Imayini YasoLwandle Olujulile - I-Pacific Experiment

Inkampani yezimayini yaseCanada i-Nautilus Minerals Inc. isize yaba nesithunzi sayo ngokukhipha umsebenzi wokuqala emhlabeni wokumba izimayini ezijulile zasolwandle (DSM). I-Bismarck Sea e-Papua New Guinea imakwe njengendawo yokuhlola lobu buchwepheshe obungakaze bubonwe ngaphambili. Ezinye izinkampani eziningi - ezivela eJapan, China, Korea, UK, Canada, USA, Germany kanye neRussian Federation - zilinde ukubona ukuthi iNautilus ingakwazi yini ukuletha izinsimbi ezisuka olwandle ukuze zincibilike ngaphambi kokuzicwilisa. Sebevele bawathathile amalayisense okuhlola ahlanganisa amakhilomitha-skwele angaphezu kwesigidi esingu-1.5 olwandle lwasePacific. Ukwengeza, amalayisense okuhlola manje ahlanganisa nezindawo ezinkulu ezingaphansi kolwandle i-Atlantic kanye ne-Indian Ocean.

Le siphithiphithi sokuhlola kwe-DSM senzeka ngaphandle kwemithetho yokulawula noma izindawo zokongiwa kwemvelo ukuze kuvikelwe imvelo eyingqayizivele nencane eyaziwayo yolwandle olujulile futhi ngaphandle kokubonisana okunengqondo nemiphakathi ezothintwa i-DSM. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwesayensi mayelana nemithelela luhlala lunomkhawulo kakhulu futhi alunikezi isiqiniseko sokuthi impilo yemiphakathi yasogwini kanye nezindawo zokudoba ethembele kuzo izoqinisekiswa.

I-Deep Sea Mining Campaign iyinhlangano yezinhlangano nezakhamuzi zasePapua New Guinea, e-Australia naseCanada ezikhathazekile ngemithelela engase ibe khona ye-DSM ezimisweni zemvelo zasolwandle nasogwini kanye nemiphakathi. Izinhloso zomkhankaso ukuthola Imvume Yamahhala, Ngaphambilini Nenolwazi oluvela emiphakathini ethintekile kanye nokusetshenziswa komgomo wokuqapha.

Kalula nje sikholelwa ukuthi:

▪ Imiphakathi ethintekile kufanele ibambe iqhaza ezinqumweni mayelana nokuthi kumele yini ukuqhubeka nokumbiwa kwezimayini zasolwandle futhi ngaphezu kwalokho isinakho ilungelo lokuvinjelwa kwezimayini ezihlongozwayo, futhi lokho
▪ Ucwaningo oluqinisekisiwe ngokuzimela kufanele kwenziwe ukukhombisa ukuthi akukho miphakathi noma imvelo ezoba nomthelela omubi wesikhathi eside - ngaphambi kokuvumela ukumba izimayini kuqale.

Izinkampani zibonise intshisekelo ezinhlotsheni ezintathu ze-DSM - ukumbiwa kwe-cobalt custs, ama-polymetallic nodules, kanye nokufakwa kwama-sulphide amakhulu olwandle. Ngowakamuva okungangabazeki ukuthi yiwo oheha kakhulu kubavukuzi (ngokucebile nge-zinc, ithusi, isiliva, igolide, umthofu nomhlaba ongavamile) - futhi ophikisana kakhulu. Ukumbiwa kwama-sulfide amakhulu angaphansi kolwandle kungenzeka kubangele umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu kwezemvelo kanye nobungozi obukhulu bezempilo emiphakathini yasogwini nasezindaweni ezizungezile.

I-Seafloor massive sulphides akheka ezungeze izintuba ze-hydrothermal - iziphethu ezishisayo ezenzeka eduze kwamaketanga ezintaba zentaba-mlilo ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka amafu amnyama e-metal sulfide aye aphuma embotsheni, ahlala ezindundumeni ezinkulu ezifika ezigidini zamathani ngobuningi.

imithelela
I-Nautilus Minerals inikezwe ilayisensi yokuqala emhlabeni yokusebenzisa imayini yasolwandle ejulile. Ihlela ukukhipha igolide nethusi kuma-sulfide amakhulu olwandle oLwandle lwaseBismarck ePNG. Indawo yemayini yeSolwara 1 icishe ibe ngamakhilomitha angama-50 ukusuka edolobheni laseRabaul eMpumalanga New Britain kanye namakhilomitha angama-30 ukusuka ogwini lwesiFundazwe saseNew Ireland. Umkhankaso we-DSM ukhiphe ukuhlola okuningiliziwe kwe-oceanographic ngoNovemba 2012 okubonisa ukuthi imiphakathi egudle ugu ingase ibe sengcupheni yokungenwa ushevu wensimbi enzima ngenxa yokukhuphuka kwemithombo nemisinga endaweni ye-Solwara 1.[1]

Kuncane kakhulu okuqondwayo mayelana nemithelela engaba khona yemayini ngayinye ejulile yolwandle ingasaphathwa imithelela enqwabelene yezimayini eziningi ezingase zithuthukiswe. Izimo ezizungeze ama-hydrothermal vents azifani nanoma iyiphi enye indawo emhlabeni futhi lokhu kubangele i-ecosystem eyingqayizivele. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ama- hydrothermal vents yilapho ukuphila kwaqala khona emhlabeni. Uma kunjalo, lezi zindawo kanye nalezi zinhlelo zemvelo zinganikeza imininingwane ngokuvela kokuphila. Asikaqalisi ukuqonda i-ecosystem ejulile yolwandle ethatha ngaphezu kuka-90% wendawo yolwandle.[2]

Ukumba ngakunye kuzocekela phansi izinkulungwane zemibhobho ye-hydrothermal kanye ne-ecosystem yakho ehlukile - okungenzeka ukuthi izinhlobo zezilwane zizoshabalala ngaphambi kokuba zikhonjwe. Abaningi baphikisa ngokuthi ukucekelwa phansi kwezimbobo zokuphefumula kuphela kunganikeza isizathu esanele sokungagunyazi amaphrojekthi e-DSM. Kodwa kunezinye izingozi ezingathi sína ezifana nobuthi obungaba khona bensimbi obungase bungene emaketangeni okudla olwandle.

Kudingeka ucwaningo nokumodela ukuze kutholwe ukuthi yiziphi izinsimbi ezizokhishwa, yiziphi izinhlobo zamakhemikhali ezizoba khona, izinga lapho zizothola khona indlela eya emaketangeni okudla, ukuthi ukudla kwasolwandle okudliwa imiphakathi yendawo kuzoba kungcole kangakanani, futhi imiphi imiphumela lokhu. izinsimbi zizoba nezindawo zokudoba ezibalulekile endaweni, kuzwelonke nakwisifunda.

Kuze kube yileso sikhathi kufanele kusetshenziswe indlela yokuqapha ngokumiswa kokuhlolwa nokumbiwa kwamaminerali olwandle olujulile.

Amazwi omphakathi ngokumelene nezimayini ezijulile zasolwandle
Ubizo lokumisa umsebenzi wokumba izimayini zombhede wasolwandle ohlolwayo e-Pacific luyakhula. Imiphakathi yendawo ePapua New Guinea nasePacific ikhuluma ngokumelene nale mboni esemngceleni.[3] Lokhu kuye kwahlanganisa nokwethulwa kwesicelo esisayinwe ngaphezu kuka-24,000 kuhulumeni we-PNG esicela ohulumeni basePacific ukuba bayeke ukuhlola izimayini olwandle.[4]
Akukaze emlandweni we-PNG kube nesiphakamiso sentuthuko esikhuthaze ukuphikiswa okubanzi okungaka - okuvela kubamele imiphakathi yendawo, abafundi, abaholi bamasonto, izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni, izifundiswa, abasebenzi beminyango kahulumeni kanye namaphalamende kazwelonke nawezifundazwe.

Abesifazane basePacific bakhuthaze umlayezo 'wokumisa ukuhlolwa kwezimayini zasolwandle' engqungqutheleni yamazwe ngamazwe yase-Rio+20 e-Brazil.[5] Ngenkathi iseNew Zealand imiphakathi ihlangene ukuze ikhankase ngokumelene nokumbiwa kwezihlabathi zabo ezimnyama nezilwandle zabo ezijulile.[6]
NgoMashi 2013, i-Pacific Conference of Churches 10th General Assembly yaphasisa isinqumo sokumisa zonke izinhlobo zokumbiwa kwezimayini olwandle ePacific.[7]

Nokho, amalayisense okuhlola akhishwa ngezinga elesabekayo. Amazwi engeziwe kufanele azwakale ukuze kunqandwe ukubukeka kwe-DSM ukuthi kwenzeke.

Joyina amandla nathi:
Joyina i-e-list yomkhankaso we-Deep Sea Mining ngokuthumela i-imeyili ku-: [i-imeyili ivikelwe]. Sicela usazise uma wena noma inhlangano yakho ningathanda ukusebenzisana nathi.

Ukwaziswa okwengeziwe:
Iwebhusayithi yethu: www.deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org
Imibiko yomkhankaso: http://www.deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org/report
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/deepseaminingpacific
Twitter: https://twitter.com/NoDeepSeaMining
I-Youtube: http://youtube.com/StopDeepSeaMining

References:
[1]UDkt. U-John Luick, 'Ukuhlola Okungokoqobo Kwe-Oceanographic Yesitatimende Somthelela Wezemvelo Nautilus Sephrojekthi ye-Solwara 1 - Ukubuyekezwa Okuzimele', Umkhankaso Wezimayini Wasolwandle Olujulile http://www.deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org/report
[2] www.savethesea.org/STS%20ocean_facts.htm
[3] www.deepseaminingourofourdepth.org/community-testimonies
[4] www.deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org/tag/petition/
[5] Ama-NGOs asePacific akhulisa umkhankaso we-Oceans Campaign e-Rio+20, Island Business, Juni 15 2012,
www.deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org/pacific-ngos-step-up-oceans-campaign-at-rio20
[6] kasm.org; deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org/tag/new-zealand
[7] 'Biza ucwaningo lomthelela', Dawn Gibson, 11 March 2013, Fiji Times Online, www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=227482

I-Deep Sea Mining Campaign iwuhlelo lwe-The Ocean Foundation