini. IGreenpeace isebenzisa idatha evela ku-Global Fishing Watch ukuze ibonise ngezinga ukuthi imikhumbi yezinhlanzi ihileleka kanjani ekuhwebeni futhi isebenzise amafulegi alungele ukuqondisa iziketi kanye namazinga okuphepha. Igebe eliqhubekayo lokubusa livumela ukungalungile emanzini omhlaba ukuthi kuqhubeke. Lo mbiko umela iSivumelwano Solwandle Somhlaba wonke ukuze sinikeze indlela ebanzi yokubusa kolwandle.

I-Oceana. (2019, Juni). Ukudoba Ngokungemthetho Nokuhlukunyezwa Kwamalungelo Abantu Olwandle: Ukusebenzisa Ubuchwepheshe Ukugqamisa Izenzo Ezisolisayo. 10.31230/osf.io/juh98. PDF.

Ukudoba okungekho emthethweni, okungabikwanga, nokungalawulwa (IUU) kuyindaba ebucayi yokuphathwa kwezindawo zokudobela inzuzo kanye nokongiwa kolwandle. Njengoba ukudobela inzuzo kwanda, inani lezinhlanzi liyancipha njengoba kunjalo nokudoba nge-IUU. Umbiko ka-Oceana uhlanganisa izifundo eziyizici ezintathu, esokuqala ekushoneni kwe-Oyang 70 ngasogwini lwaseNew Zealand, okwesibili kumkhumbi we-Hung Yu a Taiwanese, kanti okwesithathu umkhumbi wezimpahla oqandisiwe i-Renown Reefer owawusebenza ngasogwini lwaseSomalia. Ngokuhlangene lezi zifundo eziyisibonelo zisekela inkulumo-mpikiswano yokuthi izinkampani ezinomlando wokungathobeli imithetho, uma zihambisana nokungaqondi kahle kanye nezinhlaka zezomthetho zamazwe ngamazwe ezibuthakathaka, zenza ukuba ukudoba kwezentengiso kube sengcupheni yokwenza izinto ezingekho emthethweni.

I-Human Rights Watch. (2018, Januwari). Amaketanga Afihliwe: Ukuxhashazwa Kwamalungelo kanye Nokusebenza Ngempoqo Embonini Yokudoba YaseThailand. PDF.

Kuze kube manje, iThailand ayikathathi izinyathelo ezanele zokubhekana nezinkinga zokuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu embonini yokudoba yaseThailand. Lo mbiko ubhala phansi abasebenzi abaphoqelelwe, izimo zokusebenza ezimbi, izinqubo zokuqasha, kanye nemibandela yokuqashwa enezinkinga edala izimo ezihlukumezayo. Nakuba sekuqaliswe izinqubo eziningi kusukela kwashicilelwa umbiko ngo-2018, ucwaningo luyadingeka ukuze lufundwe kunoma ubani onentshisekelo yokufunda kabanzi mayelana nezindawo zokudoba zamaLungelo Abantu eThailand.

Inhlangano Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yokufuduka (2017, Januwari 24). Umbiko Ngokushushumbiswa Kwabantu, Ubugebengu Obuphoqelelwe Nezokudoba Embonini Yokudoba Yase-Indonesia. I-IOM Mission e-Indonesia. https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/country/docs/indonesia/Human-Trafficking-Forced-Labour-and-Fisheries-Crime-in-the-Indonesian-Fishing-Industry-IOM.pdf

Umthetho omusha kahulumeni osuselwe ocwaningweni lwe-IOM mayelana nokushushumbiswa kwabantu ezindaweni zokudoba zase-Indonesia uzobhekana nokuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu. Lona umbiko ohlanganyelwe woMnyango Wezindaba Zasolwandle Nezokudoba wase-Indonesia (i-KKP), Ibutho Lokusebenza Likamongameli lase-Indonesia Lokulwa Nokudoba Okungemthetho, Inhlangano Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yezokufuduka (IOM) Indonesia, kanye ne-Coventry University. Lo mbiko uncoma ukuqedwa kokusetshenziswa kwamaFlegi Awusizo Ngemikhumbi Yokudotshwa Nezokudoba, ukuthuthukisa ukubhaliswa kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlonza imikhumbi, izimo zokusebenza ezithuthukisiwe e-Indonesia naseThailand, kanye nokwenyuka kokuphathwa kwezinkampani zokudoba ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthotshelwa kwamalungelo abantu, ukulandeleka okukhulayo. kanye nokuhlolwa, ukubhaliswa okufanele kwabafuduki, kanye nemizamo edidiyelwe kuma-ejensi ahlukahlukene.

U-Braestrup, A., Neumann, J., noGold, M., Spalding, M. (ed), Middleburg, M. (ed). (2016, Ephreli 6). Amalungelo Abantu & Ulwandle: Ubugqila kanye neShrimp ePlate Yakho. Iphepha Elimhlophe. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/SlaveryandtheShrimponYourPlate1.pdf

Lixhaswe i-Ocean Leadership Fund ye-The Ocean Foundation, leli phepha lakhiqizwa njengengxenye yochungechunge oluhlola ukuxhumana phakathi kwamalungelo abantu nolwandle olunempilo. Njengengxenye yesibili yochungechunge, leli phepha elimhlophe lihlola ukuxhashazwa okuhlangene kwezimali zabantu kanye nezimali zemvelo eziqinisekisa ukuthi abantu base-US nase-UK bangadla izimfanzi eziphindwe kane njengoba benza emashumini amahlanu eminyaka edlule, futhi ngesigamu senani.

Alifano, A. (2016). Amathuluzi Amasha Amabhizinisi Ezilwane Zasolwandle Okuqonda Izingozi Zamalungelo Abantu futhi Athuthukise Ukuthobelana Komphakathi. Fishwise. I-Seafood Expo eNyakatho Melika. PDF.

Izinkampani ziya ngokuya zibhekwa umphakathi mayelana nokuhlukunyezwa kwabasebenzi, ukuze kubhekwane nalokhu, i-Fishwise eyethulwa ku-2016 Seafood Expo eNyakatho Melika. Isethulo sihlanganise imininingwane evela ku-Fishwise, Humanity United, Verite, kanye ne-Seafish. Ukugxila kwabo ku-at-sea wild-catch futhi bakhuthaze imithetho yesinqumo esobala futhi basebenzise idatha etholakala esidlangalaleni evela emithonjeni eqinisekisiwe.

Fishwise. (2016, Juni 7). OLUNYE UDABA: Ukwazisa Kafushane Ngokushushumbiswa Kwabantu Nokuhlukunyezwa Ekuhlinzekeni Ngezimfanzi ZaseThailand. Fishwise. I-Santa Cruise, eCalifornia. PDF.

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-2010 i-Thailand ibilokhu icutshungulwa ngokuqhubekayo mayelana namacala amaningi abhalwe phansi okulandelela kanye nokwephulwa kwemisebenzi. Ikakhulukazi, kukhona imibhalo yezisulu ezishushumbisiwe eziphoqeleka ukuba zigibele ezikebheni ezikude nogu ukuze zibambe izinhlanzi ukuze ziphakele izinhlanzi, izimo ezinjengobugqila ezikhungweni zokucubungula izinhlanzi, nokuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi ngokugqilazwa izikweletu kanye nokubamba abaqashi imibhalo. Uma kubhekwa ukuqina kokuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu ababambiqhaza abehlukene sebeqalile ukuthatha isinyathelo ukuvimbela ukwephulwa kwabasebenzi emaketangeni okuhlinzekwa kwezilwane zasolwandle, nokho, kusekuningi okufanele kwenziwe.

Ukudoba Ngokungemthetho: Yiziphi Izinhlobo Zezinhlanzi Ezisengozini Ephezulu Yokudoba Ngokungemthetho Nokungabikwanga? (2015, Okthoba). Isikhwama seWorld Wildlife Fund. PDF. https://c402277.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/publications/834/files/original/Fish_Species_at_Highest_Risk_ from_IUU_Fishing_WWF_FINAL.pdf?1446130921

I-World Wildlife Fund yathola ukuthi ngaphezu kuka-85% wezinhlanzi ezitholakalayo zingabhekwa njengengozi enkulu yokudoba okungekho emthethweni, okungabikwanga, nokungalawulwa (IUU). Ukudoba kwe-IUU kugcwele kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane nezifunda.

Couper, A., Smith, H., Ciceri, B. (2015). Abadobi Nabaphangi: Ukweba, Ubugqila Nezinhlanzi Olwandle. I-Pluto Cindezela.

Le ncwadi igxile ekuxhashazweni kwezinhlanzi nabadobi ngokufanayo embonini yomhlaba wonke enganakwa kangako ukongiwa kwemvelo noma amalungelo abantu. U-Alastair Couper uphinde wabhala incwadi yango-1999 ethi, I-Voyages of Abuse: Seafarers, Human Rights, and International Shipping.

I-Environmental Justice Foundation. (2014). Ubugqila Olwandle: Usizi Oluqhubekayo Lwabafuduki Abashushumbisiwe Embonini Yokudoba YaseThailand. London. https://ejfoundation.org/reports/slavery-at-sea-the-continued-plight-of-trafficked-migrants-in-thailands-fishing-industry

Umbiko we-Environmental Justice Foundation ubheka kabanzi imboni yezilwane zasolwandle yaseThailand kanye nokuthembela kwayo ekushushumbisweni kwabantu ukuze basebenze. Lona umbiko wesibili we-EJF mayelana nalesi sihloko, oshicilelwe ngemva kokuba i-Thailand yehliselwa ohlwini lwe-Tier 3 Lombiko Wokushushumbiswa Kwabantu woMnyango Wezwe wase-US. Ungomunye wemibiko engcono kakhulu yalabo abazama ukuqonda ukuthi ukushushumbiswa kwabantu sekuye kwaba kanjani ingxenye enkulu yemboni yokudoba nokuthi kungani kuncane okufeziwe ukukumisa.

Inkundla, M. (2014). I-Catch: Izinkampani Zokudoba Zaphinda Zasungula Kanjani Ubugqila Futhi Ziphanga Ulwandle. AWA Press, Wellington, NZ, 2015. PDF.

Intatheli yesikhathi eside uMichael Field yaqala ukudalula ukushushumbiswa kwabantu ezindaweni zokudoba ezilinganiselwe zaseNew Zealand, ebonisa indima amazwe acebile angabamba iqhaza ekuqhubekiseni indima yobugqila ekudobeni ngokweqile.

Izizwe Ezihlangene. (2011). Ubugebengu Obuhleliwe Bezizwe Zonke Embonini Yokudoba. Ihhovisi LeNhlangano Yezizwe Lezidakamizwa Nobugebengu. E-Vienna. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/TOC_in_the_Fishing%20Industry.pdf

Lolu cwaningo lwe-UN lubheka ukuxhumana phakathi kobugebengu obuhleliwe bamazwe ngamazwe kanye nemboni yokudoba. Iveza izizathu ezimbalwa imboni yokudoba isengozini yobugebengu obuhleliwe kanye nezindlela ezingaba khona zokulwa nalokho kuba sengozini. Ihloselwe izethameli zabaholi bamazwe ngamazwe nezinhlangano ezingahlangana ne-UN ukulwa nokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu okubangelwa ubugebengu obuhleliwe.

U-Agnew, D., Pearce, J., Pramod, G., Peatman, T. Watson, R., Beddington, J., kanye no-Pitcher T. (2009, Julayi 1). Ukulinganisa Izinga Lomhlaba Lonke Lokudoba Ngokungekho emthethweni. I-PLOS eyodwa.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004570

Cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yokudotshwa kwezinhlanzi zasolwandle emhlabeni wonke kuwumphumela wemikhuba yokudoba ye-IUU elingana namaphawundi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-56 okudla kwasolwandle unyaka ngamunye. Amazinga aphezulu kangaka okudoba kwe-IUU asho ukuthi umnotho womhlaba wonke ubhekana nokulahlekelwa phakathi kwamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-10 kanye namaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-23 unyaka ngamunye. Amazwe asathuthuka asengozini enkulu. I-IUU inkinga yomhlaba wonke ethinte ingxenye enkulu yazo zonke izilwane zasolwandle ezisetshenziswayo futhi ikhinyabeza imizamo yokusimama kanye nokwandisa ukuphathwa kabi kwemithombo yasolwandle.

U-Conathan, M. no-Siciliano, A. (2008) Ikusasa Lokuvikeleka Kwezilwane Zasolwandle - Ukulwa Nokudoba Ngokungemthetho Nokukhwabanisa Kwezilwane Zasolwandle. Isikhungo Sentuthuko YaseMelika. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/IllegalFishing-brief.pdf

I-Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act ka-2006 ibe yimpumelelo enkulu, kangangokuthi ukudoba ngokweqile sekuphele ngempumelelo emanzini ase-US. Kodwa-ke, abantu baseMelika basadla izigidi zamathani ezilwane zasolwandle ezibanjwa ngokungafanele minyaka yonke - ezivela phesheya.

4. IUU Ukudoba kanye Namalungelo Abantu

I-Task Force on Human Trafficking in Fishing in International Waters. (2021, Januwari). I-Task Force on Human Trafficking in Fishing in International Waters. Bika kuKhongolose. PDF.

Ukuze kubhekwane nenkinga ekhulayo yokushushumbiswa kwabantu embonini yokudoba i-United States Congress yagunyaza ukuba kwenziwe uphenyo. Umphumela uba ithimba le-interagency elihlola ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu emkhakheni wezokudoba kusukela ngo-Okthoba 2018 kuya ku-Agasti 2020. Lo mbiko uhlanganisa izincomo ze-27 zezinga eliphezulu zemithetho nemisebenzi ehlanganisa, ukwelula ubulungiswa ngokusebenza ngempoqo, ukugunyaza izinhlawulo ezintsha kubaqashi okutholakale ukuthi ezibandakanya imikhuba ehlukumezayo, enqabela izimali zokuqasha ezikhokhelwa abasebenzi emikhunjini yokudoba yase-US, ihlanganisa imikhuba yokukhuthala, izinhlangano eziqondiwe ezixhumene nokushushumbiswa kwabantu ngokusebenzisa unswinyo, ithuthukisa futhi yamukele ithuluzi lokuhlola ukushushumbiswa kwabantu kanye nomhlahlandlela wereferensi, ukuqinisa ukuqoqwa kwedatha, ukuhlanganisa, nokuhlaziya , futhi ithuthukise ukuqeqeshwa kwabahloli bemikhumbi, izibukeli, kanye nozakwabo bangaphandle.

Umnyango Wezobulungiswa. (2021). Ithebula Leziphathimandla Zikahulumeni Wase-US Eziphathelene Nokushushumbiswa Kwabantu Ngokudoba Emanzini Omhlaba Wonke. https://www.justice.gov/crt/page/file/1360371/download

Ithebula Leziphathimandla Zikahulumeni Wase-US Eziphathelene Nokushushumbiswa Kwabantu Ngokudoba Emanzini Omhlaba Wonke ligqamisa imisebenzi eyenziwa uhulumeni wase-United States yokubhekana nokukhathazeka kwamalungelo abantu ochungechungeni lokuhlinzekwa kwezilwane zasolwandle. Umbiko uhlukaniswe iziqephu nguMnyango futhi unikeza isiqondiso ngegunya le-ejensi ngayinye. Ithebula lihlanganisa uMnyango Wezobulungiswa, Umnyango Wezabasebenzi, Umnyango Wezokuphepha Kwezwe, Umnyango Wezohwebo, Umnyango Wezwe, Ihhovisi Lomele Ukuhweba Wase-United States, Umnyango Wezezimali, kanye Nesevisi Yemali Engenayo Yangaphakathi. Ithebula liphinde lihlanganise imininingwane ye-ejensi yenhlangano, igunya lokulawula, uhlobo lwegunya, incazelo, kanye nobubanzi bendawo.

Amalungelo Abantu oLwandle. (2020, Mashi 1). Amalungelo Esintu Olwandle Inothi: Ingabe Izimiso Zokuqondisa ze-UN zango-2011 Zisebenza Ngempumelelo Futhi Zisetshenziswa Kakhulu Embonini Yasolwandle.https://www.humanrightsatsea.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/HRAS_UN_Guiding_Principles_Briefing_Note_1_March_2020_SP_LOCKED.pdf

Izimiso Zokuqondisa ze-UN zika-2011 zisekelwe esenzweni sebhizinisi nesezwe kanye nombono wokuthi izinkampani zinesibopho sokuhlonipha amalungelo abantu. Lo mbiko ubheka emuva kule minyaka eyishumi edlule futhi unikeza ukuhlaziywa okufushane kwakho kokubili impumelelo kanye nezindawo okufanele zilungiswe ukuze kuzuzwe ukuvikeleka nokuhlonishwa kwamalungelo abantu. Umbiko uphawula ukuntuleka kwamanje kobumbano oluhlangene kanye noshintsho lokwenza inqubomgomo okuvunyelwene ngalo lunzima futhi ukulawulwa nokuqiniswa okwengeziwe kuyadingeka. Olunye ulwazi ku- 2011 Izimiso Zokuqondisa ze-UN zingatholakala lapha.

Teh LCL, Caddell R., Allison EH, Finkbeiner, EM, Kittinger JN, Nakamura K., et al. (2019). Iqhaza Lamalungelo Esintu Ekusebenziseni Ukudla Kwasolwandle Okunesibopho Senhlalo. I-PLoS ONE 14(1): e0210241. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210241

Izimiso zokudla kwasolwandle ezinomthwalo wemfanelo emphakathini zidinga ukugxiliswa ezibophweni ezicacile ezingokomthetho futhi zisekelwe umthamo owanele kanye nentando yezombangazwe. Ababhali bathole ukuthi imithetho yamalungelo abantu ivamise ukubhekana namalungelo omphakathi nawepolitiki, kodwa inendlela ende okufanele ihanjwe ekubhekaneni namalungelo ezomnotho, ezenhlalo namasiko. Ngokusebenzisa amathuluzi omhlaba ohulumeni bangaphasisa izinqubomgomo zikazwelonke zokuqeda ukudoba kwe-IUU.

Izizwe Ezihlangene. (1948). Isimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu. https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights

ISimemezelo SeZizwe Ezihlangene Samalungelo Abantu sibeka indinganiso yokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu ayisisekelo kanye nokuvikelwa kwawo kwendawo yonke. Lo mbhalo onamakhasi ayisishiyagalombili umemezela ukuthi bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile futhi belingana ngesithunzi namalungelo, ngaphandle kokubandlululwa, futhi ngeke bagcinwe ebugqilini, noma baphathwe ngonya, ngonya, noma ukuphathwa kabi, phakathi kwamanye amalungelo. Lesi simemezelo sigqugquzele izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa, sihunyushelwe ezilimini ezingaphezu kuka-500 futhi siyaqhubeka nokuqondisa inqubomgomo nezenzo namuhla.

5. Imihlahlandlela Yokusebenzisa Ukudla Kwasolwandle

Nakamura, K., Bishop, L., Ward, T., Pramod, G., Thomson, D., Tungpuchayakul, P., and Srakaew, S. (2018, July 25). Ukubona Ubugqila Emaketangeni Okuthengiswa Kwasolwandle. Intuthuko Yesayensi, E1701833. https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/7/e1701833

Uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwezilwane zasolwandle luhlakazeke kakhulu ngeningi labasebenzi abaqashwe njengosonkontileka abangaphansi noma ngama-broker okwenza kube nzima ukucacisa imithombo yokudla kwasolwandle. Ukuze kubhekwane nalokhu, abacwaningi bakha uhlaka futhi bakha indlela yokuhlola ubungozi bokusebenza ngempoqo emaketangeni okunikezwa kwezilwane zasolwandle. Lolu hlaka olunamaphuzu amahlanu, olubizwa ngeLabour Safe Screen, luthole ukuthi kuthuthukiswe ukuqwashisa ngezimo zabasebenzi ukuze izinkampani zokudla zikwazi ukulungisa inkinga.

Uhlelo lweNereus (2016). Ishidi Lolwazi: I-Slavery Fisheries kanye Nokusetshenziswa Kwasolwandle Kwasolwandle KwaseJapane. I-Nippon Foundation - University of British Columbia. PDF.

Ukusebenza ngempoqo nobugqila banamuhla kuyinkinga edlangile embonini yokudoba yamazwe ngamazwe yanamuhla. Ukwazisa abathengi, i-Nippon Foundation idale umhlahlandlela ogqamisa izinhlobo zokuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi okubikiwe ezindaweni zokudoba ngokusekelwe ezweni lendabuko. Lo mhlahlandlela omfishane ugqamisa amazwe okungenzeka ukuthi athumele izinhlanzi kwamanye amazwe eziwumkhiqizo wokusebenza ngempoqo ngesikhathi esithile ohlelweni lwawo lokuhlinzeka. Nakuba umhlahlandlela uqondiswe kubafundi baseJapane, ushicilelwa ngesiNgisi futhi unikeza ulwazi oluhle kunoma ubani onentshisekelo yokuba umthengi onolwazi. Abenzi bobubi kakhulu, ngokomhlahlandlela, yiThailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, kanye neMyanmar.

U-Warne, K. (2011) Bavumele Badle Ama-Shrimp: Ukunyamalala Okudabukisayo Kwamahlathi Asolwandle. I-Island Press, 2011.

Ukukhiqizwa kwezilwane ezifuywayo emhlabeni wonke kudale umonakalo omkhulu emihlumeni yasogwini ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo emhlabeni wonke—futhi kunemiphumela emibi empilweni yasogwini kanye nenala yezilwane zasolwandle.

6. Ukudilizwa kanye Nokungavunyelwa

Ihhovisi likaKhomishana Omkhulu Wenhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene Wamalungelo Abantu (2021, May). Ukunganakwa Okubulalayo: Ukuseshwa Nokuhlenga kanye Nokuvikelwa Kwabafuduki Olwandle Olumaphakathi LweMedithera. I-United Nations Human Rights. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Migration/OHCHR-thematic-report-SAR-protection-at-sea.pdf

Kusukela ngoJanuwari 2019 kuya kuZibandlela wezi-2020 Ihhovisi leNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene Lamalungelo Abantu laxoxisana nabafuduki, ochwepheshe, kanye nababambiqhaza ukuze bathole ukuthi imithetho ethile, izinqubomgomo, kanye nemikhuba ikuthinte kabi kanjani ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu bokufika. Lo mbiko ugxile emizamweni yokusesha nokuhlenga njengoba abafuduki bedlula eLibya kanye nolwandle olumaphakathi neMedithera. Lo mbiko uyaqinisekisa ukuthi ukuntuleka kokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu kwenzekile okuholela ekufeni kwabantu abangamakhulu okungavinjelwa olwandle ngenxa yokwehluleka kwesistimu yokufuduka. Amazwe aseMedithera kufanele aqede izinqubomgomo ezenze lula noma zavumela ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu futhi kufanele asebenzise izinqubo ezizovimbela ukushona kwabantu abaningi olwandle.

Vinke, K., Blocher, J., Becker, M., Ebay, J., Fong, T., and Kambon, A. (2020, September). Amazwe Asekhaya: Ukwenziwa Kwenqubomgomo Yeziqhingi Neziqhingi Zamazwe Aseziqhingini Zokuhamba Komuntu Esimweni Sokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu. Ukubambisana kweJalimane. https://disasterdisplacement.org/portfolio-item/home-lands-island-and-archipelagic-states-policymaking-for-human-mobility-in-the-context-of-climate-change

Iziqhingi nezifunda ezisogwini zibhekene nezinguquko ezinkulu ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okuhlanganisa: ukushoda komhlaba olimekayo, ukuba kude, ukulahlekelwa umhlaba, nezinselelo zosizo olufinyeleleka kalula phakathi nezinhlekelele. Lobu bunzima bucindezela abaningi ukuba bafuduke emazweni abo. Lo mbiko uhlanganisa izifundo ze-Eastern Caribbean (i-Anguilla, i-Antigua & Barbuda, i-Dominica, ne-St. Lucia), i-Pacific (i-Fiji, i-Kiribati, i-Tuvalu, ne-Vanuatu), ne-The Philippines. Ukuze kubhekwane nalokhu abadlali kuzwelonke nakwisifunda kudingeka basebenzise izinqubomgomo zokulawula ukufuduka, ukuhlela ukufuduka, nokubhekana nokufuduka ukuze kuncishiswe izinselele ezingaba khona zokuhamba kwabantu.

I-United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2018, Agasti). Ukwenza Imephu Ukuhamba Komuntu (Ukufuduka, Ukufuduka kanye Nokuthutha Okuhleliwe) kanye Nokuguquka Kwesimo Sezulu Ezinkambisweni Zamazwe Ngamazwe, Izinqubomgomo kanye Nezinhlaka Zomthetho. Inhlangano Yezizwe Ngezizwe Yezokufuduka (IOM). PDF.

Njengoba ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuphoqa abantu abaningi ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo, kuye kwavela izinqubo zomthetho nezinqubo ezihlukahlukene. Umbiko uhlinzeka ngomongo kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-ajenda yenqubomgomo yamazwe ngamazwe efanele kanye nezinhlaka zomthetho ezikhona ezihlobene nokufuduka, ukufuduka, kanye nokufuduka okuhleliwe. Lo mbiko uwumphumela weNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yohlaka Lokusebenza Lwebutho Lokusebenza Lokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu mayelana nokufuduka.

Greenshack Dotinfo. (2013). Ababaleki Besimo Sezulu: I-Alaska Emaphethelweni Njengoba Izakhamuzi ZaseNewtok Zijaha Ukumisa Idolobhana Liwela Olwandle. [Ifilimu].

Le vidiyo ihlanganisa umbhangqwana wase-Newtok, e-Alaska ochaza izinguquko endaweni yawo yomdabu: ukuphakama kwezinga lolwandle, iziphepho ezinamandla, nokushintsha kwamaphethini ezinyoni ezifudukayo. Baxoxa ngesidingo sabo sokuyiswa endaweni ephephile, emaphakathi nezwe. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezinkinga zokuthola izimpahla nosizo, sebelinde iminyaka ukuthi bathuthe.

Puthucherril, T. (2013, Ephreli 22). Ukushintsha, Ukukhuphuka Kwezinga Lolwandle kanye Nokuvikela Imiphakathi Yasogwini Esenamakhaya: Izixazululo Ezingenzeka. Ijenali Yomhlaba Wonke Yomthetho Wokuqhathanisa. Vol. 1. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/sea%20level%20rise.pdf

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuzoba nethonya elikhulu ekuphileni kwezigidi. Leli phepha lichaza izimo ezimbili zokufuduka okubangelwa ukunyuka kwezinga lolwandle futhi lichaza ukuthi isigaba "sababaleki besimo sezulu" asinakho ukuma okusemthethweni kwamanye amazwe. Ibhalwe njengokubuyekezwa komthetho, leli phepha lichaza ngokucacile ukuthi kungani labo abasuswa ezindaweni zabo ngenxa yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu bengeke banikezwe amalungelo abo ayisisekelo.

I-Environmental Justice Foundation. (2012). Isizwe Esingaphansi Kosongo: Imithelela Yokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu Kumalungelo Abantu kanye Nokufuduka Okuphoqelelwe e-Bangladesh. London. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/A_Nation_Under_Threat.compressed.pdf

I-Bangladesh isengozini enkulu yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngenxa yokuminyana kwabantu abaningi kanye nezinsiza ezilinganiselwe, phakathi kwezinye izici. Lo mbiko we-Environmental Justice Foundation uhloselwe labo abanezikhundla ezinhlanganweni zokongiwa kwemvelo zendawo kanye nezinhlangano zamalungelo abantu, kanye nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe. Ichaza ukuntuleka kosizo kanye nokuqashelwa okusemthethweni 'kwababaleki besimo sezulu' futhi ikhulumela usizo olusheshayo kanye namathuluzi amasha abophezelayo ukuze aqashelwe.

I-Environmental Justice Foundation. (2012). Ayikho Indawo Efana Nekhaya - Ukuvikela Ukuqashelwa, Ukuvikelwa kanye Nosizo Lwababaleki Besimo Sezulu. London.  https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/NPLH_briefing.pdf

Ababaleki besimo sezulu babhekana nezinkinga zokuqashelwa, ukuvikelwa, nokuntuleka kosizo okuvamile. Lesi sithangami se-Environmental Justice Foundation sidingida izinselelo ezibhekene nalabo abangeke babe namandla okubhekana nezimo zemvelo eziwohlokayo. Lo mbiko uhloselwe izethameli ezijwayelekile ezibheke ukuqonda ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu, njengokulahlekelwa umhlaba, okubangelwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Bronen, R. (2009). Ukufuduka Okuphoqelelwe Kwemiphakathi Yomdabu Yase-Alaska Ngenxa Yokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu: Ukudala Impendulo Yamalungelo Abantu. I-University of Alaska, Uhlelo Lokuqina Nokuzijwayeza. PDF. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/forced%20migration%20alaskan%20community.pdf

Ukufuduka Okuphoqelekile ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuthinta eminye yemiphakathi esengozini kakhulu yase-Alaska. Umbhali uRobin Bronen uchaza ukuthi uhulumeni wesifunda sase-Alaska usabele kanjani ekufudukeni kwabantu ngenkani. Leli phepha linikeza izibonelo zezihloko zalabo abafuna ukufunda ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu e-Alaska futhi lichaza uhlaka lwesikhungo lokusabela ekufudukeni kwabantu okubangelwa yisimo sezulu.

UClaus, CA noMascia, MB (2008, May 14). Indlela Yamalungelo Ezakhiwo Yokuqonda Ukufuduka Kwabantu Ezindaweni Ezivikelekile: Indaba Yezindawo Zasolwandle Ezivikelekile. I-Conservation Biology, i-World Wildlife Fund. PDF. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/A%20Property%20Rights%20Approach%20to% 20Understanding%20Human%20Displacement%20from%20Protected%20Areas.pdf

I-Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) iwumgogodla wamasu amaningi okongiwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zemvelo kanye nenqola yokuthuthukiswa komphakathi esimeme kanye nomthombo wezindleko zomphakathi ngaphezu kwamasu okulondoloza imvelo ehlukahlukene. Imithelela yokwabiwa kabusha kwamalungelo ezinsizeni ze-MPA iyahlukahluka ngaphakathi naphakathi kwamaqembu omphakathi, okubangela izinguquko emphakathini, emaphethini okusetshenziswa kwezinsiza, kanye nemvelo. Lesi sihloko sisebenzisa izindawo ezivikelwe zasolwandle njengohlaka lokuhlola imithelela yokwabiwa kabusha kwamalungelo okubangela ukufuduka kwabantu bendawo. Ichaza inkimbinkimbi kanye nempikiswano ezungeze amalungelo empahla njengoba ephathelene nokufuduka.

Alisopp, M., Johnston, P., kanye noSantillo, D. (2008, January). Ukuphonsela inselelo imboni yezasemanzini ngokusimama. I-Greenpeace Laboratories Inothi Lobuchwepheshe. PDF. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/Aquaculture_Report_Technical.pdf

Ukukhula kwezilwane ezifuywayo zasemanzini ezihwebayo kanye nezindlela zokukhiqiza ezandayo kuholele ekwandeni kwemiphumela emibi emvelweni nasemphakathini. Lo mbiko uhloselwe labo abanentshisekelo yokuqonda ubunkimbinkimbi bemboni yezasemanzini futhi unikeza izibonelo zezinkinga ezihambisana nokuzama isixazululo esisemthethweni.

Lonergan, S. (1998). Iqhaza Lokucekelwa phansi Kwemvelo Ekuthuthweni Kwabantu. Umbiko Wephrojekthi Yokushintsha Nokuvikeleka Kwemvelo, Ikhishwe 4: 5-15.  https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/The%20Role%20of%20Environmental%20Degradation% 20in%20Population%20Displacement.pdf

Isibalo sabantu abaye basuswa ezindaweni zabo ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo sikhulu kakhulu. Ukuchaza izici eziyinkimbinkimbi eziholela esitatimendeni esinjalo lo mbiko uhlinzeka ngesethi yemibuzo nezimpendulo mayelana nokunyakaza kokufuduka kanye nendima yendawo ezungezile. Leli phepha liphetha ngezincomo zenqubomgomo ngokugcizelela ukubaluleka kwentuthuko esimeme njengendlela yokuphepha kwabantu.

7. Ukubusa Kolwandle

Gutierrez, M. and Jobbins, G. (2020, June 2). I-China's Distant-water Fishing Fleet: Isikali, Umthelela, kanye Nokuphatha. Overseas Development Institute. https://odi.org/en/publications/chinas-distant-water-fishing-fleet-scale-impact-and-governance/

Ukuncipha kwezinhlanzi zasekhaya kubangela ukuthi amazwe athile aqhubeke nokuhambela phambili ukuze ahlangabezane nesidingo esikhulayo sokudla kwasolwandle. Imikhumbi emikhulu kunazo zonke yale mikhumbi yasemanzini akude (DWF) imikhumbi yaseChina, enezinombolo ze-DWF eziseduze nemikhumbi engu-17,000, Umbiko wakamuva uthole ukuthi le mikhumbi yayinkulu ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezi-5 kuya kweziyi-8 kunalokho okubikiwe ngaphambili futhi okungenani imikhumbi engu-183 isolwa ukuthi iyabandakanyeka. ekudobeni kwe-IUU. Izikebhe zokudoba ngamanethi ziyimikhumbi evame kakhulu, futhi cishe imikhumbi yamaShayina eyi-1,000 ibhalisiwe kwamanye amazwe ngaphandle kwaseShayina. Ukungafihli okwengeziwe kanye nokuphatha kuyadingeka kanye nokulawulwa okuqinile nokuqiniswa komthetho. 

Amalungelo Abantu oLwandle. (2020, Julayi 1). I-Fisheries Observer Ukufa Kwasolwandle, Amalungelo Abantu & Iqhaza & Nezibopho Zenhlangano Yezokudoba. PDF. https://www.humanrightsatsea.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/HRAS_Abuse_of_Fisheries_Observers_REPORT_JULY-2020_SP_LOCKED-1.pdf

Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi kukhona ukukhathazeka ngamalungelo abantu kubasebenzi emkhakheni wezokudoba kukhona nokukhathazeka ngabakwaFisheries Observers abasebenzela ukubhekana nokuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu olwandle. Lo mbiko ufuna ukuvikelwa okungcono kwabo bobabili abasebenzi bezokudoba kanye nabaqapheli bezindawo zokudoba. Lo mbiko ugqamisa uphenyo oluqhubekayo lokufa Kwabaqapheli Bendawo Yezokudoba kanye nezindlela zokuthuthukisa ukuvikeleka kwabo bonke ababukele. Lo mbiko ungowokuqala ochungechungeni olukhiqizwe ngabakwaHuman Rights at Sea umbiko wesibili walolu chungechunge, owashicilelwa ngoNovemba 2020, uzogxila ezincomweni ezingase zenziwe.

Amalungelo Abantu oLwandle. (2020, Novemba 11). Ukuthuthukisa Izincomo Nenqubomgomo Ekusekeleni Ukuphepha, Ukuvikeleka Nenhlalakahle Yabaqaphi Bezokudoba. PDF.

I-Human Rights at Sea ikhiqize uchungechunge lwemibiko ukubhekana nokukhathazeka kwabaqapheli bezokudoba emzamweni wokuqwashisa umphakathi. Lo mbiko ugxile ezincomo zokubhekana nokukhathazeka okugqanyiswe kulo lonke uchungechunge. Izincomo zifaka: imininingwane etholakala esidlangalaleni yokuqapha izikebhe (VMS), ukuvikelwa kwabaqapheli bezokudoba kanye nomshwalense wochwepheshe, ukuhlinzekwa kwezinsiza zokuphepha ezihlala isikhathi eside, ukwanda kokuqapha nokuqapha, ukusetshenziswa kwamalungelo abantu okudayisa, ukubika emphakathini, uphenyo olwandisiwe nolungenamfihlo, futhi ekugcineni ukubhekana umbono wokungajeziswa ngokobulungiswa ezingeni likahulumeni. Lo mbiko ulandela iHuman Rights at Sea, I-Fisheries Observer Ukufa Kwasolwandle, Amalungelo Abantu & Iqhaza & Nezibopho Zenhlangano Yezokudoba eshicilelwe ngoJulayi 2020.

Umnyango Wezwe wase-United States. (2016, Septhemba). Ukuguqula Isimo: Ukuhlanganisa Izindlela Ezintsha Nobambiswano Ukulwa Nokushushumbiswa Kwabantu Emkhakheni Wezokudla Kwasolwandle. Ihhovisi elizoqapha kanye nokulwa nokushushumbiswa kwabantu. PDF.

UMnyango WezoMbuso, embikweni wawo we-2016 we-Trafficking in Persons ukuthi amazwe angaphezu kuka-50 aphawule ukukhathazeka ngokusebenza ngempoqo ekudobeni, ekulungiseni ukudla kwasolwandle, noma ukufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini okuthinta amadoda, abesifazane, nezingane kuzo zonke izifunda emhlabeni jikelele. Ukuze kuliwe nalokhu izinhlangano eziningi zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nama-NGO aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia asebenzela ukunikeza usizo oluqondile, ukuhlinzeka ngokuqeqeshwa komphakathi, ukuthuthukisa amandla ezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene zezobulungiswa (okuhlanganisa iThailand ne-Indonesia), ukwandisa ukuqoqwa kwedatha yesikhathi sangempela, nokukhuthaza amaketanga okuhlinzeka ngomthwalo wemfanelo.

8. Ukugqekezwa Kwemikhumbi kanye Nokuhlukunyezwa Kwamalungelo Abantu

U-Daems, E. no-Goris, G. (2019). Ubuzenzisi Bamabhishi Angcono: Ukugqekezwa Kwemikhumbi eNdiya, abanikazi bemikhumbi eSwitzerland, benxenxa eBelgium. I-NGO Shipbreaking Platform. Umagazini we-MO. PDF.

Ekupheleni kokuphila komkhumbi, imikhumbi eminingi ithunyelwa emazweni asathuthuka, igujwe ogwini, futhi ibhidlizwe, igcwele izinto ezinobuthi, futhi ihlakazwa ogwini lwaseBangladesh, eNdiya, nasePakistan. Abasebenzi ababhidliza imikhumbi bavame ukusebenzisa izandla zabo ezingenalutho ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu nezinobuthi ezibangela ukulimala kwezenhlalo nezemvelo kanye nezingozi ezibulalayo. Imakethe yemikhumbi emidala ayiboni kahle futhi izinkampani zemikhumbi, eziningi ezizinze eSwitzerland nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, zivame ukukuthola kushibhile ukuthumela imikhumbi emazweni asathuthuka naphezu kokulimala. Lo mbiko uhloselwe ukuletha ukunaka odabeni lokugqekezwa komkhumbi futhi ukhuthaze izinguquko zenqubomgomo ukuze kubhekwane nokuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu emabhishi agqekeza. Isijobelelo sombiko kanye nohlu lwamagama yisingeniso esihle kakhulu salabo abathanda ukufunda amagama amaningi kanye nomthetho ohlobene nokuphulwa komkhumbi.

Heidegger, P., Jenssen, I., Reuter, D., Mulinaris, N. kanye noCarlsson, F. (2015). Yeka Umehluko Owenziwe Ifulege: Kungani Isibopho Sabanikazi Bemikhumbi Sokuqinisekisa Ukugaywa Kabusha Kwemikhumbi Esimeme Kudinga Ukudlula Igunya Lesifunda Sefulegi. I-NGO Shipbreaking Platform. PDF. https://shipbreakingplatform.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/FoCBriefing_NGO-Shipbreaking-Platform_-April-2015.pdf

Unyaka ngamunye imikhumbi emikhulu engaphezu kuka-1,000, okuhlanganisa amathangi, imikhumbi yezimpahla, imikhumbi yabagibeli, nezinsimbi zikawoyela, idayiswa ukuze kudilizwe u-70% wayo ogcina usemagcekeni olwandle eNdiya, eBangladesh, noma ePakistan. I-European Union iyimakethe enkulu kunazo zonke yokuthumela imikhumbi yokuphela kwempilo ekugqekezweni okungcolile nokuyingozi. Nakuba i-European Union ihlongoze izinyathelo zokulawula izinkampani eziningi zeqa le mithetho ngokubhalisa umkhumbi kwelinye izwe elinemithetho ethambile. Lo mkhuba wokushintsha ifulegi lomkhumbi udinga ukuguqulwa futhi amathuluzi amaningi angokomthetho nezezimali okujezisa izinkampani zemikhumbi kudingeka samukelwe ukuze kunqandwe ukuhlukumeza kwamalungelo abantu kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kwemvelo kwamabhishi agqekeza umkhumbi.

Heidegger, P., Jenssen, I., Reuter, D., Mulinaris, N., kanye noCarlsson, F. (2015). Yeka Umehluko Owenziwe Ifulege. I-NGO Shipbreaking Platform. EBrussels, eBelgium. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/FoCBriefing_NGO-Shipbreaking-Platform_-April-2015.pdf

I-Shipbreaking Platform yeluleka ngomthetho omusha okuhloswe ngawo ukulawula ukugaywa kabusha kwemikhumbi, okumodelwe ngemuva kwemithetho efanayo ye-EU. Baphikisa ngokuthi umthetho osuselwe kumafulegi okusizakala (i-FOC) uzobukela phansi amandla okulawula ukuphulwa komkhumbi ngenxa yezintuba ngaphakathi kohlelo lwe-FOC.

U-Lipman, Z. (2011). Ukuhwebelana Ngemfucuza Eyingozi: Ubulungiswa Bezemvelo Kuqhathaniswa Nokukhula Komnotho. Ubulungiswa Bezemvelo kanye Nenqubo Yezomthetho, eNyuvesi yaseMacquarie, e-Australia. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/Trade%20in%20Hazardous%20Waste.pdf

I-Basel Convention, ehlose ukumisa ukuthuthwa kwemfucuza eyingozi isuka emazweni athuthukile iye emazweni asathuthuka asebenzisa izimo zokusebenza ezingaphephile futhi aholelwa abasebenzi bawo kancane kakhulu, yiyona nto okugxilwe kuyo kuleli phepha. Ichaza izici ezingokomthetho ezihlobene nokumisa ukugqekeza umkhumbi kanye nezinselele zokuzama ukuthi Isivumelwano sigunyazwe amazwe anele.

Dann, B., Gold, M., Aldalur, M. and Braestrup, A. (uchungechunge umhleli), Elder, L. (ed), Neumann, J. (ed). (2015, Novemba 4). Amalungelo Abantu & Ulwandle: Ukuphihlizwa Kwemikhumbi kanye Nobuthi.  Iphepha Elimhlophe. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/TOF%20Shipbreaking%20White%20Paper% 204Nov15%20version.compressed%20%281%29.pdf

Lixhaswe i-Ocean Leadership Fund ye-The Ocean Foundation, leli phepha lakhiqizwa njengengxenye yochungechunge oluhlola ukuxhumana phakathi kwamalungelo abantu nolwandle olunempilo. Njengengxenye yochungechunge, leli phepha elimhlophe lihlola izingozi zokugqekeza umkhumbi kanye nokuntuleka kokuqwashisa ngamazwe ngamazwe kanye nenqubomgomo yokulawula imboni enkulu kangaka.

Inhlangano Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yamalungelo Abantu. (2008). Amayadi Okugqekeza: Ukuqashwa Kwezingane Embonini Yokugaywa kabusha Kwemikhumbi e-Bangladesh. I-NGO Shipbreaking Platform. PDF. https://shipbreakingplatform.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Report-FIDH_Childbreaking_Yards_2008.pdf

Abacwaningi abahlola imibiko yokulimala nokufa kwezisebenzi ekuqaleni kwawo-2000 bathola ukuthi izibukeli ziqaphela ngokuphindaphindiwe izingane phakathi kwezisebenzi futhi zihileleke ngokukhuthele emisebenzini yokugqekeza umkhumbi. Umbiko - owenza ucwaningo kusukela ngo-2000 futhi uqhubeke kuze kube ngu-2008 - ugxile egcekeni lokugqekeza umkhumbi eChittagong, Bangladesh. Bathole ukuthi izingane kanye nabantu abadala abancane abaneminyaka engaphansi kweyi-18 benza u-25% wabo bonke abasebenzi kanye nemithetho yasekhaya eqapha amahora okusebenza, umholo omncane, isinxephezelo, ukuqeqeshwa, kanye nobuncane beminyaka yokusebenza yayinganakwa. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka izinguquko ziza ngamacala ezinkantolo, kodwa kusekuningi okudingeka kwenziwe ukuze kuqiniswe izinqubomgomo ezivikela izingane ezixhashazwayo.

IGreenpeace kanye ne-International Federation for Human Rights. (2005, Disemba).Ukuphela Kwemikhumbi Yokuphila - Izindleko Zomuntu Zokugqekeza Imikhumbi.https://wayback.archive-it.org/9650/20200516051321/http://p3-raw.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/planet-2/report/2006/4/end-of-life-the-human-cost-of.pdf

Umbiko ohlanganyelwe weGreenpeace kanye ne-FIDH uchaza imboni egqekeza umkhumbi ngama-akhawunti womuntu siqu avela kubasebenzi abagqekeza umkhumbi eNdiya naseBangladesh. Lo mbiko uhloselwe ukuhlaba ikhwelo esenzweni kulabo abathintekayo embonini yemikhumbi ukuthi balandele imithethonqubo emisha nezinqubomgomo ezilawula izenzo zale mboni.

BUYELA OCWANINGO