Ifuna Isimo Sendawo Engcwele se-Aleutian Islands Archipelago

Ngu-Mark J. Spalding no I-Catharine Cooper

Uhlobo lwe le bhulogi yafakwa ekuqaleni kusayithi elincane le-National Geographic's Ocean Views

Amamayela angu-4,405 ukusuka lapho kuxhawulana khona e-Washington DC kukhona iziqhingi ezinhle kakhulu ezicela ukufakwa kwe-Marine Sanctuary. Ukusuka ekugcineni kwenhlonhlo yase-Alaska, iziQhingi zase-Aleutian ziyikhaya lezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle ezicebe kakhulu futhi ezikhiqiza kakhulu ngokwebhayoloji, kanye nenani elikhulu lezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle, izinyoni zasolwandle, izinhlanzi nezimbaza emhlabeni. Iziqhingi ezingu-69 (intaba-mlilo engu-14 enkulu nezincane ezingu-55) zakha umugqa ongamakhilomitha angu-1,100 XNUMX ngaseNhlonhlweni yaseKamchatka eRussia, futhi zihlukanisa uLwandle iBering noLwandlekazi iPacific.

Nali ikhaya lezilwane ezimbalwa ezisengozini yokushabalala, okuhlanganisa amabhubesi olwandle i-Steller, ama-sea otter, ama-albatross anetailed short, nemikhomo. Nawa amaphasi ahlinzeka ngamaphasishi abalulekile ohambo lwemikhomo eminingi empunga emhlabeni kanye nezinja zamanzi ezinoboya obusenyakatho, ezisebenzisa amaphasi ukufinyelela ezindaweni zokudla nokuzalanisa. Nali ikhaya lamakhorali ahlukahlukene futhi aminyene kakhulu aziwa emhlabeni wonke. Nansi i-ecosystem eye yasekela izidingo zokuphila zabantu bomdabu base-Alaska ogwini iminyaka eyinkulungwane.

Phezulu, i-screech yokhozi olunempandla. Emanzini, ukuduma kwe-humpback whale. Buqamama, imfucumfucu yentuthu ikhuphuka ngokugoqeka ngaphezu kwezintaba-mlilo ezishisayo. Ogwini, amawa aluhlaza okotshani kanye nezigodi kuphansi kwezinguzunga ezigcwele iqhwa.

Uma uthi nhlá, leli hlane libukeka lihlanzekile, liqinile, alithintwa ukucekelwa phansi okuthinta amabhodi olwandle anabantu abaningi. Kodwa labo abahlala, abasebenza, noma abacwaninga endaweni baye babona izinguquko ezimangalisayo kule minyaka engu-25 edlule.

Olunye loshintsho olubonakala kakhulu ku-ecosystem yasolwandle kube ukulahlekelwa noma eduze nokushabalala kwezinhlobo ezimbalwa, okuhlanganisa amabhubesi olwandle i-Steller kanye nama-sea otters. Lezi zilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ezikhanyayo ezi-blonde kuya kokubomvu ngokubomvu zazibonakala cishe kuzo zonke izizinda ezinamatshe. Kodwa izinombolo zabo zehla ngo-75% phakathi kuka-1976 no-1990, futhi zehla ngomunye u-40% phakathi kuka-1991 no-2000. Izibalo ze-sea otter ezazibalelwa ku-100,000 ngo-1980 zehle zaba ngaphansi kwezi-6,000.

Okunye okulahlekile esithombeni esihlanzekile seketango lase-Aleutian inkalankala nezimfanzi, izikole ze-silvery smelt, namahlathi aluhlaza angaphansi kolwandle. Oshaka, i-pollock kanye nama-urchin manje sekubusa kulawa manzi. Okubizwa “ngokushintsha kombuso” ka-George Estes we-US Geological Survey, ibhalansi yezilwane ezizingelayo kanye nezilwane ezizingelayo inyusiwe.

Nakuba lesi sifunda sikude futhi sinabantu abambalwa, ukuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi e-Aleutian Islands kuyanda, futhi imithombo yemvelo yesifunda isaqhubeka nokusetshenziswa kakhulu ukuze kudotshwe inzuzo. Ukuchitheka kukawoyela kwenzeka ngokujwayelekile okwesabekayo, ngokuvamile akubikwa, futhi ngokuvamile kubangela umonakalo ongalungiseki. Isifunda sihlala sinzima ukufinyelela kuso, futhi kunegebe elikhulu ledatha ocwaningweni oluhlobene nolwandle. Isidingo sokuqonda kangcono i-ecosystem yasolwandle sibalulekile ukuze ulawule kahle futhi ubhekane nezingozi zesikhathi esizayo.

Ngaqala ukuzibandakanya nomphakathi wase-Alaskan wezemvelo ngo-2000. Njengenhloko yoHlelo lwe-Alaska Oceans, ngasiza ekuklameni imikhankaso eminingana yokubhekana nezinkinga ezithinta indawo - njengesidingo sokubeka imingcele engcono yokudonsa ngamanethi angaphansi oLwandle iBering - i-Alaska Conservation Foundation. Sisize ukumela amasu okumela asekelwe kuhlelo lwezemvelo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuphathwa kwezindawo zokudoba, sandisa izinhlelo zokufunda olwandle, sakhuthaza ukusungulwa kweShipping Safety Partnership, futhi sakhuthaza imizamo yamazwe ngamazwe neyezwe yokukhetha ukudla kwasolwandle okusimeme. Sakhe i-Alaska Oceans Network, ehlinzeka ngezokuxhumana okwabiwe phakathi kwamaqembu ezokongiwa kwemvelo njenge-Oceana, i-Ocean Conservancy, i-Earthjustice, i-World Wildlife Fund, i-Alaska Marine Conservation Council, kanye nama-Trustees ase-Alaska. Futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi, sasifuna izindlela lapho isifiso semiphakathi yase-Aleutian sekusasa elisimeme lolwandle esingavunywa futhi sigujwe ngazo.

Namuhla, njengesakhamuzi esithintekayo kanye ne-CEO ye-The Ocean Foundation (TOF), ngihlanganyela ekufuneni ukuqokwa kwe-Aleutian Islands National Marine Sanctuary (AINMS). Kuvezwe Abasebenzi Bakahulumeni Ngokubophezeleka Kwezemvelo, futhi kwasayinwa yiCentre for Biological Diversity, Eyak Preservation Council, The Center for Water Advocacy, North Gulf Oceanic Society, TOF, kanye neMarine Endeavors, isimo sendawo engcwele sizonikeza amazinga engeziwe okuvikela izinsongo eziningi ezibhekene namanzi ase-Aleutian. Wonke amanzi akuzo zonke iziqhingi zase-Aleutian Islands - ukusuka kumakhilomitha angama-3 kuye kwangama-200 enyakatho naseningizimu yeziqhingi - ukuya ezweni lase-Alaska kanye namanzi ahlangene asuka eziqhingini zase-Pribilof naseBristol Bay, ahlongozwa ukuthi afakwe. Igama lendawo engcwele lizohlanganisa indawo engasogwini elinganiselwa ku-554,000 square miles miles (nm2), engakha indawo enkulu kunazo zonke evikelwe olwandle, futhi enye yezinkulu emhlabeni.

Ukuthi ama-Aleutians afanele ukuvikelwa kusukela ngo-1913, lapho uMongameli Taft, nge-Executive Order, esungula "I-Aleutian Islands Reserve njenge-Preserve for Native Birds, Animals and Fish." Ngo-1976, i-UNESCO yaqoka i-Aleutian Islands Biosphere Reserve, kwathi ngo-1980 i-Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) yasungula i-Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge kanye ne-1.3 million acre Aleutian Islands Wilderness.

Ngisho nalezi zimpawu, ama-Aleutians adinga ukuvikelwa okwengeziwe. Izinsongo eziyinhloko ku-AINMS ehlongozwayo ukudoba ngokweqile, ukuthuthukiswa kukawoyela negesi, izinhlobo ezihlaselayo, kanye nokwanda kwemikhumbi. Imiphumela ekhulayo yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ibhebhethekisa lezi zinsongo ezine. Amanzi oLwandle iBering Sea/Aleutian Islands ane-acidic kakhulu kunanoma yimaphi amanye amanzi olwandle emhlabeni, ngenxa yokumuncwa kwe-CO2, futhi iqhwa lasolwandle elihlehlayo lishintshe ukwakheka kwendawo okuhlala kuyo le ndawo.

Umthetho Kazwelonke Wezindawo Ezingcwele Zasolwandle (i-NMSA) washaywa ngo-1972 ukuze kuvikelwe izindawo ezibalulekile zasolwandle kanye nezindawo ezikhethekile zasolwandle. Izindawo ezingcwele ziphathwa ngezinhloso eziningi, inqobo nje uma ukusetshenziswa kuthathwa njengokuhambisana nokuvikelwa kwensiza nguNobhala Wezohwebo, onquma ngenqubo yomphakathi ukuthi imiphi imisebenzi ezovunyelwa nokuthi imiphi imithetho ezosetshenziswa ekusetshenzisweni okuhlukahlukene.

I-NMSA yagunyazwa kabusha ngo-1984 ukuthi ifake izimfanelo “zomlando” kanye “nenani lamasiko” ezintweni ezikhathazayo zemvelo. Lokhu kwandise umgomo oyinhloko wezindawo zokulondoloza imvelo ukuze kugcinwe izinsiza zasolwandle ngale kwamagugu emvelo, ukuzijabulisa, ezemfundo, ucwaningo noma ubuhle.

Ngokusabisa okwandayo emanzini ase-Aleutian, imigomo ehlongozwayo ye-Aleutian Islands Marine National Marine Sanctuary ithi:

1. Vikela izinyoni zasolwandle, izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle, nendawo yokuhlala yezinhlanzi, futhi ubuyisele inani labantu kanye nokusimama kwemvelo yasolwandle;
2. Vikela futhi uthuthukise indlela yokuphila yasolwandle yase-Alaska;
3. Vikela futhi uthuthukise izindawo zokudoba izikebhe ezincane ezisogwini;
4. Khomba, uqaphe, futhi uvikele izindawo eziyingqayizivele ezihlala ngaphansi kolwandle, okuhlanganisa namakhorali amanzi abandayo;
5. Ukunciphisa ubungozi bemvelo ekuthuthweni kwemikhumbi, okuhlanganisa nokuchitheka kukawoyela nempahla eyingozi, kanye neziteleka zemikhumbi yemikhomo;
6. Ukuqeda ubungozi bemvelo ekuthuthukisweni kukawoyela negesi phesheya kwezilwandle;
7. Ukuqapha nokulawula ubungozi bokwethulwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezihlasela olwandle;
8. Nciphisa futhi ulawule imfucumfucu yasolwandle;
9. Ukuthuthukisa ukuthuthukiswa kwe-eco-tourism yasolwandle; futhi
10. Thuthukisa ukuqonda kwesayensi kwesifunda.

Ukusungulwa kwendawo engcwele kuzokhulisa amathuba okucwaninga ngesayensi yasolwandle, imfundo kanye nokwazisa ngendawo yasolwandle, futhi kusize ukukhiqiza ukuqonda okucacile kwemithelela emibi kanye nezinsongo zokusetshenziswa kwamanje nokuzayo. Ukugxila okukhethekile emanzini angaphansi kwe-Subarctic ne-Arctic, ukusimama kwemvelo yasolwandle, kanye nokululama ekudobeni okweqile kwezinhlanzi kanye nemiphumela yako kuzoveza ulwazi olusha oluzosiza ekwakhiweni kwezinqubomgomo zokuthuthukisa umnotho nokusebenza kwesikhathi eside kwendawo engcwele. Kuzonwetshwa ucwaningo ukuze kuphenywe ukuguquguquka kwangaphakathi kwesifunda, njengeqhaza lamakhorali asemanzini abandayo, umsebenzi wezinhlobo zezentengiselwano kuwebhu yokudla olwandle, kanye nokusebenzisana kwezinyoni zasolwandle nezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle.

Njengamanje kunezindawo ezingcwele ze-US National Marine Sanctuaries eziyishumi nane, ngayinye ineziqondiso zayo ezithile kanye nokuvikelwa, ngayinye ihlukile endaweni yayo kanye nokukhathazeka kwemvelo. Ngokuhambisana nokuvikela, izindawo ezigcina izilwane zasolwandle zihlinzeka ngenani lezomnotho elingaphezu kwamanzi, zisekela cishe imisebenzi engu-50,000 emisebenzini ehlukahlukene kusukela ekudobeni nasekujuleni emanzini kuya ocwaningweni nasekuphatheni izihambi. Kuzo zonke izindawo ezingcwele, cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine kukhiqizwa emnothweni wasendaweni nosogwini.

Cishe wonke ama-Aleutians avikelekile njengengxenye ye-Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge kanye ne-Aleutian Islands Wilderness, ngaleyo ndlela isimo se-National Marine Sanctuary sizoletha okusha. ukwengamela esifundeni, futhi ilethe ingqikithi yenani lezindawo ezingcwele ezindaweni eziyishumi nanhlanu – eziyishumi nanhlanu zobuhle obumangalisayo, ezinomlando, amasiko kanye nomnotho. Iziqhingi zase-Aleutian zifanelwe ukubizwa, ngenxa yokuvikelwa kwazo kanye nenani ezizoliletha emndenini wendawo engcwele.

Ukwabelana ngemicabango kaDkt. Linwood Pendleton, (ngaleso sikhathi) we-NOAA:

"Ngikholelwa ukuthi izindawo ezigcina izilwane zasolwandle ziyingxenye ebalulekile yengqalasizinda yolwandle, futhi emathembeni ethu amahle okuqinisekisa ukuthi umnotho wasolwandle esikhule sithembele kuwo uyasimama futhi ukhiqizela izizukulwane ezizayo."

Isithombe somkhomo sihlonishwa yi-NOAA