I-MMPA: Iminyaka engama-45 Yokuvikela Izilwane Ezincelisayo Zasolwandle

Ngo-Okthoba, sigubhe iminyaka engu-45 yokuvikela imikhomo, amahlengethwa, ama-porpoise, izimvu zamanzi, amabhubesi asolwandle, ama-manatee, ama-dugong, ama-walrus, ama-sea otter, namabhere amhlophe, okulandele ukusayina kukaMongameli uNixon uMthetho Wokuvikelwa Kwezilwane Zasolwandle zibe ngumthetho. Uma sibheka emuva, siyabona ukuthi sesihambe ibanga elingakanani.

"IMelika yayingowokuqala, futhi ingumholi, futhi isengumholi nanamuhla ekuvikelweni kwezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle"
– Patrick Ramage, International Fund for Animal Welfare

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960, kwaba sobala ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle zaziphansi ngokuyingozi kuwo wonke amanzi ase-US. Umphakathi waqaphela ngokwengeziwe ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle zaziphathwa kabi, zizingelwa ngokweqile, futhi zisengozini enkulu yokushabalala. Kwavela ucwaningo olusha olugqamisa ubuhlakani nomuzwa wezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle, okwadala ukucasuka ngokuphathwa kabi kwazo okuvela ezishoshovu zemvelo eziningi kanye namaqembu ezenhlalakahle yezilwane. I-monk seal yaseCaribbean yayingakaze ibonakale emanzini aseFlorida ngaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi. Ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane nazo zazisengozini yokunyamalala ngokuphelele. Ngokusobala kukhona okwakumelwe kwenziwe.

I-US Marine Mammal Protection Act, noma i-MMPA, yashaywa ngo-1972 ukuphendula ukwehla kwenani labantu bezinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu. Umthetho waziwa kakhulu ngomzamo wawo wokususa ukugxila kwezokongiwa kwemvelo usuke ezilwaneni uye ku-ecosystem, futhi usuke ekubeni osebenzayo uye kowokuvikela. Umthetho usungule umgomo ohlose ukuvimbela izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ekuncipheni kangangokuthi uhlobo oluthile noma inani labantu liyeka ukuba yingxenye ebalulekile yokusebenza kwe-ecosystem. Ngakho, i-MMPA ivikela zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo emanzini ase-United States. Ukuhlukumeza, ukuphakela, ukuzingela, ukuthumba, ukuqoqa, noma ukubulala izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle kwenqatshelwe ngokuphelele ngaphansi koMthetho. Ngo-2022, uMthetho Wokuvikela Izilwane Ezincelisayo Zasolwandle uzodinga ukuthi i-US ivimbele ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kwezilwane zasolwandle ezibulala izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ezingeni elingaphezu kwalelo elibekwe e-US ukuze libanjwe ngokungemthetho.

Okuhlukile kule misebenzi enqatshelwe kubandakanya ucwaningo lwesayensi oluvunyelwe kanye nokuboniswa esidlangalaleni ezikhungweni ezinelayisensi (njengama-aquariums noma izikhungo zesayensi). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumiswa kokuthwebula akusebenzi kubantu bomdabu base-Alaska abangasogwini, abavunyelwe ukuzingela nokuthatha imikhomo, izimvu zamanzi, nama-walrus ukuze baziphilise kanye nokwenza nokudayisa imisebenzi yezandla. Imisebenzi esekela ukuphepha kwe-United States, njengaleyo eyenziwa Umbutho Wamasosha Wasesosha wase-US, nayo ingakhululwa ekwenqabeni ngaphansi kwalesi senzo.

Ama-ejensi ahlukene kuhulumeni wobumbano anesibopho sokuphatha izinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane ezivikelwe ngaphansi kwe-MMPA.

I-National Marine Fisheries Service (ngaphakathi koMnyango Wezohwebo) inesibopho sokuphatha imikhomo, amahlengethwa, ama-porpoise, izimvu zamanzi, namabhubesi olwandle. I-US Fish and Wildlife Service, ngaphakathi koMnyango Wezangaphakathi, inesibopho sokuphatha ama-walrus, ama-manatee, ama-dugong, ama-otter, namabhere amhlophe. I-Fish & Wildlife Service iphinde ibe nesibopho sokusekela ukuphoqelelwa kokuvinjelwa kokuthuthwa noma ukuthengiswa kwezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle noma imikhiqizo engekho emthethweni eyenziwe ngazo. Uphiko Lokuhlola Impilo Yezilwane Nezitshalo, ngaphakathi koMnyango Wezolimo, lubhekelele imithethonqubo ephathelene nokuphathwa kwezindawo eziqukethe izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ezivalelwe.

I-MMPA futhi idinga ukuthi i-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) yenze ukuhlola kwaminyaka yonke kwesitoko sezinhlobo ezincelisayo zasolwandle. Besebenzisa lolu cwaningo lwesibalo sabantu, abaphathi kumele baqinisekise ukuthi izinhlelo zabo zokuphatha ziyawusekela umgomo wokusiza zonke izinhlobo zezilwane eziphila ngokuqhubekayo (OSP).

Pho kungani kufanele siyikhathalele i-MMPA? Ingabe iyasebenza ngempela?

I-MMPA impela ibe yimpumelelo emazingeni amaningi. Isimo samanje sezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle singcono ngokulinganiswa kunango-1972. Izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle emanzini ase-US manje zinezinhlobo ezimbalwa ezisezigabeni ezisengozini futhi ngaphezulu ezigabeni “zokukhathazeka okuncane kakhulu.” Ngokwesibonelo, kuye kwaba nokululama okumangalisayo kwezimvu zamanzi zasethekwini nezimvu zamanzi ezimpunga eNew England nasezingonyama zasolwandle zaseCalifornia, izimvu zamanzi zezindlovu nezimvu zamanzi zasechwebeni oGwini lwePacific. Ukubuka imikhomo e-US manje sekuyimboni yezigidigidi zamadola ngenxa yokuthi i-MMPA (kanye ne-International Moratorium on Whaling) eyalandela isize i-Pacific blue whale, kanye nama-humpbacks ase-Atlantic nase-Pacific ukuthi alulame.

Esinye isibonelo sempumelelo ye-MMPA siseFlorida lapho ezinye izilwane zasolwandle ezaziwayo zihlanganisa ihlengethwa okuthiwa i-bottlenose, i-Florida manatee, kanye ne-North Atlantic right whale. Lezi zilwane ezincelisayo zithembele kakhulu ogwini lwaseFlorida olungaphansi kwe-tropical, ziya emanzini aseFlorida ukuze zizalele, ukuze zidle, futhi zibe yikhaya phakathi nezinyanga zasebusika. Imisebenzi ye-Ecotourism incike ekukhangweni kobuhle balezi zilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle nasekuziboneni endle. Abatshuzi bezokungcebeleka, abagibeli bezikebhe, nezinye izivakashi zingathembela ekuboneni izilwane zasolwandle ezincelisayo ukuze zithuthukise ulwazi lwazo lwangaphandle. EFlorida ikakhulukazi, isibalo samamanatee senyuke safinyelela cishe ku-6300 kusukela ngo-1991, lapho kulinganiselwa ukuthi singabantu ababalelwa ku-1,267. Ngo-2016, le mpumelelo yaholela i-US Fish and Wildlife Service ukuthi iphakamise ukuthi isimo sabo esisengozini sibekwe phansi ohlwini lwabasongelwa.

Yize abacwaningi nososayensi abaningi bengakwazi ukubala impumelelo ngaphansi kwe-MMPA, lokho akusho ukuthi i-MMPA ayinazo izithiyo. Izinselele zisekhona ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo. Isibonelo, ama-right whales aseNyakatho Pacific kanye ne-Atlantic abone ukuthuthukiswa okuncane futhi ahlala esengozini enkulu yokufa ngenxa yezenzo zabantu. Isibalo se-Atlantic right whale silinganiselwa ukuthi safinyelela umvuthwandaba ngo-2010, futhi inani labantu besifazane limane nje alibaningi ngokwanele ukusekela amazinga okuzala. Ngokwe-Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, ama-30% okufa kwemikhomo yase-Atlantic kwenzeka ngenxa yokushayisana komkhumbi nokubhajwa kwenetha. Ngeshwa, izinto zokudoba ezithengiswayo nemisebenzi yemikhumbi ayigwenywa kalula imikhomo elungile, nakuba i-MMPA ihlinzeka ngezikhuthazo ezithile zokuthuthukisa amasu nobuchwepheshe bokunciphisa ukusebenzisana.

Futhi ezinye izinsongo okunzima ukuzisebenzisa ngenxa yokufuduka kwezilwane zasolwandle kanye nezinselele zokuphoqelela umthetho olwandle ngokuvamile. Uhulumeni wobumbano ukhipha izimvume ngaphansi kwe-MMPA ezingavumela amazinga athile "okuthatha ngengozi" ngesikhathi semisebenzi efana nokuzamazama komhlaba kawoyela negesi—kodwa imiphumela yangempela yokuhlolwa kokuzamazama komhlaba ivamise ukweqa izilinganiso zemboni. Izifundo zoMnyango Wezangaphakathi ngezemvelo zilinganisela ukuthi iziphakamiso zokuzamazama komhlaba ezisanda kubuyekezwa zizodala izehlakalo ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-31 zokulimala kwezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle eGulf kanye nokusebenzisana okuyingozi okuyizigidi eziyi-13.5 nezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle e-Atlantic, okungase kubulale noma kulimaze amahlengethwa nemikhomo eyi-138,000 - okuhlanganisa. imikhomo eyisishiyagalolunye esengozini yokushabalala yaseNyakatho Atlantic, izindawo zayo zokuzala zisogwini lwaseFlorida.

Ngokunjalo, isifunda saseGulf of Mexico sithathwa njengendawo eyisizinda sobugebengu obumelene namahlengethwa ase-bottlenose nakuba i-MMPA ikwenqabela ukuhlukumeza noma ukulimaza izilwane zasolwandle. Amanxeba ezinhlamvu, imicibisholo namabhomu amapayipi angeminye yomonakalo ongekho emthethweni otholakala ezidumbu ezisogwini, kodwa izigebengu kade zadlula. Abacwaningi bathole ubufakazi bokuthi izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle zisikiwe futhi zashiywa ukuze ziphakele oshaka nezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye kunokuba zibikwe njengokubanjwa ngengozi njengoba i-MMPA idinga—kungaba nzima ukubamba konke ukwephulwa kwemithetho eyodwa.

Ukwengeza, uMthetho awuzange uphumelele ekubhekaneni nemithelela engaqondile (umsindo we-anthropogenic, ukuncipha kwezilwane ezifuywayo, ukuchithwa kukawoyela nokunye okunobuthi, kanye nezifo, ukubala okumbalwa). Izinyathelo zamanje zokonga azikwazi ukuvimbela ukulimala kokuchitheka kukawoyela noma enye inhlekelele yokungcola. Izinyathelo zamanje zokongiwa kolwandle azikwazi ukunqoba izinguquko ezinhlanzini ezizingelayo kanye neminye imithombo yokudla nezindawo ezivela kwezinye izizathu ngaphandle kokudoba ngokweqile. Futhi izinyathelo zamanje zokulondoloza ulwandle azikwazi ukunqanda ukufa okubangelwa ubuthi obuvela emithonjeni yamanzi ahlanzekile njengama-cyanobacteria abulala ama-sea otter ngamakhulu oGwini lwethu lwasePacific. Singasebenzisa i-MMPA njengenkundla lapho singabhekana khona nalezi zinsongo.

Ngeke silindele ukuthi uMthetho Wokuvikela Izilwane Ezincelisayo Zasolwandle uvikele zonke izilwane. Ekwenzayo kubaluleke kakhulu. Inikeza zonke izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle isimo esivikelekile sokukwazi ukufuduka, ukondla, kanye nokuzala ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa abantu. Futhi, lapho kunokulimala okuvela emisebenzini yabantu, inikeza ugqozi lokuqhamuka nezixazululo nokujezisa abephula umthetho ngokuphatha kabi ngamabomu. Singakhawulela ukugeleza okungcolile, sinciphise amazinga omsindo emisebenzini yabantu, sandise izinhlanzi ezizingelayo, futhi sigweme izingozi ezaziwayo njengokuhlola kukawoyela negesi okungadingekile emanzini ethu olwandle. Izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ezinempilo zidlala indima ekulinganiseni kokuphila olwandle lwethu, kanye nasemandleni olwandle okugcina ikhabhoni. Sonke singabamba iqhaza ekusindeni kwabo.

Imithombo:

http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/what-we-do/rescue/marine-mammal-protection-act.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/

http://www.joeroman.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/The-Marine-Mammal-Protection-Act-at-40-status-recovery-and-future-of-U.S.-marine-mammals.pdf      (iphepha elihle elibheka impumelelo/ukwehla koMthetho eminyakeni engama-40).

"Izilwane Ezincelisayo Zasemanzini," Ikhomishini Yokugcinwa Kwezinhlanzi Nezilwane Zasendle eFlorida, http://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/mammals/aquatic/

House Report No. 92-707, “1972 MMPA Legislative History,” Animal Legal and Historical Center, https://www.animallaw.info/statute/us-mmpa-legislative-history-1972

"Umthetho Wokuvikela Izilwane Ezincelisayo Zasolwandle ka-1972, Uchitshiyelwe 1994," Isikhungo Sezilwane Ezincelisayo Zasolwandle, http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/what-we-do/rescue/marine-mammal-protection-act.html

“Inani Labantu BaseManatee Senyuke Kakhudlwana Ngamaphesenti angu-500, Alisasengozini,”

Inethiwekhi Yezindaba Ezinhle, ishicilelwe 10 Jan 2016, http://www.goodnewsnetwork.org/manatee-population-has-rebounded-500-percent/

"I-North Atlantic Right Whale," iKhomishana yaseFlorida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, http://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/mammals/aquatic/

"I-North Atlantic Right Whale Faces Extinction, ngu-Elizabeth Pennisi, Isayensi. ”http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/11/north-atlantic-right-whale-faces-extinction

"Uhlolojikelele Lwezehlakalo Ezikhulayo Zokuhlukunyezwa Kwe-Bottlenose e-Gulf kanye Nezixazululo Ezingenzeka" ngu-Courtney Vail, i-Whale & Dolphin Conservation, i-Plymouth MA. 28 Juni 2016  https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2016.00110/full

“Ukuchitheka Kwamafutha E-Deepwater Horizon: Imiphumela Yesikhathi Eside Ezimfundeni Zasolwandle, Izilwane Ezincelisayo Zasolwandle,” 20 April 2017 National Ocean Service  https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/news/apr17/dwh-protected-species.html