Ukubheka Imininingwane Encane

Ukufiphala Okumibalabala kwango-Okthoba
Ingxenye 4: Ukubhekela IPacific Enkulu, Sibheka Imininingwane Encane

nguMark J. Spalding

Ukusuka eBlock Island, ngabhekisa amabombo entshonalanga kulo lonke izwe ngaya eMonterey, eCalifornia, futhi ukusuka lapho ngaya e-Asilomar Conference Grounds. I-Asilomar inesilungiselelo esihehayo esinokubukwa okuhle kwePacific kanye nohambo olude lwebhodi oluzotholakala ezindundumeni ezivikelekile. Igama elithi "Asilomar" libhekisela kumshwana weSpanishi asilo al mar, okusho indawo yokukhosela ngasolwandle, futhi izakhiwo zaklanywa futhi zakhiwa umdwebi wodumo uJulia Morgan ngeminyaka yawo-1920s njengendawo ye-YWCA. Yaba yingxenye yohlelo lwepaki eSifundazweni SaseCalifornia ngo-1956.

Ngangilapho njengesikhulu esiphezulu e-Middlebury Institute for International Studies, Centre for the Blue Economy, ehlala eMonterey. Sabuthelwa “The Oceans in National Income Accounts: Seeking Consensus on Definitions and Standards,” ingqungquthela eyayihlanganisa abameleli abangu-30 abavela emazweni angu-10,* ukuze kuxoxwe ngokukala kokubili umnotho wolwandle, kanye nomnotho (omusha) oluhlaza (osimeme) amagama abaluleke kakhulu: izigaba zokubala kazwelonke zemisebenzi yezomnotho. Okubalulekile wukuthi asinayo incazelo efanayo ngomnotho wasolwandle. Ngakho-ke, sasikhona ukuze sihlaziye sobabili futhi vumelanisa UHlelo Lokuhlukaniswa Kwemboni YaseNyakatho Melika (ikhodi ye-NAICS), kanye nezinhlelo ezihambisanayo ezivela kwezinye izizwe nezifunda ukuze kuhlakalwe uhlelo lapho umnotho ophelele wolwandle, kanye nemisebenzi yezomnotho emihle yolwandle ingalandelelwa.

Umgomo wethu wokugxila kuma-akhawunti kazwelonke ukukala umnotho wethu wolwandle kanye nengxenye encane eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi sikwazi ukwethula idatha mayelana naleyo minotho. Imininingwane enjalo izosivumela ukuthi siqaphe uguquko ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi ibe nomthelela ekumisweni kwenqubomgomo ebalulekile ezinsizeni ze-ecosystem yasolwandle nasogwini ukuze kuzuze abantu nokusimama. Sidinga idatha eyisisekelo emnothweni wethu wolwandle womhlaba ukuze silinganisele ukusebenza kwemvelo kanye nokuthengiselana kwemakethe kwezimpahla namasevisi, nokuthi ngayinye ishintsha kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Uma sesinakho lokhu, kumele sikusebenzise ukugqugquzela abaholi bakahulumeni ukuthi bathathe izinyathelo. Kufanele sinikeze abenzi benqubomgomo ubufakazi obuwusizo kanye nohlaka, futhi ama-akhawunti ethu kazwelonke anjalo kakade imithombo yolwazi ethembekile. Siyazi ukuthi kuningi okungaphatheki okuhlobene nendlela abantu abalwazisa ngayo ulwandle, ngakho-ke ngeke sikwazi ukukala yonke into. Kodwa kufanele silinganise ngokusemandleni ethu futhi sihlukanise phakathi kwalokho okuzinzile nokungasimamisi (ngemuva kokuvumelana ngokuthi lelo gama lisho ukuthini ngempela) ngoba, njengoba uPeter Drucker esho “lokho okulinganisayo yilokho okuphathayo.”

Uhlelo lokuqala lwe-SIC lwasungulwa yi-United States ngasekupheleni kwawo-1930. Kalula nje, amakhodi okuhlukaniswa kwemboni ayizethulo zezinombolo ezinezinombolo ezine zamabhizinisi amakhulu nezimboni. Amakhodi anikezwa ngokusekelwe ezicini ezivamile ezabiwe emikhiqizweni, kumasevisi, ekukhiqizeni nasekulethweni kwesistimu yebhizinisi. Amakhodi angabe esehlukaniswa abe izigaba zemboni eziqhubekayo: iqembu lemboni, iqembu elikhulu, nokwehlukana. Ngakho-ke yonke imboni kusukela kwezokudoba kuye kweyezimayini kuya ezitolo ezidayisayo zinekhodi yokuhlukanisa, noma uchungechunge lwamakhodi, oluvumela ukuthi aqoqwe ngokwemisebenzi ebanzi kanye nemisebenzi emincane. Njengengxenye yezingxoxo ezaholela esivumelwaneni sokuhwebelana ngokukhululeka eNyakatho Melika ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, i-United States, iCanada, kanye neMexico bavuma ngokuhlanganyela ukudala ukushintshwa kohlelo lwe-SIC olubizwa ngeNorth American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) olunikeza imininingwane eyengeziwe. i ibuyekeza i-SIC ngezimboni eziningi ezintsha.

Sibuze izwe ngalinye kwayi-10* ukuthi yiziphi izimboni abazifake “kumnotho wolwandle” kuma-akhawunti abo kazwelonke (njengomsebenzi obanzi kangako); nokuthi singakuchaza kanjani ukusimama olwandle ukuze sikwazi ukukala umsebenzi omncane (noma umkhakha ongaphansi) womnotho wolwandle owawunobuhle ukuze ulwandle lubizwe ngokuthi umnotho oluhlaza. Pho kungani zibalulekile? Uma umuntu ezama ukulinganisa ukuthi ibaluleke kangakanani indima yemboni ethile, noma insiza ethile, ufuna ukwazi ukuthi imaphi amakhodi embonini okufanele ahlanganiswe ukuze aveze ngokunembile ubukhulu noma ububanzi baleyo mboni. Kulapho kuphela lapho singaqala khona ukunikeza inani ezintweni ezingaphatheki njengezempilo yensiza, efana nendlela izihlahla noma ezinye izinsiza ezidlala ngayo ezimbonini ezithile ezifana nephepha, noma izingodo noma ukwakha ikhaya.

Ukuchaza umnotho wolwandle akulula, futhi ukuchaza umnotho oluhlaza okolwandle oluhlaza kunzima. Singakopela futhi sithi yonke imikhakha kuma-akhawunti ethu kazwelonke incike olwandle ngandlela thize. Eqinisweni, kudala sizwa (sibonga uDkt. Sylvia Earle) ukuthi cishe zonke izindlela ezizilawulayo ezigcina le planethi iphila ihilela ulwandle ngandlela thize. Ngakho, singasusa umthwalo wobufakazi futhi sibekele abanye inselele ukuba balinganise lezo zindaba ezimbalwa ezingancikile olwandle ngokwehlukana nolwethu. Kodwa, ngeke sikwazi ukushintsha imithetho yomdlalo ngaleyo ndlela.

Ngakho-ke, izindaba ezinhle, ukuqala, ukuthi zonke izizwe eziyishumi zinokuningi okufanayo kulokho ezikubala njengomnotho wazo wasolwandle. Ukwengeza, bonke babonakala bekwazi ukuvumelana kalula ngeminye imikhakha yezimboni eyengeziwe eyingxenye yomnotho wolwandle okungasiwo wonke umuntu osingatha (ngakho-ke akubona bonke ababalwayo). Kukhona, nokho, imikhakha ethile yezimboni eseduze, engaqondile noma “eyingxenye” yezomnotho wolwandle (ngokukhethwa kwesizwe ngasinye) [ngenxa yokutholakala kwedatha, intshisekelo njll.]. Kukhona futhi imikhakha evelayo (efana nezimayini zasolwandle) ezingekho ngokuphelele esikrinini se-radar okwamanje.

Indaba iwukuthi ukukala umnotho wasolwandle kuhlobana kanjani nokusimama? Siyazi ukuthi izinkinga zempilo yasolwandle zibalulekile ekusekeleni ukuphila kwethu. Ngaphandle kolwandle olunempilo ayikho impilo yomuntu. Okukhulumayo nakho kuyiqiniso; uma sitshala imali ezimbonini ezisimeme zasolwandle (umnotho oluhlaza) sizobona izinzuzo ezihlangene zempilo yabantu kanye nokuziphilisa. Sikwenza kanjani lokhu? Sithemba incazelo yomnotho wolwandle kanye nomnotho oluhlaza, kanye/noma ukuvumelana ngokuthi yiziphi izimboni esifaka kuzo, ukuze kukhuliswe izinga lalokho esikukalayo.

Esethulweni sakhe, u-Maria Corazon Ebarvia (umphathi wephrojekthi ye-Partnership in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia), unikeze incazelo emangalisayo yomnotho oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, enhle njengoba sesibonile: sifuna ukusimama olwandle okusekelwe olwandle. imodeli yezomnotho enengqalasizinda eqinile, ubuchwepheshe kanye nezinqubo. Eqaphela ukuthi ulwandle lukhiqiza amanani ezomnotho angavamile ukubalwa (njengokuvikelwa kogu kanye nokuthathwa kwekhabhoni); futhi, kukala ukulahlekelwa okuvela entuthukweni engazinzile, kanye nokulinganisa izehlakalo zangaphandle (iziphepho). Konke ukuze sazi ukuthi imali yethu yemvelo isetshenziswa ngendlela eqhubekayo yini njengoba siphishekela ukukhula komnotho.

Incazelo yokusebenza esiqhamuke nayo ibimi kanje:
Umnotho ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ubhekisela kumodeli yezomnotho esimeme ezisekelwe olwandle futhi usebenzisa ingqalasizinda enengqondo yemvelo, ubuchwepheshe kanye nezinqubo. lokho kusekelwa ukuthuthuka okungashabalali.

Asinantshisekelo kokudala uma kuqhathaniswa nokusha, sinentshisekelo kokuzinzile uma kuqhathaniswa nokungasimamisi. Kukhona abasha abangena emnothweni wolwandle abaluhlaza/abasimeme, futhi kunezimboni zendabuko ezindala ezizivumelanisa nezimo/ezithuthukayo. Ngokunjalo kukhona abasha abangenayo, njengokumbiwa olwandle, okungenzeka ukuthi ngeke kugcineke.

Inselele yethu iwukuthi ukusimama akuhambisani kalula namakhodi okuhlukaniswa kwezimboni. Isibonelo ukudoba kanye nokucutshungulwa kwezinhlanzi kungase kuhlanganise abadlali abancane, abasimeme nabahwebi abakhulu abamathuluzi noma izenzo zabo zicekela phansi, zimoshe, futhi azinasimeme ngokusobala. Ngokombono wokongiwa kwemvelo, sazi okuningi mayelana nabalingisi abahlukene, amagiya njll. kodwa uhlelo lwethu lwe-akhawunti kazwelonke aluklanyelwe ngempela ukubona lezi zici.

Sifuna ukuyeka ukuthatha kalula imvelo yasolwandle nesogwini esinikeza izinsiza kanye namathuba ohwebo azuzisa kakhulu inhlalakahle yabantu, ukulondeka kokudla njll. Phela, ulwandle lusinika umoya esiwuphefumulayo. Iphinde isinikeze inkundla yezokuthutha, ngokudla, nomuthi, kanye nenqwaba yezinye izinkonzo ezingeke zihlale zibalwa ngamakhodi anezinombolo ezine. Kodwa lawo makhodi neminye imizamo yokubona umnotho oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka onempilo nokuncika kwethu kuwo kwakha indawo eyodwa lapho singabala khona imisebenzi yabantu kanye nobudlelwano bayo nolwandle. Futhi ngenkathi sichithe isikhathi esiningi sindawonye endlini, silwela ukuqonda izinhlelo ezahlukene ngezilimi ezahlukene, iPacific yayikhona lapho ukuze isikhumbuze ukuxhumana kwethu okufanayo, kanye nesibopho sethu esifanayo.

Ekupheleni kwesonto, savumelana ngokuthi sidinga umzamo wesikhathi eside 1) ukwakha isethi efanayo yezigaba, ukusebenzisa indlela efanayo kanye nezindawo ezichazwe kahle ukuze kukale umnotho wemakethe yezilwandle; kanye 2) nokufuna izindlela zokulinganisa imali esetshenziswayo yemvelo ukuze kubonakale ukuthi ukukhula komnotho kuzinzile yini esikhathini eside (kanye nenani lezimpahla namasevisi e-ecosystem), kanjalo nokuvumelana nezindlela ezifanele zomongo ngamunye. Futhi, sidinga ukuqala manje ku-balance sheet yezinsiza zasolwandle. 

Leli qembu lizocelwa ocwaningweni oluzosatshalaliswa maduze nje, ukukhombisa amaqembu asebenzayo lapho lingathanda ukubamba iqhaza kulo onyakeni ozayo, njengesandulela sokudala i-ajenda yomhlangano we-2nd Annual Oceans in National Accounts e-China ngo-2016. .

Futhi, sivumile ukuhlola lokhu ngokuhlanganyela ekubhaleni umbiko ovamile owavela kuwo wonke amazwe. I-Ocean Foundation iyaziqhenya ngokuba yingxenye yalo mzamo kazwelonke wokubhekana nodeveli ngemininingwane.

* I-Australia, Canada, China, France, Indonesia, Ireland, Korea, Philippines, Spain kanye ne-USA