I-Titanic njengengxenye yeGugu lethu le-Ocean

Njengoba sisondela ku-110^th isikhumbuzo sokucwila kwe- Titanic (ngobusuku be-14^th - 15^th April 1912), kufanele kucatshangwe okwengeziwe ukuze kucatshangelwe ukuvikelwa kanye nefa lamasiko elingaphansi kwamanzi lokuphahlazeka manje okuhlala ekujuleni kwe-Atlantic. Amagugu amasiko angaphansi kwamanzi ibhekisela kumasayithi asolwandle abalulekile ngokomlando noma ngokwesiko okuhlanganisa izinto ezibonakalayo (izinto zobuciko zomlando) kanye nezici ezingaphatheki (inani lamasiko) zalezo zindawo, njengezinto zobuciko zomlando noma izixhobo eziyigugu ngokwesiko emiphakathini yendawo. Endabeni ye I-Titanic, indawo yokuphahlazeka ibalulekile ngokomlando futhi ibalulekile ngokwesiko ngenxa yefa lesiza njengokuphahlazeka komkhumbi okudume kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphahlazeka kusebenze njengembangela yomthetho kanye nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ezibusa umthetho wamazwe omhlaba wasolwandle namuhla NjengeSafety of Life at Sea Convention, ukusungulwa kwe-International Maritime Organization, kanye nokuvikelwa kwamagugu amasiko angaphansi kwamanzi). Selokhu yatholakala, inkulumo-mpikiswano iqhubekile mayelana nendlela yokulondoloza kangcono lokhu kuphahlazeka kwesakhiwo ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo.

Kufanele Igcinwe Kanjani I-Titanic?

Njengesizinda esiyingqayizivele samagugu samasiko angaphansi kwamanzi, i TitanicIsivikelo sisengxoxweni. Kuze kube manje, izinto zobuciko ezingaba ngu-5,000 zisindisiwe endaweni yengozi futhi zilondolozwe eqoqweni elingaguquki, eziningi zazo ezitholakala kumamnyuziyamu noma izikhungo lapho umphakathi ungafinyelela khona. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, cishe ama-95% we- Titanic iyagcinwa eSithu njengesikhumbuzo sasolwandle. KuSitu - ngokwezwi nezwi endaweni yokuqala - inqubo lapho indawo yamagugu amasiko angaphansi kwamanzi ishiywa ingaphazanyiswa ukuze ilondolozwe isikhathi eside kanye nokunciphisa ukulimala endaweni. 

Ukuthi ngabe Titanic igcinwa endaweni noma yenza imizamo yokongiwa ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuqoqwa okulinganiselwe ukuze kukhuthazwe ukufinyelela komphakathi, umonakalo kufanele uvikelwe kulabo abanethemba lokuxhaphaza izingozi. Umqondo wokuhlenga ngokwesayensi ovezwe ngenhla uphikisana ngokuqondile nalabo okuthiwa abazingeli bengcebo. Abazingeli bengcebo abazisebenzisi izindlela zesayensi zokuthola kabusha i-artifact ngokuvamile ukuze bathole inzuzo yemali noma udumo. Lolu hlobo lokuxhashazwa kufanele lugwenywe ngazo zonke izindleko ngenxa yomonakalo omkhulu ezizindeni zamagugu zamasiko angaphansi kwamanzi kanye nokulimala kwesimiso sezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle.

Yimiphi Imithetho Evikela I-Titanic?

Kusukela lapho kwabhidlika khona i- Titanic yatholwa ngo-1985, kube yisizinda senkulumompikiswano mayelana nokulondolozwa kwendawo. Njengamanje, izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nemithetho yasekhaya sezibekiwe ukuze kukhawulwe ukuqoqwa kwezinto zobuciko ezivela ku- Titanic futhi ulondoloze ukuphahlazeka in situ.

Kusukela ngo-2021, i- Titanic ivikelwe ngaphansi kwe Isivumelwano Samazwe Ngamazwe se-US-UK sivuliwe Titanic, i-UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage, Kanye Umthetho Wasolwandle. Ngokubambisana lezi zivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe zisekela ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe ukuze kuvikelwe futhi kusekelwe umqondo wokuthi umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe unomsebenzi wokuvikela izingozi eziyingqophamlando, kuhlanganise Titanic.

Kukhona nemithetho yasekhaya evikela izingozi. E-United Kingdom, i- Titanic ivikelwe nge Ukuvikelwa Kwezingozi (RMS Titanic) I-oda lango-2003. E-United States, imizamo yokuvikela i- Titanic iqalile nge I-RMS Titanic Maritime Memorial Act ka-1986, eyayibiza isivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe kanye nemihlahlandlela ye-NOAA eyanyatheliswa ngo-2001, kanye Isigaba 113 soMthetho Wezabelo Ezihlanganisiwe, wezi-2017. Umthetho wezi-2017 uthi “akekho umuntu ozokwenza noma yiluphi ucwaningo, ukuhlola, ukuhlenga, noma omunye umsebenzi ongashintsha noma uphazamise indawo ebhidlikile noma yokubhidlika kwe-RMS. Titanic ngaphandle uma kugunyazwe uNobhala Wezohwebo.” 

Ingxabano Engokomlando Ngamalungelo Okusindisa ku-Titanic kanye Nezinto zayo Zobuciko

Ngenkathi izinkantolo ze-Admiralty ziyala (izinkantolo zasolwandle) zivikela izintshisekelo zomphakathi Titanic ngomthetho wokuhlenga olwandle (bheka isigaba esingenhla), ukuvikelwa kanye nemikhawulo ekuqoqeni ukuhlenga akuzange kuqinisekiswe ngaso sonke isikhathi. Emlandweni womthetho we-1986 Act, kwakukhona ubufakazi obuvela kumsunguli u-Bob Ballard - owathola Titanic - ukuthi kanjani Titanic kufanele igcinwe endaweni (in situ) njengesikhumbuzo sasolwandle kulabo abalahlekelwa izimpilo zabo ngalobo busuku benhlekelele. Kodwa-ke, phakathi nobufakazi bakhe, u-Ballard waphawula ukuthi kwakukhona ezinye izinto zobuciko endaweni yemfucumfucu phakathi kwezingxenye ezimbili ezinkulu ze-hull ezingahle zifanele ukubuyiswa nokulondolozwa okufanele eqoqweni elitholakala emphakathini. UGeorge Tulloch we Titanic Ama-Ventures (kamuva i-RMS Titanic I-Inc. noma i-RMST) ihlanganise lesi siphakamiso ohlelweni lwakhe lokusindisa olusetshenziswa nabavundululi abakanye nabo ku-French Institute IFREMIR ngombandela wokuthi ama-artifact azogcinwa ndawonye njengeqoqo eliphelele. U-Tulloch wabe esethembisa ukusiza i-RMST ukuthola amalungelo okusindisa Titanic Esifundeni Esisempumalanga yeVirginia ngo-1994. Umyalelo wenkantolo owalandela owenqabela ukubhobozwa kwezingxenye zesikebhe ukuze kusindiswe izinto zobuciko wafakwa esivumelwaneni Titanic ukumisa ukungena kwe-wreck kanye nokuqoqwa kwe-salvage kusuka ngaphakathi I-Titanic ingquza. 

Ngo-2000, i-RMST yayingaphansi kokuthathwa okunonya kwabanye abanikazi bamasheya ababefuna ukusindisa ngaphakathi kwezingxenye zemikhumbi futhi bamangalela uHulumeni wase-US ukuthi awuvimbele ekusayineni Isivumelwano Samazwe Ngamazwe Titanic (bheka isigaba sesibili). Icala lichithiwe, futhi inkantolo yakhipha omunye umyalelo okhumbuza i-RMST ukuthi ayivunyelwe ukubhoboza i-hull kanye nezinto zobuciko zokuhlenga. Imizamo ye-RMST yokukhulisa intshisekelo yayo ekwenzeni imali ngokusindiswa kwayo ifune isihloko ngaphansi komthetho wokutholwa kodwa ikwazile ukuthola umklomelo wokuqoqwa kwezinto zobuciko ezingaphansi kwezivumelwano nemibandela ethile ukuze ibonise intshisekelo yomphakathi Titanic.  

Ngemuva kokuthi i-RMST iyeke imizamo yokudayisa konke noma ingxenye yeqoqo le Titanic izinto zobuciko, labuyela ohlelweni lokubhoboza umkhumbi ukuze kusindiswe umsakazo (obizwa ngokuthi umshini weMarconi) owathumela uphawu lokucindezeleka ngalobo busuku benhlekelele. Nakuba ekuqaleni yaqinisekisa iSifunda SaseMpumalanga yaseVirginia ukuba yenze okuhlukile emyalweni wayo wango-2000 wokugunyaza ukuba “kancane . . . usike endaweni ephahlazekile kuphela uma kunesidingo ukuze ufinyelele i-Marconi Suite, futhi ukhiphe lapho kuphahlazeka idivayisi engenantambo ye-Marconi nezinto zobuciko ezihambisana nazo” 4^th Inkantolo Yesifunda Yokudlulisa Amacala iwuchithile lo myalelo. Ngokwenza kanjalo, ibone igunya lenkantolo ephansi yokukhipha lo myalelo esikhathini esizayo kodwa ngemva kokucabangela izimpikiswano zikahulumeni wase-US zokuthi uMthetho wango-2017 udinga isigunyazo esivela eMnyangweni Wezohwebo NOAA ngokuhambisana neSivumelwano Samazwe Ngamazwe Titanic.

Ekugcineni, inkantolo yawusekela umbono wokuthi nakuba kungase kube nentshisekelo ethile emphakathini ekubuyiseleni ama-artifacts engxenyeni yesakhiwo, noma iyiphi inhloso kufanele ibhekane nenqubo ezobandakanya amagatsha aphezulu e-United Kingdom nase-United, futhi kumele ihloniphe futhi ihumushe imithetho kaKhongolose kanye nezivumelwano eyinhlangano yazo. Ngakho, i Titanic ukuphahlazeka komkhumbi kuzohlala kuvikelekile in situ njengoba kungekho muntu noma inhlangano engashintsha noma iphazamise Titanic ukuphahlazeka komkhumbi ngaphandle kokuthi unikezwe imvume ethile evela kubo bobabili ohulumeni base-US nase-UK.

Njengoba siphinda sisondela emgubhweni wesikhumbuzo sokucwila okungenzeka ukuthi kwaphahlazeka umkhumbi odume kakhulu emhlabeni, kuveza isidingo sokuqhubeka nokuvikelwa kwefa lethu lolwandle okuhlanganisa namagugu amasiko angaphansi kwamanzi. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe mayelana Titanic, I-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) igcina amakhasi ewebhu kuSivumelwano, Izinkombandlela, inqubo yokugunyazwa, i-Salvage, kanye umthetho ohlobene ne Titanic e-United States. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nomthetho kanye namacala aphathelene Titanic bheka i Umkhandlu Olulekayo Ngemicabango Ejulile Ye-Underwater Archaeology.